IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


La  12.8     12.5 

ISO  "^"     WKM 


I 


14 

£   ii£    12.0 


■yuu 


lim 


11.25  i  1.4 


-    6" 


^ 


fliotographic 

Sdences 
Coiporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WMSIM.N.V.  U5I0 

(716)  •7r4S03 


A 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


€- 


y 


Tschnical  and  Bibliographic  Notat/Notea  tachniquas  at  bibiiograpliiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  l>aat 
originai  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographlcally  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantiy  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  couiaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagte 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rtfataurte  at/ou  paliiculAa 

Covar  titia  miaaing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartaa  giographiquaa  an  couiaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  couiaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I     I   Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 


D 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  couiaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Rail*  avac  d'autraa  documanta 


Tight  binding  may  cauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  raliura  aarria  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatortion  la  long  da  la  marga  intAriaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaalbla.  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  aa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagaa  blanchaa  ajoutAaa 
lora  d'una  raatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta. 
maia.  loraqua  cala  4tait  poaaibia,  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  At4  filmAaa. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairaa  supplimantairaa: 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilmi  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  6tA  poaaibia  da  aa  procurar.  Laa  dAtaila 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  aont  paut-Atra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modiflar 
una  imaga  raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dana  la  mithoda  normala  da  f ilmaga 
aont  indiqufo  ci-daaaoua. 


Th 
to 


r~|   Colourad  pagaa/ 


Pagaa  da  couiaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagiaa 

Pagaa  raatorad  and/oi 

Pagaa  raataur6aa  at/ou  paliiculAaa 

Pagaa  diacolourad,  atainad  or  foxa( 
Pagaa  dAcolortea,  tachattea  ou  piqu6aa 

Pagaa  datachad/ 
Pagaa  ditachtea 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparanca 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigala  da  I'lmpraaaion 

Includaa  aupplamantary  matarii 
Comprand  du  material  auppi^mantaira 


I — I  Pagaa  damagad/ 

I — I  Pagaa  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 

r~|  Pagaa  diacolourad,  atainad  or  foxad/ 

rn  Pagaa  datachad/ 

I      I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  variaa/ 

|~~|  Includaa  aupplamantary  matarial/ 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Or 
ba 
th( 
tic 

oti 
fin 
tic 
or 


Only  adition  availabia/ 
Saula  Adition  diaponibia 

Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obacurad  by  arrata 
aiipa,  tiaauaa.  ate,  hava  baan  rafilmad  to 
anaura  tha  baat  poaaibia  imaga/ 
Laa  pagaa  totalamant  ou  partiallamant 
obacurciaa  par  un  fauillat  d'arrata,  una  palura, 
ate,  ont  AtA  fiimiaa  A  nouvaau  da  fa^on  A 
obtanir  la  maillaura  imaga  poaaibia. 


Th 
th 
Til 
wl 

Ml 
dif 
an 
ba 
rig 
rac 
mi 


Thit  itam  it  filmad  at  tha  raduction  ratio  chackad  balow/ 

Ca  documant  aat  filmA  -^u  taux  da  reduction  indiquA  ci-daaaout. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


aox 


24X 


aix 


D 

32X 


BilS 

du 

difier 
una 
laga 


Tha  copy  filmad  hara  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  tha 
method: 


L'exemplaira  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginArosit*  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Lea  imagas  suivantas  ont  Ati  raproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattet*  de  l'exemplaira  film*,  at  en 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimia  sont  filmAs  an  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnidra  paga  qui  comporta  une  empreinte 
d'impreasion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  exemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmAs  9n  commen^ant  par  la 
pramiAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  empreinte 
d'impreasion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  terminant  par 
la  darniire  paga  qui  comporta  una  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film«s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  fttre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich«,  il  est  film«  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  ntcessaira.  Les  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthode. 


rata 
I 


alura. 


3 


i2X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE 


COMMERCE 


AND 


INDUSTRIES 


OF   THE 


Pacific  Coast 


or 


!• 


NORTH  AMERICA; 


COMPRISING 

THE  RISE,  PROGRESS,  PRODUCTS,  PRESENT  CONDITION.  AND  PROSPECTS  OF 

THE  USEFUL  ARTS  ON  THE  WESTERN  SIDE  OF  OUR  CONTINENT 

AND  SOME  ACCOUNT  OF  ITS  RESOURCES, 

WITH 

Elahorate  Treatment  of  Manufactures;  Briefer  Consideration  of  Commerce. 

Transportation,  Agriculture,  and  Mining;  and  Mention  of  Leading 

Establishments  and  Prominent  Men  in  Various  Departments 

OP  Business, 

BY 

John  S.  Hittell, 

<«(».r  0/  "  T».  /tuwrera  0/  Cali/onI,."  "r*.  «;.(,„  ./  s„„  FraKlKC,"  "A  Irk/  HM<^  tf  Cltun,-  .(e. 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 
A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS. 

1882. 


Entered  according  to  Act  ol  Congress,  in  the  year  1882. 

Bv  A.  L.  BANCROFT  AND  COMPANY, 

In  the  OfTice  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


•ri  ■"•>%>. 


-4 


885(;o 


Frcif'-^  N'.W.  History  Dofrt. 

VlGTUrtlA,  B.  C. 


smtiuimrttmrn 


MMiMH^iikBM*iaiiaa_ 


"  ■■HhTI  <■!    I 


^js^'^N*, 


s 


^ 


lasi^BKsaxs 


PREFACE. 


The  Pacific  siilc  of  the  Nortli  American  continent  was,  in  1845,  almost 
beyond  the  range  of  the  thought  ami  traffic  of  the  refined  and  wealth)- 
Caucasian  communities  on  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic.  Difficult  of  access, 
obscure  in  its  civilization,  poor,  sparsely  populate-.!  as  to  much  of  its  area, 
unproductive,  without  machinery  which  is  the  accompaniment  if  not  the 
main  basis  of  recent  progress,  our  coast  seemed  destined  to  remain  without 
much  improvement  until  some  distant  time  in  a  vague  future.  No  steam- 
ship plowed  our  harbors;  no  locomotive  rattled  through  our  valleys;  no 
well-graded  wagon  road  crossed  our  mountains;  no  telegraph  wire  was 
ready  to  carry  hasty  messages ;  and  north  of  Mazatlan  there  was  neither 
regular  postal  service  nor  newspaper. 

Suddenly  a  wonderful  change  occurred.  Enlightenment  took  the  place 
of  savagism  over  a  wide  region.  Commerce  and  industry,  the  school  and 
the  church,  the  newspaper  and  the  factory,  literature  and  art,  wealth  and 
luxury,  rose  as  if  by  magic;  and  their  influence  has  since  continued  to  grow 
with  marvelous  speed.  San  I'rancisco  became  a  metropolis,  and  is  now  one 
of  the  world-famous  centers  of  intelligence  and  trade.  Lines  of  ocean 
steam.ships  run  from  the  Golden  Gate  to  China  and  Australia,  and  to  a  score 
of  seaports  on  our  coast  between  Sitka  and  Panama.  Every  da\-,  trains 
of  cars  start  by  two  routes,  with  passengers  and  frieght,for  the  seaports  of 
the  Atlantic.  VVe.st  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  there  are  5,500  miles  of  .iron 
track — more  in  proportion  to  population  than  in  an>  other  part  of  the  globe. 
The  most  productive  mines,  the  most  beautiful  orchards  and  vineyards,  and 
the  most  elegant  homes,  are  now  to  be  found  in  places  which  less  than  half 
a  century  since  had  no  occupants  save  the  wild  beast  or  the  almost  equally 
wild  red  man.  The  chief  topographical  division  of  our  continent  is  that 
made  by  the  summit  of  the  great  mountain  chain  extending  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  equator  to  that  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Westward  from  this 
line  lies  the  Pacific  realm,  the  business  of  which  is  our  subject.  This  im- 
mense domain  is  evidently  destined  to  be  the  .seat  of  a  great  industrial 
empire.  Notwithstanding  the  intersection  of  national  boundaries,  which 
may  last  to  remote  times,  it  has  numerous  bonds  of  common  .sympathy  and 
interest,  and  a  definite  geographical  unity. 

The  situation  suggests  many  interesting  queries.  Mas  the  population 
of  this  vast  region  assumed  a  distinctive  industrial  and  intellectual  character, 


4  i'i<i:iA(i;. 

liomogcncous  cnoiij.;li,  iiiul  string  oiioii^,'!]  tn  perpetuate  itself,  to  »ie\clop 
itself  with  a  vigorous  inter".:;!  ^mouiIi  in  hanii:)ii>-  with  the  progress  of  the 
age,  and  to  inijiress  itself  ujjon  all  the  external  aiklitions  by  alien  immigra- 
tion? Is  there  a  peculiar  and  [lermanent  I'acifie  American  civiliz.ition 
wnrlliy  of  the  grand  Taeific  American  domain?  Arul  if  so,  wh.it  are  the 
business  aspects  of  this  new  civilization?  What  has  this  \a^t  region 
achiesed  in  matters  of  material  jirogress?  Wh;it  are  tiie  m.iin  features  (,f 
its  commerce  and  intluslry?  Are  the  Pacific  m.mufacturers  ami  mechanics 
mere  coinisis?  y\re  1  hey  degenerate  borrowers  from  more  enlightened  anil 
energetic  inhabitan's  of  other  lanils?  Or  ha\e  they  manifested  inventive 
genius?  Ila\e  they  contributed  anjtiiing  to  the  useful  arts  of  our  time? 
How  tlo  the  farmers,  miners,  .and  craftsmen  in  various  inechanical  occupa- 
tions compare  with  those  of  other  countries?  What  is  the  success  of  the 
laboiers  in  working  iron,  steel,  copper,  brass,  lead,  type  metal,  silver,  anil 
gold?  Has  the  Pacific  coast  skillful  shipwrights,  millwrights,  wheelwrights, 
carpenters,  and  cabinet-makers?  l.)oes  it  tan  good  leather  anil  make  good 
saddles,  li.irness,  shoes,  and  gloves?  What  are  the  jjroducts  of  its  fisheries, 
potteries,  glass  works,  sugar  refineries,  and  printing  olTiccs?  What  are  the 
quantities  and  qualities  of  its  textile  fabrics?  Are  the  people  well  supplied 
with  the  best  ir..ichiner)  and  tools,  and  do  they  know  how  to  manage  them? 
Are  IJie  industrial  skill  and  production  of  tlie  Pacific  coast  advancing  or 
retrograding?  And  the  Pacific  capitalists?  ^Vre  they  men  of  original 
thiiiight,  compreliensi\e  ideas,  and  bold  enterprises?  Have  they  achieved 
success  by  superior  capacity,  prudence,  and  knowledge  of  business?  Or  arc 
they  dull,  narrow-minded,  miserly,  destitute  of  public  spirit;  and  did  they 
acquire  their  wealth  by  blind  luck,  stumbling  on  places  where  an  abundance 
of  gold  and  silver  was  within  reach  of  everybody? 

^\'hat  arc  the  chances  for  labor  and  capital  on  the  Pacific  Coast?  What 
is  the  present  condition  of  its  manufacturing  industry?  In  what  branches 
has  it  driven  all  competition  from  the  local  field?  In  what  is  it  still  strug- 
gling against  importations?  In  what  has  it  not  yet  ventured  to  make  any 
experiment?  What  are  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  our  coast  for 
the  production  of  articles  manufactured  by  the  aid  of  complex  and  costly 
machinery?  What  are  the  prospects  of  producing  manufactures  fo.r  supply- 
ing other  countries?  Who  are  the  leading  business  men?  Where  are  they 
t..  be  found?     \\  hat  have  they  done,  and  what  are  they  doing? 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  book  to  elucidate  all  these  questions.  Our 
subject  is  extensive  and  important;  indeed,  ileserving  much  more  study  than 
it  has  hitherto  received.  In  the  hope  that  the  result  of  our  investigations 
w-!l  be  recognized  as  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  general  knowledge  of 
the  commerce  and  industry  of  our  coast,  we  submit  our  work  to  the  public 
judgment 


( 


";"»■ 


LIST  OF  CHAPTERS. 


A  lUl  of  .„,  .c,  will  1«  f„un.l  ■„,  .he  next  Ic.f;  a„,l  a  full  index  of  .ubjccl»  and  name, 
M  ihc  end  of  the  lx).)k. 


Ch.  1.        Tdc  I'iclJ. 

Cli.  II.       Gcncr.il  Ktalures  of  Business. 

Ch.  in.     Climate. 


lilVISIO.N    I.      l.NTKODUcriON. 

Ch.  IV.     Land  for  Settlers. 
Ch.  V.       The  Labor  .Sujijily. 


Ch.  VI.  nankinf;. 

Ch.  VII.  Insurance. 

Ch.  VIII.  U.iilroad5. 

Ch.  I.V.  L.\prcs.sing. 


Ch.  XIII.     Ilurticullure. 

Ch.  .\IV.      domestic  iVnimals. 


DivuioN  IL    Commerce,  etc. 

Ch.  X.         Telegraph,  etc. 
Ch.  .XI.       .Shipping,  etc. 
Ch.  XII.     .Merchandising. 

Division  III.    Agriculture. 

I     Ch.  XV.     Farming. 


Ch.  XVI.      Gold  Mining. 
Ch.  XVIL     .Silver  .Mining. 


Ch.  XIX.     The  Tish  Supply. 
Ch.  X.X.       Furs  and  Game. 
Ch.  XXI.     Cod  Fishery. 


Divisio.s  IV.     .Mining. 

j     Ch.  XVIII.     Mining  for  other  Mineral*. 

Division  V.     Fisiikrihs,  etc. 

Ch.  XXII.      Whale  Fishery. 

Ch.  XXIII.     Other  .Marine  Fishcrii.s. 

Ch.  XXIV.     River  lislierics. 


Division  VI.    Engineering,  etc. 

n,''vvvi       ''"'"'•  """'R'^"  I™l"-"vcmen..      |     Clu  XXVIL     Inventiona. 
>-li.  .\.\Vi.     »V alcr  Works,  elc. 


Division  VU.     .Manufactlres. 
Ch.  XXVIIL     Texlilc  Manufactuns.  Ch.  XXXIIL 

1  .cat  her. 

Glass,  Larthcnware,  etc. 
I'rovisions. 
Wood. 


Ch.  XXIX. 
Ch.  XXX. 
Ch.  XXM. 
Cli.  XXX  J  I. 


Ch.  XXXIV. 

Ch.  XXXV. 
Ch.  XXX  VL 


I'apcr,  Printing,  eic 

Iron. 

Other  .Metals. 

Miscellaneous  Manufactures. 


Appendix. 


Lnue.x. 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


A  full  index  of  subjects  and  names  is  given  at  the  end  of  the  book. 


Preface. 


19 
20 
21 


30 
3' 
34 
37 
38 
39 
40 

41 
41 
43 
45 


.Page  3 


Meteorological  Regions 63 

San  Francisco  Summers 64 

Hot  Days g- 

Cool  Nights gg 

Warm  Winters gg 

The  Early  Spring gg 

San  Francisco  Rains 


Division  I.— Introduction,  (pp.  17-120.) 

Chapter  I.— The  Field,     (pp.  17-47.) 

PACK 

Our  Slope ,- 

Possessions 

California 

San  Francisco 

Sacramento  Valley jg 

San  Joaquin  Valley 27 

Southern  California 28 

Monterey  District 30 

Humboldt  Ilay ,q 

Sierra  Nevada 

Oregon 

Washington 

Nevada 

Arizona 

Utah 

Idaho 

Western  Montana,  etc 

British  Columbia 

Alaska 

Mexico 


Chapter  II, 


General  Features  of  Busi- 
ness,   (pp.  48-61.) 

Californian  Enterprise ^g 

Great  Enterprises cq 

Pecuniary  Wrecks jj 

Imported  Goods 5 . 

Great  Fortunes re 

A  Gold-intoxicated  City eg 

Romance  of  the  Present en 

Chapter  HI.— Climate,     (pp.  62-83.) 

Comparative  Meteorology 62 

Standards  of  Temperature 62 


69 

Irregular  Rainfall 70 

Relative  Humidity 

Fog 

Warm  Belt 

Sacramento  Climate 

I^s  Angeles  Climate go 

Oregon  Climate gi 

Utah  and  Arizona g2 


7' 
73 
74 
76 


Alaska's  Climate . 


83 


Chapter  IV.— Land  for  Settlers. 

(pp.  84-98.) 

Public  Land g. 

Career  for  Energy g» 

No  Land  Monopoly gg 


Chances  for  Settlers 
Cost  to  Settlers 
Timber  Claims. 

Examine  Ijefore  Buying go 

Central  Pacific  Lands gj 

Southern  Pacific  Lands 52 

Northern  Pacific  Lands gj 

Oregon  Improvement  Lands g4 

Oregon  Railroad  Lands 94 

Washington  Lands gj 

Colonies ge 

British  Columbian  Lands g; 


87 
89 
90 


8 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Chapter  V.— Tkf.  Labor  Supply.  ■■*<;« 

(pp.  99-120.) 

High  Wajjcs 99 

Wages  by  the  Week lOO 

Wages  liy  the  D.iy loo 

Wages  by  the  Month I02 

Laborers'  Associations 105 

Wages  and  Comfort 108 

Labor  and  Material 108 

Seamstresses 109 


Shirt-making in 

Cliinesc  Competition 113 

Dear  Labor 113 

World-wide  Competition 115 

Imported  Mechanics 116 

Competition  with  the  Kast 117 

Factories  as  .Schools ; i  iS 

White  Labor  Gaining 118 

Opposition  to  Chinese 1 19 


Division  II. — Com.merce,  etc.  (pp.  121-230.) 


Cli.ipter  VL— Banking,     (pp.  121-141.) 

Extent  of  liusiness 121 

Californian  lianks 121 

Measure  of  Prosperity 123 

Amoimt  of  Coin 123 

First  lianks 124 

Inexperience 126 

Adams  &  Co 126 

P.Tge,  liacon  &  (.'o 127 

W.  T.  Sherman 127 

Ralston 127 

Palmer,  Cotjk  &  Co 129 

Savings  and  Loan 1 29 

Other  Savings  Banks 130 

Bank  Commission 130 

Mining  Stocks 1 30 

Currency 131 

Panic  of  1S77 131 

New  Constitution 132 

Reduction  of  Debt 133 

Banking  Prosi)ccts 134 

Banking  Institutions 134 

Notable  Bankers 135 

~  P.  H.  Burnett 136 

John  Parrott 137 

n.  O.  Mills 137 

William  .Mvord 138 

Lloyd  Tevis 138 

F.  F.  Low 139 

Louis  McLane 140 

The  I  )alles  Bank 140 

William  Ucid 140 

Chapter  VII.— Insurance,  (pp.  142-161.) 

Fires 142 

First  Californi,an  Company 142 

Rush  into  Insurance 145 

Rates 146 


Losses 146 

Business  in  18S1 147 

Fire  Departments 148 

File  Patrol 149 

Board  of  Underwriters 149 

Fireman's  Fund 150 

D.  J.  Sl.iples 152 

The  Home  Mutual 152 

J.  F.  Houghton 153 

C.  R.  Story 154 

State  Investment  Company 154 

-  A.  J.  Bryant 154 

Commercial  Company 15S 

Union  Company 155 

Pacific  Mutual  Life 155 

Hutchinson  &  Mann 156 

Lion  Insurance  Company 157 

M.-icdonald  &  Ilawes 158 

Dickson's  Agency 158 

A.  D.  Smith 159 

Louis  J  acoby 1 59 

William  G.  Elliott 159 

C.  T.  Hopkins 159 

Jacobs  &  Easton 161 

Chapter  VIII.— RAILROADS. 

(pp.   162-183.) 

Early  Railroad  Projects. 162 

P.acific  Railroad  Agitation 162 

Subsidy  Granted 164 

The  Last  Spike 165 

Railroad  Buildiny; 166 

Various  Railroads 167 

I'rivate  Properly 168 

Political  Denunciation 170 

DifTerenrc  in  Charges 171 

Land-Gr.ant  Policy 172 

Profits 172 


LIST   OF   TOPICS. 


9 


PACB 

-  Lcland  Stanford 1 7^ 

-Cl'.ailes  Crocker 174 

K.  U.  Crocker 175 

-M.'.rk  Hopkins 176 

~C.  1'.  Ihinlington 178 

Northern  Pacific 179 

Oregon  R.  &  N.  Co 180 

Oregon  and  California  R.  R 180 

Oregon  and  Transcontinental  R.  R iSo 

Henry  Villard 181 

Atlantic  and  Pacific iSi 

Canadian  Pacific 181 

Spanish-American  Railroads 1S2 

Street  Railroads 1S2 

Wagon  Roads 1S2 

Chapter  IX.— KxPRESsiNn.    (pp.  1S4-1S8.) 

Extent  of  Business 1S4 

Oiigin  of  the  Express 1S5 

Wells,  Eargo  &  Co 1S6 

Pony  Express 187 

John  J.  Valentine 187 

Chapter  X.— Ti-.legraiti,  etc. 

(pp.  189-194.) 

Eirst  Wires 189 

Transcontinental  Wires 1S9 

Telephone 190 

District  Telegraph 192 

Gold  and  Slock  Telegraph 194 

Chapter  XI. — SllirriNG,  ETC. 

(pp.  195-206.) 

Lively  Trafiic 95 

Stcatn  Navigation ■ 195 

High  Port  Charges 196 

River  Navigation . . . .  .^ 197 

Eraser  River  Steamers 198 

Mara  &  Wilson 198 

Railway  and  Navigation  lioats 199 

Ocean  Steamers 199 

Pacific  Mail 200 

Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. . .   201 
Pacific  Coast  Steamship  Company. .. .   201 

Other  Lines 202 

G.  C.  Perkins 202 

Charles  Goodall 202 

Sailing  Vessels 203 

G.  W.  Mc.Vear 204 

John  Ro.scnfeld 205 

a 


FAGS 

Williams,  Dimond  &  Co 205 

Sibson,  Church  &  Co 206 

Welch,  Rithet  &  Co 206 

Chapter  XII.— Merciiandisino. 

(pp.  207-230.) 

Importations 207 

Importers 209 

General  Exports 2  H 

Wheat  and  Elour  Exports 212 

Treasure 213 

Business  Failures 214 

Southern  California 214 

Tr.ade  with  Australia 2 14 

Oregon's  Trade 215 

Washington  and  British  Columbia. .. .   215 

Utah's  Tr.ade 216 

-  \V.  T.  Coleman 216 

W.  E.  Babcock 217 

J.  S.  T.iber ni8 

\VeIlm.an,  Peck  &  Co 21S 

E.  Daneri  &  Co 21S 

Welch  &  Co   218 

D.  N.  and  E.  Walter  &  Co 2:9 

B.aker  &  Hamilton 220 

Gordon  Hardware  Co 220 

Dunh.am,  Carrigan  &  Co 221 

George  H.  Tay  &  Co 221 

J .  De  La  .Montanya 222 

Linforth,  Rice  &  Co 222 

Richarils  &  .Snow 224 

A.  I.  IIall&  Son 224 

Fairbanks  I'i  Hutchinson 225 

Japanese  Art  Exhibition 226 

11.  Brickwedel 226 

A.  P.  Ilotaling  vS:  Co 227 

Livingston  &  Co 227 

Lilienthal  &  Co 227 

A.  Vignier 228 

Corbitt  &  Macleay 228 

Charman  &  Son 228 

J.  K.  Gill&  Co 229 

Eleckenstein  &  Mayer 229 

K.  Seelig  &  Co 229 

S.  W.  Percival 229 

Schwabaclier  Brothers  &  Co 230 

M.  V.  U.  Stacy 230 

Henry  Saunders 230 

Thomas  Shot  bolt 230 

Turner,  Ueelon  &  Co 230 


lO 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Division  III.— Agriculture,  (pp.  231-288.) 


Chapter  XIII.— Horticulture.  ' 

(I'P.  23 '--53-) 

Fruit-trees 

Fruit-drying 

Fresh  Fruit  Shipment 

Nuttrccs 

Oranges 

Olive,  etc 

Kitclien  \'cgctab!cs 

Orcharciists 

.Subtropical  Imports 


Fruit-canning 

Amount  Canned 

Grapes 

Varieties 

L.irge  ''intyards 

Agoslon  Ilaraszthy 

Wine  Product 

C.  Kohlcr 

Sparkling  California. . . 
Arpad  Ilaraszthy  it  Co, 

Raisins 

Brandy 


231 
233 
234 
23s 
235 
236 
236 
237 
238 
238 
239 
241 

244 
244 
245 
247 
24S 
249 
250 
252 
253 


Chapter  XIV.— Domustic  Animals. 

(pp.  254-275.) 

Abundant  I  lenls 254 

Sheep 254 

\V.  \V.  Ilollistcr 255 

Shropshires 257 

.Siroliridge's  Merinos 257 

Neat  Cattle 258 

Jesse  D.  Carr 250 

Dairy 260 

Jersey  Farm 261 

R.  G.  Sncath 262 

Butter 264 


Jcieph  Russ 264 

Pc^it  Reyes 265 

Cheese 267 

Beef 267 

William  Dunphy 270 

Goodacro  &  Dooley 270 

\'an  Volkcnburg  &Co 271 

Horses 271 

Palo  Alto 272 

Swine  and  Goats 274 

Poultry 274 

Bees 274 

Silkworms 275 

Chapter  XV.— Farming,  (pp.  276-288.) 

Agricultural  Production 276 

-\gricultural  Progress 27S 

Californian  Wheat 279 

Whe.at  Profits 280 

Volunteer  Wheat 281 

H.J.  Glenn 2S1 

John  Bidwell 281 

Oregon  Wheat   282 

Barley,  etc 2S2 

Cotton 2S3 

Flax 2S4 

I  lops 2S4 

Tobacco 2S4 

Forage 285 

Alfalfa 2S5 

.Sugar 2S5 

Tea 286 

Seeds 2S6 

E.  J.  Bowen 287 

Various  Plants 2S7 

Timber  Cultivation 28S 


Division  IV. — Mining,  (pp.  289-320.) 


Chapter  XVI.— Gold  Mining. 

(pp.  289-294.) 

Mineral  Wealth 289 

Gold  ^*ield 290 

Hydraulic  Pipe 291 

Gold  Quariz 292 

Gold  Quariz  Mines 293 

Brilisli  Columbian  Placers 294 

Mexican  Placers , 294 


Chapter  XVII.— Silver  Mining. 

(pp.  295-306. ) 

Silver  Produdiiin   295 

Silver  Mines 295 

Comstock  Lode 296 

Bonanzas 296 

Mine  Man.agcment 298 

Assessuienls 299 

Undergroun'l  Works 299 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


II 


TAca 

Mine  Improvements ....   300 

J.  \V.  Mackay 300 

J.  G.  Kair 301 

George  I  learst 301 

Discovery  of  the  Comstock 301 

Wa.ilioe  Process 302 

Silver  Smelting 303 

Leaching 304 

Eureka  District 304 

Arizona  Silver 305 

Californian  Silver 305 

Utah  Silver 305 

Mexican  Silver 306 

Chapter  XVIII. — Mining  for  other  Min- 
erals,   (pp.  307-320.) 

Coal 307 

Carbon  Hill 308 


PAGR 

Seattle  Coal 308 

Dunsniuir,  Diggle  &  Co 309 

Iron  Smelting 310 

Oregon  Iron 311 

Cali.''ornian  Iron 311 

Washington  Iron 313 

Chrome  Iron 314 

Quicksilver 314 

, Copper 315 

Antimony 316 

Lead 316 

Petroleum 316 

Pacific  Coast  Oil  Company 317 

Asphaltuni 318 

Sulphur 319 

Various  Minerals 319 


Division  V. — Fishekie.s,  etc.  (pp.  321-386.) 


Chapter  XIX.— The  Fish  SuprLY. 

(pp.  321-329.) 

Fish  Abimdant 32 1 

Fish  Statistics 322 

Codbanks 324 

Pisciculture 325 

Chapter  XX. — Furs  and  Game. 

(PP-  330-341-) 

National  Influence 330 

Fur  Crop 331 

Alaska  Commercial  Company 333 

Warren's  Fur-seal  Fleet 336 

Otters,  etc 336 

Furriers 337 

The  North-west  Trading  Company 337 

Land  Furs 338 

J.  F.  Miller 339 

Game 340 

Chapter  XXI.— CoD  Fishery. 

(pp.  342-345- ) 

Cod-banks 342 

Cod-fishcrmen 343 

Catch 345 

Chapter  XXII.— Whale  Fishery. 

(PP-  346-351-) 

American  Whaling 346 

North  Pacific  Fleet. 347 

Shore  Whaling 349 


Chapter  XXIII. — Other   Marine  Fish- 
ERIES.     (pp.  352-367.) 

Kinds  of  Fish 352 

Salmon  Family 355 

The  Herring  Family 356 

Halibut 35S 

Sturgeon 359 

Shark 359 

Skidegate  Oil  Company 360 

Fishing-boats 361 

Oyster:,  and  Clams 363 

Shrimps 366 

Chapter  XXIV.— River  Fisheries. 

(pp.  368-386.) 

Catch 368 

Salmon  Habits 369 

Fishing  Implements 370 

Columbia  Fishery 372 

Californian  Fishery 373 

Alaska  Salmon 375 

Pugel  Sound  Salmon 376 

Aboriginal  Fishing 376 

Canning 377 

The  Columbia  Pack 579 

S.  D.  Ad.iir  &  Co 380 

J.  O.  Hanthorn  &  Co 381 

William  Hume 382 

The  I-Cinney  Cannery 3S2 

Warren  Packing  Company 382 

John  West 383 


12 


LIST  OK  TOPICS. 


rASB  I 

Dniish  Cnliimliian  P.-iclc 3^i  ' 

Jolm  Aibir,  Jr i^i 

Alert  U.iy  Cannery jS-l-  j 

Delta  Cannery 3^4 

Douglass  Packins  Company 3^4  I 


LaWhw  .<t  Co 3S4 

Windsor  Canning  Company jSS 

Sacramento  Salmon 3S5 

Salt  Salmon 3S5 

Other  Catch 385 


Division  VI.— Engineering,  etc.  (pp.  387-433O 


Chapter  XXV.— IIauiiou  and  Uivr.r.  Im- 
1'i;ovi;mi:nt. 

(PP-  3S7-402.) 

General  RemaiUs 3^7 

S.m  Trancisco  I larlior 3^5 

Entr.mce  to  San  Trancisco 3S9 

Oakland  I  larljor 39° 

Improvement  of  I'ctahima  Creek 391 

Tlie  S.ai-ramento  Uivcr 392 

The  San  Joaquin  River 393 

San  Diego  Ray 394 

Wilmington  Harbor 395 

Iliimlioldt  Bay 39<J 

Roadsteads 397 

Harbor  of  Refnge 397 

Columbia  River 39^ 

Access  to  Portland 399 

Columbia  Bar 4°° 

Vaquina  Bay 40° 

Coquille 4"" 

Cofts  Bay 4*^' 

Various  Rivers 4°' 

Chapter  XXVI.— Wa I  EK-woiucs. 

(pi).  403-414.) 

I  lydraullc  Engineering 403 

Irrigation 4°3 

.San  Joaquin  Canal 404 

Kern  Canals 405 

J.  B.  Haggin 407 

Other  Irrigation  Canals 407 

Artesian  Wells 407 

Steam  Irrigation 40S 

Mining  I-litchcs 40S 


Water-power  Canals 

San  Trancisco  Water-works. . . . 

Oakkand  Water 

Sacramento  Water 

.Stockton  Water 

Los  Angeles  Water 

Other  Towns 

The  Suiro  Tunnel 


Chapter  XXVII.— Inventions. 

(pp.  415-433-) 

Industrial  .\rt 

Not.ible  Inventions 

Sluice  and  I  lydraulic  Pi]* 

Great  Watcr-pijics 

V-I'Iumc 

Chollar-Norcross  Pump 

Dickie's  other  Inventions 

Spauiding's  .Saw-teeth 

Dolliccr's  Logging  Machine 

Triple  Circular 

IlaPidie's  Wire  Ropeway 

Cable  Railroad 

Robb's  Sawmill  Inventions 

Pneumatic  Clock 

Telegraphic  Inventions 

Washoe  Pan,  etc 

Deetkcn's  Chlorination 

Loading  Chutes 

Photographs  of  Motion 

Von  Schmidt's  Blasting 

Gates*  Steering  Apparatus 

Deideshcimer's  Timbering 

Agricultural  Implements 

Other  Inventions 


408 
409 
410 
411 
411 
411 
412 
4'3 


415 
41S 

417 
418 
419 

421 

423 
424 

425 
425 
42s 
426 

427 
427 
428 
429 
429 
430 
430 
43  • 
43' 
432 
432 
432 


Divisi<:)N  VII.— Manufactures,  (pp.  434-734.) 


Chapter  XXVIH.— TiiXTiLE  Manukac- 

TURi:s.  (pp.  434-484.) 

Textile  Proiliirtion 434 

Woolen  Mills 436 

Importation  of  Woolens 437 

Early  Woolen  Manufacture 438 


Pioneer  Mill 440 

Mission  Mill 441 

Golden  tJatc  Mill 441 

San  Josi!  Mill 442 

Sacramento  Mill 443 

Other  Californian  Mills 444 


r 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


13 


Oregon  Mills 445 

Utah  Mills 447 

Hosiery  and  Knit  Goods 448 

Wool  Scouring 450 

Clothing 450 

Clothing  Operatives 452 

Various  Factories 454 

Furnishing  Cloods 455 

B.  &  O.  Grcencbaum 456 

Cotton  Underwear 457 

Shirts 457 

Regalia 459 

F'lags  and  Bunting 459 

B.  Pasquale 460 

Neckties 460 

Suspenders 461 

Ilats  and  Caps 462 

I'rimmings 467 

Straw  Hats 464 

Parasols,  etc 465 

Oil  Clothing 466 

Bedding 407 

Comforters 469 

Pillows 469 

Soa|)-root 470 

Fxcelsior 47 1 

Spring  Mattresses 471 

J''" 473 

Upholstery 47 j 

Upholstery  with  Furniture 475 

Carpets 477 

Carpet  Lining 477 

Carjict  Beating 478 

Silk 

Cotton 


478 

479 

Jute  Bags  anil  Burlaps 479 

Cordage 481 

Cordage  Factories 4S2 

Sailmaking 484 

Chapter  XXIX. —Leather,  (pp.  485-522.) 

Leather  Products 485 

Tannage  Production 486 

Hides 488 

Tanning  Material   450 


Sumac . 


491 

San  Francisco  Tanneries 433 

Benicia  Tanneries 493 

Other  Californian  Tanneries 494 

Oregon  Tanneries 495 


PACE 

British  Columbia  Tanning 495 

Belmont  Tannery 496 

Rock  Bay  Tannery 496 

Wool-pulling 496 

B.  F.  Sawyer  &  Co 497 

Harness  &  Saddlery 499 

Thomas  Quinn 500 

Harness  Production 500 

Harness  Manufactures 501 

Whips 502 

Trunks,  etc 503 

Glue ;   504 

Boots  and  Shoes 505 

Material  for  .Shoes 1^07 

Machines  and  Proces-scs 508 

.Shoe  Operatives 509 

San  Francisco  Shoe  Factories 51  fc 

Porter,  Slessinger  &  Co 511 

George  L.  Hibbard  &  Co 512 

B.  Leinenwcbcr  &  Co C13 

Victoria  Shoe  Factory 513 

Belmont  Shoe  Factory 513 

Lyman  .Smith's  Sons 513 

Gloves 514 

Glove  Production 515 

Lippitt,  Leak  &  Co 51(5 

P.  &  F.  G.  Conklin 517 

F.  H.  Bushy 517 

Other  Glove  Factories 518 

Shoe-stock 51S 

Bellows 519 

Hose  and  Belting 520 

Rubber  Goods 522 

Ch.apter  XXX.— Glass,  Eaktiienware, 

ETC.      (pp.  523-536.) 
Scope  of  Chapter 523 

<-'''>^' 523 

Mirrors 525 

Pottery 526 

Buena  Vista  Pottery 527 

Bricks 52S 

I  lydraidic  Cement 529 

Cement  Pipe 529 

Artificial  Stone 530 

Pl.isler  of  Paris 531 

Plaster  Decorations,  etc   532 

Plaster  Statuary 532 

Marble  and  Granite 532 

Lime 534 

Pavement...., 535 


14 

Chapter  XXXI. 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Provisions.  '*'■" 

(pp.  537-573.) 

Sulijccls  IncUulcd S37 

Mrat  PacUing 537 

Artilici.il  Cooling 53^ 


Meat  for  Packint; 

Sugar  and  Syrup 

Sugar-beet 

Sugar  Mills 

Sugar  Consuniplion. , 
Hawaiian  Production 
Sliipmcnts  »f  Sugar. 


539 
540 

54' 
542 
543 
544 
545 


547 
550 
552 
553 
554 
555 


556 
557 
557 
558 
558 
559 
559 


San  l-'rancisco  Refineries 54*' 

Claus  Sprcckels 

Flour 

Milling  System   

Flour  Market 

Flour-mills 

Oregon  Mills 

Washington  Mills 55'> 

British  Columbia 55'' 

Flour  Mills 

Starr  &  Co 

Tlic  Salem  Flouring  Mills 

Jefferson  City  Mills 

Crackers 

California  Cracker  Comp.any. . . 

Macaroni 

Vinegar  and  Pickles S^° 

Vinegar  Factories 5"^ 

Coffee  and  Spice  Grinding 5*^3 

Confectionery •  ■  •  •    5''5 

Portland  Candy  Factory 5*^ 

Chocolate 5<'<' 

Ice 567 

Salt S(") 

Yeast  Powder 57 ' 

Soda  Water.    57' 

Malt  Liquors 572 

Malting 574 

Distillation 575 

The  Pacific  I  )islillery 57^ 

Bay  View  Distillery 577 

Cordials 57S 


Chapter  >. XXII.— Wood.     (pp.  579-<'34-) 

Wrod-working  In<lu>.try 579 

Lumbering 579 

Timber 5^0 

Lumber  Production 5^2 

Flume  Transportation. ., 5^4 


rAGE 

Sawmills S^^S 

L.  P..  Dean  &  Co 5^7 

Charles  L.  Dingley 5^7 

Dolbecr  &  Carson 5^8 

Hanson  &  Co SS8 

1.  II.  Ilirmon 5^9 

Hastings'  Sawmill 590 

George  11.  Knowles  &  Son 59° 

Moodyville  Sawmill 59' 

Nickcrson  &  Co 59' 

Occidental  Sawmill S9' 

Pope  &  Talbot 592 

Port  Discovery  Mills 592 

Kenton,  Holmes  &  Co 593 

Redwood  Lumber  Mills 594 

Rock  Bay  Sawmill 594 

A.  M.  Simiison  &  Brother 594 

Starbird  &  Goldstone 595 

H.  B.  Tichcnor  &  Co 595 


596 
596 
597 
597 
598 


Watsonville  Mill 

John  Wigmore 

Willamette  Sawmill 

John  Vance 

Planing-mills 

Royal  City  Planing-mills 598 

Door  and  Sash  Factories 599 

Box  Factories 599 

Cigar-boxes "°° 

Jewelry-boxes "°' 

Furniture "°' 

Material  for  I'urniturc (>°- 

Furniture  Factories d^S 

California  Furniture  Manufacturing  Co.  606 

Fricdrichs  &  Gercke 6o7 

Indianapolis  Chair  Manufacturing  Co. .   607 
California  Spring  Manufacturing  Co. . .  607 

Andrew  Frci 6oS 

Herman  Granz *^ 

A.  F.  Knorp d°^ 

Picture-frames,  etc "09 

Bdliard-tables •  •   <5'° 

Pianos <>'* 

Knabe  Pianos, (>^3 

Organs,  etc "J '  3 

Cofiins 614 

616 


Carriages 

Kspey  Carriage  Factory <J'8 

Holt  Brothers <>'8 

Waterliouse  &  Lcslcr .• .  <J'9 

O.  F.  Willcy  &  Co <J2o 

Cooperage <'*° 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


IS 


PACH 

Coopers'  Materials 621 

Cooperage  Production 622 

Woodenwarc 624 

MaltuUatli  Mills 624 

Faucets  and  Bungs 625 

Willowware 626 

Lasts , 626 

Ship-building 627 

Competition  of  Iron 62S 

Otlicr  Obstacles 629 

Ship  Tnnber 63J 

Ship  Yards 632 

Dickie  Brothers 632 

Simpson  Brotlicrs 633 

Dry-doclis,  etc 633 

House  Building 634 

Chapter  XXXIII. —Paper,  Printing,  etc. 

(PP-  635-^51-) 

Paper 635 

Lic!<  Paper-mill 636 

The  Pioneer  Paper-mill 637 

The  Graham  Paper  Company 637 

The  Owen  Paper  Company i ..  638 

Bags,  Boxes,  and  Collars 638 

Type  Foundries 639 

Painter  &  Co 641 

Electrotype  and  Stereotype O41 

Palmer  &  Key 642 

Printing  Inks 642 

Newspaper  Printing 643 

Book  and  Job  Printing C46 

A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Co 646 

Fcrnow's  Drying  Machine 648 

Book-binding  and  Blank-books 649 

Process  of  Binding 650 

Book -binderies 651 

Chapter  XXXIV.— Iron.     (pp.  652-6S4.) 

Iron  Manufactures 652 

Iron  Work 653 

Advantages 654 

Mining  Machinery 656 

Pumps 657 

Iron  Beginnings 658 

Foundries  and  Machine  Shops 659 

Risdon  Iron-works 660 

Union  Iron-works 661 

Peter  Donahue 661 

/Etna  Iron-works 662 

Fulton  Iron-works 662 


PACK 

Pacific  Iron-works 663 

Empire  Foundry 663 

Salem  Iron-works 663 

Albion  I'ou    Jr>' C64 

David  Lister  &  Co 664 

Railroad  Workshops 665 

Boiler-making 666 

Stoves 6()6 

Wire-works 667 

Saws 668 

Cutlery 669 

Files 670 

Miscellaneous  Tools 670 

Abner  Doble 670 

Fire-aims 67 1 

N.  Curry  &  Brother 671 

A.  J.  Plate  &  Co 67r 

Safes 672 

Locks 673 

Pacific  Chain-works 673 

Springs 673 

Agricultural  Implements 674 

The  Judson  Horse-nail  Company 675 

Benicia  Agricultural  Works 676 

Jackson  &  Truman 676 

II.  W.  Rice 678 

Windmills 679 

Elevators 679 

George  H.  Sanborn's  Sons 6Si 

Rolling-mills 6S2 

Rolling-mill  Products 683 

Chapter  XXXV.— Other  Metals. 

(pp.  6S5-69S.) 

Various  Metals 6S5 

Brass  Foundries 6S5 

Garratt's  Brass  F'oundry 6S6 

William  T.  Garratt 6S7 

Lead-works 688 

Plumbing 6cSS 

Tinware . . .,. 6S9 

Copiwrsmithing 690 

Galvanized  Iron 690 

Japanning 691 

Metallic  Signs 692 

Mathematical  Instruments 692 

Telegraphic  Instruments 693 

Clocks,  etc "693 

Gilding 694 

Gold-beating 695 

Jewelry 695 


i6 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Cporsc  C.  Shrcvc  &  Co. 
Xa-.t,  Circcn/wciL;  t.V  Co. 
Schulz  iS:  l'i>,clier 


PAGE 

■  697 
.  09S 


Cliaplcr  XXXVI.— Mricia.LANnousMANU- 

I  .\L1LK1;S. 

d'l'-  699-734-) 

Tob.icco 699 

Cig.irs 700 

Cost  of  M;inufaciure 701 

liicrca!.c  in  Consumption 701 

Cig.ir  I'actorius 702 

Ci;^.ar  UpcMtives 703 

I'ijx.s 705 

Acids 705 

Explosives 707 

The  California  Powclcr-woiks 709 

i;i.\stin(j  I'use 710 

Fireworks 711 

M.itclics 711 

Linsecil  Oil   713 

r.iints 713 

Varnish 715 

Turpentine,  etc 715 


Perfumer)' 716 

Coco.anut  Oil 717 

Wh.ale  Oil  Refining 717 

Soap 717 

Oregon  Standard  Soap 719 

I'endray  ^  Co 719 

Candles 720 

Starch 721 

Soda 722 

Cream  of  Tartar 7-3 

]>ora.\ 7-4 

Cigarettes 7-4 

Charcoal 725 

T»onc  Charetial,  etc 7-^ 

Ink.s  Ill.acking,  and  Mucilage 727 

C.iri>on  Uisulphido 7-7 

Axle  Grc.ibC 7-^ 

liroonis 7-^ 

Brushes 730 

Artificial  Limbs,  Trusses,  etc 731 

Oakum 731 

l"i.,hing-tackle 732 

Felling 732 

(j;wworks 733 


Appexdix.  (pp.  73  5-79 1  •) 


Acknowledgments 735 

H.  V.  IV.gc 735 

Sources  of  Information 735 

Relative  Sp.ace 737 

Supplenicntar)'  Material 737 

Comstock  Mines 737 

Mining  Tables 73S 

Notes 742 

Commercial  Policy 743 

Hawaiian  Trafiic 74.} 

An  Australian  Complaint 746 

Flour  by  Kail 746 


Increase  of  Manufacttires 746 

Oregon's  Traffic 747 

Dry  Wines 748 

Sweet  Wines 74^ 

riiotograpliy 730 

I.  W.  Tahcr 750 

J.  R.  I  hylson 750 

A.  II.  Lichllu-.ll 750 

Thomas  Mildrctli 751 

Russ  IIous.- 751 

Hotels  in  the  North 752 

Leading  Business  Houses 752 


Index p.  703. 


DIVISION  I.-INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER  I.— THE  FIELD. 

Our  Slope.— Our  continent  lies  between  the  two  great  oceans,  and,  con- 
sidered topographically,  most  of  its  valuable  territory  consists  of  two  main 
divisions;  one  sending  its  streams  to  the  Atlantic,  and  the  other  to  the 
Pacific.     The  mountain  line  of  separation,  however,  between  the  two  oceans 
docs  not  extend  to  the  northern  limit  of  the  continent,  for  a  considerable 
region  belongs  to  the  drainage  basin  of  the  Arctic.     We  accept  the  main 
summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  chain  as  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Pacific 
coast   from    Panama   to   latitude    S7°   and  from   that  parallel  northward 
we  follow  the  boundaries  of  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  including  the 
Utah  inclosed  basin  (covering  portions  of  Utah,  Nevada,  Oregon,  Idaho, 
and   California),  sending     -  ^e  of  its  waters  to  any  ocean.     This  region  is 
unmistakably  west  of  the  main  divide  of  the  continent,  and  is  .surrounded 
by  territory  drained  by  streams  flowing  to  the  Pacific.     We  exclude  the 
Chihuahua  inclosed  basin  of  about  16,000  square  miles,  and  the  San  Luis 
Potosi  inclosed  basin  of  25,000  square  miles  in  Mexico,  both  of  them  being 
east  of  the  main  ridge  of  the  great  continental  mountain  chain.     In  the 
subjoined  table  the  main  political  divisions  are  mentioned,  with  their  areas 
within  the  limits  of  what  we  consider  (for  the  purposes  of  this  work)  the 
Pacific  coast ;  the  greatest  length  of  each  on  the  meridian ;  the  length  of  the 
coast  of  each;  the  full  length  of  its  shore  line  following  the  contour  of  its 
capes,  bays,  and  islands ;  the  population,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  to 
a  square  mile.     The  areas  of  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  Idaho, 
Utah,  Arizona,  and  Alaska  are  copied  from  a  report  of  the  censu."^  of  1880. 
The  areas  of  British  Columbia,  and  of  the  Pacific  portions  of  Mexico,  Cen- 
tral America,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  are  estimates. 
The  full  shore  lines  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  are  from  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey,  and  are  in  geographical  miles,  60  to  a  degree, 
whereas  the  other  miles  arc  statutory,  69  to  a  degree.     The  full  coast  lines 
of  Alaska,  Mexico,  and  Central  America  having  never  been  accurately 
measured,  so  far  as  we  know,  are  given  by  estimate.    To  obtain  an  ade- 
3 


i3 


INTKODUCTIOX. 


quatc  idea  of  the  vastncss  of  our  natural  resources,  and  of  the  backward 
condition  of  their  dc\clopment,  we  must  look  at  fij^ures  .'-howin^  tlie  \ast 
.irea  of  unoccupied  fertile  land,  the  relative  paucity  of  inhabitants,  and  the 
lenjjth  of  the  ocean  frontaije  of  this  Pacific  realm.  A  brief  examination, 
and  a  comparison  of  them  with  the  corresponding;  statistics  of  the  most 
jjopulous  countries  of  Christendom,  le.ive  no  room  for  reasonable  doubt 
that  the  western  .slope  of  our  continent  has  a  ^rand  career  before  it  in  the 
near  future.     Here  is  the  table: 


PoLITIC.\L  DiVISIO.NS. 

.\rc.i 

ill  S<iii.ire 
.Miles, 

Population. 

Inhabitants 

to 
Sq.  .Mile. 

Ij;ngth 

on 

Merlilian. 

Miles. 

Co:ist 
I^-n^lh. 

.Miles. 

Full 

.Shore  Line. 

-Miles. 

Calilonii.i 

158,360        8(14.6^6 

5 

2 

I 
2 

i 
i 

I 

7 
1 1 

''55 
2S8 

440 

245 
480 

3+5 

4  So 
310 
275 
275 
.345 
1190 

39'' 

1260 
560 

735            '.097 
300              285 

( )ri'L,'(>n 

96,030 

174.767 

110,700           62,265 
69,180            7^.120 

^\'a^llin^'lon 

245    1        ".738 

liLiho .      . 

84.800 

84,970 

113,020 

22.000 

32,611 
143.906 

40,441 

8,000 

4,000 

10,000 

20,000 

30,000 

20,000 

3,500,000 

600,000 

Utah   

Arizona 

Patific  Montana.    . . . 

Pacitic  Wvominj 1       22,000 

Pacific  Colorado     .         1       .10  000 

Pacific  New  AIe\ico. 

24,000 
577.390 
310,000 
550.000 

50,000 

Alaska 

',470 
560 

>.950 
910 

20,000 
8,1  Si 
4,000 
1,450 

Jirilisli  Columbia 

Pacilic  Mexico 

Pacilic  Central  .\mcrica. 

Total j  2.312,450 

5.5S5.79<' 

2 

6,170 

3'''.75i 

After  making  allowances  for  large  arca.s,  of  no  present  and  little  pros- 
pective value,  on  account  of  intense  cold,  dry  sand,  or  bare  rock,  our  slope 
still  has  500,000  square  miles  of  tillable  soil,  300,000  of  magnificent  forest, 
and  1,000,000  of  good  pasture,  with  room  for  100,000,000  people  before 
they  will  be  so  much  crowded  with  relation  to  the  iKilural  resources  of  the 
land  as  they  arc  in  Europe. 

The  inhabitants  of  C.iliforiiia,  Oregon,  Nevada,  VVa^^^lngton,  Uiaho,  Utah, 
and  iVrizona  numbered  829,050  in  1.S70,  and  1,309,857  in  1880,  .showing  a 
g;iin  of  65  per  cent,  in  ten  years,  a  ratio  which  will  probably  be  maintained 
for  a  century  to  ccjine.  Indeetl,  the  proliabilitie.s  on  account  of  the  rapid 
development  of  railroad  antl  steamship  lines,  is  that  the  ratio  will  increase 
rather  than  diminish.  But  if  iTie  gain  were  only  50  per  cent,  in  ten  years,  it 
would  gi\e  these  States  and  Territories  2,ooo,oa3  inhabitants  in  1890; 
3,000,000  in  1900;  4.500,000  in  1910;  6,750,000  in  1920;  and  10,125,000  in 
1930.     If  we  add  British   Columbia,  Alaska,  and  the  Pacific  portions  of 


Tin-;  FiFi.D. 


'9 


Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico,  \vc  shall  sec  that  it  is  not 
extrav.igant  to  expect  that  our  slope  north  of  Mexico  in  i9;?o  will  have 
12,000,000  inhabitants;  and  even  llicn  there  will  Ix;  only  6  t<>  the  scjuare 
mile;  and  now  Italy  has  more  than  20  times  as  many.  Rapidity  of 
growth  is  one  of  the  best  standards  of  the  activity  and  profit  of  business  and 
of  the  chances  for  tlv  immigrant  to  make  a  fortune. 

Our  Pacific  coast  extends  through  the  tcmi)erale  and  reaches  far  into  the 
torriil  and  frigid  zon^s.  Every  variety  of  climate  is  represented  within  its 
limits,  unless  it  be  the  very  stormy,  for  the  furious  hurricanes  of  the  West 
Indies  and  the  tynh.oons  common  in  the  Chinese  .seas  are  unknown  to 
considerable  portions  of  our  ocean.  The  high  elevation  of  our  mountain 
border,  and  the  warmth  of  winter  and  coolness  of  summer,  brought  to  our 
immediate  coast  north  of  latitude  34°  by  trade  winds  and  the  Kurosiwo, 
the  ocean  current  of  the  North  Pacific,  give  great  ranges  of  temperature  in 
the  same  latitude,  so  that  the  traveler  can  pass  in  a  few  hours  from  a  cool 
to  a  warm  climate.  North  of  latitude  34^  and  west  of  the  Rocky  Jloun- 
tains,  the  isothermal  lines  run,  not  cast  and  west,  as  on  the  other  side  of  the 
continent,  but  usually  north-west  and  south-east.  The  mean  temperature 
of  January  ii  in  most  places  10'^,  and  in  many  20",  higher  than  on  the 
Atlantic  side  in  the  same  latitudes;  and  this  greater  warmth  of  the  winters 
is  of  immense  importance  to  the  comfort  of  the  people,  as  well  as  to  the 
productiveness  of  many  branches  of  industrj'. 

Our  coast,  considered  as  a  whole,  has  many  peculiar  features.  South 
of  49°  it  is  extremely  poor,  and  north  of  that  latitude,  wonderfully  rich 
in  harbors,  inlets,  bays,  and  islands.  In  the  precious  metals  it  is  the 
richest  part  of  the  globe ;  in  the  best  qualities  of  coal  it  is  inferior  to  Europe, 
to  China,  and  to  the  Atlantic  side  of  our  continent 


Possessions  and  Increase. — Our  slope  north  of  Mexico  has  8,000,000 
acres  of  tilled  land,  8,000,000  .sheep,  i, 200,000  neat  cattle,  600,000  horses, 
and  5,500  iniLs  of  railroad.  Our  industrial  products  in  their  primary  forms, 
as  first  prepared  for  sale,  counting  the  hide  and  excluding  the  leather,  in- 
cluding wool  but  not  cloth,  amount  in  value  to  more  than  $220,000,000 
annually.  Among  the  leading  items  arc  $100,000,000  for  cereals ;  $20,000,000 
for  the  meat,  liidc,  wool,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese  of  our  herd;;;  $15,000,000 
for  the  yield  of  our  orchards,  gardens,  and  vineyards;  $10,000,000  for  our 
rough  lumber;  $52,000,000  for  our  precious  metals;  $C,000,ooo  for  our  ba.se 
metals ;  and  $  1 2,000,000  for  non-metallic  mineral  articles,  including  coal,  salt, 
borax,  asphaltum,  petroleum,  building  stone,  paving  stone,  bricks  and  glass. 
The  additiona  value  given  to  the  primary  products  by  secondary  industry, 
such  as  buildii.j  houses  and  fences,  dressing  lumber,  spinning  and  weaving 


US 


20 


INTROPUCTION. 


wool,  tanning  leather,  making  boots  and  ihocs,  grinding  grain,  canning  fruit, 
casting  iron,  making  coin  and  t."ble-ware  from  gold  and  silver  bricks, 
amounts  to  at  least  $So,ooo,ooo,  making  an  annual  aggregate  for  the'  com- 
bined products  of  primary  and  secondary  industries  of  $300,000,000,  or  more 
than  $600  for  each  adult  white  male  inhabitant.  To  this  may  be  added  at 
least  $20,000,000  for  additional  value  given  to  land  held  in  private  owner- 
ship by  increase  of  population,  improved  facilities  of  transportation,  proof 
of  the  productiveness  of  the  soil  by  successful  tillage,  and  the  growth  of 
fruit  trees.  The  annual  addition  to  the  inarkct  value  of  all  the  property 
held  in  private  ownership  is  not  less  than$So,ooo,ooo,  or  $160  for  each  adult 
white  male  on  the  average,  and  this  notwithstanding  a  mode  of  life  which 
to  the  people  of  New  York,  and  r  ;uch  more  to  those  of  France,  seems  very 
wasteful.  Astonishing  as  the  figures  n.ay  appear,  they  arc  not  more  aston- 
ishing  than  the  rapid  increase  in  our  railroads,  wagon  roads,  new  buildings, 
fences,  lumber  flumes,  irrigation  and  mining  ditches,  artesian  wells,  orchards, 
vineyards,  and  herds.  A  vast  amount  of  the  best  machinery,  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  best  farm  animals,  an  area  of  fertile  soil  and  a  mileage  of  rail- 
roads relatively  immense,  under  the  control  of  industrious  and  intelligent 
men,  are  the  main  factors  in  our  wonderful  production. 

California. — By  the  variety,  multitude,  and  wealth  of  her  resources  for 
cagricultural,  mining,  fishing,  and  manufacturing  production,  by  the  geniality 
of  her  climate,  the  ad\antagcs  of  her  commercial  position,  and  her  large 
area,  California  is  well  fitted  to  play  an  imperial  part  in  history;  such  as, 
notwithstanding  the  relative  scantiness  of  her  population,  she  has  played  for 
the  last  thirty  years.  The  abundance  of  her  gold  was  one  of  the  wonders 
of  the  world,  and  her  placers  had  scarcely  reached  the  climax  o(  their 
productiveness,  when  her  orchards,  vineyards,  and  gardens  challenged  com- 
parison with  anything  to  be  seen  in  France  or  Italy.  The  climate  T)ear  the 
ocean  is  uncqualeu  f<ir  the  sm-".!!  range  of  mean  temperature  between  mid- 
summer and  midwinter;  equally  free  from  the  cold  that  benumbs,  and  from 
the  heat  that  debilitaies.  A  strong  trade  wind,  with  a  temperature  that 
docs  not  vary  much  from  55°,  blows  from  the  ocean  nearlj-  every  summer 
day,  its  chilliness  stimulating  the  worker  to  activity,  and  driving  the 
idler  to  wear  heavy  woolen  clothing.  Ikfore  it  has  gone  far  inland,  the 
breeze  is  warmed  b)'  the  ratiiation  of  the  earth;  and  an  hour's  j(iurney  is 
sufTicient  to  obtain  a  change  of  10"  in  the  mean  temperature  of  July,  with- 
out difference  in  elevation. 

The  State  has  an  excellent  commercial  situation.  Her  northern  limit 
is  near  the  latitude  of  Boston;  her  southern  near  that  of  Savannah. 
Mexico  has  few  bays,  inlets,  or  islands,  and  no  navigable  rivers;  and  her 


THE   FIFXD.  21 

coast  bends  to  the  eastward  so  much  that  Teliuantcpcc  and  Guaymas  are 
about  as  far  from  Australia,  and  from  most  of  the  Microncsian  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific,  as  is  San  Francisco ;  and  on  account  of  the  winds  and  currents 
arc  less  conveniently  accessible  by  either  sail  or  steam.  The  poverty  of  the 
western  coast  of  our  sister  republic  in  maritime  advantages  gives  a  greater 
value  to  the  Californian  harbors,  which,  though  not  numerous,  arc  excellent. 
If  we  wish  to  get  a  correct  idea  of  the  probable  development  of  Cali- 
fornia, we  must  compare  her  with  Italy,  to  which,  in  productions,  area, 
form,  and  situation,  she  bears  so  much  resemblance  that  she  has  been  called 
"the  Italy  of  the  new  world."  With  a  smaller  territory,  and  natural 
resources  that,  considered  as  a  whole,  arc  perhaps  inferior,  the  Italic 
kingdom  has  thirty  times  as  many  people.  The  tendency  to  equalize  popu- 
lation in  proportion  to  area,  and  the  continuous  growth  of  the  older 
American  States,  for  two  centuries,  leave  no  room  to  doubt  that  California 
is  destined  to  be  within  a  few  generations  the  home  of  many  millions  of 
inhabitants.  It  is  also  certain,  from  the  intelligence  and  enterprise  of  her 
present  population,  from  the  abundance  and  excellence  of  her  schools 
and  railroads,  and  from  the  selecting  influence  of  e.vpensive  migration,  that 
the  Californians  of  the  future  will  not  be  an  ignorant  or  unambitious  class 
of  people. 


San  Francisco  and  Surroundings. — The  site  of  San  Francisco  was,  in 
1848,  one  of  the  most  unprepossessing  places  ever  selected  for  a  great  city, 
and  never  did  industrial  art  and  commercial  enterprise  achieve  in  a  brief 
period  a  more  wonderful  triumph  over  the  obstacles  of  nature.  The  only 
level  land  near  the  anchorage  was  a  tract  of  about  forty  acres;  all  else  for 
several  miles  on  the  landward  sides  was  mudflat,  steep  hill,  or  ravine  covered 
with  chaparral,  or  swamp.  A  little  further  away  were  high  rocky  hills,  and 
sand  dunes.  For  twelve  miles  the  peninsula  was  treeless  and  desolate. 
The  only  wagon  road,  leading  from  the  village,  passed  through  several  miles 
of  loo.se  sand  before  it  reached  solid  ground.  Fresh  water  was  so  scarce 
that  for  several  years  the  city  obtained  a  large  part  of  her  supply  in  boats 
from  Saucelilo,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Golden  Gate. 

In  1880,  San  Franci.sco  had  233,000  inhabitants,  or  a  sixth  of  all  the 
people  within  a  radius  of  600  miles,  a  larger  proportion  to  the  tributary 
population  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  other  metropolis.  Counting  Oalcland, 
Alameda,  and  Berkeley  as  suburbs,  the  metropolitan  population  numbered 
270,000  in  1880.  The  aggregate  value  of  the  property  owned  by  the  resi- 
dents and  business  men  of  the  city  and  its  suburbs  is  at  least  $500,000,000. 
The  hills  have  been  cut  down,  and  coves  and  swamps  filled  up,  until  there 
are  6,000  acres  of  level  land.     A  number  of  the  most   splendid  public 


INTRODUCTION. 


i^*ismm'' 


buildinj^s  and  private  dwclliiicj.s  in  the  United  States  ha\'c  been  erected. 
Tlic  causes  that  led  to  these  marvelous  rcsuUsjnust  be  worihy  of  mention. 
The  bay  of  San  Francisco  is  spacious  and  grand.  It  has  tlic  only  deep 
and  secure  anchorage,  eas)-  of  entrance  from  the  ocean,  and  accessible 
from  the  land  side  by  navit:;able  water,  and  level  roads  from  an  extensive 
agricultural  district  in  the  interior,  between  the  :;5th  and  48th  parallels 
of  latitude  on  this  coast.  The  topography  of  California  converges  towards 
the  Golden  Gate,  and  makes  it  the  chief  connnercial  focus  of  the  State. 
Rival  l,owns  on  the  title  waters  of  San  Francisco  bay  had  greater  natural 
advantages,  but  failed  to  attract  capital,  and  dropped  out  of  the  race. 

San  Francisco  has  nearly  as  large  a  proportion  of  the  manufacturing  in- 
dustry as  of  the  commerce  cf  the  coast.  Her  convenience  of  access  from 
all  directions  gives  her  great  advantages.  She  has  the  most  abundant  sup- 
plies of  labor,  raw  material,  capital,  and  skill.  Ilcr  schools,  libraries, 
amusements,  and  excitements  are  preponderant  attractions  for  proprietors, 
managers,  and  laborers;  and  induce  them  to  be  content  here  with  smaller 
profits  than  at  other  places  on  the  coast.  The  coolness  of  the  summers 
enables  men  to  do  more  work  for  four  months  in  the  )-car  than  in  the 
interior  valleys.  The  cheapness  of  water-power  and  proximity  to  coal  mines, 
which,  in  the  Atlantic  States,  control  the  location  of  many  factories,  have 
little  influence  hero,  because  our  mill  streams  are  difficult  of  access,  antl  our 
coal  is  not  well  adapted  for  making  steam. 

The  discovery  of  gokl  laid  the  fountlation  of  San  I'rancisco's  greatness. 
The  richest  mines  of  the  coast,  and  the  districts  which  have  produced  three 
fourths  of  the  precious  metals  of  the  United  States,  are  within  ::oo  miles 
of  the  Golden  Gate.  The  total  American  bullion  \icld  from  the  region 
west  of  the  Rock\-  Mountains  has  been  nearl)-  $2,000,000,000;  an  inmien^e 
sum  to  pay  tribute  to  one  .;mall  city  within  30  years.  Not  only  was  it 
handled,  and  much  of  it  rcfinecl  antl  coined  in  San  I''rancisco,  but  a  large 
part  of  it  came  from  mines  owned  here,  and  here  its  profits  were  iiu'ested. 
Mere,  too,  were  received  and  shipped  nearly  all  the  e.\i)orts  of  the  coast, 
averaging  (exclusive  of  treasure),  for  some  \ears  past,  $30,000,000  amuiall)-; 
and  hither  came  ncarl)-  all  the  immigrants  and  tra\elcrs  coming  to  or  going 
from  the  coast,  their  number  aveiviging  100,000  amiu.ill)'  for  the  ten  )-ears 
from  1870  to  1S80.  All  these  paid  large  tributes  to  the  metropolis  of  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Oakland,  the  second  cit)-  of  our  coast,  containing  36,500  inhabitants, 
is  as  yet  a  mere  residence  suburb  of  the  metropolis,  from  which  she  is 
separated  by  the  bay,  here  .].  miles  wide.  The  time  ie(]uirLd  for  crcssing 
is  thirty  minutes,  and  about  50  ferry  trips  are  made  from  each  side  every 
day,  three  different  routes  being  offered  for  the  choice  of  the  traveler.     The 


'3 


THE  FIELD. 


23 


Si 


southern  boundary  of  the  city  is  the  estuary  of  San  Anton'o,  which  was 
naturally  inaccessible,  at  low  tide,  to  boats  drawin_cf  more  than  2  feet,  but 
an  artificial  harbor  to  be  3  miles  lop^g  and  20  feet  deep  at  low  water,  is  now 
under  construction  there  b)-  the  national  government;  and  the  depth  has 
already  reached  10  feet,  thoutjh  not  one  fifth  of  the  proposed  expenditure 
has  yet  been  incurred.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  accommodation  al- 
ready furnished  makes  a  saving  of  $300,000  in  the  cost  of  supplies  to  the 
Oakland  people,  who  highly  appreciate  the  present  and  prospective  benefits 
of  the  work. 

Besides  the  "training  walls,"  to  confine  the  channel  leading  from  the  San 
Antonio  estuaiy  out  to  deep  water  in  the  bay,  a  stone  mole  has  been  built 
by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  running  out  6,550  feet  in  the  harbor.  This 
mole  reaches  to  a  height  of  lo  feet  above  high  tide,  with  a  width  sufficient 
for  a  double-track  railroad  and  a  passenger  depot,  200  feet  wide  and  900 
long.  The  material  for  the  mole,  1,000,000  cubic  yards  of  rock,  was  trans- 
ported in  cars,  a  distance  of  nearly  30  miles.  No  city  on  the  coast  has 
gained  more  relatively  within  the  last  10  )-ears  than  Oakland.  The  wide 
extent  anil  high  cultivation  of  her  ornamental  gardens,  and  the  elegance 
of  her  duellings,  contribute  to  make  her  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in 
the  United  States.  She  has  a  paid  fire  department ;  an  electric-telegraphic 
network  used  exclusively  for  fire-alarm  purpo.ses;  a  district  messenger 
system ;  a  telephone  exchange ;  a  s}'stcm  of  pipes  to  supply  water  from 
an  elevated  reservoir  to  every  house;  and  62  miles  of  streets  well  macad- 
amized. 

Alameda,  contiguous  to  Oakland  on  the  south,  with  5,709  inhabitants,  and 
Berkeley,  the  seat  of  the  State  Universit}-,  with  2,300,  on  the  north,  both 
connected  with  it  by  steam  and  horse  railroad,  despite  the  lines  of  political 
separation,  rai.se  the  aggregate  population  to  42,500. 

The  Coast  Range  of  California,  between  the  36th  and  39th  degrees  of 
latituile,  consists  of  .several  ridges  varying  from  1,500  to  3,000  feet  in  gen- 
eral height,  parallel  with  the  shore,  with  fertile  intervening  valleys.  The 
outer  ridge,  near  San  Francisco,  may  be  called  from  its  most  notable  peak 
the  TamaliKiis  Ridge,  and  the  break  in  it,  connecting  the  ocean  with  Han 
Francisco  Baj-,  is  worthy  of  its  grand  name,  the  Golden  Gate.  The  main 
divide  between  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys  on  one  side  and 
the  Coast  valleys  on  the  other,  styled  from  its  most  notable  peak  the 
Diablo  Ridge,  is  intersected  b)-  Carquine/  Strait,  which  gives  an  outlet  to 
the  ocean  for  the  surplus  waters  n(jwing  ilown  from  the  western  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Ne\aila.  This  strait,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide,  anil  accessible 
from  the  ncean  b}'  a  channel  30  miles  long,  2  miles  or  mnrc  wide  nearly  all 
the  wa),  and  20  feet  deep  at  low  tide,  has  been  staled  the  SiKer  Gate.     It 


24 


INTRODUCTION. 


offers  the  only  water  communication  between  the  ocean  and  the  great  in- 
terior valley  of  the  State,  and  on  account  of  having  the  only  pass  near  the 
sea  level  through  the  Diablo  Ridge,  is  a  place  at  which  railroads  have  con- 
centrated from  the  north-west,  north-east,  south-west,  and  south-east.  The 
passenger  from  New  York  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, first  reaches  the  deep  tide  waters  of  the  Pacific  at  Benicia,  on  the 
northern  bank  of  the  Silver  Gate;  the  traveler  from  New  Orleans  by  the 
Southern  Pacific  first  reaches  the  same  waters  at  Martinez  on  its  southern 
bank.  Every  steamboat  or  sailing  vessel,  bound  to  the  interior  of  the  State, 
and  every  train  bound  to  the  interior  or  other  side  of  the  continent  from 
the  Golden  Gate,  goes  by  way  of  the  Silver  Gate.  Martinez,  Port  Costa, 
and  Iknicia  arc  on  the  bank  of  this  strait;  Vallcjo  is  near  it,  and  the  four 
are  the  points  farthest  inland  in  California  conveniently  accessible  by  large 
ships.  Their  advantages  for  the  meeting  of  cars  with  ships  have  given  to 
them,  c  r  at  least  to  the  three  last  mentioned,  an  important  business  in  the 
loading  of  ships  with  grain  for  foreign  ports.  Of  357  wheat  cargoes  ex- 
ported from  California  in  the  twelvemonth  ending  June  30,  1881,  212  ob- 
tained full  loads  at  the  Silver  Gate  ports,  including  97  at  Vallejo,  84  at  Port 
Costa,  and  31  at  Benicia,  while  San  P'rancisco  shipped  103  cargoes  and 
Oakland  33.  Port  Costa  and  Benicia  were  not  ready  with  their  wharves 
until  after  that  shipping  season  had  opened,  and  it  is  expected  that  they  will 
do  more  in  the  future.  Though  inferior  to  the  neighboring  ports  for  shipping 
purposes,  Martinez  is  better  protected  against  wind  and  fog,  and  has  a 
wanner  temperature  and  drier  atmosphere  in  summer.  Besides,  it  has  the 
proximity  of  Mount  Diablo,  which  is  destined  to  become  a  place  of  great 
resort,  its  summit  commanding  a  view  that  in  some  important  respects  has 
no  equal  an^-uhere.  On  the  western  side  of  the  harbor  of  Vallejo  is  Marc 
Island,  the  site  of  the  only  navy  yard  of  the  United  States  on  the  Pacific. 
Another  j-ard  will  doubtless  be  established  at  Puget  Sound,  but  Mare 
Island  must  be  provided  with  extensive  works,  and  the  construction  and  re- 
pairs of  naval  vessels  will  make  sufficient  work  to  maintain  a  considerable 
population  there,  so  soon  as  the  Government  abandons  its  policy  of  build- 
ing and  repairing  its  ships  for  Pacific  crui.ses  at  Atlantic  navy  yard.s. 
Benicia  has  an  active  manufacturing  industry,  and  is  rapiilly  increasing  in 
population  and  business. 

San  Rafael,  15  miles  north  from  the  metropolis,  and  accessible  by  steam, 
is  a  favorite  summer  residence  of  wealthy  men  engaged  in  the  business  of 
the  cit>-.  .Situated  near  the  north-eastern  base  of  Tamalpais,  and  sheltered 
by  the  mountain  against  the  winds  and  fogs  of  the  Pacific,  the  summer  sky 
is  clear,  anil  the  temperature  genial.  The  town  with  its  surroundings  is 
one  of  the  prominent  pleasure  resorts  of  the  State  and  is  admired  by  all 
\isitors.      The  population  numbers  j,3uo, 


aS^itt*;  s 


ft 


TIIK   FIELD. 


West  of  Napa  Valley  and  parallel  with  it  are  Sonoma  and  Petaluma 
valleys,  each  with  a  town  of  its  own  name.  Each  has  a  navigable  stream 
opening  into  San  Pablo  Bay;  each  has  its  railroad  and  much  fertile  soil. 
Petaluma,  in  the  midst  of  grain  fields  and  dairies,  has  3,300  inhabitants; 
Sonoma,  surrounded  by  orchards  and  vineyards,  has  1,500. 

Northward  from  San  Francisco  and  57  miles  distant  by  steamboat  route 
and  railroad,  in  the  fertile  basin  of  Russian  River,  is  the  busy  town  of  Santa 
Rosa,  which  has  3,700  inhabitants.  The  scenery  and  drives  in  the  vicinity 
are  charming.  Healdsburg,  1 5  miles  beyond  Santa  Rosa  on  the  bank  of 
Russian  River,  has  1,200  inhabitants.  Both  arc  connected  by  rail  with  San 
Rafael. 

Napa  Valley,  drained  by  the  river  of  the  same  name  which  empties  into 
San  Pablo  Bay  at  Vallejo,  one  of  the  most  fertile  portions  of  the  State,  re- 
markably beautiful  by  nature,  and  much  enriched  by  art,  has  numerous 
valuable  medicinal  springs  and  attractive  health  and  pleasure  resorts. 
Near  the  lower  end  of  the  valley  is  Napa  City,  a  thrifty  town  of  3,800  in- 
habitants in  the  midst  of  wheat  fields,  while  1 8  miles  to  the  northward,  near 
the  upper  end  of  the  valley,  in  the  midst  of  vineyards,  is  St.  Helena,  with 
1,400  inhabitants.  The  latter  town  is  accessible  by  rail;  the  former  by  rail 
and  also  by  a  navigable  stream. 

San  Jose,  50  miles  south  of  San  Francisco  and  7  from  the  navigable 
water  of  the  bay,  has  12,615  inhabitants,  and  3  miles  distant  has  the  sister 
town  or  suburb  of  Santa  Clara,  with  2,416,  making  a  total  of  15,000.  The 
two  places  are  connected  by  steam  and  horse  railroads,  and  by  continuous 
intervening  settlement  along  the  extended  streets,  so  that  in  some  respects 
they  are  one  city,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful,  fertile,  and  highly 
cultivated  valley,  abounding  in  extensive  orchards,  vineyards,  gardens, 
•and  grain  fields.  San  Jose  has  2,000  acres  of  orchard  in  the  vicinity,  and 
having  taken  the  lead  in  netting  out  fruit  trees  in  large  numbers,  acquired 
the  title  of  "  the  Garden  City."  Irrigation  is  supplied  by  300  artesian  wells. 
Only  14  miles  in  a  direct  line,  but  26  miles  by  the  wagon  road,  is  Mt.  Ham- 
ilton, the  summit  of  which,  4,400  feet  high,  is  to  have  the  astronomical  ob- 
servatory for  which  James  Lick  gave  $700,000.  The  drive  is  pleasant  and 
the  mountain  attracts  many  visitors. 

The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  runs  near  the  bay  shore,  lengthwise  through 
San  Mateo  County,  which  occupies  all  of  the  San  Francisco  peninsula,  save 
the  si.x  miles  scjuarc  of  the  metropolis.  This  bay  shore  has  the  only  ex- 
tensive and  level  tracts  of  fertile  soil  accessible  by  land  within  2  hours  from 
the  counting-rooms  and  offices  of  the  city.  There  millionaires  have  taken 
up  a  great  part  of  the  plain  for  their  country  residences,  living  in  magnifi- 
cent mansions  in  the  midst  of  wide-spreading,  ornamental  grounds,  which, 


,.-*^££feief- ^>. 


26 


INTkODrCTIOX. 


laid  out  antl  cultivated  with  liii^h  skill,  charm  the  eye  in  every  direction, 
and  add  much  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  towns  of  San  ]\Iateo,  Belmont, 
Redwood  City,  and  ^Icnlo  Park. 

The  Sacramento  Valley. — The  great  interior  valley  drained  by  the  Sac- 
ramento River  from  the  north  and  by  the  San  Joaquin  from  the  south,  has 
a  length  of  350  and  a  width  of  40  miles,  nearly  all  of  it  fertile  .soil,  but  some 
of  it  needing  irrigation  and  some  of  it  reclamation  by  dikes  and  draining 
to  fit  it  for  profitable  culti\atior.  It  has  great  agricultural  capabilities  and 
will  support  many  millions  of  people.  Its  chief  cit)-,  Sacramento,  the 
political  capital  of  the  State,  with  22,000  inhabitants,  situated  on  the  bank 
of  the  Sacramento  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation  for  those  boats  which 
ascend  that  stream  from  San  Francisco  (though  smaller  boats  ascend  as 
far  as  Red  Bluff),  is  the  main  center  of  railroads  and  trade  in  the  great  val- 
ley between  the  Coast  Range  and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Soon  after  the  gold 
di-scovery,  Sacramento  rose  into  prominence  as  a  source  of  supply  for  the 
mines,  and  still  docs  a  considerable  wholesale  and  jobbing  trade,  maintain- 
ing its  position,  ne.xt  to  San  I'rancisco,  in  the  commercial  business  of 
California.  According  to  the  statistics  gathered  by  the  local  Board  of 
Trade,  the  commercial  transactions  and  industrial  products  of  Sacramento 
Cit>'  in  18S1  amounted  to  $35,393,000,  including  these  items:  Boilcr.s, 
iron-work,  foundries,  car-building,  etc.,  $(3, 180,000;  groceries,  $4,639,000; 
mill  products,  $2,91 5,000;  agricultural  implements  and  hardware,  $2,543,000; 
meats,  hides,  tanning,  $2,681,000;  lumber,  coal,  wood,  wooden  ware, 
$2,125,000;  dry  goods,  $1,536,000;  fruits  and  produce,  $1,583,000;  clothing 
antl  woolens,  $1,219,000;  beer,  $143,000;  California  wine,  brandy,  and  other 
litiuors,  $i,6lS.0O0;  books,  stationer)-,  etc.,  $929,000;  paints,  oils,  paper- 
hangings,  etc.,  $898,000;  wool,  $508,000;  insurance  (local  comp.un-),  $400,000; 
stoves,  tinware,  sheet  metals,  etc.,  $38 ",ooo;  carriages  and  wagons,  $438,000; 
boots  .and  shoes,  $359,000;  drugs,  medicines,  dental  gooils,  etc.,  $325,000; 
cigars  and  tob.acco,  $352,000;  crockery,  g!as.s-ware,  etc.,  388,000;  saddlery, 
harnes.s,  etc.,  $359,000;  lime,  pottery,  stone-ware,  etc.,  $275,000;  furniture 
and  cabinet  work,  $450,000;  market.s.  $270,000;  confectioner}-,  $236,000; 
jewelry,  $213,000;  bread,  crackers,  etc.,  $152,000;  hop.s,  $175,000;  and 
millinery,  $1 12,000. 

These  figures  ilo  not  include  the  sales  of  real  estate,  the  tr.insactions  of 
the  banks,  or  the  business  of  insurance  companies  incoriiorated  elsewhere. 
The  Board  of  Trade  claim  that,  as  a  source  of  supply  for  the  Sacramcnto- 
San  Joaquin  basin,  and  the  region  cast  of  California,  Sacramento  has  dc- 
ciderl  advantages  over  S.m  I'ninci.sco  in  cheaper  storage,  rents,  freights,  in- 
surance, and  cartage,  and   in  c.\emi)tion  hum  wharfage;  and  as  a  site  for 


Tiir,  I'iKi.n. 


27 


manufactures  of  wood,  they  claim  superiority,  on  account  of  the  s^reater 
drj'ncss  of  the  climate.  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  its 
rolling-mill  and  chief  shops  for  construction  and  repair  at  Sacramento.  The 
city  has  a  paid  fire  department,  a  district  messenger  system,  a  telephone  ex- 
change, a  system  of  water-supply  pipes  connected  with  a  Holl)'  engine,  and 
four  and  one  third  miles  of  street  railway.  The  State  Capitol  is  an  imposing 
brick  building  (with  a  dome  rising  to  a  height  of  two  hundred  and  twenty 
feet  above  the  street),  that  cost  $3,000,000.  At  Folsom,  twenty  miles  from 
Sacramento,  the  American  River  falls  eighty  feet  in  two  miles,  and  a  canal 
is  now  being  constructed  to  make  this  large  water-power  conveniently 
available  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Second  among  the  towns  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  is  Mary.svillc,  which 
has  4,500  inhabitants,  besides  800  in  its  suburb,  Yuba  City,  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Feather  River.  Odicr  notable  Sacramento  Valley  towns,  some 
of  them  probably  destined  to  become  important  cities,  arc  Chico  with  3,300 
inhabitants.  Woodland  with  2,300,  Red  Bluff  with  2,100,  and  Oroville  with 
1,700. 

San  Joaquin  Valley. — The  San  Joaquin  Valley,  with  8,000  square  miles 
of  fertile  soil,  and  a  great  .supply  of  snow  in  the  Californian  Alps,  available 
for  summer  irrigation,  will  be  the  Lombardy  of  our  coast,  though  many 
years  may  elapse  before  the  canals  and  reservoirs  needed  to  supply  a  large 
part  of  its  area  with  water  will  be  completed.  Much  has  been  done  recently 
to  develop  the  resources  of  the  valley,  and  a  rapid  increase  of  its  wealth  may 
be  expected. 

Stockton,  the  head  of  navigation  for  the  larger  class  of  boats  plying  on 
the  San  Joaquin  river,  will  probably  retain  her  position  as  the  chief  city  oi 
the  valley,  and  share  the  great  growth  of  that  vast  and  fertile  region.  As 
an  inland  center  of  the  u'heat  traffic,  she  now  holds  the  first  place  in  the 
State,  and  has  for  several  years  enjoyed  an  exceptional  prosperity.  She 
has  a  considerable  manufacturing  industry,  and  has  ranked  next  to  San 
Francisco  as  a  ship-building  center  in  California.  The  annual  value  of  her 
manufactures  is  $3,000,000.  She  has  a  paid  fire  department  with  three 
steam  fire  engines,  a  fire-alarm  telegraph,  a  gas  company,  a  street  railroad, 
with  four  miles  of  track,  fifteen  miles  of  macadamized  streets,  and  a  water 
company  with  an  available  supply  of  900,000  gallons  from  artesian  wells, 
one  of  which  is  1,003  feet  deep.  The  channel  of  the  San  Joaquin  to  Stock- 
ton is  to  be  improved  so  that  boats  drawing  seven  feet  of  water  can  always 
reach  her  wharves. 

The  towns  next  in  size  to  Stockton  are  Modesto  with  1,700  inhabitants, 
Merced  with  1,500,  Visalia  with  1,400,  Fresno  with  1,000,  and  Bakcrsficld 


28  INTRODUCTION. 

with  800.  Fresno  has  more  orchard  and  ^•ineyard  than  any  other  town  in 
the  valley,  and  promises  to  become  one  of  the  leading  horticultural  centers 
in  the  State. 


Southern  California. — Southern  California — not  to  be  confounded  with 
Lower  California,  in  Mexico — is  a  general  term  given  to  the  counties  of 
Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  and  San  Diego, 
each  possessing  its  peculiar  attractions,  and  together  forming  a  subtropical 
region  that  charms  and  captivates  all  visitors.  Vast  areas  arc  planted  with 
the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  and  vine,  in  near  proximity  to  high  mountains 
which  wear  caps  of  snow  until  late  in  the  spring,  or  even  until  the  close  of 
summer.  Southern  California  more  than  doubled  its  population  and  trebled 
its  wealth  between  1870  and  1880. 

Los  Angeles,  the  leading  city,  is  situated  in  latitude  34°,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Los  Angeles  river,  fourteen  miles  from  the  ocean.  Several  thou- 
sand acres  of  irrigated  land  in  the  immediate  vicinity  are  planted  with 
orange  and  lemon  trees,  vines,  and  ornamental  gardens  of  luxuriant  sub- 
tropical plants,  which  give  to  the  city  a  most  attractive  appearance,  and 
justly  entitle  her  to  pre-eminence  in  the  United  States  for  the  beauty, 
variet)',  a^d  extent  of  her  horticultural  wealth.  She  is  surrounded  by 
numerous  other  towns  and  valleys,  some  of  them  possessing  greater  areas  in 
orchards  and  vines,  but  inferior  in  population  and  wealth.  She  has  a  sys- 
tem of  pipes  supplying  1,000,000  gallons  daily  from  the  Crystal  Springs  to 
the  houses,  of  which  about  one  third  arc  of  brick  or  adobe,  and  two  thirds 
wood.  The  streets  are  macadami/xd  for  a  length  of  12  miles.  A  paid 
fire  department,  with  2  steam  fire-engines  of  the  first  class,  gives  protection 
against  fires.  Her  present  population  is  about  15,000,  and  her  average  an- 
nual increase  is  perhaps  1,000.  She  has  already  gained  a  metropolitan  posi- 
tion in  Southern  California,  is  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  region  now 
enjoying  a  \ery  active  and  increasing  business,  and  will  probably  within  a 
few  years  reach  greater  prominence  than  she  has  now.  She  aspires  to  be- 
come the  capital  of  a  new  State,  to  be  made  by  dividing  California,  and  will 
probably  succeed;  since  after  the  population  shall  become  dense,  it  would 
be  unfair  that  our  coast  should  have  only  one  State,  and  2  rcpresentati\'cs 
in  the  national  Senate  for  the  ocean  frontage  between  latitudes  32'-'  and 
42°,  while  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent,  between  the  same  latitudes, 
1 1  -seaport  States  have  22  representatives  in  the  senate.  In  consequence  of 
the  completion  of  rail  connection  from  ocean  to  ocean  by  the  Southern 
Pacific  route,  the  rapid  development  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  Arizona, 
and  the  advances  of  the  iron  track  in  Mexico,  contribute  to  give  import- 
ance to  Los  Angeles  as  a  source  of  commercial  supply  for  an  extensive 
region. 


THE   FIEI.D. 


29 


Los  Angeles  is  so  situated  that  she  has  two  seaports — one  at  Santa 
Monica,  14  miles  off  to  the  south-west,  and  the  other  at  Wilminj^ton,  20  miles 
southward.  Steam  railroads  run  to  both  places.  Santa  Monica  has  a 
wharf  accessible  for  large  vessels,  with  abundant  room  and  deep  water;  but 
the  anchorage  is  not  .secure  in  stormy  weather.  All  the  steamers  and  nearly 
all  the  sailing  vessels  go  to  Wilmington,  where  Congress  has  undertaken  to 
provide  an  artificial  harbor.  A  breakwater  a  mile  and  a  quarter  long  has 
been  made,  and  vessels  drawing  10  feet  of  water  can  now  sail  in  at  low  tide. 
One  of  the  chief  drawbacks  to  the  shipping  busine.ss  of  the  port  has  been 
the  high  charge  for  lighterage,  amounting  to  about  $120,000  a  year.  A  wharf 
now  in  course  of  construction  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  will  put  an 
end  to  this  exaction.  The  freight  received  and  shipped  at  and  near  Wil- 
mington was  6,000  tons  in  1855,  and  110,000  in  1880;  and  greater  relative 
increase  in  the  next  25  years  may  be  expected.  Other  notable  towns  of 
Los  Angeles  county  are  Anaheim,  Santa  Ana,  Downey,  Pasadena,  Orange, 
Florence,  Westminster,  Compton,  San  Gabriel,  San  Fernando,  and  Pomona, 
all  prosperous  or  possessing  the  resources  for  future  prosperity. 

San  Diego  has  one  of  the  finest  bays  in  the  world,  deep,  commodious, 
secure,  easy  of  entrance,  without  dangerous  rocks  or  currents,  and  almost 
without  fog.s.  The  excellence  of  her  harbor  and  her  position  on  the  line 
where  the  distance  from  ocean  to  ocean  in  the  United  States  is  least,  and  where 
the  Rocky  Mountains  present  no  high  elevation  to  obstruct  railroad  con- 
struction, early  designated  San  Diego  as  the  terminus  for  a  southern  trans- 
continental railroad.  She  is  now  connected  with  the  Southern  Pacific  at 
Colton  by  the  California  Southern  Railroad,  and  expects  to  become  the  pre- 
ferred terminus  of  at  least  one  direct  route  from  the  Mississippi  or  Gulf  of 
Me.xico.  There  is  a  large  area  of  land  valuable  for  fruit  and  grain  in  the 
county,  and  the  mild  winters,  beautiful  gardcn.s,  and  business  prospects  of 
the  chief  town  have  attracted  many  invalids  and  pleasure-seekers. 

Santa  Barbara  has  a  delightful  situation  in  the  midst  of  a  plain  80  miles 
long  and  8  wide,  between  the  ocean  and  the  Santa  Inez  Mountain,  which 
shelters  it  against  the  cold  winds  that  strike  the  coast  further  north.  It 
has  a  charming  climate,  and  beautiful  gardens,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  for 
invalid.s. 

The  valleys  of  the  Santa  Clara  and  the  Ojai  are  the  chief  attractions  of 
Ventura. 

The  .settled  portion  of  San  Bernardino  county  is  the  upper  part  of  the 
valley  of  the  Santa  Ana  river,  and  the  adjacent  mountain  slopes  to  an  ele- 
vation of  2,000  feet  above  the  sea.  San  Bernardino,  the  county  seat,  has  an 
active  business  and  is  growing  rapidly.  Riverside  is  remarkable  for  the  in- 
telligence and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants,  the  large  progress  which  they 


30  INTROniCTIOX. 

have  made  with  orchards,  vineyards,  and  other  improvements,  since  the 
town  was  hiid  off  1 1  j-ears  ago. 

Monterey  District. — Monterey  ]?ay,  which  ma\-  be  described  in  general 
terms  as  a  semicircle  drawn  with  a  radius  of  lo  miles,  projecting  into  the 
land  between  the  36th  and  37th  par:illels  of  latitude,  is  horderctl  by  a  dis- 
trict rich  in  agricultural  and  manufacturing  resources,  and  abounding  with 
strong  and  varied  attractions  for  pleasure-seekers.  The  bay  is  the  best 
marine  fishing-ground  on  the  coast.  Santa  Cruz,  the  chief  town,  has  4,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  noted  for  its  tanneries,  its  lumber,  its  bathing,  and  its  in- 
teresting drives.  ]\Iontercy  has  sea  bathing,  a  camp  ground,  magnificent 
drives,  the  finest  pleasure-resort  hotel  on  the  slope,  and  1,400  inhabitants. 
W'atsonville,  Salinas,  Ilollister,  and  Castroville  are  other  towns  in  the  valleys 
tributary  to  ^lonterey  Bay.  San  Luis  Obispo  County  south  of  Monterey, 
and  one  of  the  few  coast  counties  not  connected  with  the  general  railroad 
.system  of  the  State,  is  rich  in  natural  resources,  which  will  attract  a  large 
population  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  years. 

Humboldt  Bay. — Humboldt  Bay,  in  latitude  40- 44',  with  a  mouth  18  feet 
deep,  but  difficult  of  entrance,  is  the  outlet  of  a  considerable  district,  rich  in 
fertile  soil,  moist  climate,  fine  timber,  and  abundant  pasturage.  The  annual 
exports  include  4,000  tons  of  potatoes,  2,000  of  oats,  450  of  wool,  250  of 
wheat,  100 of  fish,  70  each  of  butter  and  peas,  and  50,000,000  feet  of  lumber. 
Humboldt  Ba\-,  on  account  of  its  excellent  and  cheap  lumber,  comes  next 
to  San  I'rancisco  in  the  maritime  conunerce  of  California.  Its  chief  town. 
Eureka,  has  2,700  inhabitants;  the  second  one,  vVrcata,  has  700.  Crescent 
Cit\-,  Trinidad,  and  Navarro  are  lumber  port.s,  north  and  south  of  Hum- 
boldt Bay. 

The  Sierra  Nevada. — The  auriferous  foothills,  or  lower  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  at  its  western  base  to  an  elevation  of  2,500  feet  above  the 
sea,  include  much  fertile  land,  with  abundant  supplies  of  water,  in  a  climate 
pcculiarl)-  favorable  to  develop  the  size  and  flaNcjr  of  the  temperate  fruits. 
The  apples  and  peaches  from  the  Sierra  command  the  highest  prices  in  the 
San  I'rancisco  market,  and  the  orange  ripens  at  Newcastle  a  month  earlier 
than  at  Los  Angeles,  which  is  5  degrees  further  .south.  This  fruit  belt  of 
the  Sierra  is  20  miles  v.ide  and  300  long.  The  largest  of  the  mountain 
towns  is  Nevada  City,  which  has  4,000  inhabitants,  and  Grass  Valley,  only 
6  miles  distant,  has  nearly  as  many.  Placcrvillc  has  2,000;  Sonora  1,500; 
Sutler  Creek  1,300;  Auburn  1,200,  and  Jackson  i,ooo.  All  the.se  places 
were  first  settled  by  gold  miners,  but  are  now  surrounded  by  thrifty  orchards 
and  viiie)ards. 


J        ^ 


I 


v> 


f 


THE  FIELD. 


31 


Other  notable  mountain  towns  not  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  are 
]5odic  with  2,700  inhabitants,  Yrcka  with  1,000,  and  Truckcc,  the  leading 
lumber  town  of  California  not  in  the  redwood  region. 

Oregon.— Though  until  recently  much  slower  than  California  in  the  de- 
velopment of  her  resources,  Oregon  is  unmistakably  destined  to  be  one  ,,C 
tlic  richest  and  most  steadil\-  prosperous  portions  of  our  continent.  In  tlic 
influ.K  of  settlers  and  the  development  of  her  business,  she  is  a  niar\c'i. 
Her  population  gained  92  per  cent,  from  iSjoto  1880,  and  sjie  can  keep  up 
that  ratio  for  half  a  centurj-  to  come,  and  still  have  ;i  considerable  area  of 
unoccupied  land.  The  multitude  of  her  railroatl  lines  now  under  construc- 
tion, the  magnitude  of  the  fertile  area  to  be  made  accessible  and  tributar)- 
to  her,  the  accumulation  of  capital  and  of  capable  business  men  in  her 
metropolis,  the  thousand  miles  of  river  navigation  in  the  basin  of  the  Colum- 
bia, and  the  large  production  and  high  prices  of  her  wheat,  wool,  fruit,  and 
salmon,  combine  to  indicate  that  Oregon  is  just  at  the  threshold  of  the  most 
brilliant  part  of  her  career.  Her  western  di\ision,  with  10  degrees  less  of 
cold  in  Januar)-,  and  10  degrees  less  of  heat  in  July,  than  New  York,  is  in 
climate  and  .soil  the  American  counterpart  of  England,  which,  however,  has 
400  inhabitants  on  the  average  square  mile,  while  Western  Oregon  li.is 
only  5. 

Immense  deposits  of  coal  and  iron  are  found  in  man)-  places  easy  of  ac- 
ces:--.  Timber  of  fort)'  different  varieties  is  foi  nd  in  her  forests.  The  ri\-ers 
and  sloughs  alTord  the  means  of  cheap  transportation.  Numerous  streams, 
which  never  fail  and  never  freeze,  afford.  ;d)UiKlant  \\atcr  ixiwer.  With  ail 
these  advantages  Oregon  is  surely  dcstincil  to  become  in  the  future  a  great 
manufacturing  ceiiter.  At  present  she  does  not  produce  mo]-e  than  6  per 
cent,  of  the  manufactures  consumed  b)'  her  own  population,  but  the  da)-  is 
not  far  distant  when  she  will-export  largely  of  her  own  manufactured  gooils. 
Alre-ul)-  slie  sends  much  flour  to  I'.ngland,  where  none  but  the  best  iinds  a 
remunerative  market.  1  ler  woolen  fabrics  are  of  such  e.Kcellent  quality  that 
in  some  lines  of  goods  the  suppl)- falls  short  of  the  (.lemautl. 

A  general  idea  of  the  industrial  prosperil)-  of  Oregon  m.iy  be  formed 
from  the  fact  that  in  1881,  with  a  poi)ulation  of  190,000,  her  total  e.\-[)(irts 
e.Kceedcd  $20,000,000,  including  wheat  and  flour  \alued  at  o\er  .$C,ooo,ooo, 
and  salmon  at  $3,000,000.  During  the  same  year,  145  vessels  cleared  from 
the  ports  of  the  Columbia  River,  most  of  them  laden  with  wheat,  and  the 
wheat  surplus  for  the  \ ..  \r  was  estimated  at  260,000  tons.  The  freight  traffic 
of  Tin:  Ori:(;o\  Raii.w.w  .\nij  Navic.vtion  Co.miunv  was  estimated,  for 
the  )ear  1.S81,  at  not  less  than  150,000  ton.s,  and  that  of  Till',  OUKGOX  amj 
CalU'okm.V  Railroad  C(i\ii'axv,  at  about  145,000  tons. 


<'jr.i:^ii.'«[| 


32 


INTRODUCTION. 


Portland,  on  the  bank  of  the  Willamette,  120  miles  from  the  ocean,  and 
12  from  the  Columbia,  the  present  and  prospective  metropolis  of  Oicgon, 
accessible  b\'  ships  drawiii.^  21  feet  of  water,  has,  with  her  suburb  of  East 
Portland,  21,000  inhabitants,  but  her  am.ount  of  business  might  do  crcdi*:  to 
a  city  of  Co,ooo.  Slie  has  $6,000,000  of  bank  deposits,  pays  $400,000  of 
premiums  for  fire  insurance  annually,  and  the  aggregate  value  of  Ikt  nii;'"iii- 
factured  products  and  of  her  wholesale  commercial  transact;' ;■  ^  u  '■) 
amounted  to  $31,600,000.  They  included  sales  of  wheat  and  i'^-  n:,  ^'5,20u. 
000;  wool,  $2,600,000 ;  groceries,  $4,200,000;  hardware,  $  1, 7oo,0>.  *;  agricul- 
tural implements,  $1,600,000;  dry  goods,  $1,500,000;  clothing  and  woolen  5, 
$1,200,000;  liquors,  $950,000;  lumber,  wooden-ware,  etc.,  $750,000;  paints 
oils,  jiapcr-hangings,  etc.,  $750,000;  furniture,  $100,000;  cigars  and  tobacco, 
$600,000;  boots  and  shoes,  .$650,000;  stoves,  tin-ware,  etc.,  $500,000;  sad- 
dlery and  harness,  $400,000 ;  crockcr)-,  glass,  etc.,  $400,000 ;  hides,  furs,  etc., 
$350,000;  sash,  doors,  blinds,  etc.,  $350,000;  machinery,  castings,  etc., 
$350,000;  drugs  and  medicines,  $330,000;  books  and  stationery,  $350,000; 
confectionery,  $350,000;  carpets,  oilcloths,  etc.,  $200,000;  and  jewelry, 
$200,000.  Portland  employs  1,100  operatives  in  48  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments, of  which  13  produce  rough  and  dressed  lumber,  moldings,  doors, 
sashes,  and  furniture;  7  make  castings  of  iron  and  brass,  boilers,  and  hca\y 
iron  machiner)';  2  are  occupied  with  boots  and  shoes;  2  with  gloves;  6 
with  wagons,  and  6  with  harness.  A  large  paper-mill,  owned  by  local  capi- 
talists, is  situated  not  far  from  the  city ;  and  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  the  establishment,  within  a  j-ear,  of  a  fruit  canner)-,  a  factory  of  agricul- 
tural implements,  and  a  tannery,  all  on  a  large  scale.  Portland  has  a  ]5oard 
of  Trade,  or  Merchants'  F.xchaiige,  gas  works,  a  water  com[iany  sujjpljing 
water  to  the  houses  from  the  Willamette  Ri\er,  a  fire  compan)-  with  6  stear" 
engines,  and  80  miles  of  improved  streets.  y\bout  200  buildings  arc  erected 
aiuiually  at  an  .aggregate  cost  of  $  1 ,000,000 ;  the  annual  gain  in  pf)inilation 
is  more  than  5  per  cent.,  and  the  average  increase,  in  the  value  of  the  prop- 
erty within  the  city  limits,  has  been  20  per  cent.  annuall\-  iVir  several  jears 
past.     The  increase  in   1880  was  estimated  at  40  i)er  cent,  and  was  .abun- 


dantly justi 


the  opinion  of  prudent  business  men,  by  the  multitude  of 


immigrants  settling  in  the  territory  tributary  to  Portland,  and  tlic  rapid  con- 


struction of  railroads 


Th 


e  proporlDii 


)f  wholesale  to    retail 


houses    IS 


rem.ukably  large;  and  it  is  claimed  that   i'ortland  has  more  wealth  to  th 
inhabitant  than  anj-  cither  city  in  the  Union.     Her  predominance  as  the 
leading  seaport  and   main  railway  terminus,  as  the  center  of  foreign  and 
domestic  commerce,  as  the  seat  of  wealth,  manufacturing  anil  corporate 
enterprise  in  Oregon,  is  similar  to  that  of  San  Francisco  iii  California. 


y\stori,i,  a  town  of  .1,000  inhabitants,  ;it  the  mout'i  i-i  tlie  Col'.mil; 


)i;\,  .ispires 


"'^"-^"'iiiiiWifciijte^, ' 


TlIK  luxn. 


33 


to  supersede  Portland  as  the  chief  seaport  of  Oregon,  but  has  not  made 
much  progress  yet  towards  the  satisfaction  of  her  ambition.  She  possesses, 
however,  decided  advantages  of  situation,  and  has  grown  rapidly  for  the 
last  five  years,  owing  mainly  to  the  development  of  her  manufact  res  and 
fisheries.  She  is  the  chief  center  of  the  business  connected  with  the  canning 
of  salmon,  which  employs  2,400  fishermen  and  1,200  boats.  Most  of  the 
boxes  arc  made  and  ca.scs  .shipped  at  Astoria.  The  town  will  doubtless 
derive  much  benefit  from  the  completion  of  the  railroail  to  the  Willamette 
Valle)'.  Ten  steamboats  leave  Astoria  for  various  points  on  the  river;  and 
5  tugboats  used  to  take  sailing  ves.sels  in  and  out  of  the  harbor,  have  their 
station  there.  During  1881,  the  total  exports  from  Astoria  amounted  in 
value  to  $2,725,000. 

Oregon  City,  12  miles  above  Portlanrl  at  the  fall  of  the  Willamette,  had 
only  1,263  inhabitants  in  1880,  but  will  undoubtcdl)-  grow  to  be  a  large  town. 
The  river  by  its  fall  of  40  feet  furnishes  a  grand  manufacturing  power,  and 
the  topography  of  the  adjacent  land  permits  the  construction  of  canals  and 
mills  at  moderate  expense.  The  supply  of  water  being  abundant  and  rela- 
tively regular,  the  power  is  one  of  the  best  on  our  coast,  and  it  is  unequaled 
in  being  accessible  by  large  steamboats,  from  both  sides,  making  transpor- 
tation cheap.  A  canal  with  locks  large  enough  to  accommodate  steamboats 
260  feet  long,  enables  vessels  to  pass  the  fall.  The  Oregon  and  California 
Railroad  passes  through  the  town.  It  has  a  bank,  two  flouring  mills,  and  a 
woolen  mill. 

Salem,  the  capital  of  Oregon,  53  miles  by  rail  south  of  Portland,  contain- 
ing with  its  suburbs  4,000  inhabitants,  well  situated  in  a  very  fertile  district, 
is  sure  of  steady  prosperity.  It  has  ;>  gas  comi)any,  a  water  company,  and 
.several  factories  and  a  bank. 

Albany,  81  miles  south  of  Portland  by  rail,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Willamette,  and  near  its  midst,  is  the  most  populous  town  of  Oregon  south 
of  Salem,  having  1,867  inhabitants  in  1 880.  The  figures  arc  small  at  present, 
but  man)'  i)Iaces  now  insignificant  have  a  great  growth  before  them. 

The  Dalles,  at  a  fall  of  the  Columbia,  1  I  5  miles  by  the  river  above  Port- 
Land,  is  the  largest  tow  n  in  I'.astern  Oregon,  having  2,500  inhabitants.  The 
situation  is  excellent,  the  business  active,  anil  the  steatl)-  growth  of  the 
place  indubitable.  Umatilla,  225  miles  by  the  ri\er  above  Portland,  had 
only  149  inhabitanls  in  1880,  but  having  been  .selected  as  the  point  at  which 
the  railroad  from  the  Union  Pacific  shall  strike  the  Columbia,  it  can  scarcely 
fail  to  grow  considerabl)-.  liaker  City,  about  120  miles  in  a  straight  line 
south-east  from  Umatilla,  had  a  population  of  1,258  in  1880,  and  will  pre- 
sumably become  one  of  the  leading  cities  of  I'.astern  Oregon.  It  is  on  the 
line  of  the  railro.id  to  connect  Umatilla  with  Granger.     Corvallis,  on  the 


34 


INTROnUCTION. 


I 

i 


western  side  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  has  1,200  inhabitants,  and  expects, 
with  reason,  to  obtain  a  large  business  as  the  valley  terminus  of  the  railroad 
to  Yaquina  Bay,  now  under  construction.  The  value  of  Yaquina  Bay, 
Coos  Bay,  and  the  harbors  at  the  mouths  of  the  Umpqua  and  the  Rogue 
,s,  will  depend  mainly  on  the  work  to  be  done  by  the  national  govern- 
i.  in  protecting  them  by  breakwaters  or  otherwise  improving  their 
enhances. 

Washlngtoa. — Washington  has  an  area  of  69,994  square  miles  (44,796,- 
160  acres),  including  30,000  square  miles  of  timber,  15,000  of  prairies  and 
plains,  nearly  as  much  of  valueless  mountain  and  inland  water,  and  7,000  of 
rich  bottom  lands.     The  Territory,  like  Oregon,  is  divided  by  the  summit 
of  the  Cascade  Range  into  two  main  divisions,  entirely  different  from  each 
other  in  climate,  typography,  vegetation,  and  present  and  prospective  in- 
dustries.    Western  Washington  has  the  same  humid  atmosphere,  the  same 
abundant  rains  frequent  through  the  year,  the  same  cool  summer  and  mild 
winter,  and  the  same  dense  forest  of  magnificent  fir  timber,  as  Western 
Oregon,  from  which,  however,  it  differs  notably  in  having  a  much  smaller 
area  of  fertile  soil,  and  greatly  superior  facilities  for  inland  navigation.     Its 
net-work  of  deep  tide-water  channels  is  unsurpassed  on  the  globe.     Its 
shore  line  on  the  Strait  of  Fuca  and  tributary  water  is  1,594  miles;  and  on 
its  western  ocean  frontage  it  has  besides  the  three  harbors  of  Gray's,  Shoal- 
watcr,  and  the  Columbia  bays.     The  Columbia  River  is  navigable  for  725 
miles,  the  Skagit  for  50;  the  Snoqualmie  and  its  arms,  60;  the  Stilaqua- 
mish,  25;  the  Skokomish,   30;  the  Dwamish,   30;  the   Puyailup,  25;  the 
Wiskat,    15;  the  Willopa,  20;  and  Lake  Chelan,  40;  making  in  all  more 
than    1,000  miles  of  fresh-water  navigable  channel.     The  main  "^aU-water 
channel  is  Pugct  Sound,  which  extends  inland  100  miles  .southward  from 
Fuca  Strait,  varying  from  2  to  5  miles  in  width  for  70  miles,  and  for  the 
other  30  from  a  mile  to  2  miles.     The  ilepih,  except  in  the  coves  and  very 
near  the  shore,  is  nowhere  less  than  10  fathoms,  and  often  10  times  as  much. 
Nearly  parallel  with  it  is  Mood's  Canal,  about  2  miles  wide  and  60  miles 
long.     In  the  official  report  of  his  exploring  expedition.  Commodore  Wilkes 
says:  "Nothing  can  exceeil   the  beauty  of  these  waters  and  their  safety. 
Not  a  shoal  exists  within  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  Admiralty  Inlet,  or 
Hood's  Canal,  that  can  in  an)'  way  interrupt  their  navigation  by  a  se\enty- 
four  gun  ship.     1  venture  nothing  in  saying  there  is  no  country  in  the  world 
that  possesses  waters  cfjual   to  these.     The)-  cover  an  area  of  about  2,000 
S(|uare  miles.      The  shores  of  all  these  inlets  and  bays  are  leinarUably  bold ; 
so  much  so  that  in  many  places  a  shii)'s  sides  would  strike  the  shore  before 
the  keel  would  touch  the  ground.     The  couiitiy  by  which  these  waters  are 


.«<*Sfcl«»-l;^ 


THE  FIELD. 


35 


surrounded  is  remarkably  salubrious,  and  offers  every  advantage  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  a  vast  commercial  and  military  marine,  with  convenience 
for  docks,  and  a  great  many  sites  for  towns  and  cities ;  at  all  times  well 
supplied  with  water,  and  capable  of  being  provided  with  everything  by  the 
surrounding  countiy  which  is  adapted  to  agriculture." 

The  population  of  Washington  was  4,cxx)  in  1853,  11,000  in  i860,  23,000 
in  1870,  and  75,000  in  1880.  The  increase  in  the  last  decennial  period  was 
213  per  cent.,  with  every  reason  to  presume  that  the  annual  average  of  20 
per  cent,  will  not  diminish  for  many  years  to  come.  In  October,  1881, 
there  were  440  miles  of  railroad,  or  a  mile  for  each  200  inhabitants ;  and 
preparation  has  been  made  for  the  construction  of  many  additional  miles  in 
1882  and  1883.  The  surplus  products  for  exportation  in  1881  included 
170,000,000  feet  of  lumber  worth  $1,700,000;  100,000  tons  of  wheat  worth 
$2,500,000;  200,000  tons  of  coal  worth  $800,000;  salmon  worth  $300,000; 
5,000  bales  of  hops  worth  $250,000;  and  other  materials  worth  $1,000,000, 
making  a  total  of  $5,550,000.  The  navigation  of  Puget  Sound  gives  regular 
employment  to  42  steam  vessels;  and  19  vessels  were  built  in  188 1,  by  the 
ship-yards  of  the  sound. 

The  facility  of  reaching  the  channels  connected  with  Puget  Sound  from 
the  ocean,  the  convenience  of  their  navigation,  and  the  multitude  of  secure 
anchorages  in  their  coves,  give  to  Western  Washington  a  peculiar  fitness  for 
maritime  commerce.  It  is  the  natural  center  of  the  shipping  that  will  fur- 
nish the  principal  means  of  communication  and  traffic  between  the  numerous 
.seaports  of  the  coast  north  of  the  47th  parallel  of  latitude.  The  fir  and 
cedar  forests  of  Washington,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska  are  the  largest 
and  most  valuable  bodies  of  timber  for  shipbuilding  and  spars  on  the  globe; 
and  .IS  sources  of  lumber  for  exportation  they  arc  unequaled.  In  the  fish- 
erics  of  our  coast,  Washington  will  take  a  prominent  if  not  a  leading  place, 
for  its  pro.^imity  to  the  whaling  grounds  and  cod  banks  gives  it  great  ad- 
vantages over  California  and  Oregon.  The  density  of  its  fir  forests,  the 
.scarcity  of  fertile  soil  not  covered  by  timber,  and  the  lack  of  direct  rail  com- 
munication with  the  Atlantic  Slope,  obstruct  the  speedy  .settlement  of  West- 
ern Washington,  but  throw  no  doubt  upon  a  splendid  development  of  its 
vast  resources  at  .some  time  not  far  distant.  If  wooden  vessels  of  any  size 
are  to  maintain  a  place  on  the  ocean,  our  coast  from  Washington  to  Alask;i 
will  take  an  active  part  in  their  con.struction. 

ICastern  Washington  is  far  inferior  to  the  western  division  in  resources  for 
lumbering,  fishing,  ship-building,  manufacturing,  and  maritime  commerce, 
but  far  superior  in  the  extent  of  its  fertile  soil  and  good  indigenous  pastur- 
age. It  has  extensixe  areas  ready  to  produce  large  crops  of  grain  with  little 
expense  in  the  first  >car  of  occupation.     Its  chief  products  will  be  wheat, 


I      1 


36 


INTRODUCTION' 


beef,  mutton,  wool,  and  fruit.  The  recent  rapid  construction  of  the  railroads 
of  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  companies, 
in  the  basin  of  the  Columbia,  has  gi\en  a  great  stimulus  to  settlement  and 
cultivation,  and  F,astern  Washington  will  probably,  for  some  years  to  come, 
make  very  rapid  progress.  The  climate  is  warmer  in  summer,  colder  in 
winter,  and  drier  at  all  seasons  than  west  of  the  Cascades. 

Seattle,  on  I'uget  Sound,  45  miles  from  its  mouth,  occupying  a  position 
ncarl)-  central  in  the  basin  of  the  sound,  lias  an  excellent  situation  for  com- 
merce, manufactures,  and  fisheries.  The  average  width  of  the  channel  out 
to  the  Strait  of  Fuca  is  5  miles  and  the  narrowest  place  3,  with  good  oppor- 
tunities for  navigation  by  sailing  vessels.  The  harbor  is  well  protected,  and 
has  an  area  of  4  square  miles,  with  deep  water  and  secure  anchorage.  Lake 
Washington,  only  3  miles  inland,  20  miles  long  and  2  wide,  with  depth 
sufficient  for  navigation  by  steamboats  carrying  large  freights,  might  be 
made  accessible  by  a  canal,  which  besides  cheapening  freight  would  furnish 
a  considerable  water  power.  Valuable  coal  beds  on  the  eastern  and  .southern 
shores  of  the  lake  produce  about  i6o,ocX)  tons  of  coal  annually,  most  of  it 
for  exportation.  The  country  adjacent  to  Seattle  contains  much  fertile  soil. 
Thi.,  combination  of  advantages  has  made  Seattle  the  largest  town  in 
Western  Washington,  and  leaves  little  doubt  in  the  minds  of  intelligent  ob- 
servers generally  that  it  will  maintain  its  precedence  and  become  one  of  the 
leading  seaports  of  our  coast.  It  has  gas  wcjrks,  water  works,  a  steam  fire- 
engine,  sash,  ftuniture,  and  water-pipe  factories,  and  various  other  manu- 
facturing establi.shment.s.  It  had  4,200  inhabitants  in  1S80,  and  gains  15 
per  cent,  annually. 

Tacoma,  25  miles  south  of  Seattle,  and  so  much  farther  from  the  oce.in, 
is  situated  at  the  he.id  of  convenient  navigation  for  large  sailing  vessels  -.-n 
the  sound.  The  channel  of  the  sound,  to  the  northward  straight  and  at  the 
narrowest  places  2  miles  wide,  south  of  Tacoma  is  cr(3oked  and  onl)-  one 
mile  wide.  The  town  is  the  present  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  on  the  sound.  A  railroad  runs  from  this  place  to  Carljon  Hill, 
which  claims  the  possession  of  coal  veins  aggregating  1 18  feet  in  thickness, 
the  coal  being  of  quality  unsurjiassed  in  some  important  respects  by  any 
regularly  worked  f)n  our  coast.  The  people  of  Tacom.i  had  the  satisfaction 
in  1 88 1  of  seeing  an  American  sailing  vessel  of  1,800  tons  load  at  their 
wharf  with  wheat  brought  by  rail  from  the  Columbia  River. 

01ym])ia,  at  the  heail  of  Pugct  Souiul,  .-ibout  25  miles  from  'Tacoma  in  a 
direct  line,  and  45  by  the  navigable  channel,  at  the  head  of  the  southern- 
most arm  of  I'ugi^t  Sound,  ani.1  the  head  of  its  navigation,  is  the  eajiital  of 
the  Territor)-.  Ii  has  a  branch  railroad  connecting  at  Tcnino  with  the 
Northern   P;icilic;  ;tiul  is  a  point  where  the  wagon  roads  from  the  region 


THE   FIELD. 


17 


west  of  the  sound  will  naturally  meet  those  from  the  east.  One  of  its  ad- 
vantages is  the  pos.session  of  a  large  water  power  three  miles  distant  at 
Tumwater,  where  the  Dcs  Chutes  River  falls  80  feet  in  half  a  mile,  making 
the  best  water  power  near  a  deep  harbor  on  the  coast,  excepting  that  at 
Oregon  City. 

Walla  Walla,  the  largest  town  in  the  basin  of  the  Columbia,  cast  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  valley  of  the  same  name, 
famous  for  the  abundance  and  fine  quality  of  its  wheat  and  fruits.  It  is 
the  center  of  the  active  trade  of  Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  docs 
a  considerable  wholesale  business,  coming,  in  that  respect,  next  to  Portland 
among  all  the  towns  in  that  part  of  our  slope  north  of  the  41st  paralL  1. 
The  value  of  the  merchandise  sold  annually  is  probably  not  far  fro:n 
$3,cxxi,cxx> ;  and  of  the  three  banks,  one  drew  exchange  on  San  Francisco 
in  18S0  to  the  amount  of  $1,500,000.  It  has  2  planing  mills,  a  sash  and 
door  factory,  a  foundry,  3  grist  mills,  and  a  cracker  factory.  The  rail- 
road of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company  runs  through  the 
town,  and  a  branch  road  runs  southward  to  Weston.  Water  and  gas  arc 
supplied  through  pipes  by  incorporated  companies. 

Spokan  Falls  or  Spokan  will  probably  be  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Eastern 
Washington.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural  region,  and  has  a 
magnificent  water  power.  The  river  falls  1 50  feet  in  half  a  mile,  has  a  large 
and  constant  supply  of  water  which  never  freezes,  and  has  banks  well 
adapted  for  mill  purposes. 


Nevada. — Nearly  all  of  Nevada  is  within  the  Utah  Inclosed  Basin,  and 
is  cither  desert  or  barren  mountain.  The  average  rainfall  does  not  exceed 
5  inches  in  a  year,  while  the  evaporation  amounts  to  as  many  feet.  The 
streams  are  few  and  small.  All  the  lakes  and  many  of  the  springs  are  saline 
or  alkaline.  Most  of  the  artesian  borings  have  been  unsuccessful.  The  soil 
and  atmosphere  arc  extremely  arid.  Though  the  state  has  produced  more 
than  $50,000,000  of  precious  metal  in  a  year,  it  has  only  67,000  inhabitants, 
and  most  of  those  are  established  near  the  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  soil  when  well  supplied  with  moisture  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  is  not 
unfavorable  to  the  production  of  good  crops  of  many  cereals  and  fruits.  The 
white  sage  offers  an  abundant  and  nutritious  pasturage  for  neat  cattle  and 
sheep,  the  breeding  of  which  has  become  the  predominant  branch  of  agricul- 
ture. Silver,  gold,  borax,  and  salt  arc  the  chief  mineral  products,  and  lum- 
ber is  the  chief  manufacturing  product.  The  mines  of  the  Comstock  ha\c 
consumeil  \ast  quantities  of  timber;  and  the  lumbering  enterprise  which 
they  awakened  led  to  the  V  flume,  one  of  the  important  inventions  of  re- 
cent )cars.     The  state  is  intersected  from  cast  to  west  by  the  Central  Pacific 


38 


INTKOUl.'CTION. 


Railroad,  branches  of  which  run  southward  from  Reno,  Battle  Mountain,  and 
Palisade,  giving  communication  with  Austin,  Eureka,  Virginia  City,  and 
Candelaria.  There  is  more  than  a  mile  of  iron  track  for  every  lOO  inhab- 
itants on  an  average. 

Under  the  stimulus  of  the  great  bonanzas  of  the  Comstock  Lode,  which 
poured  out  immense  sums  of  precious  metal  almost  continuously  for  20 
years,  Virginia  City  grew  to  be  a  center  of  wealth  and  luxury.  From  i860 
to  1S80,  the  average  wages  of  labor,  and  of  skill  in  the  superintendence  of 
workmen,  were  larger  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  decrease  in 
the  production  of  silver  has  brought  with  it  a  period  of  depression,  which 
will  give  way  to  prosperity  so  soon  as  another  large  ore  body  shall  be  found. 
Carson,  the  capital  of  the  State,  Eureka,  the  center  of  a  district  rich  in  ar- 
gentiferous galena,  Reno,  where  the  Virginia  City  road  connects  with  the 
Central  Pacific,  arc  the  towns  next  to  Virginia  in  importance. 

Arizona. — Arizona  had  9,658  inhabitants  in  1870  and  41,580  in  1880,  an 
increase  of  350  percent,  in  10  years.     The  value  of  its  mineral  products  was 
perhaps  $1,000,000  in  1870,  and  its  shipments  were  $8,198,000  in  1881.     The 
Territory,  only  reccntlj-  been  made  acce'',siL-'<'  by  railroad,  has  not  yet  been 
fully  protected  against  the  ravages  of  the  Apaches,  but  all  dangers  from  that 
source  will  soon  be  at  an  end.     The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  reached  Yuma 
on  the  western  border  of  Arizona  in  1878,  advanced  180  miles  up  the  valley 
of  the  Gila  in  1879,  in  1880  crossed  to  New  Me.\ico,  and  in  1882  is  to  run 
its  cars  to  Galveston.    The  security  which  this  great  work  promised,  attracted 
prospectors  and  laborers  and  led  to  a  rapid  develo|5ment  of  the  resources  of 
the  Territory.     The  Atlantic  and  Pacific  is  now  crossing  from  New  Mexico 
to  ihc  Colorado  River  near  the  35th  parallel;  and  a  railroad  is  advancing 
northward  from  Guaymas,  so  that  Arizona  will  soon  be  on  the  main  iron 
highway  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  British  Columbia  to  Southern 
Mexico.     Of  the  1 13,000  square  miles  in  Arizona,  only  700  arc  as  yet  culti- 
vated.    Though  it  has  much  fertile  soil,  the  greater  part  of  the  area  is  too 
dry  or  barren  for  tillage.     With  the  help  of  irrigation  the  valleys  produce 
large  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  maize,  alfalfa,  apricots,  figs,  grapes,  oranges, 
lemons,  peaches,  apples,  sugar-cane,  etc.     A  considerable  part  of  the  Terri- 
tory is  near  the  level  of  the  sea  and  another  large  portion  5,000  feet  higher, 
so  that  there  arc  opportunities  for  a   wide   range   of  vegetable    products. 
Placers  of  gold,  veins  of  silver  and  copper,  and  beds  of  coal  are  numerous 
and  large;  and  if  the  recent  increase  of  mineral  production  should  be  main- 
tained for  a  few  years,  Arizona  will  soon  be  at  the  head  of  the  list.     It  will 
jiresumably  be  a  State  before  1890.     The  Territory  manufactures  nothing 
save  lumber  and  flour.     It  has  few  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep,  but  will  soon 


TlIK   KIELD. 


39 


have  great  numbers,  for  it  has  large  districts  well  adapted  for  pasturage. 
There  arc  extensive  forests  in  the  mountains,  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Sierra 
Blanca,  near  the  middle  of  the  Territory,  there  are  rich  farming  lands;  of 
these  Dr.  RoTllROCK,  one  of  the  scientists  of  the  National  Exploring  Expedi- 
tion, under  charge  of  Lieutenant  WllliELER,  .says:  "The  district  would  in  any 
portion  of  our  dominion  be  regarded  as  one  of  unusual  promi.se.  It  is  one  of 
the  mo.st  inviting  portions  of  our  country." 

Tucson,  the  chief  city,  250  miles  from  Yuma  and  300  from  Guaymas,  has 
about  7,000  inhabitants.  It  is  in  a  fertile  valley,  1,000  feet  above  the  sea, 
near  districts  rich  in  mineral."),  and  is  well'  situated  to  be  the  main  point  for 
the  junction  of  the  Mexican  and  American  railroad  systems  on  our  slope. 

Tombstone. — Tombstone,  78  miles  southeast  from  Tucson  and  23  miles 
south  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  is  a  mining  town  in  which  the  first 
house  was  built  in  April,  1879.  It  has  two  bank.s,  a  theater,  silver  mills  with 
140  stamps,  and  a  monthly  yield  of  $500,000  in  precious  metal,  entitling  it 
to  take  rank  among  the  most  productive  s'lver  districts.  The  present  esti- 
mated population  is  6,000. 

Prescott,  the  capital,  in  a  beautiful  mountain  valley  5,500  feet  above  the  sea, 
is  a  beautiful  town,  but  has  the  misfortune  of  haying  no  railroad  to  make  it 
convenient  of  access.  It  lies  nearly  half  way  between  the  routes  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  and  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  and  may  be  on  a  line  built  to 
connect  the  two. 

Utah. — Utah  is  by  nature  a  desert,  but  its  high  mountains,  covered  dur- 
ing most  of  the  year  with  snow,  and  its  numerous  streams,  give  facilities  for 
irrigation  which  the  Mormons  have  used  with  much  skill.  There  are  perhaps 
no  better  recent  examples  of  what  can  be  accomplished  by  judicious  manage- 
ment and  courageous  toil,  notwithstanding  great  poverty  at  the  beginning, 
than  arc  to  be  found  in  their  settlements.  That  part  of  western  Utah,  where 
the  rainfall  does  not  exceed  4  inches  in  average  years,  and  where  there  are 
neither  streams  nor,  so  far  as  known,  accessible  strata  of  artesian  water,  will 
presumably  remain  unoccupied  for  many  j-ears;  but  other  parts  have  facili- 
ties for  irrigation,  and  good  natural  pasturage.  The  temperatures  of  winter 
and  summer  arc  about  the  same  as  in  New  York,  but  the  average  annual 
rainfall  is  not  one  fourth  so  much,  varying  in  the  valleys  from  4  to  15  inches. 
Desolate  as  the  country  is  by  nature,  some  of  it  has  been  made  beautiful  by 
art.  The  small  size  of  the  farm.s,  less  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  United 
States,  indicates  the  toil  that  the  Mormons  have  given  to  their  promised 
land.  Whatever  view  may  be  taken  of  their  creed  and  matrimonial  system, 
no  impartial  person  can  deny  that  in  industry,  economy,  abstinence  from 
gross  dissipation,  settlement  of  their  disputes  by  arbitration  without  expense. 


I  i 


1 1 


!i 


i!     I 


40 


INTKODICTION. 


mutual  hclpfulnc:-..s  in  public  cnteriiriscs  and  pri\atc  disasters,  they  will  not 
suffer  by  comparison  with  any  other  community.  Their  varied  nationalities, 
the  ignorance  of  man)-  among  them,  and  the  severity  of  their  toil,  ha\c  not 
prevented  them  from  establishing  a  general  system  of  co-oj)erati\e  trading 
houses,  unequaled  relatively  in  their  business,  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 
The  productions  of  the  Territory  in  1880  include  woolen  goods  worth  $1,- 
000,000,  other  manufactures  $3,000,000,  60,000  tons  of  grain,  2,500  tons  of 
dried  fruit,  1,700  tons  of  wool,  lead  worth  $i,:;00,ooo,  antl  precioi'-  metal 
$6,150,000.  A  rolling-mill  has  been  commenced  at  Ogden  to  start  in  1882, 
and  a  railroad  is  to  be  extended  to  the  Utah  Iron  Mount,  300  miles  south 
of  Salt  Lake  City,  where  50,000,000  tons  of  lu  niatite  and  magnitite  ore  con- 
taining 60  per  cent,  fif  iron,  no  phosphorus,  and  only  one  tenth  of  one  per 
cent,  of  sulphur,  are  found  near  a  valuable  and  extensi\e  bed  of  coal.  The 
Territory  has  897  miles  of  railroad  completed,  335  graded  read)-  for  the  track, 
and  much  more  laid  out  for  completion  in  1882.  The  topographical  situa- 
tion as  well  as  superiority  in  the  combination  of  mineral  and  agricultural 
resources,  and  the  priority  in  the  construction  of  railroads  and  accumulation 
of  wealth,  indicate  that  Utah  is  to  be  one  of  the  main  centers  where  iron 
tracks  from  east  to  west  are  to  cross  those  from  north  to  south,  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  population  of  the  Territory  was  86,786  in  iS7oand 
143,906  in  1880,  showing  a  gain  of  66  per  cent,  in  10  years.  The  freight 
carried  northward  on  the  Utah  Central  Railroad  was  80,000  tons  in  1881, 
75  per  cent,  more  than  in  an)-  previous  year. 

Salt  Lake  City,  the  commercial,  social,  and  religious  center  and  political 
capital  of  Utah,  is  considered  by  travelers  one  of  the  most  handsome,  well- 
planned,  orderly,  cleanl)-,  and  interesting  of  towns.  It  had  20,000  inhab- 
itants in  1880.  The  streets  are  130  feet  wide,  and  lined  with  trees.  The 
gardens  are  spacious  and  beautiful.  Its  Mormon  Temple  is  to  cost  $15,- 
000,000;  its  tabernacle  is  unequaled  in  acoustic  dualities  for  the  accom- 
modation of  large  as.semblagcs.  Gas  works  and  a  telephone  are  among  the 
local  institutions. 


Idaho.— Of  the  55,000,000  acres  in  Idaho,  it  is  estimated  that  a  little  more 
than  a  fifth  is  suitable  for  tillage,  ,1  little  less  than  a  fifth  has  valuable  timber, 
nearl)'  a  half  is  adapted  to  pasturage,  and  one  seventh  consists  of  barren 
mountains  and  lava  plains.  The  most  fertile  portions  have  been  until 
recentl)-  the  farthest  from  the  markets,  ;uid  are  now  just  beginning  to  at- 
tract hcttlers.  The  leading  industries  have  been  placer  mining  and  the 
breeding  of  beef  cattle,  but  vein  mining  and  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  will 
soon  surpass  them.  The  production  of  precious  metal  reached  the  highest 
point,  $6,000,000,  in  1865,  ;iftcr  which  there  was  a  decrease  for  15  years,  but 


TIIK   FIELD. 


41 


now  ;t  is  again  increasing,  and  the  amount  for  1881  as  reported  by  Wki.I.s, 
F.-VRGt)  &  Co.,  was  $2,834,000.  The  Custer  Gold  Quartz  Mine  at  Yankee 
Fork,  according  to  newspaper  statement,  is  turning  out  $80,000  a  month, 
and  the  argentiferous  galena  of  Wood  River  Basin  is  credited  by  the  same 
authority  with  an  equal  yield.  Idaho  has  not  one  family  for  10  square 
miles,  and  gained  117  per  cent,  in  population  from  1870  to  1880.  Its  ad- 
vance for  the  ne.\t  20  years  will  undoubtedly  be  very  rapid. 

Western  Montana,  etc.— The  Pacific  divisions  of  Montana,  Wyoming, 
Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  w-erc  much  slower  in  their  development  than 
their  eastern  slopes,  but  recently  have  made  important  advances,  under  the 
influence  of  railroad  construction  and  mining  developments.  The  mineral 
production  of  Western  Montana  amounted  in  1881  to  $6,000,000,  showing 
a  large  increa.se  over  previous  figures,  under  circumstances  justifying  the 
expectation  that  there  will  be  no  sudden  decline.  Promises  arc  made  that 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  will  be  completed  across  Montana  before 
the  end  of  1883.  Western  Colorado  is  being  opened  up  by  a  railroad  from 
Denver  to  Salt  Lake,  and  Western  New  Mexico  is  cro.s.sed  by  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  as  well  as  by  the  Southern  Pacific. 

British  Columbia  — British  Columbia  has  an  ocean  frontage  560  miles 
long  on  the  Pacific,  abounding  in  harbors,  sounds,  navigable  inlets,  and 
i.slands,  and  very  valuable  for  commercial,  fishing,  and  lumbering  purpo.ses. 
Separating  Washington  from  Alaska  as  it  docs,  it  will  ever  be  an  object  of 
desire  to  the  American  government  and  people,  as  indispensable  to  give 
geographical  completeness  to  their  domain;  but  national  policy,  as  well  as 
international  justice,  forbids  that  this  desire  should  ever  seek  for  gratifica- 
tion by  any  save  amicable  means.  Whether  they  obtain  it  or  not,  it  will 
certainly  rapidly  increase  in  po  i:':\tion  and  wealth  under  the  .stimulus  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroan,  ,ii.<"  hold  a  prominent  place  in  the  business 
of  our  slope.  The  total  shore  line  of  British  Columbia,  as  computed  by 
Ali:xandi;u  C.  AnukksoN,  Inspector  of  Fisheries,  and  stated  in  his  report 
for  1879,  is  7,181  statute  miles,  including  1,723  for  Vancouver  Island,  with  its 
inlets  and  principal  outlying  i.slands,  684  for  the  islands  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  group,  and  4,764  for  the  continental  shore  with  its  islands.  In 
his  list  of  mcasurement.s,  he  mentions  52  islands  (including  Graham  island, 
334  mile.s,  and  Moresby  island,  250  in  circuit),  and  17  inlets,  sound.s,  and 
channels.  This  great  proportionate  length  of  shore  line,  with  its  numerous 
inlets  and  islands,  is  of  immense  value  to  future  commerce  and  fisheries. 

That  portion  of  the  province  south  of  latitude  55",  valuable  in  the  present 
or  near  future,  consists  of  three  main  topographical  divisions.  First  of  these 
is  the  insular,  comprising  Vancouver  with  an  area  of  12,000  square  miles, 

6 


INTKOin-CTION. 


^  y 


Graham  with  perhaps  1,500,  Moresby  uitli  about  1,000,  and  many  smaller 
ones.  Most  of  those  islands  rise  stccplj-  from  the  water's  edge,  and  onl)'  a 
small  portion  of  their  surface  is  a\  ailable  for  tillage.  Where  the  soil  is  suffi- 
cient to  sustain  trees,  there  is  usuall>-  a  tlense  forest,  in  which  the  magnifi- 
cent and  \aluablc  red  fir  is  prominent,  and  in  many  places  almost  the  only 
tree.  Vancouver  island  lias  ail  the  foreign  commerce,  and  more  than  half 
the  population  and  wealth  of  British  Columbia.  It  has  also  the  most  pro- 
ductive coal-mines  of  the  coast,  and  has  extensive  quarries  of  a  beautiful 
building  stone,  which  was  used  in  the  San  Francisco  Mint. 

The  second  di\  ision  is  that  portion  of  the  mainland  west  of  the  summit  of 
the  Casc.ide  Mountains.  This,  with  the  exception  of  a  strip  twenty  miles 
wide  and  si.xty  long  near  the  mouth  of  Fraser  River,  consi-  "  steep  and 
rugged  mountains,  coming  down  abruptly  from  high  elev;  o  the  sea, 

and  contains  a  vast  area  of  fine  timber  (red  fir  and  yellow  ^_  .,j,  which  is 
to  be  one  of  the  main  .sources  of  the  wealth  of  the  province.  If  Calilbrnia 
should  sink  2,000  feet,  so  that  the  ocean  should  cover  the  greater  portion  of 
the  auriferous  district,  the  topograph)'  and  hydrography  of  the  western  base 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  would  be  similar  to  those  of  the  Cascade  Range  in 
Briti.sh  Columbia,  with  its  precipitous  shore  and  numerous  islands,  and 
deep,  narrow,  and  crooked  inlets.  The  chief  river  is  the  Fraser,  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  Vancouver  Island  Pi/of,  "  in  point  of  m.agnitudc  and  present 
commercial  importance  is  second  only  to  the  Columbia  on  the  north-west 
coast  of  America.  In  its  entire  freedom  from  risk  of  life  and  shipwreck,  it 
possesses  infinite  advantages  over  any  other  river  on  the  coast,  and  the 
cause  of  this  immunity  from  the  dangers  ;md  inconveniences  to  which  all 
great  rivers,  emptying  themselves  on  an  exposed  coast,  are  subject,  is  suffi- 
ciently obvious.  A  sheltered  strait,  .scarcely  15  miles  across,  receives  its 
waters;  and  the  neighboring  island  of  Vancouver  serves  as  a  natural  break- 
water, preventing  the  possibility  of  any  .sea  arising  which  would  prove  dan- 
gerous to  vessels  even  of  the  smallest  class,  unless  they  ground.  •  #  » 
Vessels  of  18  feet  draught  may  enter  the  Fraser  near  high  water,  and  pro- 
ceed as  high  as  Langley  [30  miles  from  its  mouth],  with  case,  provided 
they  have  or  arc  assisted  by  steam  power."  Stern-wheel  boats  can  ascend 
to  Yale,  80  miles  above  Langley,  part  of  the  year.  Of  Xew  Westminster, 
the  capital  of  British  Columbia  when  Vancouver  Island  was  a  separate 
colony,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  I'Vaser,  1 5  miles  from  its  mouth, 
the  Pi/o/  sa)s  its  position  is  commanding  and  well  chosen,  and  it  has  great 
facilities  for  wharfage,  with  a  good  depth  of  water  and  excellent  anchorage. 
It  .seems  probable,  however,  that  the  leading  .seaport  of  the  mainland  will 
be  on  Ikirrard  Inlet,  which  lies  about  10  miles  north  of  Fraser  River,  parallel 
with  it,  and  is  about  20  miles  long,  with  a  width  of  5  miles  at  its  mouth,  dc- 


^B 


Tin:  riELD. 


43 


crcasinjj  to  half  a  mile  at  its  head.  There  is  a  depth  of  6  fathoms ;  the  en- 
trance is  easy;  the  navigation  is  not  beset  by  any  dan^jers ;  and  the  anchor- 
aj,fe  is  unsurpassed.  Port  Mood}',  at  the  head  of  this  inlet,  has  been 
selected  f(jr  the  mainland  teniinus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad.  The 
other  inlets  and  rivers  of  this  division  have  little  present  value  save  for  their 
fisheries. 

The  Kast  Cascade  region,  between  the  summits  of  the  Cascade  and  Rocky 
Mountains,  is  mainly  pastoral,  though  it  includes  the  Cariboo  and  other 
alluvial  gold  mines  in  the  basins  of  the  Fra.scr  and  Columbia  rivers.  Near 
the  Americaii  line,  the  annual  rainfall  in  places  docs  not  e.vceed  I2 
inches,  and  there  are  wide,  open  stretches  covered  with  excellent  bunch 
grass.  Farther  to  the  northward  there  is  more  rain,  more  timber,  greater 
elevation,  and  more  mountain,  until  a  latitude  is  reached,  \vhere  the  winters 
are  too  long  and  too  severe  for  either  tillage  or  pasturage. 

The  climate  of  the  insular  and  West  Cascade  divisions  of  British  Colum- 
bia is  very  similar  to  that  of  Great  Britain,  in  its  winter  and  summer  tem- 
peratures, as  well  as  in  rainfall,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  health,  comfort, 
and  continuous  employment  of  its  people. 

Victoria,  the  chief  seaport  of  the  province,  has  7,ocxD  inhabitants,  and  a 
small  but  secure  anchorage,  accessible  through  a  narrow  and  crooked  chan- 
nel at  high  tide  to  vessels  drawing  1 5  feet.  The  harbor  is  far  inferior  in 
depth,  size,  and  facility  of  entrance  to  that  of  Esquimalt,  only  two  miles  dis- 
tant. This  bay,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Vancouver  Island  Pilot,  is  "a  safe  and 
excellent  anchorage  for  ships  of  any  size."  The  business  has  grown  up  on 
the  .shores  of  Victoria  bay,  but  will  move  to  the  other  more  commodious 
place.  E.squimalt  has  been  selected  as  the  site  for  the  chief  naval  station 
of  the  British  Empire  on  the  North  Pacific,  and  the  excavation  of  a  dry- 
dock,  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate  the  largest  war-ship.s,  has  been  com- 
menced. The  imports  of  Victoria,  which  represent  the  commerce  of  British 
Columbia,  amounted  to  .$2,457,000  in  value  in  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,  1881;  and  the  exports  for  the  same  period,  as  .shown  in  the  custom- 
house statistics,  were  $2,255,000,  including  $576,918  in  gold,  $739,351  in 
coal,  $400,984  products  of  the  fisheries,  $162,747  lumber,  and  $350,000  wool 
and  other  products  of  the  herds.  The  exports  of  canned  salmon,  in  the 
calendar  )-ear  of  1881,  were  148,316  cases,  and  the  pack  of  salted  salmon 
was  3,600  barrels. 

Alaska. — Although  a  large  part  of  its  vast  area  is  not  desirable  for  occu- 
pation by  civilized  men,  i\Iaska  promises  to  take  an  important  place  in  the 
business  of  the  North  I'acific  Every  intelligent  person,  who  has  studied  its 
resources,  expects  much  from  their  development.     In  geographical  situation, 


^BP 


P  • 


; 


'  a 


I 


44 


INTUOnrCTION. 


in  the  abundance  of  islands  and  deep  navigable  inlets,  in  climate,  in  its  for- 
ests, and  ill  its  soil,  it  bears  ;i  close  resemblance  to  Norway,  which  has  1,700,- 
000  inhabitants,  and  ranks  high  among  nations  for  fisheries,  shipping,  and 
ship-building.  Alaska's  southern  shore,  from  the  British  Columbian  line,  in 
latitude  54"  40',  extends  2,000  miles  in  a  curved  line  through  40'  of  longi- 
tude, to  the  outer  end  of  the  -Meutian  Islands  in  latitude  52  ,  the  most 
iKjrthern  part  of  the  curve  being  in  latitude  60' .  The  coast  of  ,\laska  .south 
of  latitude  61  is  3,000  miles  long  in  its  general  course,  while  that  of  Xor- 
wa)',  south  of  the  same  line,  is  not  500  miles  long.  The  most  southern  point 
of  iMaska  is  5  further  from  the  north  pole  than  the  south  point  of  Norw.i)'. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  dim  ite  of  the  latter  country  is  warmer,  especially 
in  the  summer,  in  the  same  latitudes. 

The  chief  value  of  Alaska  lies  in  its  fisheries  and  its  facilities  for  access  to 
the  fishing-banks  in  its  vicinit)-.  The  waters,  north  and  south  of  the  Aleu- 
tian i  -lands,  abound  with  c<id,  halibut,  herring,  oolikon,  and  whale.  The 
herring  are  much  superior  in  flaxen  to  tho.t' caught  further  south.  The  mul- 
let is  found  in  the  Arctic  waters  of  .Vlaska.  The  rivers  contain  salmon,  white 
fish,  turbot,  and  pike.  The  salm(  n  are  especially  abundant  in  the  Yukon, 
which  ma\-  rival  the  Columbia  in  its  canneries.  The  islands  of  .St.  George 
and  St.  I'aul  furnish  most  of  the  skins  of  the  fur  seal  sold  in  the  world's 
markets.  The  sea  otter,  the  walrus,  and  .ea  eleph.int  are  other  tenants  of  the 
Alaskan  wati"-- . 

The  mainland  and  its  adjacent  islands,  from  Kadiak  Island  to  the  British 
Columbia  line,  is  so  rugged  and  so  densel_\-  covereil  with  timber,  that  it  has 
no  attractions  for  men  who  wish  tocultixate  the  s<  il.  The  farms  and  mead- 
ows of  Akiska  will  be  in  the  .Alaskan  Peninsula  and  the  Aleutian  Islands, 
which,  in  1)  All  s  opinion,  are  as  well  .ulapted  to  agriculture  as  the  Scottish 
1  lighl.mds,  ami  these  furnish,  ;is  he  sa\s,  a  "\ery  complete  p.u-allel"  in  their 
climate  to  the  Aleutian  portion  of  .Alaska.  Dr.  KiCLI.oi.c,  botanist  of  a 
national  survey  expedition,  expressed  the  opinion,  tliat  oats,  barle\-,  root 
crops,  and  kitchen  \egctables  would  thrive.  Turnips  are  excellent  in 
qualit)-;  carrots,  parsniiis,  and  cabbage,  are  good.  Potatoes  are  cultiwited, 
but  are  not  good.  Sheep  and  neat  cattle,  if  we  can  juilge  by  the  experience 
of  Iceland,  will  do  well.  Wild  gooseberries,  cui  rants,  ras]jberries,  and  cran- 
berries are  indigonous.  \V.  II.  I).\l,l.,  in  his  book  entitled  .l/tishi  ai/c/  its 
Ki'soiiircs;  ob.ser\'cs  that :  "While  Mas.sachusetts,  since  her  settlement,  has 
never  exported  any  products  of  her  soil,  except  gr.anitc;  and  ice,  we  may 
look  in  less  than  250  >'ears  to  recover  from  Alaska  supplies  of  ship  timber, 
butter,  cheese,  wool,  mutton,  ;md  beef;  aiul  perha|)s  more  [lalatable  fruits 
may  take  the  |)lace  of  the  well-lla\dred  cranberries,  which  have  already 
found  their  wa\-  to  .S,ui  {"rancisco  markets."      The  Sitkan  district  is  valuable 


I 

1= 


Till';  I'lixn. 


45 


chiefly  for  its  forcst.s  of  the  yehow  cedar  {Citprrssns  Xntk-ati-nsis^,  tiie  Sitka 
spruce  (Abies  Sitkcnsis),  and  hemlock  (A/>ics  Mcrtciisidiia)  trees.  D.VLI,  ^,a>•s: 
"No  better  lumbering  district  can  be  imagined,  with  water  transportation 
everywhere,  and  mountain  sides  so  steep  that  a  slide — easily  niatle  of  the 
least  valuable  timber — will  conduct  the  logs  directly  to  the  water  side." 
The  yellow  cedar  is  found  as  far  north  as  66'.  The  basin  of  the  Yukon 
has  valuable  timber  in  the  white  spruce  (/l/i/cs  a/lia),  and  the  birch  {ISctn/d 
ff/aiidii/osa),  one  of  the  few  trees  on  our  coast  furnishing  a  hard,  elastic 
wood.  Coal  is  found  in  many  places  in  /Vlaska,  which  also  has  white  mar- 
ble, sulphur,  gypsum,  kaolin,  niter,  and  black  oxide  of  manganese  among 
its  minerals. 


Mexico. — The  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico,  througli  much  of  its  length,  is  a 
narrow  strip  of  tcrritor)-  in  the  torrid  zone,  rich  in  many  <  lements  of  natiu'al 
wealth,  but  lacking  in  commercial  enterprise,  industrial  skill,  and  accumu- 
lated capital.  Nature  has  given  no  navigable  rivers,  and  art  has  supplied 
few  railroads  or  wagon  ro.ads.  The  pack  animal  is  the  chief  resource  for 
transportation,  and  the  most  common  pattern  of  jjIow  is  copied,  without 
material  change,  from  that  used  in  the  vallc)-  of  the  Nile  3,000  years  ago. 
The  soil  is  rich  in  considerable  districts,  but  there  is  no  noteworthy  expor- 
tation of  agricultural  product.s.  The  population  is  dense,  without  securing 
progrcs.s.  The  summers  are  hot  in  all  the  lowlands,  and  sickly  in  those 
within  the  tropics. 

I'ortunately,  the  foolish  longing  for  annexation,  and  the  brutal  tendency 
to  filibusterism,  have  lost  their  credit  with  the  people,  and  their  influence  in 
the  government  of  tlic  United  States.  Our  sister  republic  can  now  safely 
welcome  American  immigrants,  and  aid  American  railroad  companies,  with- 
out fear  of  giving  a  tbothold  to  secret  enemies.  Commerce  and  industry 
demand  the  maintenance,  not  only  of  peace,  but  of  those  friendly  sentiments 
which  are  neces:  ury  to  the  security  and  confidence  of  business.  We  hope 
that  the  time  '■  n(3t  far  distant,  when  the  President  or  Congress  of  the  United 
States  will  L, insider  it  a  dut)'  to  sa)-,  publicly  and  .solemnly,  that  no  weak 
neighbor  neetl  ever  spend  a  dollar,  to  prepare  for  defense  against  the  aggres- 
sion of  the  great  republic. 

Lower  California,  which  belongs  geographically  to  California  rather 
than  to  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  59,187  scjuarc  miles,  21,000  inhabitants,  and 
in  iiS-4;ili  its  real  estate  was  \alued  oRiciall)' at  .$7,598,000.  The  climate 
ami  soil  are  aritl;  the  mountains  and  hills  are  bald;  the  soil,  over  inuch  of 
the  area,  a  stony  or  s.uul)' waste ;  and  there  is  no  stream  deserving  the  name 
of  river.  With  all  these  drawbacks,  Lower  California  has  beautiful  \alleys, 
with  rich  areas  of  moist  l.ind,  \aluable  mineral  deposits,  bays  and  lagoons 


46 


TNTRnnrcTION. 


;  1 


aboundint,'  in  fish,  shcll-fish,  and  pearls,  and  an  abundant  growth  of  orchilla, 
a  plant  that  finds  a  rcad>-  sale  anic-nLj  d)-ers.  Magdalcna  Bay,  in  latitude 
24°  3S',  is  an  excellent  harbor,  aboundint,'  with  fish,  and  ^\■ith  fertile  soil  in 
its  \icinit_\-,  but  until  a  water  suppl>'  can  be  provided  for  irrigation,  there 
will  be  (cw  people. 

S(5nora,  on  tlie  eastern  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  lias  an  area  of  81,- 
022  scjuare  miles,  147,000  inhabitants,  aiul  in  1S74  its  real  property  was  offi- 
ciall\-  estimated  to  be  worth  $10,347,000.  It  is  pre-cmiiientl\-  a  mining 
State,  and  possesses  placers  of  gold  ;is  well  as  \-eins  of  siUer.  The  climate 
is  especially  dry  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  State,  but  several  streams 
furnish  g<iod  supplies  of  water  for  irrigation,  and  the  soil  i.s  capable  of  large 
agricultural  production.  Guaymas,  in  latitude  27'^,  55',  about  350  miles 
north  from  the  mouth  of  the  gulf  has  4,000  inhabitants,  and  an  excellent 
harlior.  'I'lie  heat  is  oppressive,  and  the  situation  sickh'  in  the  summer. 
The  excellence  of  the  ancliorage,  the  hirge  area  of  rich  country,  which,  finds 
its  nearest  gooil  port  here,  and  its  aiKantages,  as  a  jioint  where  the  railroad 
and  ships  will  meet,  may  give  it  much  commercial  importance.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  a  railroad  which  has  been  completed  to  Ilermosillo,  and  is  to 
connect  soon  in  Arizona  with  the  railroad  sj-stem  of  the  United  States. 
Ilermosillo,  S4  miles  north  of  Gua\'nias,  has  15,000  inhabitants,  and  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  fertile  agricultural  region. 

Sinaloa  has  an  area  of  25,927  siiiiarc  miles,  161,000  inhabitants,  antl  in 
1S74  had  real  estate  \alued  at  .$8,337,000.  It  has  much  fertile  soil  and 
summer  rains,  which  .are  abundant  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 
Mazatlaii,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  In  latitude  23  1  i',  has  an 
open  harbor,  expusetl,  from  Jmie  to  October,  to  (Luigerous  winds,  but  the 
adj.icent  eountr\-  i^-  fertile,  and  the  city  is  the  largest  seaport  on  the  Pacific 
side  of  Mexico.  The  present  jiopulatioti  is  estimaleil  at  14,000.  The  s.iil- 
ing  vessels  entering  the  harbor  from  fiireign  ports  in  1880,  nunibereil  tweji- 
« t)'-three,  and  .averaged  370  tons  each.  Much  of  the  silver  i)roduced  in 
Chihuahua,  Durango,  and  Sonor.i  h.is  been  shi])ped  from  Mazatlan.  The 
annual  exports  amount  to  about  $2,5CK',ooo,  jind  the  imports  to  $1,500,000. 
The  city  is  lighted  by  gas,  has  a  street  railroad,  and  for  its  water  supplj-,  de- 
pends on  cisterns,  filled  by  the  rain  from  the  roofs. 

The  harbor  of  San  Bl.is,  in  latitude  21  32',  is  as  uns.ife,  from  June  to 
September,  as  that  of  Ma/.all,in,  and  the  town  is  so  sickly  during  the  same 
season,  that  many  families  move  away  to  the  higher  land.  The  commercial 
situation  is  a  good  one.  During  the  winter  there  are  2,000  inhabitants. 
Man/.anillo,  in  latitude  iy'\^',  is  the  seaport  of  the  Stale  of  Colinia,  the  most 
enterprising  and,  in  jiroportion  to  its  area,  the  most  productive  part  of  West- 
ern Mexico.     The  fields  of  coffee,  sugar-cane,  anil  indigo  are  mimerous,  ;uul 


4i 


THE   FIF.LD. 


47 


if  transportation  were  cheap  there  might  be  a  large  quantity  of  surplus  maize. 
The  harbor  of  Manzanillo  i.s  secure,  though  small,  but  the  town-site  is  sickly. 
The  mercantile  business  is  in  the  hands  of  old  German  houses,  which  know 
the  country  thoroughly,  and  control  the  imports  and  exports.  They  recci\-c 
goods  from  Europe  to  the  value  of  about  $1,000,000  annually,  including 
small  shipments  by  nearly  every  steamer,  and  one  or  two  cargoes  annually 
by  sailing  vessel  from  Hamburg.  The  harbor  of  Acapulco,  in  latitude  16° 
50',  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  world.  It  has  a  deptli  varying  from  30  to  lOO 
feet,  over  an  area  a  mile  .square.  The  adjacent  country  is  mountainous  and 
poor,  and  though  it  is  the  nearest  port  to  the  City  of  Mexico,  there  is  no  line 
of  stages,  nor  even  a  good  wagon-road.  Tlie  ordinary  convc)-ancc  to  the 
capital  is  by  mule  to  Cuernavaca,  and  thence  by  stage,  requiring  ten  days 
for  the  journey.  The  barren  and  rugged  character  of  the  mountains,  in  the 
vicinity,  will  probabl)'  more  than  counterbalance  the  advantages  of  its  mag- 
nificent bay  and  of  its  proximity  to  the  City  of  Mexico. 

The  greater  part  of  Central  America  belongs  to  the  Atlantic  slope,  leav- 
ing only  a  narrow  strip  to  the  l';i(  ific,  and  that  divided  between  5  inde- 
pendent republics.  This  political  division,  the  ignorance  and  want  of  indus- 
trial skill  ..  iv>:  the  people,  the  sickliness  of  some  of  the  seaports,  and  the 
general  lack  or  scarcit\'of  r.iilroads,  wagon-roads,  tflcLnaphs,  steam  machin- 
ery, and  extensive  bu^im  1  ntcrpri.se.s,  are  .sad  <li,iwbacks  to  a  region  that 
has  many  natural  advan  ,igi  s.  Several  railroads  have  been  commencctl,  but 
the  only  one  in  running  ordc,  m  the  Pacih  side,  extends  out  a  few  miles 
from  I'untas  Arenas  in  Costa  Rica.  It  seems  probable  that  Central  America 
will  begin  to  advance  rapidly  within  a  few  years. 


Il: 


48 


INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER  II.— GENERAL  FEATURES  OF  BUSINESS. 

Californian  Enterprise. — The  American  conquest  of  California  made  an 
industrial  revolution  on  the  Pacific  coast,  unparalleled  in  its  completeness,  its 
suddenness,  and  its  wide-reaching  influences.  The  number  of  American, 
En.i;lish,  German,  and  French  residents  rapidly  increased,  the  Europeans 
becoming,'  speedily  Americans  in  their  sympathies  and  modes  of  working, 
if  not  in  their  political  allegiance.  Hefore  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at 
Guadalupe  Midalgo,  the  wonderful  placers  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  were  dis- 
covered, as  if  they  were  the  product  of  American  energy,  and  the  symbol 
(if  American  power;  and  in  one  )-ear  3  times  as  many  men  as  the  entire  pre- 
vious white  population  of  the  Territory  rushed  to  it  by  land  and  sea  from 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic.  Year  after  year  the  throng  of  adventurers  con- 
tinued to  pour  in;  and  year  after  year  the  mines  gave  a  gcnerou  ■  welcome 
and  liberal  rewaid  to  the  gold-hunters.  The  world  had  never  seen  such  a 
migration  or  such  a  )icld  of  gold.  For  5  years  the  average  washing  of  the 
industrious  miner  amounted  to  perhaps  $12  a  da\',  and  frequently  rose  to 
$40,  without  an\-  .qiprcnticcship  or  special  skill.  This  high  pay  left  little 
chance  for  profit  on  local  agricultural  products  or  manufactures.  Such  arti- 
cles could  be  obtained  in  abundance  at  less  expense  from  other  countries. 
There  wen'  few  farms  and  no  factories.  All  the  clothing  and  tools,  most  of 
the  pro\  isions  and  lumber,  and  even  read)'-made  houses  were  imported. 
The  two  almost  exclusive  occupations  of  the  people,  north  of  the  Latitude  of 
Monterey,  were  mining  and  trading.  No  community  could  dcjjcnd  to  a 
greater  extent  on  foreign  supplies;  ncjiic  e\'er  had  a  more  active  maritime 
commerce;  none  ever  |)aid  higher  prices  fe)r  its  imjiorts. 

Complaint  has  frequently  been  made,  that  the  Californian  capitalists  have 
no  enterprise;  that  the)-;ue  mere  usurers,  or  gamblers  in  mining  stocks,  and 
that  they  are  especially  to  bl.une  for  not  doing  more  of  late  years  than  they 
ha\e  done  to  establish  manufactures.  These  jjoints  deser\'e  attention ;  let 
us  con  ider  them. 

It  is  true  that  the  .San  I'Vanciscn  bankers  have  lent  money  at  iiigh  rates 
of  interest,  but  it  is  the  occupatini'  <)\  the  banker  everywhere  to  make  loans 
at  the  highest  interest  obtainable  with  gooil  security.  lie  accommodates 
commerce  and  industry,  and  the  .activity  of  his  business  is  one  of  the  best 
measures  of  enterprise  and   pi"-piMit_v.      i  le  cm  not  make  the  demand  for 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF   BUSINESS. 


49 


money,  or  regulate  the  rate  of  interest.  He  is  the  effect,  and  not  the  cause 
of  the  pecuniary  conditions  of  the  country.  The  millionaires  of  San  Fran- 
cisco as  a  class  have  speculated  far  more  extensively  than  those  of  any  other 
city  in  mining  stocks,  but  it  is  impossible  to  condemn  them  by  making  any 
comparison,  because  no  other  city  has  ever  had  such  opportunities  and  temp- 
tations in  that  direction. 

Many  kinds  of  factories  are  lacking  in  California,  and  this  lack  is  one  of 
the  great  drawbacks  of  the  coast,  which  having  no  home  market  for  much 
of  its  raw  material,  must  export  it,  and  send  to  the  North  Atlantic  for  the 
costly  articles  manufactured  from  it.  More  than  once  we  have  imported 
flour  from  New  York  within  a  year  after  shipping  wheat  to  the  same  port, 
so  that  we  sent  our  grain  i9,ocx)  miles,  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  to  the  mill. 
We  now  send  our  raw  material  19,000  miles  to  the  starch  factor}-,  the  candle 
factory,  the  woolen  mill,  the  paint  shop,  the  glue  factory,  the  fur  tannery, 
the  brewery,  and  many  other  indu.strial  establishments.  This  dependence 
on  remote  factories  can  not  be  permanent ;  our  coast  must  import  relatively 
less  of  manufactured  goods,  and  export  less  of  raw  material. 

The  admission,  however,  that  we  have  not  enough  factories,  does  not 
necessarily  imply  that  our  local  capitalists  are  stupid  or  mean.  Other  causes 
of  the  evil  arc  in  plain  view.  The  high  wages,  the  independent  spirit  and 
condition  of  the  poorest  people,  taxes  and  the  high  prices  of  fresh  water  in 
the  towns,  and  of  coal,  and  the  necessity  of  importing  supplies  of  many  kind.s, 
all  discriminate  against  the  manufacturing  industries  of  our  coast.  Recent 
changes  in  the  constitution  of  California  have  not  only  left  the  law  uncertain 
in  many  respects,  thus  subjecting  business  to  the  dangers  of  long  and  costly 
litigation,  but  have  levied  on  capital  burdens  unexampled  in  any  other  civil- 
ized community.  A  deluded  multitude,  hoping  to  protect  themselves  against 
the  advantages  of  capital,  have  aoopted  measures  which  are  driving  money 
from  the  State.  Demagogues. 'csponsible  for  the  blunders  in  the  new  con- 
stitution, say  that  the  millionaiies  arc  governed  in  their  conduct  by  spite ;  but 
it  is  vain  to  assert  that  the  money  market  is  controlled  by  .sentiment.  Dol- 
lars flow  towards  the  strongcsc  ilemand  as  naturally  as  the  magnetic  needle 
turns  to  the  North  Pole. 

Besides  these  cau.ses  for  th.-  relative  scarcity  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments on  the  Pacific  Coast,  wccan  find  others,  without  accepting  the  theory 
that  our  local  capitalists  are  lacking  in  cnterpri.se.  We  know,  as  a  matter 
of  history,  that  many  of  the  Caiifornian  factories  have  been  unprofitable,  anil 
this  is  especially  true  as  to  the  e  irlier  ventures  in  various  branches  of  indus- 
trj'.  The  peculiar  circumstances  of  our  coast,  the  quality  of  our  raw  mate- 
rial, the  conditions  of  our  climate,  md  the  exactions  of  our  local  demand, 
were  so  different  Irom  those  clscwher :,  that  experience  gained  on  the  shores 
1 


50 


INTRODUCTION. 


of  the  Atlantic  had  to  go  to  school  again  here,  and  pay  dear  for  tuition. 
Many  of  our  manufacturing  enterprises  were  premature,  and  for  years  after 
their  establishment  were  kept  in  operation,  not  because  they  yielded  a  good 
return  on  the  iiucstincnt,  but  because  the  buildings  and  machinery  could 
not  be  used  for  any  other  inir]50se  without  greater  loss.  Not  a  few  factories 
and  mills  have  been  abandoned. 

Great  Enterprises. — California's  history,  instead  of  being  characterized 
by  lack  of  enterprise,  is  remarkable  for  boldness  in  making  investments. 
Scarcely  a  branch  of  occupation  pursued  in  our  State  has  been  without 
some  undertaking,  remarkable  for  the  comprehensiveness  of  its  plan  and 
the  amount  of  its  capital.  California  lacking  in  enterprise?  On  the 
contrary,  it  is  impossible  to  know  the  best  and  highest  that  the  intelli- 
gence and  energy  of  a  single  generation  can  accomplish  in  some  depart- 
ments of  labor  without  studying  our  State.  The  world  has,  in  many  rc- 
spect.s,  nothing  to  equal  it.  If  we  fall  behind  luigland  and  France,  Massa- 
chusetts and  Pennsylvania,  in  the  thoroughness  of  cultivation  and  the 
minuteness  of  manufactures,  our  inferiority  is  chargeable  apparently  rather 
to  the  scantiness  of  our  population  than  to  the  brevity  of  our  existence  as  a 
highly  civilized  community.  What  we  have  already  done,  proves  that  we 
could  and  would  ha\e  done  everything  if  we  had  had  hands  enough  to  ac- 
complish the  work,  and  consumers  enough  to  dispose  of  the  product. 

Me  who  wishes  to  find  the  most  notable  achievements  in  various  depart- 
ments of  industry,  should  not  overlook  our  .State.  Let  us  imagine  such  a 
person  propounding  a  series  of  questions,  relating  to  branches  of  business 
which  Californians  had  an  opportunity  to  undertake  in  their  State  or  under 
their  control.  Did  he  inquire  for  that  mine  of  free-milling  silver  ore,  which, 
by  the  application  of  the  most  costly  machinery  and  the  best  mechanical 
and  engineering  talent,  w.is  made  to  turn  out  its  mineral  treasures  in  an 
abundance  and  with  a  speed  unexampled?  We  point,  in  reply,  to  the  Con- 
solidated Virginia,  which  produced  $63,000,000  gross,  and  $42,000,000  in 
dividends  within  7  years.  The  most  notable  silver  mine  of  smelting  ore? 
It  is  the  ICureka  Consolidated,  which  has  produced  $18,000,000,  and  paid  $5,- 
000,000  dividend.,  in  1 1  >-ears.  If  .Spanish  America  ever  hail  mines  more  pro- 
ductive, in  their  respective  classes,  th.in  the  Consolidated  Virginiaorlhe  luireka 
Consolidated,  we  do  not  know  where  to  find  the  record  of  the  facts.  The  most 
notable  hydraulic  mine?  California  has  a  score,  the  smallest  of  which  has 
never  been  approached  elsewhere.  The  largest  at  present  is,  perhaps,  the 
Cherokee  Hlue  Ciravcl  Mine.  The  most  notable  mining  ditch  ?  California 
has  a  do/i.n,  the  smallest  r)f  which  has  never  been  equaled  elsewhere.  The 
nu)st  costly  drain  tunnel    for  mining  purposes?     The  .Sutro,  the  cost  of 


GENERAL   FEATURES   OF   HUSINESS. 


SI 


which,  with  accumulatcci  interest,  amounts  to  $6,5CX3,ooo.  The  most  profit- 
able aurifcroiis  quartz  mine  of  our  day  ?  The  Standard,  of  Uodic,  which 
paid  $975,000  of  dividends  in  188 1.  The  most  remarkable  of  minint^- 
pumps  ?  It  is  that  of  the  ChoUar  combination-shaft,  lifting'  a  column  of 
water  800  feet  high  at  one  lift.  The  highest  aqueduct  to  carry  water  over 
deep  ravines  ?  None  elsewhere  has  ever  equaled  any  one  of  several  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  The  Golden  Rock  flume,  in  Tuolumne  county,  was  256 
feet  high  above  the  bed  of  the  ravine.  The  deepest  depression  over  which 
water  has  ever  been  carried  by  iron  pipes  resting  on  ihc  ground  ?  The 
pipe  to  supply  water  for  Virginia  City,  .sustaining  the  weight  of  a  column 
of  water  a  quarter  of  a  mile  high.  The  largest  lumber  flume?  It  is  Cali- 
fornian.  The  largest  saw-milling  corporation  ?  It  was  TlTE  SIERRA 
Flume  and  Lumber  Company,  which  owned  3  lumber  flumes,  with  an 
''ggrcgate  length  of  150  miles,  10  sawmills,  4  planing  and  sash  mills,  and 
timber-lands  covering  40  square  miles.  The  largest  woodcnware  factory? 
That  of  TiiE  Mattull.vth  Manufacturing  Company.  The  most 
productive  wheat  farm  ?  That  of  H.  J.  GLENN,  who  harvested  45,000 
acres  of  his  own  land,  shipped  27,000  tons  of  wheat  to  Europe  on  his  own 
account,  and  received  about  $800,000  for  his  crop  in  1880.  The  largest 
vineyards.'  Those  of  LelaND  STANFORD,  1,000  acres,  at  Villa;  and  of 
R.  Nade.vu,  about  the  same  size,  near  Florence.  The  largest  orange 
orchard?  That  of  E.  J.  BALDWIN,  who  has  200  acres  at  San  Gabriel. 
The  largest  almond  orchard  .'  That  of  W.  VV.  HoLLlsTER,  covering  250 
acres  at  Santa  Barbara.  The  largest  milk  dairy .?  That  of  R.  G.  Sxeatii, 
who  milks  600  cows  every  da)',  at  San  Bruno,  and  obtains  $100,000  a  year 
from  the  sale  of  his  milk.  The  largest  butter  dairies?  Those  of  CHARLES 
Wehk  Howard,  who  has  18,500  acres  of  dairy  land  and  1,875  cows  at 
Point  Reyes;  and  of  JOSEPH  Ru.s's,  who  has  13,000  acres  and  2,167  cows 
at  Ferndale.  The  largest  cheese  ranch .'  Probably  that  of  the  Steele 
Brothers,  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County.  The  largest  farm  for  breed- 
ing and  training  fast  horses.?  That  of  Leland  Stanford,  at  Menlo 
Park,  with  500  thoroughbreds  and  trotters  of  the  best  blood.  The  corpo- 
ration that  has  built  more  miles  of  railroad  than  any  other  on  the  globe  } 
The  Central  Pacific  of  California,  which  has  completed  about  3,000  miles, 
and  expects  to  build  1,000  more.  The  largest  ferry-boat .'  The  Solano, 
424  feet  long  and  1  16  wide,  built  to  carry  a  train  of  cars  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  long  at  a  load.  The  largest  ami  most  costly  hotel .'  The  Palace,  of 
San  Francisco,  can  make  at  least  a  plausible  claim  to  that  distinction.  The 
most  cc5stl\-  residences,  erected  without  the  help  of  inherited  wealth ,'  San 
Francisco  and  its  \icinity  have  half  a  dozen.  The  most  comprehensive  .sys- 
tem of  codilied  law  ?     That  of  California, 


52 


INTRODUCTION. 


It  >     ir 

I     I 


Pecuniary  Wrecks.— It  is  wondciTiil  that  a  community  of  1,000,000  souls 
should  have  achieved  so  much,  but  it  \vould  be  a  great  mistake  to  suppose 
that  they  have  succeeded  in  all  their  attempts.  Ilundreils  of  undertakings 
that  have  contributed  to  enrich  the  State  ha\'e  caused  large  pecuniary  loss 
to  their  owners  or  sjiarcholdeni.  California  is  noted  for  the  multitude  and 
magnitude  of  her  i)ecuniar}-  wrecks,  resulting  from  the  efforts  of  her  capital- 
ists to  build  up  industries  suddenly  instead  of  letting  them  grow  only  so  fast 
as  a  profitable  market  demanded  their  enlargement.  Silver  mines  that  were 
so  ungrateful  as  never  to  pay  a  dividend,  have  taken  from  the  pockets  of  the 
Californians  170,000,000;  and  the  greater  part  of  that  sum  was  expended  in 
shafts,  tunnels,  and  drifts  to  find  mineral  wealth  where  the  veins  proved 
barren.  Their  loss  on  mining  ditches  has  been  $13,000,000  and  on  un- 
])rofitable  gold-quartz  mills  at  least  $10,000,000.  Nor  were  the  unsuccessful 
attempts  to  develop  the  resources  of  our  coast  confined  to  mining  and  met- 
allurgy. A  company  which  had  the  largest  tobacco  plantation  on  the  globe, 
and  undertook  to  prepare  the  weed  for  the  market  by  a  novel  and  ingenious 
process,  paid  $1,000,000  for  the  fun  of  their  experiment;  and  two  gentlemen 
each  contributed  $iSo,ooo  to  that  sum.  In  1870,  California  had  50  cocoon- 
eries, in  which  12,000,000  silk  worms  spun  cocoons;  and  in  1880  all  the  silk 
worms  hatched  in  California  did  not  number  more  than  100,000.  The  silk 
fever  cost  the  people  of  the  State  at  least  $500,000.  Although  vineyards 
generally  are  profitable,  yet  at  one  time  vine-planting  had  far  outrun  the  de- 
mand for  grapes  or  Californian  wine;  and  hundreds  of  acres  of  vines  were 
dug  up  or  neglected,  after  $1,000,000  had  been  lost  in  them.  TlIE  BUKNA 
ViST.V  ViNICULTiR.M.  Co.MP.WV,  which  at  one  time  owned  4,000  acres  of 
land  at  Sonoma,  and  cultivated  400  acres  of  vineyard,  had  to  surrender  its 
propert)'  to  its  creditors,  .ifter  causing  much  loss  to  its  shareholders.  The 
vineyard  town  of  Anaheim  is  a  credit  to  the  state;  but  many  of  the  members 
of  the  company  which  founded  it  had  to  p;iy  dearly  for  their  effort  to  de- 
velop the  natural  wealth  of  Los  Angeles  county.  The  loss  in  unprofitable 
almond  orchards  has  been  at  least  $200,000;  and  California  might  have; 
saved  $300,000  of  her  capital  In-  refusing  ti;  listen  to  the  people  who  said 
fortunes  could  be  made  here  by  extracting  sugar  from  the  sugar-beet.  \Vc 
have  not  waited  for  I'.uropc  and  the  Atlantic  States  to  send  to  us  for  wheat, 
wines,  oranges,  and  eaiuied  fruits,  but  have  planted  immense  areas,  and  arc 
trying  to  take  sudden  pus.session  of  distant  markets  by  forcing  ])rocc.sscs. 

While  we  have  a  number  of  profitajjle  factories,  the  majority  of  the  ven- 
tures in  manufacturing  business  ha\c  been  .sources  of  loss  to  their  owners. 
The  novel  circumstances  of  the  country,  and  the  lack  of  local  experience 
combined  with  high  wages  and  interest,  defeated  confident  experiments  of 
l)ioneer  enterprise.     A  long  list  could  be  given   of  unsuccessful  factories 


m 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF   BUSINESS. 


53 


working  in  wood,  iron,  leather,  wool,  cotton,  paper,  and  glass.  There  is  not 
now  one  manufacturing  corporation  on  our  coast  with  shares  which  arc  con- 
sidered good  security  for  bank  loans;  while  Massachusetts  has  probably  a 
thousand.  Our  largest  carriage  factory  is  doing  nothing,  because  it  is  un- 
able to  compete  with  Eastern  manufacturers ;  our  watch  factory  that  was,  is 
closed  and  its  building  is  occupied  for  making  soap;  and  our  woolen  mills 
generally  have  at  some  time  in  their  careers  had  hard  struggles  to  live. 

The  important  results  achieved  in  California  should  be  credited  mainly  to 
the  exceptional  intelligence  and  enterprise  of  her  inhabitants.  They  have 
shaken  the  world's  center  of  financial  gravity  by  their  unexampled  produc- 
tion of  gold  and  silver.  They  have  changed  the  conditions  of  labor,  and 
given  a  new  stimulus  to  commerce  and  manufactures.  They  have  filled  the 
basin  of  the  North  Pacific  with  the  light  of  high  civilization.  They  have 
ransacked  the  habitable  globe  for  the  best  workmen,  the  most  skillful  en- 
gineers, the  best  tools,  the  strongest  and  fastest  horses,  the  cows  that  give 
the  most  milk,  and  the  most  prolific  vines  and  trees.  They  have  sent  their 
men  to  Rheims  and  Bordeaux,  Malaga  and  Smyrna,  to  study  how  sparkling 
wines,  raisins,  dried  prunes,  and  dried  figs  arc  prepared  for  the  market.  Tliey 
have  brought  camels  from  Siberia,  and  Angora  goats  from  Asia  Minor. 
They  have  tried  2,ooo  temperate,  and  500  subtropical  varieties  of  fruit-trees, 
to  find  those  best  adapted  to  our  conditions.  Whatever  is  considered  most 
desirable  in  other  countries  has,  if  there  was  any  hope  of  its  success,  been 
tried  in  our  State.  No  other  community  has  .shown  .so  much  zeal  in  study- 
ing the  lessons  of  experience  and  science,  and  in  applying  them  to  local  in- 
dustries. Never  elsewhere  has  so  much  been  done  in  a  brief  period  by  so 
few  men.  Nowhere  else  has  more  progress  been  made  in  new  directions. 
Nowhere  else  have  the  novel  adaptations  of  labor  skill,  and  intelligence  to 
agriculture  and  mining  been  more  numerous  or  efficient.  No  other  Ameri- 
can State  has  so  much  local  pride  among  residents  not  born  on  its  soil ;  and 
nowhere  else  has  local  pride  a  stronger  influence  on  public  spirit.  The  enter- 
prise of  poor  as  well  as  of  rich  Californians,  instead  of  being  sluggish  has 
been  extremely  active. 

But  if  our  statements  and  inferences  be  correct,  why  .should  Californian 
capitalists  be  accused  of  lack  of  enterprise.'  Let  us  see  whether  a  solution 
of  that  problem  is  not  near  at  hand.  Our  State  abounds  with  men  who 
want  to  live  by  their  wit.s,  schemers  averse  to  plodding  toil,  and  anxious  to 
be  placed  at  the  head  of  extensive  establishments.  I\Iillionaircs,  becau.se  Ihcy 
rejected  the  offers  of  such  adventurers,  have  been  denounced  for  preferring 
gambling  speculations  to  .sound  investments.  The  lack  in  the  San  Fran- 
cisco money  market  of  stock  of  manufacturing  corporations,  held  at  a  steady 
premium  for  years,  is  a  strong  evidence  that  the  capitalists  are  not  to  blame. 


if 


54 


INTRODUCTION. 


But  it  has  been  assumed  that  a  culpability  must  rest  cither  on  the  capitalist 
or  the  laborer;  that  the  latter  demaiulcd  too  much  for  his  toil,  or  the  former 
for  his  nionev;  and  that  to  ilenouiicc  the  one  was  to  defend  the  other.  The 
few  ricli  men  were  without  political  organization,  and  were  not  disposed  to 
reward  HatterN-  of  their  class.  The  numerous  workingmcn  were  organized 
politicill)-,  and  were  able  by  their  votes  to  reward  office-seekers,  and  by  their 
subscribing  and  advertising  patronage  to  enrich  newspapers.  It  was  not 
.strange,  under  such  circumstances,  that  some  newspapers  and  office-.seekers 
distinguished  thcmsches  b\-  advocating  the  cause  of  the  laborers  and  de- 
nouncing the  capitalists;  but  their  zeal  was  a  better  proof  of  the  profits  of 
their  course  than  of  the  soundness  of  their  opinions. 

The  lack  of  manufactures  in  a  new  community  does  not  necessarily  im- 
ply discredit  to  either  the  laborers  or  the  capitalists.  If  labor  can  earn 
higher  wages  in  producing  raw  material,  and  if  capital  can  obtain  a  higher 
rate  of  interest  from  mines  or  farms,  then  it  is  not  the  duty  of  either  capital 
or  labor  to  establish  factories.  It  is  customary,  and  in  a  commercial  sense 
right,  to  sell  commodities,  including  toil  and  the  use  of  capital,  for  the  cur- 
rent market  rates;  antl  when  the  community  can  derive  a  larger  income 
from  its  ores  than  it  couk\  from  silk  manufactures,  it  is  better  that  the  latter 
should  be  imported  and  paid  for  with  the  former. 

California  has  here  been  put  forward  as  remarkable  for  enterprise,  not  to 
distinguish  her  as  the  superior  of  other  Pacific  .States  and  Territories  north 
of  Mexico,  but  to  hold  her  up  as  their  tjpe  and  representative.  She  has 
done  more  than  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  Arizona,  or  British  Colum- 
bia, mainl)'  because  she  is  older  and  her  resources  were  better  adapted  for 
speed)'  development.  1  Icr  inhabitants  tlo  not  differ  materiall)'  in  quality 
from  theirs,  except  in  so  far  as  the  great  centers  of  wealth  and  population 
naturally  attract  the  most  capable  men  disposed  to  engage  in  commercial 
and  manufacturing  business,  or  those  who  h^ve  been  most  successful  in  ac- 
cumulating capital.  The  same  general  tone  of  thought  and  enterprise  per- 
vades all  these  communities.  They  are  made  up  of  the  same  class  of  immi- 
grants, man}'  of  whom  spent  years  in  California  before  .settling  themselves 
in  their  present  homes. 


Imported  Goods  Preferred. — In  a  rapidly  growing  country,  which  be- 
gins without  manufactures  and  must  introduce  them  graduall\',  complaint 
will  alwa\s  he  made  that  the  people  wouKl  rather  buy  goods  from  abroad 
than  those  made  at  home;  and  California  is  no  exception  to  the  rule.  The 
manufacturer  has  to  contend  with  many  difficulties  at  the  start,  and  will 
often  seek  to  throw  the  blame  for  his  embarrassment  or  failure  on  the  prej- 
udices and  foils  of  the  consumers  as  a  class,  rather  than  to  confess  that  he 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF   BUSINESS. 


55 


did  not  thoroughly  understand  his  business,  and  the  conditions  to  which 
any  new  enterprise  in  it  must  be  subject.  If  it  were  true  that  the  pour 
men  of  California  will  not  patronize  home  productions,  the  fact  would  go 
far  to  excuse  rich  men  for  their  alleged  offense  of  refusing  to  invest  in  profit- 
able branches  of  home  manufactures,  l^ut  it  is  not  true.  I'lnterprise  is  not 
lacking  in  the  rich,  nor  public  spirit  in  the  poor,  Californians. 

Great  Fortunes. — The  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  coast  is  remarka- 
ble for  the  multitude  of  its  great  fortunes.  Probably  no  other  city  of  similar 
size  has  so  many  millionaires  as  San  Francisco.  What  influence  has  this 
fact  exercised  and  uhat  influence  does  it  still  exercise  on  the  general  condi- 
tion of  commerce  and  industr>?  Docs  it  indicate  that  the  multitude  are  or 
will  be  imi)overished  and  degraded?  Does  it  mean  that  a  few  monopolists 
have  taken  p(jssession  of  all  the  sources  of  wealth  for  the  exclusive  benefit 
of  themselves  and  their  descendants,  leaving  nothing  save  toil  and  misery 
for  others?  Is  the  wealth  of  the  few  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the 
destitution  of  the  many  ?  Such  questions,  suggested  by  communistic  com- 
plaint, deserve  careful  and  impartial  consideration,  not  only  by  men  else- 
where looking  for  homes  in  a  new  country,  but  also  by  intelligent  men  here 
who  have  an  influence  on  public  opinion  and  legislation.  It  is  the  custom 
and  the  duty  of  emigrants,  to  seek  homes  in  places  where  their  children,  and 
their  children's  children,  can  have  a  fair  show  in  the  struggle  of  life;  where 
industry,  economy,  and  bii'-iness  capacity  \\ill  secure,  if  not  wealth,  at  least 
moderate  comfort;  and  where  honesty  and  toil,  whether  associated  with 
poverty  or  not,  will  be  respected. 

Men  with  such  feelings  can  come  to  the  Pacific  coast  with  confidence.  In 
no  other  part  of  the  globe  will  they  find  so  much  wealth  in  the  hands  of 
men  who  were  generally  poor  in  their  early  years.  Nowhere  else  \\ill  they 
see  a  society  with  so  little  social  stratification  based  on  occupation,  or  with 
so  little  of  the  pecuniary  influence  in  the  .social  relations.  No  other  land 
has  relatively  so  many  rich  men  who  Ijigan  life  in  poverty, or  so  many  men 
reared  in  comparative  comfort  and  now  poor;  or  so  many  people  who  have 
gained  or  lost  riches  more  than  once.  The  high  education  and  refined 
manners  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  people  in  very  moderate  circumstances, 
the  inferior  education  of  .some  of  the  wealthy  families,  the  numerous  and 
great  vicissitudes  of  fortune  among  notable  per.sonages,  and  the  lack  of 
1(  ng-established  aristocratic  circles,  contribute  to  give  a  democratic  tone  to 
society.  Some  of  our  rich  men  arc  vulgar  and  ostentatious  snobs,  ashamed 
of  their  early  i)o\ert\-;  but  they  are  the  objects  of  general  ridicule.  Mo.st 
of  the  capitalists  who  handled  the  pick,  drove  team,  worked  as  butcher-boy.s, 
retailed  provisions  in  little  mining  camps.  ser\'cd  as  clerks  in  bank.s,  or  sold 


5f' 


IMKilDlCIIoN-. 


1               ;  ' 

i        1 

■     t 

i 
f 

'/ 

■■■ 

,  1 

i 

m 

M 

beer  by  the  glass  wlicn  tlicy  were  yoimtj  men,  Iiavc  tlic  couraj^c  or  fjood 
sense  to  spe.ik  freel)-  of  ihcir  early  lite,  to  kee;)  up  friendly  relations  with 
their  old  a->sociatcs,  anil  to  show  a  kindl)-  feeling  for  young  men  now  rom- 
mencing  life  in  a  similar  manner.  Out  of  at  least  lOO  millionaires  if,  uic 
American  territory  on  the  I'acific,  not  more  than  5  brought  with  them  when 
thcj-  migrated  to  this  coast  so  much  as  $ioo,ooo  each,  anil  few  arc  weak 
enough  to  exhibit  any  shame  of  their  early  career. 

It  would  be  a  serious  mistake  to  assume  that  the  vast  fortunes  of  San 
Francisco  lia\e  been  obtaineil  by  subjecting  the  mass  of  the  Californiins  to 
some  peculiar  oppression.  The  tricks  nf  our  stock  market  are  not  worse 
in  method  or  motive  than  those  of  other  stock  markets.  Those  vast  accu- 
mulations are  the  natural  outgrowth  of  the  wonderful  production  of  the  pre- 
cious metals  in  the  territory  tributary  to  the  Golden  Gate.  The  amount  f 
business  done  by  a  few  persons  was  so  large  that  a  grand  career  wasoncncd 
to  busines!'  talent.  Prudent  capacit)',  stimulated  by  pecuniary  ambui'  1, 
could  scarcely  fail  to  achieve  remarkable  results.  A  city  containing,  on  an 
average  of  the  years  from  1850  to  1880,  perhaps  25,000  white  men,  handled 
$2,000,000,000  of  precious  metal,  and  nearly  twice  a.s  much  of  other  products, 
within  thirty  years. 

The  property  of  that  portion  of  the  coast  north  of  Mexico,  now  containing 
300,000  wliite  men,  counting  only  the  adult  males,  has  advanced  in  value 
from  perhaps  $2,000,000  in  1845,  to  $2,000,000,000  in  1 88 1.  It  was  to  be 
expected  that  this  increase  would  be  unequally  divided,  and  that  the  great 
majoritj'  would  either  fail  to  earn  more  than  was  needed  for  their  support, 
or,  if  they  succeeded  in  earning  more,  would  squaniler  the  surplus,  or  lose  it 
in  injudicious  investments.  It  has  often  been  ob.served  that  when  a  multi- 
tude of  people  make  much  money  suddenly,  by  speculation  or  business  which 
docs  not  offer  a  secure  field  for  investment,  most  of  them  soon  lose  it  again. 
The  main  cause  of  the  general  loss  among  the  Californians  was  not  that 
monopolists  took  advantage  of  them,  but  that  they  lacked  knowledge,  fore- 
sight, and  economy.  The  large  capitals  of  the  State  were  accumulated 
mainly  at  the  expense  of  the  people  in  other  lands,  if  at  the  expense  of  any- 
body. Even  the  poorest  of  the  Californians,  while  the  millions  of  the  few 
.accumulated,  were  earning  twice  or  three  times  as  much  in  a  day  as  laborers 
of  their  respective  classes  in  Europe — an  amount  of  payment  inconsistent 
with  the  theory  of  serious  pecuniary  oppression.  That  which  the  miner  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  received  for  his  day's  toil  bought  the  product  of  ten  days' 
toil  of  the  German,  I'rcnch,  or  Italian  farmer.  The  Californian  laborers 
have  the  comforts  oflife  in  a  \ariet}-  and  abundance  unknown  to  the  unskilled 
toiler  ill  ICurope,  and  in  most  of  the  Atlantic  .States. 

The  great  fortunes  of  California  are  not  permanent  in  families.     They 


GENERAL    I'lCATUUES   OK   HUSIXEfiS. 


will  not  pass  down  through  n  long  succession  of  generations.  We  have  no 
law  of  primogeniture  or  perpetual  entail.  Xo  lease  of  a  farm  or  mine  for  a 
longei'  term  than  ten  j-ears  is  valid.  Public  opinion  demands  that  under  or- 
dinary circumstances,  a  rich  testator  shall  give  equal  shares  to  his  chil- 
dren. Nearly  all  the  land  is  held  by  fee-simple  titles.  The  law  provides 
easy  and  cheap  methods  for  the  conveyance  of  real  estate.  The  millionaires 
generally  have  none  of  the  English  a;nbition  to  found  families;  most  of 
them,  indeed,  have  no  sons  to  succeed  to  their  wealth.  They  expect  that 
their  descendants,  after  two  or  three  generation.s,  will  belong  to  the  multi- 
tude. Their  wealth,  in  a  majority  of  cases,  is  in  mines,  railroads,  banking, 
gas,  water,  or  in.surance  corporations,  or  city  lot.s — forms  which  can  be  squan- 
dered inore  easily  than  large  estates  of  fertile  soil,  held  in  a  community 
where  law,  custom,  and  public  opinion  obstruct  or  prevent  sales.  California 
has  many  large  ranchos,  but  with  few  exceptions  they  are  not  available  for 
tillage,  and  could  not  be  sold  in  small  tracts,  if  the  owner  wished  so  to  dis- 
pose of  them.  Generally  it  is  observed,  that  in  those  places  where  the  soil 
is  best  fitted  for  horticulture,  as  about  Lo.s  Angeles,  San  Gabriel,  Anaheim, 
Riverside,  Pasadena,  Orange,  Westminster,  San  Jose,  Santa  Cruz,  Alameda, 
Napa  City,  Sonoma  City,  Santa  Rosa,  Petaluma,  I'resno  City,  and  Salt  Lake 
City,  there  the  land  is  held  in  the  smallest  tracts.  The  construction  of  an 
irrigation  ditch  on  a  large  tract  held  under  a  single  title,  is  considered  a  ])re- 
liminary  of  a  subdivision  and  sale.  A  common  opinion  prevails  among  rich 
and  poor  that  each  generation  should  make  its  own  fortunes,  and  that  the 
parent  who  educates  his  children  well,  trains  them  carefully  in  the  principles 
of  integrity  and  prudence,  and  gives  them  a  fair  start  in  life,  has  done  his 
duty  to  them.  So  far  as  money  can  purcha.sc  enjoyment,  the  Pacific  coast 
people  want  the  full  benefit  of  it  for  themselves,  and  not  for  their  posterity. 
Their  affections  and  ambitions  attach  themselves  to  the  present  and  the 
near  future.  They  arc  willing  that  the  later  generations  should  look  out 
for  themselves.  To  make  money  and  to  spend  it,  are  for  them  sources  of 
nearly  equal  delight.  As  a  cl.iss  they  have  nothing  of  the  hoarding  or 
miserl>-  tendency. 

It  is  inipo.ssible  that  wealth  should  be  evenly  distributed  in  our  time,  and 
it  is  useless  to  wish  for  such  a  distribution.  Since  capital  makes  a  demand 
for  labor  and  talent,  and  stimulates  enterpri.se,  it  is  better  that  a  State  should 
have  great  riches  in  the  hands  of  a  few  than  that  all  its  citizens  should  be 
poor.  The  country  without  accumulation  is  also  without  prominent  partici- 
pation in  progress.  The  fate  of  the  world  is  not  now  scriouslj-  influenced 
by  men  who  live  on  black  broth,  and  prohibit  the  use  of  gold.  There  is  no 
room  in  the  future  for  another  Sparta.  The  arrival  of  capital  in  a  new  coun- 
try is  a  signal  for  activity,  and  is  always  welcomed  instinctively  by  the  peo- 


58 


ixTRonrcTiox. 


pic.     Whether  in  the  possession  of  one  or  a  dozen,  they  recognize  it  as  their 
friend. 


A  Gold-intoxicated  City. — Hcforc  the  riclicst  bonanzas  of  the   Coin- 
stock  Loilc  haii  }ct  been  disco\cred,  it  became  evident  that  the  subsidies 
jjrantcd  b\-  the  national  government  to  the  Central  and  Union  I'acific  Rail- 
roads would  be  sufficient  to  secure  the  completion  nf  these  enterprises,  and 
speculation  anticipated  and  exaggerated  their  influence  on  business.     The 
directors  of  the  Central  Pacific  Company  moved  their  main  office,  and  most 
of  them  transferred  their  homes,  to  San   h'rancisco,  where  they  built  palatial 
residences,  and  spent  much  of  their  vast  revenues  in  improving  and  beauti- 
fying the  city.     The  remarkable  and  almost  unparalleled  growth  of  San 
Francisco  during  a  perioil  of  30  )'ears,  and  the  intoxication  of  its  business 
by  various  stimulants,  continued  so  'ong  tliat   the  waiTiings  of  jjrudcnce 
and  the  lessons  of  experience  from  other  communities  seemed  of  little  value 
here.     The  city  has  a  central  position,  ajid  a  monopoly  of  the  seaport  busi- 
ness on  an  ocean  frontage  2,000  miles  i')ng;  within  200  miles  lie  mines  that 
have  produced  precious  metal  worth  more  than  $1,500,000,000  within  half  a 
life-time.     Soon  after  the  shallow  placers  i)asscd   the  climax  of  their  pro- 
duction, the  hydraulic  mines  poured  out  their  treasures.     When  the)-  be- 
gan tf)  decline,  the  tjould  and  Curr\-  bonanza  became   the  wonder  of  the 
world.     It  had  scarcely  been  exhausted  when  its  glories  grew  pale  before 
tho.so  of  the  Belcher  ,uid  Crown  Point  bonanza.     And  after  that  had  passed 
into  history,  its  meiiior)- was  eclijised  l)\- the  Consolidated  \'irgiiiia  bonanza. 
Not  onl)'  wore  all  the  richest  silver  mines  owned  here,  but  the  people  of  the 
coast  generall)-  ^-nt  their  money  hither  for  investment  in  the  crazy  stock 
market;  and  the   Pine-street  stockbrokers  ilrew  revenues  almost  as   large 
from  the  pockets  of  their  customers  as  the  shareholders  did  from  their  mines. 
The  current  of  excitement  caused  by  the  development  of  mining  wealth 
was  accompanied  b\-  an  active  s])eculation  in  land  ami  in  mail)-  kinds  of  per- 
sonal property.     The  occupation  of  the  merchant  was  surrounded  by  risks 
unknown  to  cities  in  ICurope  or  the  Cnited  States,  and  if  he  remained  in  the 
business,  he  was  compelled  to  take  chances  that  would  be  rejecteil  every- 
where else.     The  barwas  enriched  by  the  policy  of  the  national  government 
in  compelling  ali  the  owners  of  Mexican  ranchos  to  maintain  expensive  suits 
for  their  lands.     The  civil  war  greatly  cnhanceil  the  cost  of  importation  from 
New  York,  and  Iniill   up  numerous  manufacturing  establishments  in   .San 
Francisco,  thus  -iving  a  great  stimulus  to  the  city,  simultaneous  with  which 
came  the  development  of  the  wonderful   mineral  wealth  of  the  (.lomstock 
Lode.     Potosi  in   Uolivia,  Cerro   Pasco  in    Peru,  (iuanajuato  ami  Zacatecas 
in  Mexico,  may  have  had  richer  deposits  than  Virginia  Cit\-,  but  they  were 


CiKNEKAL    FEATURES   OV   liUSINESS. 


59 


not  worked  with  one  tenth  of  the  speed  or  the  profit.  In  those  districts, 
5,000  men  toiling  for  2  centuries  did  not  accomplish  so  much  as  an  equal  or 
smaller  luimber  did  in  Nevada  in  20  years.  Neither  did  the  mining  enter- 
prises of  the  former  fall  into  the  hands  of  a  luxurious  commercial  metropolis. 
No  Spanish-American  city  drew  $300,000,000  from  silver  mines  within  a 
single  generation.  One  Comstock  bonanza  trod  on  the  heels  of  another  in 
rapid  succession  for  1 5  years.  The  reality  of  the  present  was  so  extravagant 
that  heads,  cooled  by  long  prudence  in  careful  banking  business,  thought 
they  could  no  longer  judge  of  the  ])robability  of  the  future  by  the  scanty 
measure  of  the  past.  Jlillions  poured  down  the  canyons  of  Mount  David- 
son like  the  waters  in  gullies  after  a  cloud-burst.  It  is  calculated,  in  1876, 
that  San  Francisco  had  100  millionaires,  10  of  them  worth  each  more  than 
$10,000,000,  and  20  others  worth  more  than  $5,000,000  each.  The  market 
value  of  the  Nevada  mines  at  one  time  amounted  to  $320,000,000,  and  that 
after  they  had  already  yielded  about  $200,000,000.  For  nearly  30  years 
San  Francisco  was  intoxicated  by  the  abundance  of  her  gold,  the  throng  of 
her  traffic,  the  variety,  wealth,  and  singular  sources  of  her  revenues,  the  ease 
with  which  they  were  obtained,  and  the  prodigality  with  which  most  of  them 
were  spent. 


Romance  of  the  Present. — The  American  portion  of  our  coast  is,  his- 
torically, one  of  the  newest  parts  of  the  globe.  Its  most  important  events 
have  happened  within  the  recollection  of  the  present  generation.  We  have 
no  ancient  monuments  or  records,  no  buried  cities,  no  ruined  castles,  no 
local  traditions  running  back  through  many  centuries.  The  Fgyptians, 
Assyrians,  Persians,  Carthaginians,  Saracens,  Goths,  or  Huns,  never  con- 
quered otn-  territorj-,  nor  enslaved  our  people;  neither  Greeks  nor  Romans 
planted  colonies  on  our  shores,  or  ga\e  names  to  our  mountains  and  rivers. 
We  have  no  Marathon,  no  Runnj-medc,  no  liastile  column,  no  Ikmker  Mill. 
We  ha\e  had  no  religious  martyrdoms  or  persccutii^ns.  No  TllE.MISTOCI.ES, 
I'ERICLE.S,    COLIfiNY.     WiLLIAM     tllC    Silent,    IIKNRV     IV,     BaRNEVELDT, 

UURLEICII,  Ada.MS  or  Ji:i  I'erson,  maintained  the  cause  of  freedom  in  the 
early  councils  or  or,  the  battlefields  of  our  coast.  We  have  inherited  no  in- 
spiring local  traditi'ins,  no  sacred  institutions,  no  precious  accumulations 
from  former  times.  Our  country  is  as  we  have  made  it,  not  as  wc  re- 
ceived it  from  a  remote  ancestry.  Whatever  has  been  done  here  is  our  own 
work,  or  at  least  the  work  of  our  generation.  When  Scnora  Rern.VL  as  a 
bride  of  fifteen,  in  1.S19,  first  made  her  home  at  th-  Mission  of  San  I'>an- 
cisco,  near  where  she  now  resides,  California  was  still  subject  to  Spain.  No 
white  man  then  had  his  home  in  the  Sacramentoor  San  Joaquin  valley ;  no 
town  ol  civilized  people  existed  anywhere  on  our  coast  north  of  San  i-'ran- 


Go 


IXrUODUCTIOX. 


ciscd  Bay.  Do!i  I^io  Pli'd,  the  !asi  Goxcrnor  of  California,  under  the 
aiithorit}'  of  Mexico,  is  still  an  acti\c  old  gentleman.  One  of  his  predeces- 
sors ill  office,  Don  ]v  \y  1!.  Alv.\K.\[)0,  al.so  survives.  Don  M.VUiA.vo  G, 
Valle.TO,  who,  ill  i,S:;5,  by  order  of  the  ]\Icxican  governincnt,  laid  off  the 
town  of  Sonoma,  to  sa\i~  iIk;  northern  half  of  California  from  fallinij  into 
the  possession  of  the  Russians,  continues  to  share  our  councils.  John  Bid- 
WELL  and  JOSI.VH  Beldkx,  niemhcrs  of  the  first  party  of  emigrants,  organ- 
ized forty  years  ago  in  Missouri,  to  cross  the  continent  directly  to  California, 
are  among  the  prominent  business  men  of  the  State.  Col.  J.  D.  Sti:ven- 
SO\,  who  headed  the  regiment  of  New  York  volunteers  (selected,  in  iS.j.6, 
as  suitable  persons  to  become  iicrmanent  residents  of  California,  and  thus 
strengthen  American  influence  in  what  was  feared  would  long  be  a  predomi- 
nant!)' Spanish  community),  now  holds  a  responsible  office  in  San  I'rancisco 
antl  attends  in  person  to  its  duties.  Al.l'KKD  RoiUN.sox,  the  first  American 
to  write  a  book  on  California,  is  our  fellow-cilizen.  I'lie  first  American 
Governor  of  tlie  State,  rKTER  11.  IUr.m:tt,  and  the  first  pair  of  Senators 
chosen  to  represent  California  in  the  National  Congress — \\'.  M.  GwiN  and 
J.  C.  FuKMO.NT — are  yet  with  us. 

.Mtliough  man)-  of  the  pioneers  of  i,S49  liave  gone  down  to  their  rest, 
and  ,illhou;.:h  man)-  of  the  present  generation  of  Califoriiians  are  young 
men,  while  others  receiul)'  came  from  the  Atlantic  States  or  luirope  to 
make  their  homes  here,  -AxW  there  is  no  exagger;ition  in  sa\'ing  that  nearly 
e\cr\'tliing  tb.at  lias  fieen  done  b)-  art  to  nirich  or  beaulifv-  the  .State,  to  de- 
velop its  resources,  or  build  up  its  industries,  is  our  work.  We,  as  a  com- 
munil)-,  have  organi/.ed  its  government,  frame!  its  laws,  founded  its  cities 
and  towns,  erected  every  house  of  briclv  or  wood,  openetl  ever)'  mine,  every 
farm,  .md  e\ei)-  m.inufacturing  esta!)lishment,  constructeil  e\ei)'  railroad 
and  wagon-road,  and  pl.mted  ever)-  large  vineyard  and  orcliard. 

For  him  who  can  turn  away  occasion;illy  from  tlie  narrow  surroundings 
of  his  personalitA-  ami  localit)-,  .md  climl)  to  tlic  towering  pinnacles  of  his- 
torical ol)scr\ation,  for  .'i  compre!iensi\e  \i(^w  of  tlie  past  career  and  present 
activit)-  of  our  race-  for  liini,  ue  li\-e  in  ;m  age  and  .i  l.md  of  roinance 
abounding  in  events  tlirilling  as  any  in  the  glorious  period  of  the  Atlicni.iri 
annals,  and  more  marvelous  tlirni  the  triumphs  of  genii  in  Araljiaii  fiction. 
Our  coast,  in  this  \ei-)-  )ear  of  i.Soj,  is  .iccomplishing  wonders  Ijeyond  tlic 
wildest  (Ire.uns  of  .uitiquit)-.  Never,  until  recenll)-,  did  the  glolx;  witness 
sueli  swift  ;uid  gr;uu!  clian;;es  as  are  imw  occurring  a!)out  us.  Never  diil 
mankind  cKc-wliei-e  advance  witli  greater  speed.  Never  did  progress  achieve 
triumplis  iiKne  glorious.  Never  did  tlu'  learning,  experience,  and  wealtli 
iiccumukited  elsi'vvliere  for  centuries,  rush  vvitlia  stronger  current,  to  fill  witli 
the  treasures  of  a  lii;,;h  eiiligliti'mnent,  .i  vast  region,  pri'v  ious!)'  unoccupied, 


gi:n!;r.\i.  ri:ATrRi;s  of  husixkss. 


6l 


save  b\'  savat^cs.  Nc\cr  was  an  iinasioii  more  peaceful,  or  more  beneficent. 
Never  was  a  conquest  more  complete,  or  more  permanent.  What  other 
lands  ha\-c  spent  a  thousand  j-ears  in  accomplishinLj  is  here  done  in  a  L^cn- 
er.itioii.  Wc  have  appropriated  all  the  arts  of  other  lands  and  added  many 
of  our  own.  No  scheme  is  too  difficult  for  us  lo  undertake.  The  forces  of 
nature  submit  at  our  first  effort.  Wc  scared)'  build  a  shanty  in  the  .'-■ierra 
Ne\ada,  before  the  placers  offer  us  their  treasures.  Our  horticulturists 
scarcely  plant  a  vine  or  a  tree  before  the\'  arc  rewarded  with  an  unexampled 
wealth  of  orchard  and  \ineyartl.  The  first  American  attcinpt  to  mine  for 
siher  leads  to  the  rc\'elation  of  the  Comstock  lode.  The  land  and  sea,  the 
mountains  and  vallej-s,  the  forests  and  rivers,  compete  with  one  anotlier  in 
dcmandinij  our  acceptance  of  their  j^rizcs.  Cities  and  states  ri.se  before  us 
as  if  by  enchantment.  After  a  few  weeks  of  ob.scrvation  and  thought,  by 
pioneer  settlers  and  ent^nnccrs,  in  the  midst  of  a  solitude,  the  channels  of  trade 
and  the  centers  of  wealth  arc  fixed,  for  centuries  to  come.  Half  a  dozen 
railroads  march  across  a  continent  at  once.  The  Canadian  Pacific,  the 
Northern  Pacific,  the  Central  Pacific,  the  Denver  Pacific,  the  iVtlanlic  and 
Pacific,  the  Atchison,  Topcka  and  Santa  Fc,  the  Southern  Pacific,  and  the 
OrcLjon  Raihva}-  and  Navi;.^ation  Compan\-,  are  engaged  in  a  race  such  as 
the  world  ne\cr  saw  in  the  past,  and  will  perhaps  ne\er  see  in  the  future. 
We  are  in  the  midst  of  their  great  works.  The)-  fill  the  earth  ami  air  with 
their  marvels.  These  corporations  are  struggling  for  the  trade  of  empire:;; 
and  the  clima.x  of  the  conllict  is  rapidh-  approaching.  lie  who  can  see  no 
romance  in  such  a  contest,  he  who  can  not  sec  romance  in  anythiiig  save 
courts  and  camps,  blood  ami  steel,  is  an  alien  to  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  is 
unable  to  understand  either  the  past  or  the  present.  Whether  he  can  sec  it 
or  iKjt,  the  fact  remains  the  same,  that  civilization  lia\ing  taken  possession 
of  our  shores  in  i)erpetuity,  is  rapiiU)-  developing  here  an  imperial  power, 
which,  without  aspiring  to  a  scpanitc  nationality,  will  inevitably  exeit  a 
grand  influence  on  the  commerce  and  industry  of  remote  ages.  Wc  live  in 
the  present  and  in  anticipation  of  the  future;  the  past  is  of  little  value, 
save  as  it  prepares  us  for  what  is  to  come.  The  main  element  in  life  is  toil, 
and  success  in  it  is  one  of  the  highest  satisfactions  and  benefactions.  As  a 
basis  of  self-reliance  and  .self-respect,  the  \anity,  based  on  the  famous 
exploits  of  our  ancestors,  is  far  inferior  to  the  consciousness  that  we  our- 
.selves  lia\e  .icconiiilished  great  results.  No  other  pride  is  so  hon<:)rablc  or 
so  inspiring  as  that  growing  out  of  personal  success  in  planning,  managing, 
and  completing  extensive  and  diiricult  enterprises,  requiring  accurate  scien- 
tific education,  comprehensive  knowledge  of  business  relations  and  human 
nature,  study,  ami  long-continued  toil,  prmlence,  economy,  judicious  plan.s, 
and  strict  adherence  to  jjurpo.sc.  Such  pride  is  not  rare  on  the  Pacific  coa.st, 
and  will  not  be  fur  .i  long  time  to  conic. 


mmim 


62 


INTKOIJUCTION. 


CMAPTKR  III.— CLIMATE. 


Comparative  Meteorology. — One  cif  llio  most  potent  aids  to  individual 
comfort  ;md  national  progress,  is  an  equable  and  genial  climate.  Within 
hi.storical  times  no  nation  has  risen  to  greatness,  no  man  to  eminence  in 
literature  or  industrial  art,  in  a  torrid  or  frigid  region.  The  leadership  n{ 
progress,  the  custodj-  of  the  highest  culture,  predominance  in  political  and 
militar)-  power  belong  to  the  temperate  zone.  Tropical  heat  and  arctic  cold 
dcjiress  the  mental  and  ph>sical  energies,  diminish  ambitions,  reduce  the 
field  of  activity,  and  cut  off  many  sources  of  enjoyment.  To  a  less  extent 
these  unfa\nrab!e  influences  arc  exercised  also  by  meteorological  extremes, 
w  ithin  the  temperate  zone.  C,  L.  BRACK,  who  hatl  traveled  extensively  in 
different  p.uts  of  the  workl,  and  wliose  attention  had  been  called  to  this  sub- 
ject by  his  stay  in  California,  wrcjte  that  "of  all  human  conditions  next  to 
civilization  .ind  its  advantages,  the  most  important  is  climate;  perhaps  for 
personal  hapjiiness,  it  is  more  than  all  other  material  circumstances."  Vet 
our  geographies,  cjxlopetlias,  and  books  of  travel  generally  give  no  adequate 
idea  of  the  climatic  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  main  meteorologi- 
cal divisions,  and  (jf  the  difi'erences  of  temperature,  rainfall,  and  humidity 
between  New  York,  London,  San  Francisco,  antl  Los  Angeles.  The  ther- 
mometrical  means  of  Januarj-  in  those  4  cities  are  rcspectivel)-:  31,  ^y°, 
4<f,  and  52";  and  of  Jul)-,  75"^,  (j2°  60°,  and  75^.  These  figures  indicate 
vast  differences,  in  the  suitability  of  temperature,  to  the  liealthy  de- 
velopment of  our  bodies,  and  the  active  use  of  our  mental  and  physical 
jjowers.  .As  superiorit)'  of  climate  is  to  a  nation  one  of  the  most  valu.ible 
of  all  possession.s,  so  ati  understanding  of  climatic  differences  is  to  an  indi- 
vidual one  of  the  most  desirable  (jf  all  kinds  of  knowledge.  The  clearness 
of  the  sk}-  and  the  height  of  the  mercury  determine  whether  tiic  weather 
is  to  be  pleasant  or  unpleasant,  and  often  whether  the  d;iy  shall  pass  agree- 
ably or  ilisagreeably.  Our  co.ist,  as  a  whole,  and  especiall\-  the  Californian 
part  of  it,  has  much  to  gain,  and  nothing  to  lose,  by  the  diffusion  of  knowl- 
edge about  com])arati\e  meteorology. 


Standards  of  Temperature.— Aiuuial  thermomctrical  means  have  very 
little  \alue,  in  convejing  correct  ideas  of  temperature.  According  to  the 
nati(3nal  signal   service  report,  the  annual  mean  for  i8"7--78  was  54''  for 


■•■Sf, 


;f 


CLIMATE. 


63 


New  York,  and  57°  for  San  Francisco,  but  January  was  21^  warmer,  and 
July  14°  cooler  in  the  latter,  than  in  the  former  city.  The  difference  be- 
tween the  means  of  the  months  was  42°  at  Hell  Gate,  and  7°  at  the  Golden 
Gate;  and  between  the  respective  extremes  81°  and  ^y°.  These  figures 
show  that  the  annual  means  have  \ery  little  value,  except  to  conceal  the 
disadvantages  of  climates,  which  run  from  extreme  cold  in  midwinter  to 
extreme  heat  in  midsummer.  A  similar  objection  can  be  made,  with  good 
reason,  to  the  means  showing  the  average  temperature  of  the  foiu'  seasons ; 
they  serve  to  hide  the  pivotal  figures  which  arc  the  thermometrical  means 
of  January  and  Jul}-,  and  these  are,  in  most  places,  the  coldest  and  hottest 
months,  or  the  extremes  connected  by  gradual  changes;  so  that  he  who 
knows  those  two,  knows  the  whole  year.  The  mean  of  July  in  anj'  one 
place  varies  very  little  from  year  to  year,  and  so  of  January;  but  it  is  bet- 
ter to  have  the  mean  of  many  years,  .so  as  to  avoid  mistake  from  the  ex- 
ceptional character  of  any  one  season.  Such  means  are  the  pivotal  figures 
and  best  standards  of  temperature.  ^ 

Meteorological  Regions. — In  its  meteorology,  as  in  its  botany,  that  part 
of  our  slope  which  lies  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Range — including  its 
continuation  far  into  Alaska — bears  much  more  resemblance  to  Western 
Europe  than  to  the  Atlantic  side  of  our  continent  in  the  same  latitudes. 
Alaska  is  the  counterpart  of  Norway  in  climate.  British  Columbia,  W  ash- 
ington,  and  Oregon,  in  general  character,  are  like  England  and  Scotland; 
and  California  is  like  Spain  or  Italy.  France,  as  a  whole,  has  no  equivalent 
on  our  coast.  Nevada  and  Utah  must  seek  for  their  parallels  in  Turkistan 
and  the  high  lands  of  Persia.  Idaho,  Eastern  Oregon,  and  Washington  are 
much  like  New  York  in  temperature,  though  they  have  less  rainfall.  We 
have  no  complete  meteorological  statistics  for  the  two  slopes  of  Mexico,  and 
therefore  we  can  not  compare  them  i  1  that  respect,  but  it  is  well  known  that 
the  Pacific  shores  of  our  continent  are  free  from  yellow  and  black  levers, 
frequent  and  swiftly  fatal  at  many  pciints  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Our  slope  has  a  number  of  distinci:  meteorological  regions,  the  principal 
of  which  are  those  of  Alaska,  Western  Oregon,  San  Francisco,  Sacramento, 
Utah,  Los  Angeles,  Arizona,  and  Western  Mexico.  The.se  regions  will  be 
considered  separately,  beginning  uith  that  of  San  Francisco,  including  the 
countr)'  west  of  the  main  ridgj  of  the  Coast  Mountains,  from  the  35th  to 
the  40th  parallel,  with  a  length  of  350  and  a  width  of  30  miles;  the  me- 
tropolis occupying  a  position  on  its  western  edge,  nearly  midway  between 
the  northern  and  southern  boners.  This  region  ha.s,  within  10  miles  of  the 
ocean,  the  most  ecjuably  cool  climate  on  the  globe,  and  makes  the  ncnest 
approach  to  the  temperature  in  which  active  physical  labor  can  be  performed 


••m^iamm 


64 


INTRODUCTION. 


with  the  least  discomfort  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.     Nowhere  is  the  sky 
more  favoraiolc  to  the  toiler  than  between  these  limits. 


San  Francisco  Summers.  —  The  thermomctrical  mean  of  July,  60^, 
S'^  or  10  below  the  (.leyrcc  of  warmth  that  is  comfortable  to  the  idler,  de- 
mands heav\-  woolen  clothintj  and  active  movement  from  those  who  spend 
much  time  in  the  open  air.  It  is  the  best  of  all  temperatures  for  the  man 
engaLjed  in  i)rcnluctive  industrj-,  spurring^  him  to  continuous  exertion.  It 
is  a  tonic,  that  becomes  part  of  his  .system;  a  perpetual  stimulant,  that  has 
no  intervals  of  depression.  All  book-writing^  travelers,  who  have  visited 
San  Francisco  and  commented  ably  on  the  climate,  have  spoken  in  its  praise. 
C.  L.  BR.\cr,  said:  "  1 1  ere,  it  seems  to  me,  jou  ha\c  it  as  near  perfection  as 
man  can  attain  without  enervation."  In  another  place  lie  tells  his  readers 
that  "the  climate  is  the  great  charm  of  this  city.  It  is  the  most  exhilarat- 
ing atmosi)here  in  the  world.  In  it  a  man  can  do  more  work  than  anywhere 
else,  and  under  it  he  feels  under  a  con.'Uant  pressure  of  excitement."  FlTZ- 
IIUGII  Ludlow  speaks  of  the  "divine  days"  and  "heavenly  climate"  of  the 
Golden  Gate.  Samuul  BoWLES  says:  "The  evenness  of  the  climate,  *  * 
•  and  the  indescribable  inspiration  of  the  air,  arc  the  great  features  of  life." 
Sir  Charles  Dilku  remarks,  that  "the  peculiarity  of  climate  carries  with 
it  great  advantages.  It  is  never  too  hot,  never  too  cold,  to  work — a  fact 
which,  of  itself,  secures  a  grand  future  for  San  Francisco.  The  effect  upon 
national  t)pe  is  marked.  At  a  San  Franci.sco  ball  you  see  English  faces, 
not  American."     B.  F.  T.VVLOR  sings  of  it  as  the  cit}' 

"  Where  Winter  keeps  \v;ilch  and  ward, 
Willi  .Summer  asleep  at  his  feet; 
.Stands  guard  with  a  .silver  sword, 

Where  the  Junes  and  Decctnliers  meet." 

In  Jul)-  San  Francisco  is  cooler  than  London  by  2^,  than  Olympia  by  3°, 
than  Portland  bj-  7^,  than  San  Diego  by  9*^,  than  Paris  by  10'^,  anil  than 
Genoa,  Naples,  Jerusalem,  Cincinnati,  or  New  York  by  17°.  This  peculiar 
coolness,  une.xairiplctl  at  the  level  of  the  .sea,  in  the  .same  latitude,  is  attrib- 
utable maini)-  to  the  ijrevalenco  of  the  trade  wind,  blowing  nearly  every  d;ij' 
from  April  to  October  over  the  Kurosiwo,  which,  after  sweefjing  round  under 
the  islantls  of  Alaska,  reaches  our  shores  with  .1  temjierature  never  varying, 
near  the  Golden  Ciate,  more  than  3''  from  55".  This  vast  ocean  stream, 
bringing  subfrigid  wale  s  into  a  subtropical  latitude,  is  a  great  factor  in  the 
life  of  California,  influencing  its  pleasures  and  its  business  in  many  ways. 
The  Atlantic  in  the  .pth  ])arallel  is  w.irm  enough  on  both  sides  in  stimiucr 
for  pleasant  bathing,  but  not  so  the  Pacific  near  its  eastern  shore  in  the  same 
latitude.     San  I'rancisto,  within  her  city  limit;  has  a  m.ignificcnt  beach,  but 


CLIMATE. 


65 


the  air  and  water  there,  on  the  average  July  day,  arc  more  than  cool ;  they 
arc  chilling. 

The  intense  heat  in  the  interior  of  the  continent  is  the  main  cause  of  the 
trade  wind,  prevailing  along  the  coast,  in  the  warm  season.  Throughout  a 
region  1,000  miles  long  by  500  wide,  the  drj-  .soil,  under  a  burning  sun,  causes 
a  vast  extent  of  rarefied  atmosphere  into  which  the  breezes  rush  from  the 
west  and  north-west.  If  the  plains  and  mountains  of  central  California, 
Nevada,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  northern  Mexico  were  covered  with  forests,  the 
rainfall  would  be  greater,  the  sun  would  not  strike  the  earth  in  the  same 
manner,  evaporation  would  keep  down  the  temperature,  the  quantities  of 
air  warmed  to  a  high  degree  would  be  much  smaller,  and  the  breezes  from 
the  ocean  much  weaker.  We  have  no  meteorological  statistics  to  prove  the 
direction  or  strength  of  the  main  air  currents,  that  supply  the  region  east  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada;  but  we  know,  from  the  heat  of  the  soil  there  in  the 
summer  days,  that  a  large  supply  of  air  must  be  needed  to  replace  that 
which  rises.  There  is  a  better  opportunity  and  there  arc  more  stations  to 
observe  the  currents,  blowing  into  the  great  interior  valley,  or  Sacramento- 
San  Joaquin  basin  of  California.  Every  average  summer  day  these  currents 
pass  eastward  from  the  Pacific,  over  the  Coast  Range,  sometimes  carrying 
flecks  of  cloud  or  fog  20  or  30  miles  inland,  to  mark  their  track.  The  cur- 
rent is  especially  strong  at  the  Golden  and  Silver  gates,  where  it  finds  the 
only  opportunity  to  travel  near  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  its  influence  is 
clearly  discernible  along  its  route,  as  we  shall  have  occasion  to  remark  in 
other  paragraphs. 

Hot  Days. — The  highest  temperature  recorded  by  the  signal  service  in 
San  Francisco  for  July,  1877,  was  76°,  not  high  enough  to  be  uncomfortably 
warm.  The  average  of  the  maximum  observations  for  each  day  in  the 
month  was  66°;  while  the  similar  average  for  New  York  city  was  83°.  In 
25  out  of  the  31  days,  the  mercury  on  Manhattan  Island  rose  to  80°;  at 
which  figure  oppressive  heat  begins.  An  examination  of  the  meteorological 
tables,  kept  in  San  Francisco  by  TilO.M.VS  Texnknt,  for  32  years  ending 
October  i,  1881,  shows  that  the  thermometer  reached  80°  on  209  days  in 
that  period,  or  less  than  7  days  in  a  year,  on  the  average;  in  some  years  not 
once.  In  1855,  an  exceptional  season,  there  were  20  hot  days.  In  1861, 
18G2,  1863,  1S73,  and  1881,  there  was  not  one. 

N(3t  on!)'  arc  the  hot  days  few,  but  they  arc  scattered.  It  is  a  very  rare 
occurrence  for  more  than  3  to  come  together;  but  as  the  San  Franciscans, 
accustomed  to  their  chill  climate,  dress  in  heavy  woolen  suits  through  the 
summer,  a  day  which  they  call  hot  would  not  receive  such  a  title  in  Sacra- 
mento or  New  York.  Summer  heat,  at  the  Golden  Gate,  is  always  associ- 
9 


66 


INTRODUCTION. 


atcd  with  an  arrest  of  the  trade  wind;  so  loni^  as  that  blows  briskly,  with 
its  temperature  of  55"' or  Co"  at  the  beach,  the  thermometer  can  not  rise 
to  75^  in  the  city.  Let  it  stop  however  for  6  hours  in  dayhght  and  the 
sun's  rays  will  soon  become  oppressive.  The  trade  wind  blowing  from  the 
west  supplies  cool  air  to  the  heated  surface  of  the  Sacramento  basin.  How- 
ever, there  are  occasions  when,  for  a  few  days,  a  strong  wind  blows  from  the 
north  through  that  basin.  At  such  times,  the  trade  wind  has  little  to  do 
at  the  Golden  Gate,  and  a  period  of  heat  follows.  Whenever  a  strong  north 
wind  iirevails  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  for  several  days,  then  a  hill  in  the 
trade  wind  and  a  warm  day  may  be  expected..  In  the  climate  of  San 
Francisco  the  phrase  "dog-days"  is  not  applicable  to  any  portion  of  the 
summer,  as  it  is  in  the  cities  on  the  Atlantic  slope.  One  result  of  the  cool 
temperature  and  constant  trade  wind  at  San  Francisco  is,  that  a  person  with 
weak  lungs  can  not  drive  out  comfortably,  in  an  open  carriage,  to  the  ocean 
beach  in  July,  unless  the  day  is  exceptionally  still  and  warm. 

It  is  a  singular  feature  of  the  shore  climate  of  the  San  Francisco  region, 
that  July  is  not  the  hottest  month,  nor  is  August;  but  September.  Thus, 
■according  to  the  signal  .service  records,  the  mean  of  July  in  1877  was  59°, 
and  of  .September  61°.  The  means  of  a  number  of  years  give  58'^  to  July, 
August,  and  October,  and  59'^  to  September.  In  St.  Loui.s,  of  July,  August, 
and  September,  the  respective  means  arc  78°,  76^,  and  70°,  and  in  New  York 
City,  74'',  74^  and  6CP.  The  greater  heat  of  September,  as  compared  with 
Jul}-,  in  San  Francisco,  is  presumably  caused  by  the  cooling  of  the  Sacra- 
mento basin,  so  that  there  is  not  such  a  draft  of  cold  air,  pouring  through  the 
Golden  Gate  in  the  autumn,  as  in  the  summer.  At  Sacramento  city  the  tem- 
perature of  September  is  7^  less  than  that  of  July;  at  Red  Bluff,  G=  less;  and  at 
Visalia,  9^  less.  These  figures  indicate  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  demand 
of  the  great  interior  valley  for  cooling  breezes.  As  the  mean  temperature  of 
July  is  less  than  that  o(  September,  so  is  the  average  number  of  hot  days. 
Thus  in  the  32  years  ending  October  1,1881,  June  had  36  hot  days  (of  80°); 
July,  17;  August,  19;  Scinember,  57;  and  October,  41.  September  had  3 
times,  and  June  and  October  each  twice  as  many  as  July. 

Cool  Nights.— The  nights  are  always  cool  at  the  Golden  Gate.  On  rare 
occasions,  the  early  part  of  the  night  has  been  warm,  but  the  latter  part, 
never.  The  lowest  observation  taken  in  July,  1877,  was  53°.  The  mean  of 
the  minimums  was  55^.  All  the  signal  .service  figures  are,  however,  a  little 
higher  than  those  taken  by  unofTicial  observations.  The  mean  temperature 
of  the  July  sunrise  in  San  Francisco  is,  according  to  Dr.  GlBDON.s,  52°— cool 
enough  to  make  a  fire  desirable. 

Warm  Winters.— The  Kurosiwo,  which  moderates  the  summer's  licat,  also 


CLINfATE. 


67 


tempers  the  winter's  cold,  on  our  coast,  carrying  such  a  mass  of  water,  and 
spending  so  much  time  in  its  grand  circuit,  that  the  change  of  the  seasons 
has  little  perceptible  effect  on  its  temperature,  when  it  reaches  California.  It 
is  almost  as  warm  in  January  as  in  July,  and  almost  as  cold  in  the  latter  as 
in  the  former  month.  Not  so  swift  in  its  current  nor  so  narrow  along  the 
Asiatic  coast  as  is  the  gulf  stream  near  Florida,  it  has  greater  width,  prob- 
ably greater  depth,  and  a  longer  course.  Off  San  Francisco,  it  seems  to  be 
500  miles  wide,  and  is  perhaps  a  mile  deep.  The  temperature  of  the  water 
at  the  Golden  Gate  is  in  July  about  53'^, 7"^  less  than  that  of  the  air;  200 
miles  out  it  is  58°  10°  less  than  that  of  the  air;  and  600  miles  out  it  is  6y^, 
3°  less  than  that  of  the  air.  This  change  in  the  temperature  of  the  water, 
in  the  same  latitude,  can  not  be  explained  satisfactorily  upon  any  theory 
save  that  the  ocean  current  has  a  width  of  500  miles  or  more.  The  normal 
mean  temperature  of  July,  in  the  38th  parallel  of  latitude,  is  about  75°  on 
land  and  70°  in  the  water. 

The  mean  temperature  of  JanUary  in  San  Francisco  is  in  average  years 
about  49°.  According  to  the  United  States  signal  .service  records,  the  mean 
of  the  month  in  1878  was  53"-',  and  the  lowest  observation,  39°.  The  mean  for 
the  same  month  at  2  P.  M.,  was  57°;  and  at  sunrise,  49°.  According  to  the  self- 
registering  thermometer  of  TllOM.vs  Tennent,  in  the  32  years  ending 
October  i,  1881,  the  mercury  fell  to  the  freezing  point  on  155  nights, or  not 
5  nights  in  a  year,  on  the  average.  The  greatest  number  in  a  year  was  21, 
in  1862;  but  there  was  not  one  in  1852,  1853,  i860,  1866,  1871,  or  1877. 
Of  these  155  freezing  nights,  December  had  58,  January,  50;  February,  19; 
November,  16;  March,  7;  April,  4;  and  May,  one.  The  mercury  has  not 
been  so  low  as  32-  between  sunrise  and  sunset  on  more  than  10  days  in  32 
years. 

Snow  is  sometimes  seen  to  fall  in  San  Franci.sco,  but  almost  invariably 
melts  within  5  seconds  after  touching  the  ground,  which  has  never  been 
white  with  it,  or  at  least  not  within  25  years.  On  several  occasions  the 
streets  have  been  white  or  whitish  with  sleet  or  fine  hail.  Ice  has  formed 
to  the  thickness  of  an  inch;  but  usually  disappears  before  noon.  The  cold- 
est temperature  ever  ob.scrved  in  San  Francisco  was  25°,  or  7°  below  the 
freezing  point.  Although  in  the  average  winter,  there  ar''  not  more  than  5 
nights  in  which  the  thermometer,  as  usually  placed,  4  feet  from  the  ground, 
records  a  figure  so  low  as  32°  yet  there  arc  probably  20  mornings  in  which 
a  white  frost  may  be  seen  on  the  ground,  especially  in  places  where  it  is 
covered  by  grass,  straw,  or  woody  fiber.  The  frosts,  however,  are  never 
severe;  and  delicate  subtropical  ornamental  plants,  including  the  heliotrope, 
fuchsia,  floripondio,  geranium,  and  French  roses,  live  and  often  bloom 
through  the  winter  in  the  open  air. 


<:s 


INTRODUCTION*. 


Associated  with  the  small  iany;c  of  temperature  between  the  means  of 
January  and  Jul}',  and  between  the  means  of  the  maximums  and  minimums 
of  either  month,  is  also  a  small  rantjc  in  the  temperature  of  the  days  con- 
sidered separately.  Thus  the  greatest  difference  between  the  nia-ximinn 
and  minimum  of  any  one  day  was  20°  in  July  and  17°  in  Januaiy,  whereas 
in  New  York,  the  difference  was  22°  in  July  and  28°  in  January;  in  St. 
Louis  it  was  26^  in  July  and  22°  in  Januar)-.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
the.se  oscillations  in  San  Francisco  arc  on  both  sides  of  the  temperature  of 
comfort,  while  in  New  York  and  St.  Louis  they  belong,  for  July,  to  the  do- 
main of  oppressive  heat,  and  for  January  to  that  of  intense  cold. 

The  remarks  about  the  climate  of  .Snn  Francisco  apply,  with  slight  mod- 
ification, to  Santa  Cruz,  Monterey,  and  all  places  on  or  very  near  the  ocean 
beach,  between  the  35th  and  40th  parallels.  San  Francisco  is  a  little  cooler,  in 
summer,  than  other  points,  because  of  the  dral't  of  cool  air  from  the  ocean 
passing  through  the  Golden  and  Silver  gates  to  the  Sacramento  Valley. 
Santa  Cruz  is  a  little  warmer  than  Monterey,  in  summer,  because  it  is  pro- 
tected by  a  hill  from  the  trade  winds.  There  is  less  frost  on  the  beach  than 
there  is  a  mile  away  ;  less  within  a  mile,  than  4  miles  awa\'.  The  heal  of 
summer  and  the  cold  of  winter  increase,  as  we  le.avc  the  ocean,  and  as  we 
get  beyond  into  the  shelter  of  any  range  of  hills,  that  breaks  the  force  of 
the  ocean  breezes.  Thus  Vallejo,  at  the  .Silver  Gate,  onl)-  25  miles  from 
.San  I'rancisco,  has  a  July  iP  warmer,  ,ind  a  January  i'-'  coUlcr  ;  St.  Helena, 
about  as  far  from  the  ocean  as  Vallejo,  but  shut  in  b\'  a  mountain  ridge 
2000  feet  high,  is  19  "  w.armcr  in  Jul)-  and  /■■'  colder  in  January.  The  valley 
towns,  in  the  San  I'rancisco  region,  though  much  warmer  in  the  summer 
than  the  metropolis,  can  not  grow  the  same  tender  plants  in  their  gardens. 
As  a  general  rule,  it  m.i}'  be  said,  January  is  about  2^  cokler,  and  July  lO'^ 
warmer,  30  miles  from  the  ocean  than  on  the  beach.  Among  the  valley 
towns,  in  the  San  Francisco  region,  are  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara,  Gilroy, 
Watsonville,  Salinas,  Solcdad,  Ilollister,  Hayward.s,  San  Rafael,  Santa 
Rosa,  Ilealdsburg,  Cloverdale,  Ukiah,  Calistoga,  St.  Helena,  Napa,  Sonoma, 
Clayton,  Liverniore,  and  Pleasanton,  and  the  summer  and  winter  tempera- 
tures of  each  arc  much  influenced  by  the  amount  of  sea  breeze  reaching 
them. 


!.: 


The  Early  Spring, — The  pleasantest  season  of  the  a\'erage  year  in 
Californi.i  is  the  earl)-  spring,  a  period  of  about  6  weeks,  commencing  some- 
times in  the  middle  of  February,  when  the  heaviest  rains  and  the  cold  of 
winter  have  passed  ;  when  the  summer  heats  have  not  commenced  in  the 
interior,  nor  the  winds  and  fogs  on  the  coast ;  when  the  breezes  are  balmy 
and  the  temper.iturc  genial ;   when  the  sky   is  free  from  clouds,  and  the 


CMMATI-. 


69 


atmosphere  from  haze  ;  when  the  hills  and  valley.^  arc  gorgeous  in  varictl 
Lints  of  green,  the  wiM  flowers  abundant,  and  the  colors  and  shapes  i.f  the 
far  distant  mountaii,-  distinctly  discernible.  In  this  region,  all  seasons  of 
the  year  are  pleasant,  but  this  is  pre-eminently  beautiful.  In  June,  if  not 
in  May,  the  .surface  of  the  soil  becomes  dry,  the  landscape  turns  br  a  n, 
the  flowers  die,  the  roads  and  the  lower  strata  of  the  air  become  dusty,  and 
the  mountains  dim.  The  Indian  summer,  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  is  beauti- 
ful ;  but  it  is  far  inferior  in  brilliancy  and  attractiveness  to  the  early  spring  of 
California,  and  especially  of  Southern  California,  where,  in  addition  to  the 
charms  of  the  season  in  other  portions  of  the  state,  we  then  sec  the  orange 
orchards  loaded  with  the  ripe  iVuit  of  one  crop,  and  with  the  fragrant  blos- 
soms of  the  next  one,  at  the  ba.sc  of  grand  mountains,  and  within  10  or  20 
miles  of  their  snow-crowncf!  summits. 


San  Francisco  Rains. —  The  average  amount  of  rain  in  San  Francisco  is 
2.^  inches  i?i  a  year,  about  half  as  much  as  falls  at  New  York  or  London. 
The  Californian  rainfall,  however,  is  confine  1  to  the  winter  half  of  the  year, 
ami  is  called  the  .rainy  season,  although  there  are  not  more  rainy  days,  nor 
is  there  more  rainfall,  than  during  the  same  months  in  New  York.  \Ve 
speak  of  the  rainy  season,  because  it  is  the  only  period  when  we  have  riin, 
not  a  season  of  continuous  rain.  The  average  rainfall,  in  the  6  months  from 
May  to  October,  inclusive,  is  an  inch  and  a  half;  in  the  other  6  months  it  is 
2i^a  inches.  In  the  4  months  from  June  to  September,  inclusive,  the  aver- 
age is  less  than  a  third  of  an  inch,  and  less  than  a  twentieth  of  an  inch  for 
each  of  the  months  of  June,  Jul\-,  and  August.  Though  the  amount  of  the 
rainfall  varies  greatly  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  there  is  much  resem- 
blance in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  different  seasons,  everywhere  sa\c 
in  the  Colorado  basin,  which  belongs  to  the  Arizona  meteorological  region, 
having  its  rain  in  the  summer,  whjle  the  remainder  of  the  year  is  usually  dry. 

The  scarcity  of  summer  rain  in  California  and  Nevada,  is  doubtless  due 
mainly  to  two  causes:  First,  the  Californian  trade  winds  are  so  cold,  that 
they  will  not  take  up  much  moisture  from  the  ocean;  that  is,  they  take  up 
much  less  than  hot  winds  would ;  and,  second,  so  soon  as  they  reach  the 
land,  they  encounter  a  much  higher  temperature,  ,so  that  their  moisture,  in- 
stead of  being  condensed,  is  ab.sorbed  by  hot  currents,  which  rise  and  pass 
in  a  clear  sky  to  the  eastward  and  northward,  until  in  Oregon,  Idaho,  or 
Montana,  they  encounter  currents  cool  enough  to  cause  precipitation.  Prof. 
John  Le  Conte  says;  "This  remarkable  feature  of  the  climate  of  this 
coa.st  is  clearly  due  to  the  excess  of  temperature  of  the  adjacent  land,  dur- 
ing the  summer,  above  that  of  the  cool  ocean  on  the  west.  This  condition 
of  things,  while  it  augments  the  force  of  the  west  winds,  renders  the  pre- 


70 


INTROIirCTinX. 


cipitation  of  the  aqueous  vapors  of  small  tension,  which  they  sweep  from 
tlic  cool  ocean  to  the  hot  interior,  a  i)h\-sical  imi>ossibility,  since  the)-  arc 
being  carrieil  to  a  region  of  higher  temperature.  Further  north,  along  the 
coasts  of  Oregon,  Washington  Territorj-,  and  Alaskfi,  the  presence  of  a  com- 
paratively warm  ocean  renders  the  conditions  more  favorable  for  summer 
rains." 

No  Jiurricane  has  ever  visited  California,  or  the  ocean  near  its  shore,  and 
tliunder  storms  are  ver\-  rare,  year  after  year  jiassing  in  the  valleys  without 
one  brilliant  flash  of  lightning.  The  deaths  by  lightning  in  the  State  ha\e 
been  2  In  30  years,  whereas,  in  I^ngland,  25,  and  in  the  American  states 
cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  145  ;ire  killed  !>)•  it  annually.  In  a  region 
where  there  are  no  hurricanes,  where  summer  rains  are  alinost  unknown,  and 
where  the  winter  rains  are  announced  usually  24  hours  in  advance  by  a 
cliangc  in  the  direction  of  the  wind  (it  blows  from  the  north,  north-west,  or 
west  for  clear  weather,  and  from  south-west,  south,  or  south-ea.st  for  rain), 
there  is  comparatively  little  use  for  the  barometer. 

Irregular  Rainfall. — There  is  more  irregularity  in  rainfall  than  in  tem- 
perature. The  mean  of  the  therinometer  for  any  one  month  is  about  the 
.same  in  one  year  .as  in  another,  a  variation  of  5  per  cent,  being  rare;  and 
year  after  )-car  will  pass  without  a  difference  of  2  per  cent.;  whereas  a  varia- 
tion of  50  per  cent,  in  the  rain-gauge  is  not  unfret[uent.  If  we  count  j'cars 
of  flood,  as  those  with  more  than  30  inches  of  rain,  we  have  had  7  in  the 
32  years  from  1849  to  1881 ;  and  estimating  17  inches  or  less  as  a  drought, 
we  have  had  6  in  the  same  pciod;  making  13  years  of  extremes  out  of  the 
32,  or  more  than  one  in  3.  It  is  estimated  that  12  inches  of  water  is  suffi- 
cient, with  skillful  management,  to  secure  a  good  crop  of  wheat,  but  the 
rain  often  comes  at  such  times,  that  a  large  part  of  it  is  lost  to  the  farmer; 
and  the  fall  is  less  in  the  wheat-growing  valleys  than  in  San  Franci.sco. 

As  a  genera!  rule  the  rainfall  in  California  is  2  inches  greater  for  each 
degree  of  latitude,  as  wc  go  northward  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
State.  It  is  greater  near  the  ocean  shore  th.m  inlimd;  greater  in  the  moun- 
tains than  in  the  valleys;  and  greater  on  the  western,  than  on  the  casicrn 
slopes  of  the  mountains.  All  studies  so  far  undertaken  to  discover  a  regu- 
lar periodicity  in  the  variations  of  the  Californian  rainfall,  or  an  increase  and 
decrease  concurrent  with  the  progress  of  the  sunspots  or  with  some  astro- 
nomical cycle,  have  been  unsuccessful.  A  comparison  of  the  rainfall  at  San 
Francisco  as  compared  with  that  at  Nilcs,  15  miles  to  the  eastward,  and  at 
Livermore,  10  miles  east  of  Niles,  will  show  the  decrease  in  proportion  to 
distance  from  the  occ.in.  According  to  the  figures  recorded  at  the  stations 
of  the  CiiXTR.VL  P.vciK ic  Railroad  Company,  the  amounts  at  the  3  places 


climatf:. 


71 


were,  in  1S71-72,  28,  23  and  19  inches  respectively;  in  1872-73,  16,  14.  and 
11;  in  1S73-74,  23,  14  and  12;  in  1874-75,  18,  12  and  12;  in  1875-76,  26, 
26  and  20;  in  1876-77,  9,  9  and  6;  in  1877-78,  32,  25  and  17;  in  187S-79, 
23,  15  and  10;  and  in  1879-80,  25,  18  and  16.  The  average  at  San  Fran- 
cisco is  69,  and  at  Niles  38  per  cent,  more  than  at  Livcrmore. 

There  arc  66  d.ays  with  rain  in  a  year  at  San  Francisco,  inchidinff  12 
in  December,  10  in  January,  9  in  I'ebruary,  9  in  March,  7  in  November,  5  in 
April, and  2  in  October.  In  London  there  arc  140  such  days  in  a  year;  in  New 
York  there  arc  90.  Many  portions  of  the  San  Francisco  region,  beyond  the 
range  ot"  the  ocean  fogs,  have  220  clear  days,  without  a  cloud  to  obscure  the 
sunlight.     New  York  has  not  half,  and  London  not  a  third  so  many. 

Relative  Humidity. — These  summer  fogs  give  a  dampness  to  the 
atmosphere,  along  the  shore  of  the  San  Francisco  region.  The  amount  of 
moisture  in  the  air  is  measured  by  placing  2  thermometers  side  by  side,  one 
of  them  having  its  bulb  covered  with  a  wet  cloth.  When  the  air  is  saturated 
with  moisture,  there  is  no  evaporation  from  the  wet  cloth,  and  the  2  ther- 
mometers register  the  same  temperature.  When,  on  the  other  hand,  the  air 
is  very  dr}',  the  evaporation  is  rapid,  and  as  evaporation  causes  cold,  the  wet 
bulb  thermometer  marks  a  lower  temperature  than  the  other.  The  differ- 
ence between  the  two  figures  furnishes  a  basis  for  calculating  the  relative 
humidity;  that  is,  the  amount  of  moisture,  in  proportion  to  the  capacity  of 
the  air  at  that  temperature,  to  carry  moisture,  visible  or  invisible.  The 
best  method  of  stating  the  relative  humidity  is  to  divide  the  year  into  two 
.semesters,  or  periods  of  6  months;  the  warm  semester  from  May  to  Octo- 
ber inclusive,  and  the  cold  semester  from  November  to  April  inclusive.  This 
relative  humidity  is  a  matter  of  little  moment  to  a  healthy  person  in  a  tem- 
perature of  pleasant  warmth,  but,  even  in  such  a  temperature,  it  is  important 
to  the  invalid  suffering  with  pulmonary  disease;  and  when  the  weather  is 
cither  hot  or  cold,  may  have  a  great  influence  on  the  comfort  of  the  most 
robust.  The  preponderance  of  recent  medical  authority  has  condemned 
the  custom  of  sending  consumptives  to  moist  tropical  places,  like  Havana. 
St.  Augustine,  15ahia,  and  Honolulu,  and  now  recommends,  in  preference, 
mountain  health  resorts  in  the  temperate  zone,  with  an  elevation  not  less 
than  1,500,  nor  more  than  3,000  feet,  above  the  sea,  with  a  mean  tempera- 
ture not  lower  than  40'-'  iu  January,  nor  warmer  than  75^  in  July,  and  a 
relative  humidity,  not  exceeding  60  in  the  warm,  nor  70  in  the  cold  semes- 
ter. Such  places  are  rare,  and  the  nearest  possible  approach  is  made  to  the 
right  conditions,  by  requiring  the  patient  to  spend  half  his  year  at  one  place, 
and  half  at  another.  An  examination  of  all  the  accessible  meteorological 
statistics  justifies  the  assertion  that  nowhere  on  the  globe,  is  there  a  better 


1\  IIMDli   III  i\. 


coiiiljmutioii  <>(  U)\v  humidil}'  with  plcas.int  warmth,  and  desirable  clc\ation 
above  the  .sea,  than  can  be  Ibiind  at  various  places  in  the  Coast  Mountains 
of  California.  New  Mexico,  Nevada,  ;md  Arizona  have  lower  relative  hu- 
miilit)-,  over  considerable  districts  at  least,  but  their  summers  arc  too  hot. 
or  their  winters  too  cold.  The  following;  table  gives  the  statistics  of  the  best 
climates  in  the  Uniteil  States,  Europe,  and  Africa,  for  persons  suffering  with 
di.seases  of  the  respiratory  organs,  the  I'lgures  having  been  obtained  by  ex- 
tensive research,  not  only  through  books,  but  also  by  correspondence  with 
the  meteorological  bureaus  of  various  governments: 


Places. 


Alias  I'oak,  Cal 

Wakes,  Cal 

Saiila  I'e,  Now  Mexico.  . 

I'ii^iKTol,  Italy 

e'.iUani.scHa,  haly 

Ilcziurs,  I'Vanco 

I'olfiiza,  Jlaly 

Murcia,  Spain 

FogLfia,  iuih' , 

DL-nvcr.  (.'olorado 

Kiiiilicilv,  Scniih  Afeica. . 

I'liialilLi.  ( )n'i:on 

.">!.  I'aul.  MiiuiL'sota. 

hKlisonvillu.  l-'ioritla.  .  . 
.\sliville.  Xortli  Carolina 

\'i,.aiia.  Cal 

Lus  Aiiireics.  Cal 

.Santa  liarbara.  CaL 

?san  Dit'f;",  Cai. 

■fjan  Fianci.sco.  Cal 

■San  RalacH'al 

Rcilllliiir,  Cal 

liaciamonio,  Cal 

Salt  Lake  Ciiv,  Uiaii.  .  . , 


r.   P 


39 
44 
35 
58 
48 

53 
57 
53 
41 
69 

44 
66 

70 

79 
42 
(.6 

7' 
75 
74 
^••5 
70 
68 

31 


live  llumidity. 

.Mc.in  Temp'turc. 

tf      ^ 

,^ 

<-H 

5  P 

S 

3 

S. 

g 

r 

5' 

45 

50° 

74" 

70 

57 

45 

73 

46 

41 

32 

69 

68 

63 

38 

76 

74 

61 

45 

78 

64 

63 

43 

75 

71 

62 

36 

71 

63 

60 

50 

80 

73 

63 

43 

80   1 

50 

45 

24 

76 

7' 

70 

74 

49 

71 

58 

35 

75 

70 

68 

10 

69 

69 

70 

56 

83 

65 

72 

32 

75 

72 

57 

45 

88 

64 

(>s 

52 

75 

67 

69 

53 

68 

69 

72 

51 

72 

72 

73 

49 

S8 

f<3 

74 

48 

67 

74 

72 

1  47 

83 

78 

73 

i  •♦s 

73 

58 

45 

!  30 

78 

Elevation. 


I  500ft. 

2100 

6851 

950 
1871 

300 
2756 

141 

286 
5269 
4400 

460 

795 
23 

'348 

318 

60 

65 
120 

60 
337 

75 
4362 


Latiludr. 


38°  25' 

38  35 
35  41 

44  50 
37  27 
42  38 

40  39 

37  59 

41  27 

39  45 

28  55 

45  55 
44  53 
30  24 

35  35 

36  20 

34  3 

34  25 

32  44 

37  47 
37  58 

40  10 

}fi  35 

41  10 


This  table  includes  only  a  few  of  the  stations  from  which  statistics  of  rel- 
ati\e  humidity  and  temperature  are  obtainable,  the  large  inajority  being 
1  xchided,  because  their  climatic  conditions  are  not  favorable  for  consum]Hivc 
in\  ali(K.  I'or  this  reason,  all  the  stations  in  Germany,  Jiussia,  New  Zealand, 
New  South  Wales,  and  Canada,  and  most  of  those  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of 
the  United  .Sl.iles,  are  omitted.  Of  all  the  stations  in  I'r.ince,  Beziers  has 
the  driest  climate;  of  all  in  Italy,  Caltani.setta;  of  all  in  the  Spanish  jieninsula, 


CT.IMATi:. 


'3 


•1 


Murciv  of  all  in  South  Africa,  Kinibcrly;  of  all  in  Colorado.  Joiner;  of  all 
in  MinKosota,  St.  I'aiil;  and  of  all  in  Morida,  Jacksoinille.  The  tabic  was 
drawn  up  for  the  purpose  of  ciiablini^  .studcnt.s  to  make  a  fair  conii)arison 
of  the  climatic  advantat;cs  of  tlic  best  health  resorts  for  consumj)ti\es,  so 
far  as  obtainable  meteorological  statistics  .supply  the  material.  The  figures 
here  given  show  that  Atlas  Peak  and  Ulakcs,  in  the  Coast  Mountains  of 
California,  respectively  20  and  30  miles  north  of  Silver  Gate,  arc  uncqualcd 
in  their  combination  of  dr  '  "osphere,  \vitli  a  mild  temperature  in  winter 
and  summer,  and  adesirabi;  (...ation.  No  observations  for  relative  humid- 
ity have  been  kept  at  any  o  .<:  part  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  but  there  are, 
doubtles.s,  many  places  in  that  range,  south  of  the  SiUer  Gate,  with  condi- 
tions equally  favorable,  as  will  probabl)-  appear  within  a  few  years.  Th<' 
relative  humidit)'  in  winter  is  62  at  Cannes,  68  at  Mcrtone.  71  at  Nice,  and 
80  at  I'au,  and  those  are  the  only  figures  within  reach  for  those  towns.  They 
are  considered  among  the  best  winter  reports  ."or  consumjjtives  in  Europe; 
but,  in  their  combination  of  dry  atmosphere  with  ele\,itiori,  the)'  are  far  infe- 
rior to  various  Californian  staticjns.  Visalia,  Camp  Ai)achc,  and  l  amp  Verde 
are  dr)*,  but  too  hot  in  the  suiriner;  Salt  Lake,  SanM  l*"e,  I)«Mivcr,  Piochc, 
Boise  Cit>-,  and  Virginia  City  in  Montana,  are  dry,  but  too  cold  in  winter. 

In  1877,  Dr.  R  VV.  UATrii,  permanent  secretary  of  TlU;  C'AI.iroRM.W 
Stati,  ]5oai<I)  ok  Hr..\l.  I  11.  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  ph>'sicians,  re- 
t]ucsting  a  report  of  their  experience  and  opinions,  as  to  the  suitability  of 
the  \arious  climates  near  them,  to  the  needs  of  consumptives.  The  result- 
was  a  .strong  preponderance  of  tislimon\-  in  favor  of  tlie  eastern  portion  of 
the  coast  mountains,  at  elevations  nmging  iVoni  1,2" «)  to  1,800  feet  above  the 
sea;  and  especially  for  that  portion  of  the  Coast  Range  north  of  the  Silver 
Gate.  In  his  official  report  of  that  year,  Dr,  Match  .said :  "  The  fact,  how- 
ever, has  been  abundantly  veriilcd,  that  for  the  large  majority  of  consuniji- 
tivcs— those  in  a  condition  to  endure  the  inconvenience  of  camp  life — this 
mountain  region  is  better  suited  than  are  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  mountains." 

In  1879  Tin:  St.vte  Medical  Society  ok  Caeieornia,  at  its  annual 
meeting,  un;uiimously  adopted  a  resolution  requesting  the  legislature  to 
establish  a  State  Hospital  for  consumjitives.  The  legislature  insmictcd  the 
State  Hoard  of  Health  to  make  a  report  on  the  subject,  and  in  1880  the 
Board,  in  its  annual  report,  recommended  liiat  such  .m  institution  shoukl  be 
established,  and  selected  ^Vtlas  J'eak  as  the  preferable  [ilace  for  it.  They 
also  stateil  that  a  good  site  for  such  an  institution  in  Southern  California 
could  Ix-  found  at  the  Sierra  Madre  V^illa. 


Fog. — The  shore  of  San  Francisco's  meteorological  region  is  visited  with 

frequent  sea  fogs,  and  they  are  especially  abundant   at  tlie  Golden  Gate,  as 
10 


74 


INTROIili  TIO\. 


there  they  h;i\e  a  ckmci-  !■>  tra\-cl  inland  at  the  level  of  the  sea.  Usua!l\- 
thej'  do  not  rise  to  a  hei;_;!u  of  more  tlian  1,500  or  :;,ooo  feet,  and  the  sum- 
mits ol'  the  C"oast  ATountain  may  i)e  in  i:lcar  suniis^'ht  ^\hile  the  \allcys 
below  .ni;  hidden  in  the  fo,^.  In  the  cit)'  of  San  hVancisco,  the  summer 
nij^hls  are  usuall\'  foci.qy,  and  a  warm  clear  moonli;4ht  evening  is  a  raritj'; 
hut  after  sunrise  the  land  radi.ites  nut  so  much  heat  that  before  the  middle 
of  the  forenoon  the  lo^  is  absorbed.  The  wind  continues  to  blow  with  a 
velocitj'  of  about  ro  miles  an  hour,  but  the  immense  bank  of  fog  over  the 
ocean  seems  to  be  stationary,  being  converted  into  in\isiblc  moisture  so 
soon  as  it  gets  to  the  land.  At  night,  however,  wiicn  the  heat  dcrii  .-.scs, 
ti)e  fog  can  advance  10  or  20  miles  inland,  and  may  maintain  its  ;/.)^'t;cn 
until  midnight,  then  \anish,  to  ajipear  again  in  the  morning.  This  fug 
is  especially  .abundant  in  the  summer,  and  is  one  of  the  main  features  of 
the  elimati;  of  San  Francisco,  contributing  to  make  the  evenings  cold  and 
dark. 

Warm  Belt.  -  Although  the  Californian  low  land  has  a  subtropical  cli- 
mate, it  is  not  anj'where  free  from  frost.  1  he  leading  subtropical  fruit  trees, 
including  the  orange,  lemon,  fig,  olive,  and  tlatc,  when  of  mature  age,  can 
endure  12  degrees  of  frost — that  i.s,  12  degrees  below  the  freezing  point — if 
occurring  only  occasionally' and  lasting  but  a  few  liours,  without  serious  in- 
jur)-; and  to  such  cold  the\'are  exposed,  in  many  of  the  Californian  valle)-s, 
perhaps  once  in  fi\e  years  (ju  an  average.  In  the  ordinary  winter  the  mer- 
cur)'  iloes  not  fall  IjcIow  28°  in  San  Franci.sco.  The  situations  least  troubled 
by  frost  are  not  the  Itiwest  laiuls,  in  the  most  southern  part  of  the  St<ito,  as 
might  be  expected  from  the  fact  that  climate  becomes  warmer  as  we  ap- 
proach the  equator,  ,uul  that  there  is  an  average  decrease  of  one  degree  of 
tempcnUure  for  e\ery  300  feet  of  elevation.  These  rules  apply  in  C.iliforni.i 
as  well  as  elsewhere,  but  there  are  certain  other  facts,  which  must  not  be 
overlooked. 

I'njsts  arc  not  rare  at  the  level  of  the  se.i,  nc-ir  the  tropics.  The  trade 
wind,  blowing  from  the  Pacific  with  ;i  temperature  of  55^  o\er  the  co;ist  of 
California,  north  of  latitude  35  ,  during  ;i  large  put  <'f  tlu:  )ear,  renders 
frost  rare  near  the  shore,  but  its  chilly  influence,  continuing  through  the 
sunuuer,  is  more  damaging  to  fiuit  than  .'ui  occasional  frost. 

The  parts  of  California  best  suiteil  for  fruit  sensitive  to  frost  arc  portions 
of  the  "w.arm  belt,"  a  general  term  apj)lied  t;>  ])ortions  of  the  hills,  usu.illy 
not  less  than  200  nijr  more  than  2,000  feet  abo\-e  the  le\tl  of  .idjacent  val- 
leys. It  is  important  that  there  .should  be  an  .-idjacent  \allcy,  into  which 
the  cold  air  can  flou  down  ,it  night;  otherwise  the  benefits  of  the  clcv.ition 
arc  lost.  Frosts  are  more  severe  in  the  lowest  situations,  and  cspeciallj'  on 
moist  soil,  than  on  the  dry  hillsitlcs;  and  mori'  severe  in  inidi.sed  vallej's, 


CI.IMATi:. 


75 


with  peaks  covered  with  snow  in  tluir  \  iciniu,  tlian  in  open  ])lains,  far  IVom 
the  snow. 

At  the  .Sierra  Madre  Villa,  1,700  feet  above  the  sea,  on  tlie  hillside  above 
tlie  valley  of  the  San  Gabriel,  there  is  ninth  less  frost  than  in  llu-  low  land, 
10  miles  distant.  The  same  rel.uive  exemption  is  cnjoyetl  b_v  the  upper 
Ojai,  as  compared  with  the  lower  Ojai  Valley  in  Ventura  County.  In  Santa 
Clai'a  County  the  liillsides  al)oi:t  Los  Gatos  arc  f<Hmd  to  have  far  less  frost 
than  the  bottom  lands  near  San  Jose.  At  the  Napa  .Smla  Sprin^^s,  .it  Atlas 
Peak,  at  Howell  Mountain,  and  at  varimis  other  places,  the  I'.ast  Nap.i 
ridije  lias  far  less  frost  than  has  the  fertile  Nap.i  \'alle\'  at  its  b.ise.  'J'he 
plain  of  Santa  Rosa,  antl  the  mountain  side  above  it,  .-how  similar  differ- 
ences. An  a  general  rule,  the  warm  Ijclt  enjoys  ,1  much  }^r|-cater  relative 
c.\'e!n[)tion  from  frost  in  the  autumn  antl  earl}'  v\  inter  than  in  tlie  sprint,'. 
In  the  hills,  places  which  in  ordinarv  seasons  are  e.xempt  from  frost  from 
September  till  Novemlier  inclusive,  will  in  Ajiril  ;hh1  May  have  frosts  .ilmost 
as  frequent  and  severe  ;is  those  observeil  in  the  low  lands. 

In  .1  paper  read  liefore  Tin:  S.v\  h'R.WClsco  Ai.a1)I:mv  OF  SciK.NCK.s, 
R.  B.  Rkdmng  said:  "The  zone  in  the  Siena,  known  as  the  'foothills,'  is 
as  warm  for  the  year,  and  as  warm  for  the  coldest  inonth,  as  the  Sacramento 
Valley  in  the  same  latitudes.  This  warm  belt  certainly  extends  to  an  ele- 
vation of  2,500  feet.  Colfax,  with  an  elevation  of  2,422  feet,  h.is  ,i  mean 
for  the  year  of  60-,  and  a  mean  for  the  coldest  month  of  45'^,  while,  for  the 
same  periods,  Sacramento  has  for  the  year  60",  and  for  the  coldest  month 
46°.  Fort  Tejon,  on  tlie  Tehachapi  Mountains,  elev.ition  3,245  feet,  for  the 
year  is  but  6^  colder  than  Tulare,  in  the  center  of  the  valley  3,000  feet  be- 
low;  while  the  temperature  for  the  vvinter  months  is  nearly  the  same.  Fort 
Tejon  having  42',  and  Tulare  42''." 

Dr.  j.VMK.s  Hl.vki;  discussed  the  same  subject,  a  (cw  weeks  later,  in  a 
jiaper  re.id  befori.:  the  same  ac.idemy,  and  produced  meteorological  statistics, 
to  prove  that  the  minimum  temper.itures  in  w  inter  are  less  on  llie  hillsides 
than  in  the  valley.s.  For  instance,  he  showed  that  during  the  fust  5  days  of 
the  previous  December  (1878),  the  mercury  stood,  in  SacranuiUci,  at  50^'  at 
y  I'.  M.;  and  at  41"  at  7  .\.  M.;  indicating  a  decline  of  g'^;  whereas  at  Colfax 
(2,421  feet)  and  Immigrant  Gap  (5,221  feet  high)  there  was  no  variation.  At 
the  latter  place  the  mercury  .stood  at  52^  at  y  p.  M.  and  7  .\.  M.  During  those 
5  days  the  air  was  quiet ;  hut  in  the  5  days  from  the  1  i  tli  to  the  1  5th  of  the 
same  month  while  a  strong  north  wind  was  blowing,  the  temperature  at  the 
higher  stations  was  considerably  colder  than  at  Sacramento,  and  it  declined 
in  the  course  of  the  night.  Dr.  Bl.VKE  found  that  January  of  1878,  a  rainy 
and  stormy  month,  hatl  a  mean  of  49^  at  Sacramento,  45''  at  Colfax,  and 
J4°  at    Emigrant   Gap;  while   the   following   December,  a  calm   and   clear 


7''' 


I.N  rK(i]iU(  TKiN. 


I 


month,  had  a  mean  of  45"^  at  Sacramento,  47°  at  Colfax,  and  41°  at  Eml- 
^Tant  Gap.  Amon;^'  other  thing's  he  said:  "Tlic  only  explanation  that  can 
be  offered  of  this  anomalous  distribution  of  temperature  is,  that  during  a 
calm  state  of  the  atmosphere,  the  lower  stratum  of  air,  that  has  been  heated 
in  the  vallevs  dm-in,L(  the  da_\-,  .Ljradually  rises  up  t'li  i/tassr,  its  place  being 
su])plied  In-  the  cold  air  flowintj;  down  into  the  valleys,  over  the  surface  of 
the  !,n-ounil,  that  has  been  cooled  by  radiation  during  the  long  winter  nights. 
I'his  can  only  take  place  when  there  is  a  calm  state  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
when  radiation  is  not  obstructed  In- clouds  or  fogs,  conditions  that  prevailed 
to  a  great  degree  during  December  [1S78].  Under  these  circumstances  the 
heated  body  of  air  gradually  asccnd.s,  and  as  our  temperature  curves  show, 
can  reach  an  elevation  of  at  least  5,000  feet,  and  probably  much  higher. 
*  *  *  The  fact  is  a  most  important  one  in  its  relation  to  the  cultivation 
of  .semi-tropical  fruits.  The  only  time  at  which  the)-  arc  liable  to  be  injured, 
at  least  up  to  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet,  is  during  calm  and  cold  nights, 
and  on  such  nights,  as  has  been  plainly  .shown,  it  is  the  more  elevated  places 
that  are  the  warmer.  During  lu:'  stormy  weather,  even  in  midwinter,  the 
temperature  never  falls  low  cnougl'  at  the  elevations  above  given  to  injure 
them.  /\t  my  residence  [2,100  fec^  .ibovc  the  sea,  near  Mt.  St.  Helena] 
most  of  the  orange-trees  that  were  p'.inted  out  only  last  .season,  are  unin- 
jured. The)'  certainly  have  suffered  le.  s  than  at  Los  Angeles,  where  a 
temperature  of  23°  has  been  reported,  while  at  n.y  residence  the  thermometer 
has  not  been  lower  than  29  degroes." 

In  a  private  letter,  dated  November  25,  1881,  Dr.  BlaKI'  says:  "I  find  op 
clear,  calm  nights  that  the  thermometer  at  my  place  begins  to  rise  about  3 
.\.  M.,  and  rises  until  5  A.  .M.,  at  wliich  time  it  is  1°  or  1.5°  higher  than  at  9 
1'.  M.  I'rom  5  A.  M.  to  7  A.  M.,  there  is  generally  a  fall  of  about  2°,  the  mini- 
mum being  reached  at  sunrise.  During  the  early  frost  (November  15)  last 
\ear,  the  thermometer  at  Calistoga  [elevation  300  feet]  was  21S  at  Sacra- 
mento iS"',  and  at  my  place  44"." 

Sacramento  Climate. — The  Sacramento  region  includes  the  basins 
drained  by  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Rivers.  On  the  west  it  is 
sheltereil  from  the  ocean  breezes  by  the  ridges  of  the  Coast  Ivange,  which 
may  average  j.ooo  or  3,500  feet  in  hu'ight.  As  compn-cd  with  the  San 
Francisco  region,  these  basins  have  less  fog,  in  the  winters  more  cold,  m  the 
summers  more  heat,  and  in  the  lowlands  less  rain,  less  timber,  and  inore 
clear  da\-s.  A  prominent  feature  of  the  sky  (jf  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  Valleys,  as  well  as  of  Southern  California,  is  the  paucity  of  cloul.s. 
Week  after  week  will  pass,  in  the  summer,  without  a  film  of  mist  near  the 
earth,  or  a  speck  of  cloud  in  the  heavcn.s.     California,  as  a  whole,  is  prc- 


ii: 


;  ( 


I  ill 


CLIMATK.  -jy 

eminently  a  sunny  land,  offcrinf^  a  j.jrcat  contrast  in  tliis  respect  to  l'"nL;i,iiul, 
and  to  the  western  divisions  of  Oregon,  WashinLjton,  and  liritish  t'olinuhia. 
In  London  there  arc  2  hours  of  sunshine  in  thi'  averaijc  day  from  Octulur 
to  December  inclusive;  and  not  more  than  5  horns  on  the  axeraijc  in  llie 
year:  in  Sacramento  the  corresjjondin^^  figures  are  about  7  anil  10. 

The  temperature  in  the  valley  land  is  largely  inlluenced,  if  not  mainly 
controlled,  by  exposure  to  the  breezes  from  the  ocean.  At  the  northern 
and  southern  ends  it  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  mountains  4,000  or  5,000 
feet  high;  while  near  the  middle,  it  is  intersected  b_\- a  consitlerable  ^ap, 
and  the  mountains  for  30  miles  on  each  side  are  lower  than  they  are  t<i  ihe 
north  and  the  south.  If  we  move  northward  from  the  Silver  Gate,  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Sacramento  V;dle\-,  we  find  a  mean  for  July  of  72  at  I'air- 
ficld,  78'  at  Woodland,  81"  at  Williams,  and  85  at  Redding,  an  increase 
of  13"  of  temperature  in  2  of  latitude.  If  wc  move  .southward  on  the  east- 
ern side  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  we  shall  find  a  mean  for  Jul\'  of  74'  at 
Stockton,  79  at  Merced,  '  at  Tulare,  and  yo  at  Delano,  indic.itin.Lj  a  dif- 
ference of  16  of  temix;r;iturc  in  2"  of  latitude.  Traveling  eastward,  on  the 
liiH  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  from  the  miildle  of  the  valley,  we  ha\e 
74  in  Sacramento;  75 '  at  Auburn,  with  an  elevation  of  i,3i')0  feet;  75  at 
Alta,  3,607  feet  above  the  sea ;  62  at  Cisco,  5,934  feet  iibo\  e  the  sea ;  ,ind  60 ' 
at  Summit,  7,017  feet  above  the  sea,  as  means  for  July.  Thu ;  wc  .see  thiit, 
as  we  go  northward  or  southward  from  the  center  of  the  valley,  we  get  into 
greater  summer  heat;  as  we  ascend  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  temperature  of 
July  remains  the  same,  until  wc  reach  a  point  nearly  4,000  feet  abosc  the 
se,a,  and  above  that  elevation  it  falls  about  one  degree  for  every  200  ficl, 
The  valley  is  very  hot  at  midday  for  several  months  in  the  summer.  The 
mean  of  the  July  mammums  in  Sacramento  in  1877  was  92'.  On  3 
days  the  thermometer  scached  100"  or  more,  the  highest  being  103 ';  on  7 
other  dij's  the  mercury  went  to  v.-irious  figures  between  95  and  99'.  In  22 
out  of  31  days  in  the  month,  the  heat  was  90'  vr  m.irc  If  we  comp.ire 
this  with  the  same  month  in  New  York  city,  we  iln.'i  that  it  is  10  hotter. 
The  mean  of  the  month  was  .ibout  the  same,  but  Uie  mean  of  the  maxi- 
mums was  10"  less  on  Manhattan  Island.  On  only  2  dpys  out  of  31  did  the 
mercury  there  reach  90  ;  and  its  highest  figure  was  93°. 

At  Red  Hhiff,  which  represents  all  the  northern  part  of  the  Sacniniento 
Valley,  and  presumably  the  sides  of  the  adjacent  mr)untain,  t.)  an  elevation 
of  3,000  feet,  the  mean  of  the  maximums  for  July,  1877,  was  101'.  The 
highest  temperature  of  the  month  was  108".  Tlie  thermometer  rose  to  100 
or  more  in  13  ilays  of  the  month;  antl  in  14  other  days  to  sonu  figun-  be- 
tween 90'  and  99  ^Icaxing  only  4  days  with  less  than  90.  Visalia,  repre- 
senting the  southern  end  of  the  San   Joac;uin  Valky,  had  about  the  same 


it        Of.i^ 


78 


INrKdlUCTKlN". 


intense  licit  in  Jul)-,  'ilic  mean  Jul)-  temperature  of  Red  Jiluff,  in  latitude 
40"  10',  is  the  same  as  that  nf  New  (Orleans  in  29'  5<S',  ijut  in  tlie  latter  city 
the  mercur)-  tioes  not  rise  al)o\e  96  . 

l-'ortunately  for  the  residents  of  the  Sacraincnto-San  Joaquin  valley,  its 
intense  luat  at  niidda\-  is  eounterbalanced  by  a  relatively  low  temperature 
at  nii;ht.  Thus  at  Sacramento  the  mean  of  the  Jul)'  minimums  is  58°,  a 
lV.;ure  imi)i)-in!,f  that  blankets  must  be  used  on  the  bed  for  comfort.  New 
N'orh,  which  has  10  less  of  heat  at  :;  I'.  M.,  has,  on  the  other  hand,  10°  more 
heat  at  nij^ht,  the  mean  of  the  minimums  for  the  month  beinfj  G'j".  Accord- 
inj^  to  fii,nires  published  in  the  New  York  Triluiiic  at  the  time,  the  mercury 
at  niidni,t;ht  in  the  30  days  ending  July  21,  1S77,  fell  only  3  times  below  75°; 
and  S  times  it  stood  at  So"  or  more.  No  approach  to  that  heat  has  ever 
been  observed  in  central  California.  The  mean  of  the  July  minimums  is 
69   at  Red  JMuff,  and  "jj'  at  New  Orleans. 

The  ila)s  when  the  thermometer  rises  above  100°  at  Red  Bluff  or  Visalia, 
and  al)o\e  95  at  Sacramento,  are  usually  days  when  a  strong  north  wind 
blows.  It  uuL^ht  be  supposed  that  a  wind  from  that  direction  would  be 
cool,  but  the  north  wind  of  the  Sacramento  basin  is  hot,  .sometimes  scorch- 
\\v^  iuit,  and  al\\a)-s  intensely  desiccating  in  its  influence,  .so  that  it  blasts 
\ei;etation  and  fruit,  occasionally  kills  small  animals  b)'  simstroke,  and 
cau.es  a  serious  depression  of  spirits  in  persons  of  nervous  temperament. 
.Such  winds  come  perhaps  a  dozen  times  a  )'ear,  and  sometimes  last  10 
days,  but  not  more  than  3  usuall)-;  wwtX  the  average  intervals  between  them 
nia\-  be  2  weeks.  The  hot  wind  often  blows  in  the  Sacramento  valley 
w  ith  a  leinperatuie  little  abo\e  80  ,  but  it  does  not  become  very  oppressive 
until  it  has  a  teni[)erature  of  90  ;  it  then  evaporates  an  inch  of  water  within 
24  hours.  While  it  continues,  cows  give  a  third  less  milk  than  under  ordi- 
nar)-  circumstances;  and  if  the  wheat  is  "in  the  milk"  the  crop  is  destroyed. 
The  hottest  wind  ever  known  in  central  California  wa;'.  observed  in  Stanis- 
laus Count)- on  the  23d  of  June,  1859,  when  the  thermometer  rose  in  the 
shade  to  1 13'.  It  is  saitl  that  this  wind  gives  relief  to  asthmatics,  but  makes 
consumptives  worse. 

The  oi)i)ressi\eness  of  the  midda)-  heat  in  the  interior  of  California,  as 
well  as  in  other  parts  of  our  slope  between  the  20th  and  42d  degrees  of 
latitude,  is  mitigated  by  the  extreme  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  which  car- 
ries awa)-  the  perspiration  r.ipidly,  and  thus  counteracts  the  effects  (jf  the 
heat.  As  a  conseciuence,  there  is  less  feeling  of  discomfort  at  Red  Bluff, 
when  the  thermometer  reaches  loo^  than  in  New  York,  when  it  goes  to  85°. 
In  the  former  place  the  mean  relative  liumidit)'  of  the  4  months  from  June 
to  .September,  inclusive,  is  32,  while  in  New  York,  during  the  same  months, 
it  is  71;  in  New  Urleans,  67;  and  in  St.  Louis,  63.     At  all  points  east  of 


CLIMATK. 


79 


the  Mississippi  it  is  more  tli.in  (Imiblc  as  imicli  as  in  the  northern  ciul  of  the 
Sacramento  Valley.  In  Sacramento  Cit)-  the  relative  luimidit)-  tor  these  4 
months  is  46,  and  at  \'isalia,  40.  This  extreme  atni(i:.])heric  (lr_\iiess  in 
California  is  a  ])rotection  at;aiiist  sunstroke,  the  cases  of  which  are  rare, 
averajj^ing  not  5  per  cent,  of  the  number  that  occur  in  the  American  States, 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  There  have  been  presumably  120  fatal  cases 
in  California,  within  30  years;  and  of  these,  10  occurred  in  Colusa  County  in 
June,  1S76.  There  are  4annually  oii  an  average  in  the  State.  In  St.  Louis 
there  were  135  deaths  by  sunstro'-.e  in  the  week  ending  Julj'  19,  1878;  in 
New  York  Cit\-  there  were  79  in  the  24  hours  ending  at  noon  on  July  i, 
18S0;  in  Great  Britain  there  are  90  deaths  by  sunstroke  annually.  Hydro- 
phobia, which  is  frequent  in  ccuntries  that  have  intense  heat  in  a  moist 
atmosphere,  is  rare  on  the  Pacific  slope  north  of  Mexico;  indeed,  there  is 
reason  to  doubt  whether  there  is  one  genuine  case  on  record. 

The  mean  January  temperature  of  Sacramento  City  is  49°,  of  Red  liluff 
47",  and  of  Visalia  48',  showing  a  remarkable  uniformity.  On  5  days 
in  January,  1878,  the  mercury  fell  below  32°,  the  lowest  ob.servation  being 
28';  on  6  days  at  Red  Bluff  it  went  down  to  the  freezing-point,  the  lowest 
being  25^;  and  in  7  days  it  went  to  32°  at  Visalia,  the  lowest  being  24". 
The  frost  is  more  frequent  and  .severe  at  the  ends  of  the  great  valley  than 
in  its  middle.  The  mercury  lias  fallen  as  low  as  12'  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  the  proximity  of  the  Californian  Alps,  with  their 
great  masses  of  snow,  making  the  frost  more  severe  there  than  in  an}'  other 
part  of  the  State  near  the  level  of  the  sea.  At  Red  BlulT  the  mercury  has 
fallen  to  14';  at  Sacramento  to  16',  and  at  Sumner  to  12";  but  such  cold 
does  not  oc:ur  more  than  once  in  10  years,  on  an  average. 

There  are  5"  of  latitude  between  Sumner,  at  the  southern  end  of  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley,  and  Redding  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Sacramento  Valley. 
The  average  annual  rainfall  at  tl)e  two  town,s,  and  at  various  intervening 
places,  was  thus  calculated  by  B.  B.  REDDiNt;  from  statistics  accessible  in 
1S78:  Sumner,  4  inches;  Delano,  4;  Tulare,  5;  Borden,  3;  Merced,  9;  Mo- 
desto, 10;  Stockton,  13;  Sacramento,  19;  Marj'sville,  17;  Chico,  22;  Tehama, 
16;  Red  Bluff,  18;  and  Redding,  29.  These  figures  imply  that  in  the  Sac- 
ramento-San Joaquin  Valley  each  degree  of  latitude  brings  4  or  5  inches  of 
additional  rain.  The  towns  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  from  Sumner  to 
Stockton  are  on  its  eastern  side  ;  the  western  side,  in  the  same  respective  lat- 
itudes, has  not  half  so  large  a  rainfall. 

As  we  ascend  the  .Sierra  Nevada,  the  amount  of  rain  increases  rapidly 
with  the  elevation.  Thu.s,  on  the  line  (jf  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  the 
mean  annual  rainfall  for  8  years  was  19  inches  at  Sacramento;  43  at  Colfax, 
at  an  elevation  of  2,422   feet;  47  at  Alta.  3,607  feet  above  the  sea;   55  at 


So 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ciscri,  5,934  feet  hiffli,  ;ind  58  at  tlic  Summit,  7,017  feet  high.  This  indi- 
cates ,in  adJitifinal  inch  of  rain  for  each  increase  of  200  feet  in  elevation. 
In  lliese  fi^'urcs,  one  foot  of  fresh  snow  is  counted  as  equivalent  to  an  incli 
of  rain,  and  above  J, 000  feet  tliere  is  some  snow  every  winter;  above  5,000 
feet  more  snow  tiian  rain;  abo\c  6,000  feet  nearly  all  the  precipitation  is  in 
the  form  of  snow,  which  near  the  summit  is  not  unfrequently  20  feet  deep, 
alter  much  has  melted  and  the  remainder  has  been  packed  into  a  hard  mass. 

Los  Angeles  Climate.— The  Los  Angeles  meteorological  region  includes 
.Santa   Barbara,  Ventura,  and   those  portions  of   Los  Angeles,  San   Ber- 
nardino, and  San  Diego  counties,  at  the  western  base  of  the  Coast  Range, 
and  on  their  western  slope,  fronting  280  miles  on  the  Pacific,  and  extending 
on  an  average  40  miles  inland.     The  entire  region  lies  south  of  latitude  35'', 
and  beyond  the  influence  of  those  cold  summer  fogs  and  strong  breezes 
which  give  a  peculiar  coolness  to  San  I'rancisco  in  the  summer.     Los  An- 
geles city  lies  only  14  miles  from  the  ocean,  without  the  shelter  of  any  inter- 
vening hill,  but  it  has  a  warm  climate,  the  mean  of  July  being  71"^;  the  mean 
of  its  ma.ximums  being  80  ,  and  of  its  miiiimums  62°.     The  mean  of  its 
January  is  54°,  the  lowest  temperature  recorded  for  the  month  in  1878  being 
37^     It  is,  however,  not  exempt  from  frost;   for  the  mountains  to  the  east- 
ward, within  20  miles,  rise  to  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet,  and   in  the  winter 
have  much  snow,  which  helps  to  send  the  mercury  down  occasionally  as  low 
as  24",  causing  serious  damage  among  the  nurseries  of  orange  and  lemon 
trees.     The  cold  is  not  severe  enough  to  injure  the  old  trees,  or  the  fruit, 
which  is  usually  of  full  size  and  ripe,  when  the  frost  comes.     San  Diego,  at 
the  southern  end  of  the  Los  Angeles  region,  has  mean  temperatures  of  69° 
in  July  and  55°  in  January.     Santa  Barbara,  near  the  northern  end  of  this 
district,  has  a  mean  of  71    in  July  and   54"  in  Januar)-.     These  figures  gi\e 
a  general  idea  of  the  temperature  of  the  whole  region.     The  climate,  though 
not  exempt  from  occasional  severe  frosts,  is  subtropical  in  its  main  features, 
.and  the  fruits  and  ornamental  plants  include  many  varieties  that  belong  to 
the  warmest  borders  of  the  temperate  /one.     Going  eastward  from  Los  An- 
geles, at  a  distance  of  50  miles  we  reach  the  .San  Bernardino  Valley,  from 
800  to  1,200  feet  above  the  sea,  with  about  the  same  m  an  temperature  as 
near  the  ocean  shore ;  but  occasionally  with  greater  heat    n  July,  and  harder 
frost  in  January. 

The  greater  part  of  this  Los  Angeles  region  has  occasional  hot  north 
winds  and  sand  storms  in  the  summer.  A  hot  wind  at  Santa  Barbara,  on 
June  17,  1859,  had  a  teinperature  of  133".  Trees  were  blasted;  fruit  was 
blistered  and  killed;  and  cahes,  rabbits,  and  birds  died  from  exposure  to 
the  wind.  In  the  last  22  years  no  wind  approaching  that  one,  in  heat  or 
damaging  effects,  has  been  felt  in  an\^  part  of  the  .State. 


f  I,IM.\T1.. 


8I 


The  avcrapfc  annual  rainfall  is  about  15  inches  at  Santa  Harhara,  12  at 
Los  Anyclcs,  10  at  San  Uioi;o,  and  y  at  C'oltoii.  Tiic  ciiniati'  at  l.ns 
Angeles  has  been  marked  by  periods  of  large  and  small  rainfall.  I'lius  in 
the  4  seasons  ending  June,  1864,  the  highest  rainfall  was  i?  inches,  and 
the  aggregate  of  the  4  years  was  only  28  inches,  or  an  a\erage  for  the 
]5eriod  of  7  inches  ;  while  in  the  ,5  years  ending  June,  1S76,  the  lowest 
fail  was  2[  inches,  and  the  average,  according  to  one  rain-gauge,  was  24 
inches.  'J'he  a\erage  of  the  10  years  ending  June,  1870,  was  10  inches  ; 
of  the  10  years  ending  June,  1880,  14  inches.  The:  smaller  rainfall  in  San 
Bernardino  Valley  is  claimed  to  be  advantageous  to  all  those  places  sup- 
jilied  with  abundant  water  for  irrigation,  on  the  theory  that  tlie  dryness  of 
the  atmosphere  i)rotccts  the  orange  and  other  fruit-tree.-;  from  destructi\o 
insects. 

One  feature  of  the  climate  of  the  Los  Angeles,  Utah,  and  Arizona 
regions,  and  of  the  s(nitliern  ])art  of  the  Sacramento  region,  is  the 
occasional  occurrence  of  "cloud  burst.s,"  or  extremely  heavy  rains,  in  which 
the  water  pours  down,  as  if  a  reservoir  had  broken  in  the  sky.  The  con- 
•sequence  is,  that  .sometimes  ravines,  previously  dry,  are  suddenly  filled 
with  water,  which  sweeps  everything  before  it,  not  giving  people  time  to 
escape.  There  is  no  trustworthy  record  of  a  cloud  burst  in  or  near  any  ( if 
the  larger  towns  of  California  ;  they  are  of  rare  occurrence  anywhere,  and 
arc  never  obscr\'ed  in  the  large  valleys. 

Oregon  Climate. — The  western  Oregon  region  includes  all  those  portions 
of  Oregon,  Washington,  and  liritish  Columbia,  north  of  latitude  43°,  and 
west  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Range.  It  has  an  abundant  rainfall  in 
summer,  as  well  as  in  other  sea.sons  of  the  year,  a  moist  atmosphere,  a  cool 
summer,  a  mild  winter,  little  ice  or  snow,  and  a  dense  growth  of  coniferous 
trees  over  most  of  its  area. 

The  mean  temperature  of  July  is  69'  at  Portland,  and  Gf  at  Olympia; 
of  January,  42'  at  Portland,  and  41°  at  Olympia.  The  climate  of  Pugct 
Sound  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  that  of  lingland,  but  is  4°  warmer 
in  winter.  At  Portland,  the  highest  temperature  in  July,  1877,  was  91^ 
and  the  mean  at  2  i'.  .^r.  was  81  .  while  the  mean  of  the  minimums 
was  55",  indicating  that  the  nights  are  alwa>-s  cool.  The  mean  at  2 
I'.  M.  in  January  was  46",  and  the  mean  of  the  minimums  36'.  On  8  dif- 
ferent days,  the  thermometer  fell  to  the  freezing  jjoint,  the  lowest  figure 
reached  being  18'.  Only  once  did  the  thermometer  remain  so  low  as  the 
freezing  point  for  24  consecuti\e  hours.  At  01>mpia  the  thermometer  rose 
lo  80°  or  more  on  8  different  da\s  in  July,  1877,  and  to  75'  or  more  on 
iC)  days.     The  mean  of  the  minimums  in  that  month  was  about  so*".     The 


s^ 


i\  rkniX'Tinv. 


hif,'liest.  obstirvation  in  |;iiiuar\',  I  S-S,  was  5J  ,  and  tlu-  mean  of  the  mini- 
mums  was  ;;6  .  The  lowest  teniiieraturc  was  25  ,  ami  nn  H  ilitfereiit  (ia_\'S 
the  inercin\-  fell  to  the  iVeezinL;  point,  Init  iiexer  was  so  low  as  that  at  mid- 
da)-.  \ii  thiik  ice  e\-er  forms  near  tin:  le\e!  of  the  sea  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  the  continent,  in  the  l.ititude  of  lioston.  The  temperature  is  about  the 
same  on  \'anc(>u\er  island  as  at  Ols'mpia. 

'I'he  annual  rainfall  of  the  Western  ( Jre^^on  ret^ion  is  about  So  inches  near 
the  ocean,  and  from  40  to  do  inches  50  miles  inl.ind.  ( )n  the  eastern  shore 
of  Vancouver  I>l,ind  and  in  Southern  OrcLjon  it  is  less;  and  in  the  northern 
])art  of  Iiriti:^h  t'olumbia  more.  There  are  no  tornadoes.  The  mean  rela- 
tive humi<lit\-  "f  the  warm  semester  is  67  at  Portland,  and  76  at  (")l)-mpia; 
of  the  cold  semester,  jj  at  the  former  anti  82  at  the  latter  jilacc. 

The  ICastern  Oreijon  metcornhv^ical  reijion  inclikles  the  country  between 
the  42d  and  s.itli  parallels  of  latitude,  and  between  the  summits  of  the 
I'ascade  Chain  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Tlic  temperature  in  the  soutli- 
ern  i)art  of  this  re(:;ion  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  New  York  City;  the  mean 
of  Jul\-  beinj^f  from  72  to  75",  and  of  January  30'  to  35  .  The  annual  rain- 
fall, how  e\er,  is  onh-  a  tliird  so  much  as  at  Manhattan  Hay,  not  averaijinij 
more  than  15  inches;  but  this  is  enough  to  secure  good  crops  in  the  agri- 
cultural districts,  the  soil  being  moister  tlian  in  California.  The  northern 
part  of  this  meteorological  region  has  a  higher  elevation,  more  cold  in  the 
winter,  and  more  rain. 


Utah  and  Arizona.-  The  Utah  meteorological  region,  including  nearly 
all  of  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  ])art  of  California  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
has  ,1  temperature  differing  little  from  that  of  New  York,  the  mean  temper- 
ature of  January  being30  ,  and  that  of  Jul\-,  7.S  .  The  rainfall  ranges  from 
18  inches,  at  Salt  Lake  City,  to  4  inches,  near  Humboldt  Lake.  The 
average  for  the  region  is  not  more  than  7  inches,  and  the  evaporation,  from 
exposed  w.'iter  surfaces,  is  more  tlian  4  feet  a  )'ear. 

The  Arizona  meteorological  region,  which  includes  Arizona,  Sonora,  and 
south-e.-istern  California,  has  intense  heat  in  the  summer;  and  in  the  high 
lands,  inlen.ie  cold  in  the  winter.  At  Tucson,  tlie  mercur)'  is  never  below 
90  at  2  P.  .\I.,  in  July  ;  and  the  mean  of  the  minimums  for  that  month  is 
78',  indicating  nights  tf)o  hot  for  comfort.  Tlie  elevation  is  1,000  feet 
abiH-e  the  sea,  and  on  25  of  the  31  days  in  January,  1878,  the  mercury  fell 
to  the  freezing  point,  the  lowest  point  being  24  .  Yuma,  at  the  level  of 
the  sea,  representing  the  low  valleys  in  Arizona,  has  a  mean  of  104'  in 
Jul)-,  ,-md  56  in  J,-muary.  In  July,  1878,  there  were  onl)- 4  d.-iys  in  which 
the  thermometer  did  not  go  to  lOO' ;  and  in  the  5  months,  of  Al.ay,  June, 
Jul)-,  August,  and   September  of  the  year    1877-78,  the  mercury   reached 


I      I 


ri.i\i.\Ti:. 


8.1 


that  figure  on  99  iliffcicnt  days.  On  j?  daj-s  in  July,  the  mercury  did  not 
fall  Ix'low  So  .  Notu  ithstandinp;  ils  broilin;,^  suniim'r,  the  place  is  visited 
by  frost  in  the  winter.  In  the  mountains  the  heat  and  cold  \ar\'  with  the 
elevation.  The  a\era;4e  annual  rainfall,  wliich  occurs  from  June  tn  .Septem- 
ber inclusi\e — the  remainder  of  the  yc.ir  beint,'  the  dry  season  —  is  4  inches 
at  ^'uma,  13  at  Tucson,  and  more  in  the  mountains,  runnini,'  up  to  j-,  inclus 
in  the  eastern  and  north-eastern  p.irt  of  the  Territory. 

Of  the  climate  of  western  Me.\ico,  south  of  Sonora,  ue  ha\e  no  meteor- 
olo;^rical  statistics  ;  but  we  know  that  it  is  hot,  throut,r|i  the  )ear,  near  the 
level  of  the  .sea,  and,  south  of  .Sin.iloa,  the  rains  are  abundant.  The  rainy 
season,  or  the  wettest  part  of  the  \ear  tlure,  as  in  .Ari/.on.i,  is  in  the  sum- 
mer months. 


Alaska's  Climate. — Alaska  lies  entirely  north  of  latitude  54  40',  and 
has  three  different  climates  on  its  I'acific,  its  Hehring  Sea,  and  its  Arctic 
frontages.  The  mean  temperature  (;f  January  is  30"^  in  Sitka,  on  the  Pacific 
front.ige,  while  it  is  30'  in  Reykia\il<  (Iceland),  23'  in  Newfoundland,  Ji' 
in  Christiani.i  (Norway),  24'  in  Stockholm,  i  5  in  St.  Petersburg,  3.S '  in  (ilas- 
gow,  and  30  in  New  York  City.  While  the  winter  is  cold,  the  thermometer 
rarely  approaches  the  /i;ro  of  I'^ihrenheit,  as  it  often  does  in  New  York,  anil 
as  a  consequence,  wheii  San  iMancisco  depended  on  Alaska  for  ice,  she 
could  not  get  a  solid  article  from  Sitka,  but  hatl  tr- send  further  north.  The 
.season  closely  resembles  that  of  Iceland,  ;tiul  is  warmer  in  its  average  than 
ill  Stockholm,  St.  Petersburg,  or  Neu-roimdland.  The  mean  temperature  of 
July  is  55°  in  Sitka,  56'  degrees  in  Reykia\  ik,  56'  in  Newfoundland,  55'  in 
the  Orkneys,  52°  in  Shetland,  58"  in  Glasgow,  and  61  '  in  Christiania.  There 
is  rain,  snow,  or  thick  fog  at  Sitka  on  240  da)s  of  the  year.  The  rainfall, 
including  snow,  measured  as  one  foot  equivalent  to  an  inqh  of  rain,  amounts 
to  80  inches  in  a  year.  The  means  of  July  and  January  are  respectively 
58"  and  33"  at  Fort  Tongass  in  latitude  54°  46',  57°  and  28'  at  Kadiak  in 
latitude  57'  47',  and  58'  and  22'  at  I'ort  Wrangel  in  latitude  56'   16'. 

When  wc  pass  to  that  part  of  Alaska  fronting  on  Behring  Sea,  we  find  a 
general  temperature  of  50"  in  July  and  -10'  in  January.  The  warmest  place 
is  a  district  50  miles  witle,  500  miles  long,  and  100  miles  from  the  sea  in  the 
basin  of  the  Yukon  River,  about  latitude  66'.  where  Jul)-  has  a  mean  of  65^ 
or  10'  more  than  Sitka.  The  warm  period,  however,  is  limited  to  the  mid- 
summers; for  the  mean  of  January  is  -26'.  The  heat  is  often  oppressi\-c, 
and  >-et  three  feet  below  the  surface  the  .soil  remains  frozen  throughout  the 
year.  St.  Michael.s,  the  chief  port  at  present  on  Hehring  Sea,  has  a  July  of 
54^'  and  a  January  of  3".    St.  Paul's  Island  has  46"  in  July  and  28'  in  January. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


l^|2^    12.5 
^  Itt    |Z2 

■yuu 

U    lil.6 


t"       — 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


'V 


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33  WIST  MAIN  STRin 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  •7a-4S03 


4^ 


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1;. 

(1 1 ; 


84 


INTRODUCTION. 


i 


( 

I 


t  ,,  ' 


CHAPTER  IV.— LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 

Public  Land. — Our  slope,  between  the  32d  and  S4th  parallels  of  latitude, 
has  about  1,200,000  square  miles  of  area,  including  presumably  one  si.\th 
valuable  for  tillage,  as  much  valuable  for  timber,  and  one  half  for  pasturage, 
lca\ing  one  si.xth  for  ilcscrts  and  mountains  of  bare  sand  and  rock.  The 
tillaijle  soil  amounts  to  200,000  square  miles,  of  which  40,000  have  passed 
into  the  ])ossession  of  individuals  and  corporations,  while  160,000  still  be- 
long to  the  governments  of  the  United  States  and  of  British  Columbia. 
The  first  settlers  of  course  took  up  the  land  most  desirable  for  fertility  of 
soil,  facility  of  cultivation,  and  pro.vimity  to  the  market;  but  as  the 
population  was  then  much  smaller  than  at  present,  and  as  the  expense  of 
raising  and  marketing  crops  was  greater,  their  land  was  not  worth  more  by 
the  acre,  in  the  general  estimation,  than  is  now  a  large  part  of  the  land,  at 
present  unoccupied. 

The  public  lands  of  the  United  States  are  surveyed  or  unsurveyed.  All 
unless  specially  reserved  are  open  to  settlement,  and  offered  for  a  small  con- 
sideration to  actual  occupants  and  cultivators.  If  the  land  has  been  surveyed, 
and  has  not  been  i^rcviously  withdrawn  from  settlement,  the  settler  may  be 
confident  that  the  law  will  protect  him  in  the  possession  of  the  precise  tr.ict 
which  he  occupies;  if  unsurveyed,  it  may  be  reserved  for  public  purposes 
after  he  takes  ])osscssion;  and  if  he  is  allowed  to  keep  the  tract,  the  survey 
lines  ma)'  run  through  the  middle  of  his  choicest  tract  so  that  he  must  sur- 
rentler  part  of  it.  If,  however,  2  settlers  have  occupied  adjacent  pieces  of 
unsurveyed  land,  and  have  their  improvements  on  the  same  subdivision,  they 
may  make  a  joint  entry  of  that  subdivision,  and  divide  the  tract  between 
themselves  afterwards. 

The  surveyed  land  is  divided  into  townships  6  miles  square;  sections  of 
640  acres,  one  mile  square;  quarter  sections  of  iCo  acres,  half  a  mile  .square; 
and  tiuarter-quarter  sections  of  40  acres,  one  quarter  of  a  mile  square. 

The  public  lands  are  divided  into  survey  districts,  in  which  the  subdivis- 
ions are  numbered  from  an  initial  point,  which  in  a  mountainous  region  is 
usually  some  prominent  peak.  Mount  Diablo,  in  central  California,  being  an 
example.  A  line  running  north  ami  south  through  the  initial  point  is  called 
the  meridian,  and  one  running  east  and  west  is  the  base.  Each  successive 
row  of  townshii>s  running  cast  and  west  is  called  a  town;  each  one  running 


LAXD   KOK   SF.TTLKKS. 


«5 


north  and  south  is  a  range.  F.ach  town  is  numbered  according  tn  its  dis- 
tance from  the  base,  and  each  range  by  its  distance  from  the  meridian.  I'hc 
sections  are  numbered  according  to  a  .system  that  is  uniform  for  all  tin- 
townships;  and  the  number  of  the  section,  town,  and  range,  indicates  tlu; 
location  so  precisely  th^t  any  good  surveyor  can  find  the  e.xact  lines,  and 
the  lands  are  conveyed  by  tho.se  numbers  without  other  descriotion.  'I'lu.' 
town  of  Coloma  is  in  town  ii  north,  and  range  lo  east,  from  .  le  meridian 
and  base  of  Mount  Diablo,  that  is,  66  miles  north,  and  60  miles  east  of  the 
summit  of  that  mountain. 


Career  for  Energy.— Men  who  come  to  California  and  Oregon  often 
complain  that  they  have  been  deceived  ;  that  they  have  been  led  to  belie\e 
that  they  could  get  rich  with  little  e-Ni'i-tion,  and  that  life  would  be  much 
easier  for  them  than  it  had  been  in  the  lilastern  States,  whereas  thej'  find 
that  they  are,  in  fact,  subjected  to  keener  competition  than  they  ever 
witnessed  before,  and  that  irstead  of  getting  rich  with  little  work,  they  re- 
main poor  even  with  hard  work.  Their  complaints  are  usuall)-  maiic  without 
reason.  It  is  true  that  fal.se  statements  arc  often  published  in  newspajiers 
and  books,  exaggerating  the  opportunities  for  labor  and  capital  ;  but  any 
intelligent  man  would  make  allowance  for  anonj-mous  assertions  made  hy 
persons  who  did  not  pretend  to  po.s.sess  any  special  knowledge.  The  writer^, 
in  many  cases,  either  conceal  or  do  not  know  the  drawbacks  attached  to  the 
business  which  they  praise  ;  and  they  assume  that  the  exceptional  success, 
which  is  the  subject  of  general  conversation,  may  safely  be  accepted  as  the 
average  result,  though  for  that  one  success -there  may  have  been  10  failures, 
of  which  nothing  was  said. 

The  immigrant  must  not  expect  to  obtain,  in  a  new  country,  all  the  com- 
forts of  an  old  one  ;  nor  to  live  without  exertion.  If  he  finds  a  field  where 
energy  and  intelligence,  combined  with  industry  and  economy,  can  accu- 
mulate wealth  more  rapidly,  and  secure  a  greater  portion  of  ultimate  com- 
fort than  in  his  former  home,  he  should  consider  his  migration  fortunate. 
He  should  not  expect  to  get,  without  expense,  land  worth  $20  an  ;icre. 
He  must  not  be  surprised  if  the  older  settlers  will  not  let  him  have  their 
farms  for  less  than  they  arc  worth  in  the  market ;  or  if  he  discovers  that 
they  have  taken  the  best  land,  leaving  for  newcomers  only  that  which  is 
inferior  in  quantity  or  remote  from  the  market. 

If  he  wishes  to  live  with  little  exertion,  if  he  lacks  persistence  and  in- 
dustry, or  if  he  intends  to  depend  on  his  friends  for  a  considerable  part  of 
his  subsistence,  then  the  better  plan  for  him  is  to  stay  with  them  and  be 
content  with  his  old  surrounding.s.  For  a  man  of  inferior  cajjacity,  willi- 
out  skill  or  ambition,  a  new  country  is  often  a  harder  place  than  an  old  one; 


-"■f 

'•'t 


I 


I 


Il 

t 

,  ;        t 
1,        1 

i 


86 


INTUODICTIOX. 


'if 


■ 

1 
f 

5is; 


ill 

ft    I  ! 


and  cvL'ii  if  sdincwhat  cisicr  in  a  material  point  f>f  view,  it  inaj'  be  loss 
congenial,  because  wliile  he  remains  in  a  stationary  condition,  he  sees  liis 
more  eneri^etic  neijjhbors  makin-r  rapid  advances  and  leavinij  him  far  in  the 
rear.  Hut  men  of  -iipcrior  capacity  and  enterjirise  will,  for  50  )-ears  to 
come,  find  on  our  slope  the  best  o|)portunilies  to  acquire  those  surroundinf^s 
which  are  considered,  by  most  men,  the  chief  aids  to  the  enjoyn.'jnt 
"if  life.  In  (."alifornia,  in  Oretjon,  in  Washin>^ton,  in  Arizona,  in  Idaho, 
anil  in  British  Ccjlumbia  there  are  immense  areas  of  public  land  that  can 
now  be  nlit.iined  for  $1.25  an  acre,  or  less,  capable  of  yieldinjf  .1  comfort- 
able su|>port  to  those  who  take  U])  tracts  of  .So  or  160  acres,  and  certain  to 
increase  gradually  in  value  until,  before  the  end  of  the  century,  it  may  be 
worth  at  least  $^t,  an  acre,  and  if  well  planted,  4  times  that  amount. 

No  Land  Monopoly.— Land  monopoly  has  been  a  favorite  theme  for 
Californian  ilem.igogues,  and  ]5ersons  at  a  distance,  reading  their  declama- 
tions, often  get  ;i  false  impression  of  the  situation. 

No  l.ind  monopoly  obstructs  the  prosiK-rity  of  the  immigrant.  Four  fifths 
of  the  lands  in  California  are  untaxed,  because  they  still  belong  to  the  Gov- 
ernment, at  least  so  far  as  the  recorded  evidences  of  title  show.  Settlers 
can  take  their  choice  among  tr.icts  covering  20,c)00,ocx)  acres  of  tillable  l.ind, 
all  of  it  open  for  acquisition  under  the  national  homestead  law,  and  most 
of  it  at  a  c.ish  expenditure  of  onlj*  20  cents  an  acre.  There  are  now  per- 
hajjs  40,000  farms  in  the  .State,  anil  there  is  room  on  the  jiublic  lands  for 
at  least  twice,  and  ])erhaps  10  times,  as  many  more.  Where,  then,  is  the 
monopoly  ?  When  the  settler  onn  get,  for  almost  nothing,  more  than  lie 
can  cultiv.ite,  neeil  he  worr)-  because  .i  few  of  tlie  pioneers  have  obtained 
large  ranches  ? 

lUit,  say  the  declaimcrs,  the  best  land,  the  large  tracts  of  moist  and  fertile 
land  ill  the  vallevs,  nearest  the  good  harbors,  navigable  rivers,  and  cities,  the 
places  most  suitable  for  extensive  \  ine)-ards  ami  orchards,  with  facilities  for 
clie,ii>  irrigation,  have  been  already  taken  up.  True.  It  has  iiapjiencd  here, 
as  ill  the  other  States,  that  the  first  settlers  in;ide  their  homes  on  l.mds  that 
wen;  prized  for  fertility  of  soil,  their  proximitj-  to  market,  and  prospect  of 
enhanced  value.  The  newcomer  can  not  take  choice  of  everything  as  the 
first  pioneer  did  ;  but  he  has  mail)-  advantages  which  his  predecessor  had  n<it; 
and  relatively  as  much  revenue  cm  be  obtained  now,  within  5  j'cars,  from 
160  .acres,  well  chosen  from  the  public  land  open  to  settlement  in  California, 
;is  could  be  obt.iiiietl  from  an  ec|ual  area  taken  up  20,  30,  or  40  years  ago. 

There  is  no  Californian  land  monopoly  to  obstruct  the  prosperity  of  poor 
settlers,  or  to  darken  the  future  of  their  descendants.  The  laws  regulating 
the  teiuiri.',  ronvcyance,  inheritance,  antl  acquisition  of  land,  are  about  the 


;  i 


LAND    FOR    sr.TTI.KKS. 


87 


same  on  bol.i  sides  of  tlic  continent;  tlic  fcclin;^  of  the  people  in  reference 
to  land  is  the  same;  and  the  f)nly  material  differences  are  the  natural  results 
of  differences  in  climate,  market,  methods  of  cultivation,  and  densit)-  of 
population.  The  average  farin  is  4  times  as  large  in  California  as  in  the 
states  cast  of  the  Mississippi;  and  there  arc  only  30  cultivated  acres  for  each 
farm  laborer  in  the  nation,  as  against  130  in  the  (joldcn  State.  The  dryness 
of  the  soil,  the  lack  of  rotation  of  crop.s,  the  irregularity  f)f  the  )-ield  to  the 
acre,  and  tiie  large  space  u.scd  for  wild  pasture,  demand  larger  farms  for  the 
security  and  permanence  of  families  in  C'alifornia  than  in  Illinois. 

JJut,  say  the  declaim:;rs  again,  "  The  National  Ciovcrnment  has  given  im- 
mense areas  to  the  railroads."  True,  and  by  .so  doing  has  rendered  a  scr\'ice 
of  incalculable  benefit  to  settlers,  |)roviding  access  to  extensive  regions  that, 
without  these  grants,  would  have  remained  inaccessible  for  a  quarter  or  half 
a  century.  The  lands  granted  to  railroad  companies,  and  still  in  their  pos- 
session, are  mostly  of  little  present  value.  The  companies  are  anxious  to 
sell  most  of  their  land  at  moderate  prices. 

In  California,  as  well  as  in  Oregon,  Washington,  Arizona,  Idaho,  and  the 
Pacific  portions  of  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  British 
Columbia,  there  arc  extensive  areas  of  fertile  and  arable  public  land;  and  in 
all  together  there  is  ro  m  for  many  mi'lions  of  families. 

Chances  for  Settlers. — An  immense  area  in  the  American  States  ami 
Territories,  on  the  Pacific  slope,  is  open  to  prciimptors  and  homesteaders, 
and  can  not  be  a  source  of  profit  to  f.pcculators,  when  obtained  from  the 
Government.  The  .scrip  and  warrants  which  were  sold,  1 5  or  20  jcars  ago, 
at  50  or  Go  cents  an  acre,  and  were  received  by  the  land  officer  at  $1.25  an 
acre,  arc  now  nearly  exhausted,  and  have  risen  until  the  discount  on  them 
is,  perhaps,  not  more  than  3  per  cent.,  leaving  little  margin  for  i)rofit,  after 
taking  the  risks  of  defective  assignments  and  other  drawbacks.  Consider- 
able bodies  of  land  arc,  in  some  places,  still  offereil  to  the  speculator  at 
private  entry  for  $1.25  an  acre  ;  but  they  are  undesirable;  and  the  tendency 
of  the  national  policy  is  to  restrict  the  opjjortunities  of  the  speculator,  and 
reserve  the  national  domain  exclusively  for  poor  men  who  will  inake  their 
homes,  in  good  faith,  on  tracts  of  not  more  than  160  acres,  whcr"  \\c  soil 
is  tillable. 

Large  quantities  of  land  have  been  bought  for  purposes  of  speculation, 
and  left  to  lie  unoccupied,  with  serious  loss  to  their  owners.  Of  30,000 
square  miles  that  have  been  conveyed,  by  the  United  States,  to  individuals 
or  companies  in  California,  less  than  7,000  are  under  cultivation.  Some  of 
this  land  may  be  obtained  at  a  slight  advance  on  the  Government  price  of 
$1.25  an  acre.     In  general  terms,  it  m.iy  be  said,  that  all  the  fertile  land  in 


.W  : 


.n 

m 


88 


INTRODL'CTION. 


r  r> 


!i 


ihc  larger  valleys  has  become  private  pro]x;rty  ;  but  along  the  edges  of  the 
valleys,  where  the  soil  is  gravelly,  is  covered  with  bush,  or  is  cut  up  by 
ravines  or  projecting  liills,  there  is  much  land  not  yet  taken  up.  This  is  true 
of  most  of  the  \alleys  in  California,  and  of  all  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 
In  Idaho,  i\ri/.ona,  I'acific  Montana,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado,  the  fertile 
vallcj"  lands  are  still  obtainable  ;  in  Utah  and  New  Mexico,  the  land  suit- 
able for  culti\  ation,  and  now  provided,  in  large  tracts,  with  water  for  irriga- 
tion, is  all  <jccupied. 

It  was  formerly  the  policy  of  the  Government  to  make  the  public  lands 
as  much  as  possible  a  source  of  revenue;  conseejuently,  soon  after  they 
were  surveyed  thej-  were  offered  at  public  sale,  and  such  lands  as  had  not 
been  paid  for  by  preemptors  were  .sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  none,  however, 
being  sold  unless  the  minimum  jirice,  $1.25  per  acre,  was  bid.  Lands,  not 
disposed  of  in  this  wa\',  remained  subject  to  private  entry  at  $1.25  per  acre, 
ami  one  person  could  jiurchase  any  amount,  offered  at  that  price,  without 
residence  thereon.  Since  1861,  the  polic)- of  tlie  Government  has  been  to 
withhold  lands  froin  public  sale,  aiul  dispose  of  them  as  preemption  and 
homestead  tracts,  and  as  grants  for  railroads,  other  internal  improvements, 
and  educational  purjioscs.  A  grant  of  the  oild  .sections  of  land  to  a  rail- 
road, withdraws  tlie  even  as  well  as  the  odd  sections  from  private  entry. 

Lands  that  have  been  offered  at  public  sale,  and  not  .sold,  can  be  settled 
on  by  a  preemptor,  who,  to  protect  himself,  must  file  his  declaratory  state- 
ment within  one  month  after  his  settlement,  and  within  one  year  must  make 
proof  of  his  good  faith,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Register  and  Receiver  of 
the  United  States  Land  Office,  by  showing  residence,  cultivation,  and  im- 
)irovement,anil  making  paymciit  for  the  land  at  $1.25  per  acre. 

If  a  preemptor  settles  on  surveyed  land,  that  has  not  been  offered  at  pub- 
lic sale,  he  must  file  his  declaratory  statement  within  3  months,  and  make 
proof  and  |)ayment  within  37,  months  after  the  date  of  his  .settlement.  If 
he  settles  on  unsurvejed  lands,  he  must  file  within  3  months,  and  pay  within 
33  months  after  the  plat  of  the  survey  has  been  filed  in  the  United  States 
Land  OfTice. 

The  price  charged  to  preemptors  is  $1.25  ])er  acre,  for  lands  that  were 
outside  of  railroad  grants  when  they  settled,  and  $2.50  per  acre  if  tiie  land 
was  (111  an  even  section,  within  a  railroad  grant,  at  the  date  of  settlement. 

The  (lualifications  of  a  preemptor  are,  that  he  or  she  is  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  or  has  declared  his  or  her  intention  to  become  such,  and  is 
either  the  head  of  a  family,  or  a  widow,  or  a  deserted  wife,  or  a  single  man 
or  woman  over  21  years  of  age,  and  did  not  move  off  of  his  or  her  own 
land  ill  the  same  State  or  Territory  to  settle  on  the  tract  claimed,  and  does 
not  own  320  acres  of  land  in  any  State  or  Territory  in  the  United  States, 


LAND   KOU   SF.TTLKKS. 


89 


and  has  made  no  contract  of  any  kind  to  sell  the  land  or  enter  it  for  the 
benefit  of  any  other  person.  Thcic  facts  have  to  be  sworn  to  by  the  apph- 
cant  when  he  makes  the  final  entry. 

The  declaratory  statement  of  a  prciimptor  docs  not  need  to  be  sworn  to. 
The  fee  for  filing  is  $3.  The  qualifications  under  the  homestead  law  arc 
the  same,  except  that  there  is  no  prohibition  as  to  the  amount  of  land  the 
homestead  claimant  may  own,  and  no  prohibition  against  moving  from  his 
own  land. 

Under  the  recent  amendmcnt.s,  the  rights  of  the  homestead  settler  attach 
at  date  of  settlement,  and  he  is  required  to  make  his  homestead  application 
and  first  entry,  within  the  same  time  as  a  prciimptor.  He  must  make  the 
preliminary  oath  before  the  Register  or  Receiver,  except  when  he  has  al- 
ready settled  on  the  land,  in  which  case,  he  can  make  it  before  the  County 
Clerk  of  the  county  where  the  land  lies.  Final  proof  may  be  made,  either 
in  the  land  office,  or  before  the  Superior  Judge  of  the  county,  or,  in  his 
absence,  before  the  Clerk  of  the  County,  in  which  the  land  is  situated.  He 
may  pay  for  the  land,  after  6  months  from  the  filing  of  his  homestead  ap- 
plication, by  showing  continuous  residence,  cultivation,  and  improvement 
from  date  of  settlement ;  or  after  residing  on  the  land,  continuously,  for  5 
years  from  date  of  settlement,  and  improving  it,  he  can  make  proof,  and  on 
paying  the  fees  required  by  law,  get  the  title  without  paying  for  the  land; 
and  he  must  make  proof  within  7  years  from  the  date  of  his  application 
and  entry,  or  his  claim  will  be  canceled.  On  making  his  final  proof  at 
the  expiration  of  5  years,  he  mu.st  be  a  full  citizen. 

Cost  to  Settler. — The  homestead  applicant  pays,  on  making  his  first  entry, 
$16  for  160  acres  of  minimum  land — that  i.s,  land  which  is  rated  at  $1.25  per 
acre;  $14.50  for  1 20  acres;  $8  for  80  acres;  or  $6.50  for  40  acres;  according  to 
the  size  of  his  tract.  On  making  final  entry,  he  pays  $6  for  160  acres;  $4.50 
for  120  acres;  $3  for  80  acres;  or  $1.50  for  40  acres;  according  to  the  size  of 
his  tract.  Besides,  he  must  pay  the  cost  of  taking  the  testimony,  which 
amounts  usually  to  about  $3. 

The  fees  for  homesteads  on  double  minimum  land.s,  that  is,  land  held  at 
$2.50  per  acre,  are,  for  first  entry,  for  160  .icres,  $22;  for  120  acres,  $19; 
for  80  acres,  $11;  and  for  40  acres,  $8.  On  final  entry  of  the  land,  the 
homestead  claimant  pays  on  double  minimum  land,  for  160  acres,  $12;  for 
120  acres,  $9;  for  80  acres,  $6;  and  for  40  acres,  $3;  in  addition  to  the 
fees  for  testimony. 

All  these  fees  arc  paid  over  to  the  Government,  to  reimburse  it  for  the 
expense  in  running  the  Land  Department.  The  statute  requires  the  appli- 
cant, under  both  the  preemption  iind  homestead  law.s,  to  file  a  notice  of  inten- 


.'  'I 
1 


m 


fit 


I 


0 


90 


i\Tr.oiU(Tic)\. 


!l 


I 


;  f': 


I  ; 


& 


lion  to  prove  up,  f;ivin<j  the  names  of  the  witnesses  and   their  post-oflicc 
address,  to  be  publislied  by  the  Register  for  5  weeks. 

The  total  payment  ref|uircd  by  the  Government  for  a  homestead  claim  on 
minimum  land  in  uncontested  cases,  including  the  cost  of  taking  the  tcsti- 
monj',  and  publishing  the  notice  of  intention  to  prove  up,  amounts  on  the 
average,  to  about  57  cents  an  acre  for  40  acres;  27  cents  an  acre  for  80  acres; 
24  cents  an  acre  for  120  acres;  and  20  cents  for  160  acres.  (Jn  double  min- 
imum lands,  the  rates  are  from  5  to  10  cents  more  an  acre,  according  to  the 
sizes  of  the  respective  tracts.  The  costs  of  taking  the  testimony  and  pub- 
lishing the  notice  var\-,  according  to  circumstances,  and  render  it  impossible 
to  fix  the  cost  ])cr  acre,  in  ca.scs  that  may  ari.se  in  the  future.  A  contest 
may  add  much  to  the  c.vpcnsc,  by  compelling  the  claimant  to  spend  time  in 
\isiting  the  Land  Office,  and  pay  the  cost  of  witnesses.  The  National  Gov- 
ernment has  made  a  gift  c»f  more  than  20,000,000  acres  to  settlers  under  the 
homestead  law. 

Timber  Claims. — Land  which  consi.sts  exclusively  of  prairie,  may  be  ob- 
tained under  the  timber  claim  law,  which  requires  that  the  applicant  should 
have  the  same  (jualifications  as  tho.se  required  under  the  preemption  and 
homestead  laws.  It  is  not  necessary  that  he  should  reside  on  the  Jcr.d.  In 
the  first  )ear  the  settler  must  plow  5  acres  out  of  160;  the  second  )-ear 
he  must  cultivate  those  5  acres  in  some  croj),  and  plow  5  more  acres;  in 
the  third  year  he  must  plant  the  first  5  acres  with  trees,  and  cultivate  the 
second  5  acres  in  a  crop;  and  the  fourth  )ear  he  must  plant  the  second  $ 
acres  w  iih  trees.  If  he  does  this,  planting  2,700  trees  on  the  10  acres,  and, 
at  the  end  of  S  years  from  his  application,  has  675  living,  thrifty  trees  on 
the  10  acres,  he  is  then  entitled  to  a  patent.  The  purpo.se  of  the  act  is  to 
encourage  the  planting  of  trees  on  the  bare  plains  of  the  Territories.  The 
only  money  payment  is  $14  at  the  application,  and  $4  at  final  proof,  if  the 
area  is  160  acres;  and  $9  and  $3,  if  80  acres.  If  less  than  160  acres,  the 
area  to  be  cultivated  in  trees  is  proportionately  less. 

Examine  before  Buying. —  No  matter  how  familiar  a  man  may  be  with 
the  public  lands  of  our  coast,  and  with  the  general  conditions  of  business 
and  societ)',  in  the  districts  where  those  lands  are  situated,  it  is  impossible 
for  him  to  select  homes  for  strangers,  with  any  certainty  that  his  selection 
will  be  satisfactor)'.  There  is  such  a  \ast  variety  in  the  circumstances,  that 
no  person  can  tell,  in  advance,  what  will  suit  the  different  tastes,  whim.s,  ca- 
pacities, and  experiences  of  the  newcomer,  who  has  probably  never  lived 
in  such  a  climate  as  that  of  Los  Angeles,  of  San  Francisco,  or  of  I'ortlantl. 
He  ma)-  have  been  a  farmer  many  years,  without  becoming  familiar  with 
any  of  the  products,  whieh  arc  here  made  specialties  in  extensive  districts. 


I.AM)  1(IK  sirni.KRs. 


91 


If  he  settles  in  a  dr>'  district,  he  may  soon  want  to  move  to  a  wet  one;  if 
advised  to  plant  an  oranjje  orchard,  he  may,  the  next  year,  blame  his  ad- 
viser for  not  tellinfi  him  to  plant  apricots. 

The  man  who  wants  to  settle  on  public  land,  before  deciding  on  a  special 
tract,  .should  see  it  for  him.self,  and  assume  the  main  responsibility  for  the 
choice.  If  he  docs  not  know  enough  to  select  a  place,  he  iloes  not  know 
enough  to  manage  it.  He  should  not  e.xpcct  his  friend  in  a  commercial 
city,  the  .igent  of  a  railroad  company,  or  the  Register  of  a  National  Land 
Office,  to  designate  the  spot  for  him.  Let  him  go  to  the  outskirts  of  the 
.settlements,  and  inquire  there  what  lands  are  vacant.  The  people  generally 
will  give  him  correct  information,  and  go  to  some  trouble  to  show  him  the 
precise  boundaries;  and  usually,  when  he  becomes  their  neighbor,  they  will 
help  him  along,  especially  if  they  find  that  he  is  industriou.s,  temperate,  eco- 
nomical, and  worthy  of  their  aid. 

The  offices  for  the  sale  of  the  national  lands  in  California  are  at  San 
Francisco,  Sacramento,  Marysville,  Humboldt,  Susanvillc,  Stockton,  Los 
Angeles,  Visalia,  Sha.sta,  and  Bodic  ;  these  in  Oregon  arc  at  Oregon  City, 
Roseburg,  La  Grande,  Lakcview,  and  The  Dalles  ;  tho.se  in  Washington,  at 
Olympia,  Vancouver,  Walla  Walla,  Colfa.x,  and  Yakima  ;  those  in  Nevada, 
at  Carson  City  and  ICurcka  ;  tho.se  in  Idaho,  at  lioise  City,  Lewi.ston,  and 
Oxford  ;  those  in  Arizona,  at  Pre.scott  anil  I'lorence,  and  that  in  Utah,  at 
Salt  Lake  City.  The  Land  Offices  at  Santa  I'e  and  Mesilla,  in  New  Mexico, 
though  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  have  charge  of  lands  west  of  the 
main  divide;  Pacific  lands  in  Colorado  are  intrusted  to  the  offices  at  Central 
City,  Leadville,  Del  Norte,  and  Lake  City;  in  Montana,  to  the  Land  Offices 
at  Helena  and  Miles  City,  and  those  in  Wyoming  to  Evanston.  THK 
Okkoon  Static  Boaro  ok  Immigration  has  offices  at  252  Broadway,  New 
York  City,  and  260  Washington  Street,  Boston.  Mrs.  A.  H.  H.  Stuart, 
of  Olympia,  is  President  of  the  Immigration  Society  of  Washington. 

Central  Paolflo  Ijanda. — By  the  Acts  of  July  1,  1862,  and  July  2,  1864, 
to  aid  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific, 
Congress  granted  12,800  acres  of  public  land,  for  each  mile  of  road  com- 
pleted. From  Ogdcn  westward  to  San  Francisco,  a  distance  of  881  miles, 
this  land  grant  belongs  to  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  ;  and  from  Ogden 
eastward,  to  the  Union  Pacific.  A  very*  large  proportion  of  the  land,  thus 
granted,  is  in  mountain  or  desert,  which  settlers  do  not  wish  to  occupy,  and 
therefore,  the  railroad  company,  being  unable  to  .>ell,  still  holds  it  and  offers 
it  at  low  prices  t"  aiiy  purcha.ser.  Besides  the  mountain  and  desert  land — 
some  of  which  may  prove  valuable  at  no  distant  time  in  the  future — there 
is   a   considerable   area  of  fine   timber  in  the  Sierra    Nevada,  and  some 


I 

§ 


92 


INTRODUCTION. 


If-  i 


excellent  sites  for  orcharils  and  vineyards  in  the  foothills,  along  the  edge  of 
the  Sacramento  Valley. 

The  coinpan\-  offers  its  lands  for  sale  under  four  methods  of  payment. 
The  first  is  payment  in  full  at  the  time  of  purchase.  The  second  is  pay- 
ment of  20  per  cent,  of  principal,  and  interest  for  one  year  in  advance,  at 
time  of  purchase,  on  the  rcmaimler  of  the  principal,  with  one  year's  interest 
in  advance  at  the  beginning  of  every  )-car  till  the  entire  principal  is  paid. 
The  third  method  is  in  5  equal  annual  payments  of  the  principal,  with  in- 
terest annually  in  advance  on  the  unpaid  principal.  The  fourth  method  is 
JO  per  cent,  down,  and  the  remainder  in  8  equal  installments  of  principal  at 
intervals  of  6  month.s,  with  interest  on  the  unpaid  remainder  in  advance 
with  every  installment.  The  entire  payment  must  be  made  in  every  case 
within  5  )-ears;  but  the  purchaser  can  pay  in  full,  at  anytime  before  the  ex- 
piration of  the  5  years,  and  thus  save  interest.  The  rate  of  interest  is  7  per 
cent,  a  year;  the  price  varies  according  to  the  quality  and  situation  of  the 
land.  Those  who  wish  further  information  should  .address  "  H.  B.  REDDING, 
Land  Agent  of  TiiF.  Centr.M-  P.\ciFic  R^mlro.vd  Company,  comer  of 
Fourth  and  Townsend  Streets,  San  Francisco." 

By  an  act  passed  July  25,  1866,  Congress  gave  1 2,800  acres  per  mile — ex- 
cluding Mexican  grants  and  preemption  claim.s,  which  covered  much  of  the 
best  land — to  the  California  and  Oregon  Railroad,  from  Roscville  to  Red- 
ding, a  distance  of  151  miles.  This  road  has  been  consolidated  with  the 
Central  Pacific,  and  the  land  is  sold  under  the  same  terms  as  that  on  the 
main  line  of  the  Central  Pacific.     B.  B.  REDDING  has  charge  of  the  sale. 

Southern  Pacific  Lands. — By  acts  passed  July  27,  1866,  and  March  3, 
1 87 1,  Congress  gave  to  TiiE  SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  Company  of 
California,  12,800  acres  per  mile,  for  a  railroad  from  San  Jose  to  Yuma,  by 
way  of  Gilroy,  Tres  Pinos,  Lemoore,  Goshen,  Tchachapi,  Los  Angeles,  and 
Colton.  After  a  careful  examination  of  the  route  from  Tres  Pinos  to 
Lemoore,  a  distance  of  1 18  miles,  the  company  decided  that  it  could  not  be 
built  with  advantage  to  themselves  or  to  the  public,  and  therefore  that  sec- 
tion was  abandoned,  and  a  connection,  far  more  beneficial  to  the  State,  was 
made  from  Goshen  to  Lathrop.  The  company  built  60  miles  from  Carn.a- 
dcro  to  .Solcdad,  and  intends  to  continue  the  road  from  the  latter  point, 
across  the  main  ridge  of  the  Coast  Mountains  to  the  vicinity  of  Sumner,  a 
distance  of  162  miles.  Congress  provided  for  the  con.struction  of  about 
264  miles  of  railroad  between  San  Jose  and  Sumner,  but  instead  of  that, 
the  miles  of  road,  built  by  the  grantees,  between  San  Jose  and  Lathrop  at 
one  end,  and  -Sumner  at  the  other,  now  measure  402  miles;  and  when  the 
gap  between   Soledad  and   Sumner  is  filled,  the  total  will  be  564  miles,  or 


!  II 


I.ANI)    lOR    SETTI.liRS. 


0?, 


more  thtin  twice  the  distance  for  which  Congress  gave  a  land  subsidy.  This 
grant  covers  a'  l.irgc  area  of  excellent  land  in  Stanislaus,  I'rtsno,  Tul;irc, 
Kern,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Hcrnardino  Counties,  including  districts  admi- 
rably adapted  for  irrigation  by  means  jf  perennial  streams,  artesian  wells, 
and  reservoirs  so  constructed,  as  to  catch  the  waters  of  channels,  that  arc 
dry  in  the  summi;r,  and  including  soils  well  fitted  for  grain,  alfalfa,  oranges, 
grapes,  apricots,  olives,  figs,  and  lemons.  Travelers,  who  have  seen  nearly 
all  parts  of  the  habitable  globe,  that  are  considereil  desirable  as  places  of 
residence,  agree  in  the  opinion,  that  nowhere  did  they  obser%'c  any  place 
superior  for  subtropical  homes,  to  the  countrj'  along  the  line  of  this  road 
from  San  Fcmando  to  San  Gorgonio,  a  distance  of  loo  miles.  The  land  of 
TlIK  SOUTIIKRN  I'ACiriC  R.MI.RO.VD  COMPAXY  is  sold  on  the  same  terms 
as  th.it  of  the  Central  Pacific,  and  further  information  can  be  obtained  from 
"jERo.MK  Madokn,  Land  Agent  of  TiiK  Southern  P.acific  Raii.roau 
Company,  comer  of  Fourth  and  Townscnd  streets,  San  Francisco."  Per- 
sons who  wish  to  buy  from  cither  the  Central  or  the  Southern  Pacific 
Company,  can  obtain  a  land-.sceker's  ticket,  with  a  voucher  for  the  cost  of 
the  ticket,  which  voucher  will  be  accepted  by  the  company  as  part  payment 
for  the  land  selected.  Both  companies  publish  instructive  pamplilets  for 
free  distribution  to  people  .seeking  homes  in  California. 

Northern  Paolflo  Lands. — The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  to  be  1,775 
miles  long  on  its  main  line,  mostly  between  the  47th  and  48th  parallels  of 
latitude,  and  to  connect  Lake  Superior  with  Pugct  Sound,  is  one  of  the 
greatest  industrial  entcrpri.ses  of  our  age.  It  occupies  the  best  transcon- 
tinental route  in  the  American  Territor)'  for  local  traffic.  Within  50  miles 
it  has  more  soil,  valuable  for  tillage,  than  can  be  found  near  either  the 
Central-Union,  the  Atlantic-Pacific,  or  the  Southeri;  Pacific.  It  will  give 
convenient  access  to  a  strip  of  land  lOO  miles  wide  and  i,2CO  long,  not 
otherwise  accessible,  thus  opening  up  to  settlement  an  area  of  120,000 
square  miles,  that,  without  its  help,  would  remain  unproductive  ur<til  .some 
uncertain  time  in  a  remote  future.  As  compared  with  the  Southern  Pacific, 
the  territory  of  the  Northern  Pacific  has  an  immense  advantage  in  posses.s- 
ing  abundant  rains ;  as  compared  with  the  40th  and  35th  parallels,  it  has 
not  only  more  moisture,  but  less  elevation.  The  general  level  of  the  road 
is  2,500  feet  lower  than  that  of  the  Central-Union,  and  1,500  lower  than 
that  of  the  Atlantic-Pacific.  The  land  grant,  which  covers  25,600  acres  for 
every  mile  of  road,  will  not  only  sell  more  readily,  and  at  better  prices,  but 
will  al.so  soon  become  productive,  and  thus  supply  freight,  so  that  even  if 
the  company  should  not  command  much  through  traflRc,  the  prospect  for  a 
profitable  business   is  excellent.     The   land   sales   of  the  company  have 


■0 


f  .■ 


<M 


IXTKODLCTION. 


ill 
I'      i " 


iih: 


alrcaily  been  larpc,  having  far  exceeded  those  of  any  other  railroad  within 
the  last  3  years. 

Oregon  Improvement  Lands.— Tin:  Orf.gon  Imi'ROVF.mi'.nt  Com- 
V.\S\  offers  for  sale,  to  settlers,  I  50,000  acres  of  land  .'.1  the  I'alouse  country, 
or  valley  of  the  I'alouse  River,  in  Kastcrn  Washington.  It  is  an  elevated 
prairie,  with  a  fertile  soil  and  abundant  moisture,  irrigation  being  unneces- 
.sary  for  regular  crop.s.  The  natural  veg'-tation  is  chiefly  bunch  grass,  which 
is  excellent  for  cattle,  but  there  is  more  profi'  in  grain  and  cultivated  grasses. 
Railroads,  now  in  course  of  coi'.struction,  arc  lo  run  through  the  i'alouse 
\'alle)-,  and  will  undoubtedly,  before  long,  adtl  mnch  to  the  value  of  the  land. 
The  company  divides  its  lands  into  3  cla.s.ses,  a:cording  to  their  distance 
from  the  railroad  routes.  Class  A  i;.  to  .sell  foi  $5  per  acre;  class  \i  for 
$7.50;  and  class  J  for  $10.  The  purchaser  can  pay  in  advance  or  by  in- 
stallments, ruiming  through  6  years,  one  si.xth  of  the  purcha.se-money  to  be 
paid  each  year,  with  7  per  cent,  interest  in  advance  on  the  ilcferrcd  payments. 

Let  us  suppose  tliat  the  purchaser  wants  to  bu)-  160  acres  at  $5  an  acre, 
paying  in  6  annual  installments.  The  total  price  demanded  as  principal  is 
$800,  one  sixth  of  which,  required  as  installment,  is  $133.33.  To  this  the 
interest  on  the  unpaid  principal  is  to  be  added.  The  first  payment,  made 
at  the  time  of  the  purchase,  including  $133.33  of  principal,  and  $46.67  of 
interest,  amounts  to  $180;  the  payment  at  the  end  of  the  second  year  is 
$170.67;  at  the  end  of  the  third  year,  $161.33;  at  the  end  of  the  fourth 
\e;'.r.  $152.00;  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  year,  $142.67;  and  the  last  payment, 
at  the  end  of  the  sixth  year,  $133.33,  niaking  a  total  of  $940,  of  which  $140 
is  for  interest.  The  purchaser  who  can  pay  only  $133.33  at  the  time  of  pur- 
chase, may  pa)'  $46.67  of  interest  at  the  end  of  the  first  year,  and  the 
payments  at  the  end  of  the  .second,  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  si.xth  years  are 
the  same  as  those  mentioned  above;  the  total  being  $986.66,  of  which  the 
interest  takes  $186.66. 

The  payments  on  the  $7  and  $10  land  are  calculated  in  the  same 
wa\-.  A  discount  of  20  per  cent,  will  be  made  from  these  prices  for  cash  at 
the  time  of  purchase;  and  a  discount  ot  lO  percent,  is  allowed  for  cash  pay- 
ment before  the  end  of  the  fifth  year.  Other  particulars  can  be  learned 
from  pamphlets,  which  may  be  obtained  without  charge  by  applying  to  T. 
R.  T.WNATT,  General  Agent  of  Till;  Okixiox  I.\ii'Uovi:.mknt  Comp.wv. 
at  Walla  Walla,  W.  T.,or  to  A.  L.  Stokes,  General  Eastern  Agent  of  Tin-: 
Oregon  Railw.w  and  Navigation  Company,  52  Clarke  Street,  Chicago. 

Railroad  Lands  in  Western  Oregon.— TiiK  Oregon  and  California 
Railroad  Company  and  Tin:  Oregon  Central  Railroad  Company 
have  a  large  amount  of  land  in  Western  Oregon,  held  under  Congressional 


LAND    roK   SKTTI.KKS. 


95 


{jniiit,  and  offer  it  for  sale  at  various  prices,  ranging  from  1.25  to  $7  [K-racre. 
A  discount  of  10  ])er  cent,  is  made  for  cash ;  if  time  he  wanted,  tiie  pur- 
cliaser  must  ]>ay  7  per  cent,  interest,  and  at  least  one  tenth  of  the  ]irincipal 
annuallj-.  Supposing  a  iJUfhnse  amounting  to  $400  to  he  made  on  Jaiuiary 
I,  1.SS3,  on  10  years  contract,  t'lc  first  payment,  made  on  that  day,  will  be 
$40,  and  on  the  first  day  of  c;.' h  of  the  10  succeeding  years  tlie  respec- 
tive pa_\-mcnts  would  be  $25.:  o,  $65.20,  $62.40,  $59.60,  $56.80,  $54.00,  $5 1.20, 
$4X40,  $45.60,  and  la?..  \  mak'ng  a  total  of  $551.20,  including  $151.20  of 
interest.  The  land  ag^m  of  these  coinpanics,  1'.  ScilL'L/.i:,  in  the  Railroad 
Huilding,  Portland,  has  township  plats  of  most  of  Western  Oregon,  and  a 
list  of  farms  for  sale.  He  '.^  ill  give  information  about  the  selection  of  lands, 
and  will  issue  half-fare  tickets  to  purchasers  of  the  lands. 

WasMngton  Lands. — The  recent  throng  of  settlers  to  secure  land  in 
Washington  indicates  that  the  attractions  cf  the  Territory  are  extcnsivelj- 
known.  Most  of  the  fertile  soil  suitable  for  tillage,  without  clearing  off  tim- 
ber or  brush,  is  cast  of  the  Cascade  Range,  and  there  the  recent  construction 
of  railroads  has  opened  up  large  districts  previously  too  far  from  a  market 
for  profitable  cultivation. 

Colonies. — The  vast  area  of  unoccupied  land  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  the 
facilities  for  getting  possession  of  large  tracts  well  .idapted  for  horticultural 
tillage,  and  the  advant.agc  of  c  nbining  capital,  l.ibor,  and  land,  especia!!}- 
in  districts  requiring  irri^  .non,  offer  inducements  for  purchase  of  e\-tcnsi\-e 
tr.acts  by  colonic:,  .1  number  of  which  have  been  established  with  success  in 
various  parts  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington.  The  first  of  these  in 
])oint  of  time  was  that  of  Anaheim,  in  Los  Angeles  County.  When  the  wine 
fever  of  1857  broke  out,  some  Germans  in  San  Franci.sco  bought  a  tract  of 
1 168  acres,  25  miles  south-east  of  the  city  of  Los  Angeles,  for  about  $2 
an  acre,  and  intrusted  it  to  their  countryman,  Geokgk  H.vxskn,  a  surveyor, 
to  clear  off  the  cactus,  dig  a  ditch  from  the  Santa  y\na  river,  divide  the  land 
into  50-vineyard  tracts,  with  a  town  in  the  midst,  plant  it  with  vines,  and 
set  out  cuttings  of  willow,  .sycamore,  or  cottonwood,  for  fences.  Through 
two  years  and  a  half  he  managed  and  cultivated  the  property  economically 
and  successfully,  and  then  delivered  it  to  the  companj',  which  divided  the 
vineyard,  and  town-lots  among  the  shareholders.  Anaheim  soon  took  a 
jirominent  pi.ice  in  the  wine  industry  of  the  State,  and  continues  to  be  one 
of  the  notable  hortii;uliural  towns  of  California. 

Riverside,  laid  off  in  1870,  in  San  Bernardino  County,  on  what  was  then 
a  dr)'  and  uncultivated  plain,  600  feet  above  the  .se.i,  has  an  excellent  soil, 
an  abundant  supply  of  water,  and  a  climate  that  seems  peculiarly  favorable 
to  the  orange  and  grape.     Its  population  possesses  much  wealth  and  rare 


:■•■! 


I. 


96 


INTRODUCTION. 


•n 


it!) 


m 


I- 


intelligence.  Many  of  the  residents  have  recently  come  from  eastern  cities 
cither  to  restore  impaired  health  or  to  engage  in  horticulture  as  a  specula- 
tion; and  the  intellectual  atmosphere  resembles  that  of  a  literary  coterie 
rather  than  that  of  an  average  agricultural  village.  The  social  attractions 
have  added  to  the  \n.'.ue  of  the  land  which,  without  cultivation  or  improve- 
ment, is  held  at  $150  and  $200  an  acre.  An  offer  of  $25, cxx)  for  10  acres  of 
orange  orchard,  was  rejected  in  1880,  according  to  report,  because  the  net 
profit  on  the  crop  of  1880  was  $600  per  acre. 

Another  notable  colony,  that  of  Pasadena,  a  town  8  miles  north- 
cast  of  Los  Angeles  City,  laid  off  in  1874  on  a  tract  of  3,700  acres,  has 
1,500  acres  now  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  with  productive  orchards 
and  \ineyards.  The  land  that  cost  $33,  7  years  ago,  is  now  worth  $100  an 
acre.  The  town  of  Westminster,  in  Los  Angeles  County,  was  started,  in 
1 87 1,  on  the  plan  of  a  colony,  and  nearly  all  the  land  in  a  township  of  2,800 
acres  was  .sold  in  40-acre  tracts.  The  township  has  200  artesian  wells  and 
manj-  comfortable  homes.  A  colony  near  Florence,  in  the  same  county,  has 
16  families  on  a  tract  of  200  acres. 

In  1869,  W.  W.  HOLLISTKR,  who  had  made  a  fortune  in  sheep,  and 
wanted  to  fix  his  home  in  Santa  Barbara,  sold  21,000  acres  in  the  I'ajaro 
Valley,  90  miles  .south-cast  from  San  Francisco,  for  $370,000,  to  TlIlC  S.\N 
JUSTO  Ho.MESTK.VD  A.SSOCIATION.  The  town  of  IloUistcr  was  laid  off 
near  the  middle  of  the  tract,  the  best  surrounding  land  was  divided  into 
50  homestead  tracts,  w  liich  were  put  up  at  auction  among  the  shareholders, 
and  the  premiums  bid  for  the  more  desirable  places  amounted  to  $80,000. 
The  lands  not  divided  among  the  members  were  sold  to  outsiders  at  good 
prices  ;  and  wit'iin  6  years  tlie  managers  of  the  Association  could  claini 
trul\-  that  their  land  had  trebled  in  value,  partly  because  of  the  settlement 
and  improvements  made  on  it.  Their  enterprise  led  to  the  organization  of 
the  Count)-  of  San  Henito,  and  HoUister  became  its  county  .seat. 

The  success  of  the  San  Justo  enterprise  was  probably  one  of  the  main 
stimulants  that  led  to  the  organization  of  TlIlC  LoMF'OC  CoMl'AXY,  which, 
in  1S76,  made  a  contract  with  the  owners  of  the  Lompoc  Rancho,  fronting 
on  the  Pacific,  in  latitude  34' 40' (W.  \V.  Hoi.l.lSTKR  held  one  third,  the 
estate  of  J.  II.  1  lul.l.lSTKR  as  much,  and  the  DUiULKl';  Brotmkus  the  re- 
mainiler,  all  in  undivided  interests),  to  purcha.sc  40,000  acres  for  $500,000. 
The  .soil  is  fertile  ;md  moist,  and,  at  the  time  of  the  organization  of  the 
company,  people  were  rushing  into  .Southern  California,  land  was  rising  rap- 
idl)'  in  \aUie,  and  there  was  a  general  feeling  that  all  purchasers  of  land  at 
prices  then  common  would  be  profitable.  Nevertheless,  the  Lompoc  in- 
vestment was  a  disastrous  failure.  The  year  after  the  company  took  pos- 
.session  was  one  of  drought,  and   the  settlers  had   no  crops.     Other  bad 


!;i 


LAND    FOR   SETTI.KRS. 


97 


years  came  ;  they  fell  into  insolvency  and  surrendered  their  lands  to  the  orig- 
inal owners,  who  divided  their  interests,  and  then  dealt  directly  with  those 
holding  under  the  company.  The  Lompoc  tract  now  has  about  1,500  in- 
habitants. 

Seven  horticultural  colonics  have  established  themselves  at  Fresno,  which 
is  the  most  active  center  of  that  kind  of  settlement  now  in  progress  on  the 
coast.  They  occupy  2 1,600  acres;  the  Fresno  having  8,8co  ;  the  Central, 
3,840;  the  Washington,  7,040 ;  the  Church.  640  ;  the  Nevada,  1,920;  the 
Scandinavian  3,840,  and  the  Fasterby,  2,560.  The  tracts  of  all  these  com- 
panies are  supplied  with  water  by  THK  Frksno  C.\n.\i.  .\M)  Irric.vtion 
COMl'.VNY  from  the  never-failing  Kings  River;  and  the  acre,  supplied  under 
a  perpetual  water  right,  with  water  sufficient  for  its  irrigation,  is  offered  at 
prices  ranging,  usually,  from  $35  to  $50  an  acre.  The  tract.s,  in  most  of 
the  colonics,  are  less  than  50  acres,  in  .some  of  them  20,  and  each  is 
expected  to  maintain  a  family  in  comfort.  The  terms  on  which  these  lands 
are  offered  have  attracted  many  settlers  of  late,  and  it  is  said  that  the  pop- 
ulation increased  50  percent,  in  1881.  Nearly  all  the  land  under  cultiva- 
tion, in  these  colonics,  is  planted  with  vines,  fruit-trees,  garden  vegetables, 
or  alfalfa.  Large  vineyards  have  been  planted  for  raisins,  which  have  been 
produced  there,  of  excellent  quantity.  Persons  desirous  of  acquiring  lands 
in  any  of  the  Fresno  colonics,  or  in  the  adjacent  rich  agricultural  region, 
can  obtain  information  by  addressing  Tlios.  K.  HuciUKS  &  Sons,  at  their 
main  office,  314  Montgomery  Street,  San  Francisco,  or  at  their  branch 
office  in  Fresno.  They  are  real  estate  agents  of  established  reputation, 
and  arc  themselves  proprietors  of  the  Fresno  Colony. 


British  Columbian  Lands. — The  greater  part  of  British  Columbia  is  rug- 
ged mountain,  unfit  for  tillage.  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  have 
extensive  bodies  of  le\el  land,  west  of  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  or 
Ca.scade  Range ;  British  Columbia  has  not ;  the  only  considerable  tract  of 
that  character  being  40  miles  long  by  20  wide,  in  the  valley  of  the  lower 
I'Vaser.  Ten  miles  north  of  that  river,  wc  reach  nii-^untains  which  have  a 
steep  declivity  down  to  the  very  edge  of  the  water.  An  examination  of  the 
map  -hows  that  the  northern  part  of  our  coast  has  presumably  sunk ;  Van- 
couver Islaiul  and  other  islands  to  the  northward  on  the  .same  line  repre- 
.senti:ig  ihe  summits  of  the  (.loast  Range  of  mountain.s,  which  in  these  regions 
are  half  submerged.  Vancouver  Island  has  an  area  of  12,000  .square  miles, 
and  according  to  the  Guide  to  Britisli  Colutnbia,  a  carefully  prepared  volume, 
it  has  only  500  square  miles  of  farming  land,  or  about  one  in  24.  The  island 
abounds  with  ridges,  rising  to  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet,  and  has  numerous 
•3 


1 1 


98 


INTRODUCTION. 


'i;i 

, 

i'i 

i 

1: 

1 

1 

•■1 

'U-, 


peaks  that  exceed  5,000  feet.     The  Queen  Charlotte  group  has  some  of  the 
most  desirable  land  in  tlic  province. 

Not  onl)-  lias  British  Culumbia  less  level  land  relatively  west  of  the  Cas- 
cades, than  the  .territorj-  south  of  latitude  49',  but  the  space  between  that 
ranj:fe  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  also  narrower;  the  distance  from  sum- 
mit to  suimnit  being  15"  on  the  49th  parallel,  and  only  7^  on  the  52. 
Morco\er,  the  intervening  territory  is  also  hi^thcr  and  more  mountainous; 
the  climate  is  colder  and  subject  to  severe  summer  frosts,  so  that  it  is  less 
desirable  ft)r  {^'cncral  tillage,  though  good  soil  is  abundant  and  is  well  adapted 
for  pasturage,  and  for  the  culti\ation  of  some  cereals,  lictwecn  the  Cas- 
cades .md  Rocky  Moui.uiin  summits,  and  the  49th  ami  54th  parallels  fwhich 
latter  we  assume  as  the  northern  limit  of  cultivation,  at  least  so  far  as  prac- 
tical interests  now  demand  consideration),  there  is  a  region  300  miles  from 
east  to  west  by  350  miles  from  north  to  south,  with  an  area  of  more  than 
100,000  .square  miles.  The  tillable  portion  of  that  area  is  estimated,  in  the 
report  of  the  survey  of  TllK  C.\NAI)IAN  I'.WIIK'  R.Vll.Ro.Mi  for  1877,  to  be 
1,300  .square  miles,  or  about  one  in  75.  A  large  portion  of  the  land,  not 
suitable  for  the  plow,  contains  good  supplies  of  bunch  grass;  and  horses  and 
cattle  get  fat  in  the  summer,  and  manage  to  live  without  other  food  through 
the  winters,  though  the)-  sometimes  suffer  severely.  The  activity  of  gold 
mining  at  Cariboo  in  the  53d  parallel,  and  the  high  cost  of  transportation 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Traser,  make  a  market  for  cereals  and  vegetables 
grown  in  the  neighborhoo.l.  The  chief  cro]is  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  turnips, 
and  potatoes.  The  potato  vines  arc  frost-bitten  nearly  c\cry  year,  but  ex- 
cept in  unusually  .severe  .seasons  they  are  not  entirely  killed. 

Nearly  all  the  land  in  British  Columbia  is  the  property  of  the  govern- 
ment, or  of  TiiK  Ca\.\I)I.\n  P.vcii'ic  Railroad  Comi'Any,  and  is  offered  to 
settlers  on  liberal  terms.  The  .system  of  survc)-s,  subdividing  the  public 
domain  into  sections  one  mile  square,  with  tjuarters  of  iCo  acres  each,  is 
similar  to  that  adopted  in  the  United  States.  There  is  no  homestead  law, 
offering  laml  to  the  .settler  for  the  cost  of  the  survey;  but  there  is  a  preemption 
right,  which  entitles  the  .settler,  who  has  i)er.sonally  f)ccupied  a  piece  of  the 
public  land  for  four  years,  and  has  made  improvements  to  the  value  of  $2.50 
an  acre,  to  purchase  320  acres  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Ca.scade  Mount- 
ains, and  160  acres  west  of  that  line.  Persons  who  want  to  use  land  for 
pastoral  purposes,  can  obtain  leases  of  large  tracts  for  small  annual  rents; 
but  the  lands  thus  leased  are  subject  to  occupation  by  .settlers,  the  rents 
being  reduced  proportionately.  The  railroad  company  has  not  yet  come 
into  possession  of  its  l.inils,  but  when  it  does  so,  will  doubtless  sell  them  at 
prices  at  least  as  low  as  thfjse  demanded  by  the  government. 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLi'. 


99 


CHAPTER  v.— THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


High  Wages. — The  peculiar  condition  of  the  labor  market  on  our  coast 
is  a  matter  of  much  importance  in  the  present  and  future.  In  the  consid- 
eration of  this  subject,  three  main  points  force  themselves  on  our  attention, 
and  demand  a  fair  statement  of  the  material  facts  relating  to  them.  First, 
is  the  high  rate  of  wages;  second,  the  large  number  of  boys  and  girls  grow- 
ing up  in  idleness,  without  skill  in  any  useful  art;  and  third,  the  presence  of 
the  Chinaman.  These  topics  will  be  taken  up  successively,  although  they 
arc  intimately  associated  or  interwoven  with  one  another. 

The  high  price  of  labor  is  the  result  of  many  combined  causes,  includ- 
ing the  expense  of  reaching  our  coast  from  the  Atlantic,  the  high  profits  of 
mining  in  early  days,  the  speculation  which  still  characterizes  most  branches 
of  business  since,  the  extr.ivagant  rates  of  interest,  and  the  difficulty  in 
gc'  ig  steady  employment  in  many  departments  of  trade.  The  wages  of 
mc>.  nics  arc  from  lo  to  50  per  cent,  higher  in  San  Francisco  than  in 
New  \  ork  ;  from  30  to  150  per  cent,  higher  than  in  England,  and  from  100 
to  300  per  cent,  higher  than  in  Germany.  Thus  we  find  that  the  bricklayer 
receives  $3.50,  without  board,  for  a  week's  work  in  Germany,  $8  in  England, 
$13.50  in  New  York,  and  $21  in  San  Francisco,  in  which  city  he  has  the 
additional  advantage  of  being  able  to  work  throughout  the  year,  whereas 
in  the  others,  the  danger  of  frost  deprives  him  of  employment  for  3  months 
in  the  year.  The  housemaid  receives  $5,  with  board,  for  a  week's  work  in 
California,  $2.50  in  New  York,  $1.75  in  England,  and  $I  in  Germany. 
Agricultural  laborers,  engaged  by  the  year,  receive  a  monthly  wage  of  $5, 
without  board,  in  Germany,  $6.66  in  France,  $9  in  Ireland,  $18  in  luigland, 
$10.38  in  South  Carolina,  $13.55  '"  Mississippi,  $20.80  in  New  York,  $22.n 
in  Illinois,  $32.60  in  Utah,  $37.40  in  Oregon,  $40  in  Washington,  and 
$40.93  in  California.  Harvesters  receive,  with  board,  88  cts.  a  day  in  South 
Carolina,  84  cts.  in  Mississippi,  $1.20  in  New  York,  $1.37  in  Illinois,  $1.55  in 
LUah,  $1.50  in  Washington,  $1.61  in  Oregon,  $1.67  in  Nevada,  and  $1.71 
in  California.  The  figures  for  the  United  States,  as  mentioned  above,  are 
derived  from  a  report  of  the  National  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  giving 
the  wages  in  March,  1881.  Those  for  Europe  are  obtained  from  Tlw  State 
of  Labor  in  Europe,  a  public  document  issued  by  the  America!'  Govern- 
ment in  1879,  from  information  gathered  in  1878. 


r 

JCyj                                                      INTRODUCTION. 

Wages  by  the  Week. — The  follo\vin;.T  tabic  furnislics  material  for  a 
comparison  between  the  wages  of  mechanics  in  San  Francisco,  New  York, 
and  various  luiropean  cities.     The  figures  for  the  latter  are  for  1878,  and 
are  copied  from  [)age  31  on  the  State  of  Labor  in  Europe.     Those  for  San 
Francisco  represent  the  prices  current  in  18S1,  as  ascertained  by  inquiries 
among  employers  and  employed ;  while  those  for  Melbourne  are  from  re- 
cent newspapers.     Wages  in  New  York  have  advanced  since  1878,  so  the 
prices  for  that  city,  given  in  the  table,  arc  not  in  entire  harmony  with  others 
\                                        on  sub.scquent  pages,  intended  to  represent  the  situation  in  1881.    This  table 
gives  the  wages  for  a  week's  work  without  board : 

j 

OctUPATIONS. 

3 

? 

D 

? 

t 

n 

2. 

r 

ri 

0 
o 

i 

if 

Bricklayers 

$5.00  S!;..io;Si.So  Si.So  S6.00!  1^0.2:;  ;Si  5.?o'.  _      . 

$21.00 
18.00 
18.00 
21.00 
18.00 
13.80 
21.00 
24.00 
17.25 
21.00 
20.00 
16.25 
17.00 
15.00 
12.00 

.                                          Carpenters 

j                                          Gasfitters 

$3-75 

3.00 

5.00 

5.00 

6.00 
4.60 
4.80 
4.60 
4.80 
4.80 
4.60 
1.60 

5.40    9.00 

i;.40      7. So 

10.50 

12.00  Si  ;.oo 

Ahisoiis 

Painters 

375 

3,00 

6.00 
7.00 
^.40 
4.50 
3.00 

5.40 

4.80 
4.80 
4.80 
6.00 

6.00 

6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
4.80 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
4.80 

8.70 
8.50 

"8.'90 
8.00 

8.00 
10. so 

8.75 

7.50 

1  5.00 
14.00 
6.50 
12.00 
15.00 
10.00 
1 1.00 

I  3. CO 

15.00 

14.00 

12.00 

7-50 

13-50 
15.00 
1 1.00 

10.00 
15.00 
13-50 

Dakers 

f                                          lilacksmiths .... 
liookbindens.. .  . 
]!utcliers 

3-50 
4.00 
2.00 
4.00 

3-3° 

Cabinet-makers . 

4.20 
4.80 
3.60 
3.60 
4.00 

6  00 

5.00    i.6o 

Printers. 

Shoemakers. .  .  . 

Tailors 

Tinsniidis 

Laborers.  . 

2.00 
3.00 

3. CO 

2.50 

3.60 
3.60 

4.20 
4.80 
4.80 

4.60 
4.80 
4.80 

•j.oo 

1 

.\veraij;e 

$3.15 

^3.25  $4.71 

$4.76,$4.77 

$5.56 

$8.40   $12.07 

$13.29 

$l8.22 

Percentage. .  . 

100 

103 

149 

151  1  151 

176 

267 

383 

422 

578 

i                                            The  average  in  San  I'ranci.sco  is  to  the  average  in  New  York,  as  151  to  100, 
j,                                        but  the  wages  in  New  York  have  advanced  probably  15  per  cent.,  on  the 

average,  since  187S,  while  the  wages  in  portions  of  Continental  Europe  were 

20  per  cent,  less  in  1878  than  in  1873. 

Wages  by  the  Day.— Under  this  heading  we  state  the  average  wages 
paid  b>-  the  day,  without  board,  to  certain  classes  of  laborers  in  San  Franci.sco 
and  New  York,  in  July,  1S81,  the  prices  in  the  latter  city  being  ascertained 
from  persons  in  .San  Francisco  claiming  to  have  trustworthy  information. 
The  figures  for  New  York  may  not  be  entirely  accurate,  but  they  arc  given 

\\ 


THE   LABOR    SUPPLY. 


lOI 


as  the  best  obtainable.  It  is  well  known  that  there  has  been  a  considerable 
advance  in  wages,  in  the  Atlantic  States,  within  the  last  3  years.  The  ship- 
joiners,  ship-carpcntcrs,  stevedores,  riggers,  caulkers,  coffee-grinders,  vinegar- 
makers,  maccaroni-makers,  and  cracker-bakers,  work  9  hours  a  day;  the 
men  employed  in  iron  foundries  and  brass  foundries  work  54  hours  a  week 
in  winter,  and  60  in  summer;  and  the  other  mechanics,  operatives,  and  labor- 
ers, mentioned  in  this  table,  work  10  hours  a  day  in  San  l-'rancisco. 

In  the  rolling-mills,  the  millmen  and  rollers  receive  $5  per  ton,  and  in  the 
woolen  mills  the  weavers,  wool-sorters,  and  spinners  arc  paid  by  the  piece, 
but  they  earn,  on  the  average,  the  sums  mentioned. 

The  average  wages  by  the  day,  without  board,  in  San  Francisco  and  New 
York  respectively,are:  for  common  laborers,  $2  and  $  i ;  boss  carpenters, $4  and 
$3;  carpenters,  $3  and  $2;  woodturners,  $3  and  $2;  bricklaj-ers,  $3.50  and 
$2;  hodmen,  $2.50  and  $2;  plasterers,  $3  and  $2;  house-painters,  $3.50  and 
$2;  sign-painters,  $3.5o'and  $2.50;  grainers,  $3.50  and  $3;  gilders,  $3  and 
$2.50;  gasfitters,  $3  and  $2.75;  ship-joiners,  $4  and  $2.50;  ship-carpenters, 
$5  and  $2.75;  ship-caulkers,  $5  and  $3;  stevedores,  $5  and  $3;  riggers,  $4 
and  $2.25;  sailmakcrs,  $3  and  $2;  potters,  $2.50  and  $1.75;  quarrymen,  $3 
and  $2;  coppersmiths,  $3  and  $2.50;  hardwood  coopers,  $3.50  and  $2.50;  soft- 
wood coopers,  $2.50  and  $2.25;  foundry  molders,  $3.25  and  $2.25;  iron 
foundry  blacksmiths,  $3.75  and  $2.50;  iron  foundry  laborers,  $2  and  $1 ;  pat- 
tern-makers, $3.25  and  $2.25;  machinists,  $3.25  and  $2.25;  boiler-makers, $3. 2 5 
and  $2.37;  brass  foundry  molders,  $3.25  and  $L75;  brass  foundry  machinists, 
$3  and  $2;  brass  foundry  blacksmiths,  $3.50  and  $2.25;  brass  foundry  laborers, 
$2  and  $1 ;  pumpmakers,  $3  and  $2.50;  jewelers,  $3.50  and  $3;  jewelers'  en- 
gravers, $3  and  $2.75 ;  diamond-setters, $4  and  $3.75 ;  cabinet-makers, $3. 50  and 
$2.50;  varnishers,  $3  and  $2;  planing-mill  sawyers,  $2.50  and  $2;  planing-mill 
planers,  $3  and  $2;  planing-mill  carpenters,  $2.50  and  $2;  bo.xmakers,  in 
bo.\  factories,  $2  and  $L75;  carriage-painters,  $3  and  $2;  carriage-trimmers, 
$3,50and  $2.50;  tanners,  $2.50  and  $2;  curriers,  $2.50  and  $2 ;  teamsters,  $2.25 
and  $1.75;  buffers  and  splitters,  $4  and  $3;  trunkmakcrs  (first  rate),  $3.25 
and  $2.75;  trunkmakers  (second  rate),  $2  and  $1.50;  rag-carpet  weavers 
(men),  $2.50  and  $1.50;  carpet-beaters,  $2.75  and  $2.25;  saltmakers,  $l5o 
and  $i;)-east  powder  makers,  $1  and  75  cents;  acid-makers,  $2  and  $1.50; 
wool-sorters,  $2.75  and  $2;  wool-pickers,  $L75  and  $1.25;  woolen-mill  fixers, 
$2.37  and  $2.12;  loom-fi.\ers,  $2.75  and  $2.12;  woolen-mill  overseers,  $5  and 
$4;  woolen-mill  laborers,  $l7 5  and  $L25;  woolen-mill  weavers  (men  and 
women),  $1.62  and  $1.37;  mattressmakcrs  (women),  $1.75  and  $L5o;  top- 
mattressmakers  (men),  $2.50  and  $2.25;  spring-mattressmakcrs,  $2.50  and 
$2.25;  mattress-springmakcrs,  $L75  and  $L5o;  block  glove  cutters,  $3  and 
$2.75;  and  oakum-pickers  (men),  $2.50  and  $2. 

In  all  these  occupations,  covering  most  of  the  branches  of  mechanical  and 


■  ^  ■ 


:^ii' 


t  i: 


'!■« 


102 


INTRODUCTION. 


manufacturing  industry,  the  watjcs  arc  hii^licr  here  than  in  New  York ;  in 
most  of  them  at  least  20  per  cent,  liif^iier,  and  in  some  instances  50  per  cent. 
In  certain  occupations,  tlic  \\at;cs  are  the  same,  being  $2.50  for  tinners;  $4 
for  talile  glove  cutters.;  .'j)2.50  for  paper-mill  machine  tenders;  $2  for  finish- 
ers, helpers,  and  pulp  engineers,  and  75  cents  for  boys  and  girls  in  paper 
mills;  $2.75  for  sadillers  antl  collarmakers;  $3  for  galvanizers;  and  $2  for 
picklers  and  ])icklers'  helpers  in  galvanizing  shops.  The  same  rates  of 
wages  are  paid  in  tlic  gl.iss  factories  of  .San  Francisco  as  in  those  of  Pitts- 
burg, tile  glassblowers  averaging  $125  a  montli. 

In  plating  siiops  the  wages  arc  higher  in  New  York,  being  in  that  city 
and  in  San  I'rancisco  respecti\ely  $3.50  and  $3  for  finishers,  $3  and  $2.50 
for  platers,  anil  $3  and  $2.50  for  burnishers. 

In  the  following  occupations,  the  New  York  figures  are  lacking,  and  the 
rates  in  San  I'rancisco  are  given  alone,  thus ;  for  tubmakcrs,  $2 ;  basket- 
makers,  $1.50;  coffee-grinders,  $2.25  ;  maccaroni-makers,  $2  ;  cracker-bakers, 
$2.25;  vinegar-makers,  $2;  rag-carpet  weavers  (women),  $1.75;  bellow.s- 
m.ikers,  $2.25;  matchmakers,  $2.25;  cream  of  tartar  makers,  $1.50;  ink- 
makers,  $2.50;  iron-puddlers,  $4;  mill-men  in  roUing-mill.s,  $4;  rollers,  $4; 
burler.s  (girls)  in  woolen-mill.s,  90  cents;  carders  (boys),  87  cents;  glue- 
makers,  $2;  marble-cutters,  $3.50;  marble-polishers,  $3;  granite-cutters, 
$3.50;  granitc-jiolishers,  $2.50;  stone-cutters  (laborers),  $2.50;  brushmakcr.s 
(men),  $2.50;  brushm.ikers  (boys  and  girls),  $1 ;  and  oakum-pickers  (boys),  $1. 

In  the  Californian  auriferous  quart/  mines,  the  foremen  drillers  and  blasters 
receive  $4;  the  surfacemen  and  quartz-feeders,  $3.50,  and  the  engineers,  $5. 
In  the  Ne\  ada  silver  mines  the  smelters  and  engineers  receive  $5  ;  the  blast- 
ers, drillers,  firemen,  and  feeders,  ;ji4;  anil  the  surfacemen  and  laborers, 
$3.50.  In  the  Californian  quicksilver  mines  the  rates  are  $3  for  engineers  and 
blasters,  $2.50  for  furnacemen,  and  $2  for  firemen  and  surfacemen.  In  the 
Utah  silver  mines,  smelters  get  $4;  blasters  ;ind  firemen,  $3;  and  surface- 
men and  quartz-feeders,  $2.50. 

In  the  construction  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  in  British  Columbia, 
bridge  foremen,  first-rate  masons,  and  first-rate  hewers,  receive  $3  a  day; 
bridge  carpenters  from  $2  to  $2.50;  drillers,  from  $1.75  to  $2 ;  choppers  from 
$1.50  to  $2,  and  white  laborers  from  .$1.50  to  $1.75. 

Chinamen,  who  are  not  taken  into  account  in  any  of  the  preceding  state- 
ments of  wages,  receive  go  cents  a  day  as  oakum-pickers;  $1.25  as  bo.x- 
makers;  .$1  ;is  gluem.akers;  $  1  as  collarmakers ;  $1.10  as  operators  in  woolen- 
mills,  and  $1  as  tiimers. 

Wages  by  the  Month. — The  w.agcs  for  labor  by  the  month,  with  boaid, 
arc  general!)-  from  1  5  to  40  per  cent,  higher  on  this  than  on  the  other  side 
of  the  continent,  espcciall}-  for  what  are  considered  the  low(;r  departments 


I'i 


THE   LABOR   SUI'l'LV. 


'03 


of  toil.  The  percentage  of  difference  is  less  in  some  of  those  occupations 
requiring  the  superintendence  of  subordinates.  Thus,  mates  for  ships  en- 
gaged in  long  voyages  get  as  much  in  New  York  as  in  San  I-"rancisco,  and 
so  do  stewards  on  sailing  vessels  of  the  same  cla.ss;  while  the  usual  rate  for 
able-bodied  .seamen  in  San  Francisco  is  $25,  and  for  ordinar)-  seamen  .$15, 
against  $15  and  $12  in  Xcw  York.  For  .seamen  on  steamships  that  make 
long  voyages,  the  ordinary  wage  is  $30.  On  steam  coasters  .seamen  get  $33, 
and  on  sailing  coasters  $35  in  winter,  and  $40  in  summer.  l'"or  long  vo)-- 
ages,  first  mates  receive  $50  a  month;  second  males  and  stewards,  $35 ; 
cooks,  $30.  These  are  the  average  wages  in  San  h'rancisco,  and  in  many 
cases  25  per  cent,  more  or  less  than  the  highest  or  lowest  rates.  Sailors  are 
on  dut}'  84  hours  a  week. 

In  the  codfi.sheries  the  fishermen  make  $40  a  month  on  the  average;  the 
throaters  and  headers  $25,  and  the  splitters  $45.  The  oystermen  receive  in 
California,  for  foremen  $100,  for  tongers  $35,  and  for  boatmen  $60  a  month, 
or  about  10  per  cent,  more  than  on  the  Atlantic  side.  They  have,  moreover, 
work  that  is  much  easier,  and  free  from  .severe  cold  as  well  as  from  danger. 
The  clam-diggers  of  San  Francisco  Bi\y  get  $30  a  month. 

Isirm  laborers  receive  $30  in  California,  or  30  per  cent,  more  than  in  Illi- 
nois. First-rate  gardeners  get  $50,  and  second-rate  $25,  or  20  per  cent,  more 
than  on  the  Atlantic  slope.  Vaqucros,  or  herdsmen  for  neat  cattle,  get  $30; 
shepherd.s,  $20 ;  irrigators,  $30;  sectionmen  on  irrigating  ditches,  $25  ;  ranch- 
saddlers,  $50,  and  ranch  wheelwrights,  $65.  The  hours  of  work  for  farm 
laborers  and  .second-class  gardeners  are  66  a  week. 

In  lumbering,  the  teamsters  get  $100  a  month,  and  the  choppers  and 
sawyers  $75,  for  78  hours  of  work  in  a  week.  In  saw-mills,  head 
sawyers  receive  $100;  mill-sawyers,  $50;  and  laborers,  $35,  working  72 
hours  in  the  week.  These  wages,  in  lumbering  and  in  saw-mil  l.s,  are  from 
30  to  50  per  cent,  higher  than  on  the  other  side  of  the  Rock)-  Mountains. 

In  brickyards,  molders  get  $45,  off-bearers,  $32,  and  settlers,  $47,  on 
an  average. 

We  now  come  to  the  occupations  in  which  laborers  arc  employed  for  a 
period  longer  than  a  day,  usually  by  the  month,  or  by  the  piece,  without 
board.  First-rate  milliners  get  $50,  on  the  average;  .second-rate,  $30,  and 
third-rate,  $20  a  month;  about  25  per  cent,  more  than  in  New  York. 
Seamstres.scs,  employed  in  making  up  regalia, get  .$52, or  150  percent,  more 
than  in  the  Fast.  Straw-plaiters  earn  ,$36.  In  glove  factories,  machine- 
.sewers  make  $40,  as  against  $35  in  the  Fast,  and  hand-sewcns,  $42,  as  against 
$40.  Makers  and  finishers  of  shirts  can  earn,  in  California,  $37,  and  good 
ironcrs,  $55,  against  $31.50  and  $4oin  New  York.  In  San  Francisco  women 
cmplo)-cd  in  making  comforters  receive,  for  ba.sters  and  finishers,  $41,  and  for 


m:\ 


w 

'■'■ 


m 


ii 


mv 


I'    v: 


104 


INTKOnUCTION. 


sewers,  $28.  Women  in  trimmin^f  factories  obtain  $38,  and  girl  helpers  in  type 
fouiulric's,  $40.  The  wrii^^cs  of  first-ratc  women  hair-dressers  are  $45,  and 
of  second-rate,  $30.  In  these  occupations  women  generally  get  from  15 
to  30  per  cent,  more  here  than  in  the  East  ;  and  in  no  occupation,  so  far  as 
figm-es  are  obtainable,  do  women  earn  more  by  physical  labor  and  in- 
dustrial skill  in  New  York  than  in  San  Francisco,  save  as  seamstresses  in 
clothing  factories,  the  average  earnings  per  month  there  being  $44,  while 
here  they  are  only  $39.  The  work  is  done  by  the  piece  in  both  ])laces,  and 
the  Xcu'  York  seamtresses  arc  more  skillful,  many  of  them  having  worked  for 
j'ears  in  making  one  part  of  a  single  class  of  garments.  The  women  who 
work  for  wages  at  industrial  employments  in  California,  do  not  get  more  than 
half  so  much  as  men  engaged  in  similar  occupation.s,  on  the  average,  and 
arc  e.vcluded  from  most  of  the  dei)artments  of  labor  in  which  the  pay  is 
higl  est  and  the  chances  for  advancement  best.  In  these  respects,  however, 
tile  same  influences  prevail  on  our  coast  as  in  other  parts  of  the  civilized 
world,  though  not  jjrecisel}'  to  the  same  extent. 

Turning  to  the  occupations  of  men  employed  by  the  month  without 
board,  we  find  that  among  those  employed  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad, 
master  mechanics  get  $175;  foremen,  $135  ;  shop  mechanics,  $85;  loco- 
motive engineers,  $115;  firemen,  $67  ;  pas.senger  conductors,  $1 12  ;  freight 
conductors,  $87  ;  baggage-masters,  $80 ;  brakemen  and  switchmen,  $67  ; 
section  foremen,  $75  ;  track  laborers,  $46  ;  station  agents,  $0o ;  telegraph 
operators,  $So  ;  porters,  $65,  and  office  clerks,  $125.  The.se  rates  are  a 
little  higher  than  tho.se  paid  by  most  other  railroad  companies  on  our  slope, 
and  in  man)-  cases  from  25  to  50  per  cent,  higher  than  on  roads  east  of  the 
Rock)-  Mountains.  The  only  list  of  wages  there,  within  reach,  at  present, 
is  that  of  Till",  XoRTii-wicsTERN  Railway  Company,  of  Wisconsin, 
which  pays  $101  to  its  locomotive  engineers;  $53  to  its  firemen;  $68  to 
its  passenger  conductors  ;  $43  to  its  brakemen  and  switchmen  ;  $45  to  its 
section  foremen  ;  $^7  to  its  track  laborers  ;  $55  to  its  station  agents,  and 
$45  to  its  office  clerks. 

Compositors  on  newspaper  work  average  $70  a  month,  on  book  work  $55, 
and  on  job  work  $fjo;  the  newspaper  pressmen  $80,  and  the  job  pressmen 
$48 ;  the  prices  being  the  same  in  San  Francisco  as  in  New  York  for  set- 
ting type  on  book  or  job  work ;  but  in  the  other  branches  of  printing  the 
prices  here  arc  from  12  to  20  per  cent,  higher.  Jn  t)-pc  foundrie.s,  stereo- 
typers  get  $90,  a. id  casters  $60  on  the  average. 

Ikishehncn  and  coatmakers,  working  for  custom  tailors,  earn  $78 ;  pan- 
taloon-makers, $69.50,  and  vestmakers  $52. 

h'oremen  and  cutters  in  clothing  factories  receive  $150,  and  men  in  trim- 
ming factories  $65. 


ill 


Till-;    1,.\I!(J1<    MI'I'LV. 


lo; 


I  i 


In  photographic  establishments  the  wages  of  first-rate  pliolographers  are 
$l6o;  of  second-rate.  $70;  o{  first-rate  retouchers  $75,  of  ■econj-rate  $40; 
of  printers,  $45;  of  mounters,  $40;  and  of  clerks,  $75.  In  lithographing, 
draftsmen  receive  $100,  jiressmen  $75,  and  helpers  $4iS.  The  ordinary  pay 
of  copper  engravers  is  ;jiioo. 

Watchmakers  get  $175,  twice  as  much  as  in  New  \'ork;  telegraph  oper- 
ators, $75,  25  ])er  cent,  more  than  there;  distillers  and  brewers,  $60;  rope- 
makers,  $40;  umbrella-makers,  $48;  butchers,  $80. 

In  varnish  factories,  the  pay  is  $58  for  varnish-makers,  and  $40  for  laborers; 
in  paint  factories,  ])aintmakers  get  $70,  and  boys  $25;  in  soap  factories  the 
wages  are  $58  for  soapmakers,  and  $.^0  for  laborers.  The  foremen  in  pow- 
der mills  get  $1  20,  the  powder-makers  $62,  and  laborers  $36;  in  fire-work 
factories  the  pay  is  $67  for  pjTotechnists,  ;md  .$40  for  laborers.  White  broom- 
makers  receive  $50,  and  Chinese  $35.     Chinese  brickmakers  get  $32. 

Laborers'  Associations. —Several  cooperative  societies  of  mechanics  will 
be  mentioned  in  the  chapters  on  various  branches  of  manufacture,  but  such 
associations  are  very  rare  on  our  coast;  and  the  most  successful  are  rather 
partnerships  than  societies.  Cooperative  mercantile  associations  are  also 
rare,  except  in  Utah,  where  the  Mormons  have  .succeeded  with  them  beyond 
all  example  elsewhere.  Trade  unions  or  combinations,  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  keeping  up  wages,  arc  especially  numerous  in  San  Francisco,  and 
have  generally  been  successful  in  accomplishing  their  purposes. 

There  are  48  riggers  in  San  Franci.sco,  all  members  of  The  Riggkrs'  Pro- 
TECTfVK  Union,  which  is  maintained  for  the  exclusive  purpose  of  regulating 
tlie  rate  of  wages,  now  fi.xcd  at  $4  for  a  day's  work  of  9  hours.  They  have 
work  for  6  months  in  the  >x"ar,  on  an  average. 

The  only  purpose  of  TiiE  San  Fr.\ncisco  C.vulkers'  Association  is  to 
fix  the  rate  of  wages,  now  $5  for  a  day  of  9  hours,  and  it  has  185  members. 
They  report  that  they  have  occupation  for  about  half  the  year,  on  an  average. 

TiiK  Riggkrs'  and  Sti;veuorf.s'  Union  Association  has  180  mem- 
bers, and  collects  a  monthly  contribution  of  i'alf  a  dollar  from  each.  It  gives 
$10  a  week  toeveiy  sick  member,  but  does  not  support  or  assist  unemployed 
members.  It  paid  out  $5,000  to  its  sick  in  1880,  and  has  $20,000  in  its 
treasur)'.  The  pay  is  $5  for  a  day  of  9  hours.  When  this  association  can 
not  Buppl)all  the  stevedores  needed  for  discharging  or  loading  a  vessel,  ex- 
tra men  arc  hired  elsewhere,  not  by  the  master  or  owner  of  the  vessel,  but 
b\'  the  foremen  of  the  stevedores.  Ships  loading  at  Oakland,  Vallejo,  Port 
Cosla,  or  Henicia,  get  their  stevedores  from  the  association.  The  members 
claim  that  every  stevedore  mu.st  be  a  skillful  rigger,  but  the  greater  part  of 

the  work— taking  cargo  out  of  the  vessel  or  putting  it  in — has  nothing  to 
14 


\:-f:t 


io5 


INTRODUCTION. 


do  with  the  rigging.  Portland  has  a  stevedores'  union,  to  regulate  wages, 
which  arc  fi.\ccl  at  $4  a  day.     In  New  York  City  the  rate  is  $3. 

The  hiniber  stevedores,  or  men  engaged  in  handhng  himbcr  on  the  water 
front,  liave  a  society  called  TllK  LuMBER.M.w's  I'ROTIXTIVE  Umox,  with 
1 14  members.  It  contributes  to  the  support  of  its  sick  associates,  and  spent 
$1,864  for  such  purposes  in  1880.  The  rate  of  wages  is  $4  a  day.  The  sec- 
retary, C.  Weizcl,  thinks  there  are  3(X)  lumber  stevedores  in  San  Francisco, 
900  in  California,  and  2,800  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Thic  Journey.men  Ship  and  STE.\MBo.vr  Joiner.s'  Proticctivk  As.so- 
CIATION'  of  San  Francisco  was  organized  in  February,  1881,  for  the  purpose 
of  fi.\ing  the  rate  of  wages,  and  has  60  membcr.s.  It  has  no  provision  for 
nuitual  aid  in  case  of  sickness.  The  rate  of  wages  is  $4  per  day  of  9  hours, 
on  new  work,  and  $4.50  per  day  on  repairs.  A  boss  is  not  permitted  to 
have  more  than  one  apprentice,  who  must  work  for  at  least  4  j-ears.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  arc  70  shipjoincrs  in  San  Francisco,  45  in  Portland,  20 
at  Humboldt  Ha>-,  20  in  Stockton,  and   15  in  Coos  Bay. 

The  Journeymen  Shii'wrigiits'  A.ssoci.vnoN  f  San  Franci.sco, 
formed  to  regulate  wages,  demands  $4  a  day  of  9  hours  on  new  work,  and 
$5  on  old  work.  It  has  260  members,  and  no  rules  in  reference  to  apprentices. 
There  arc  100  shipwrights  on  Pugct  Sound,  50  in  Portland,  50  at  Humboldt 
Bay,  40  at  V'allejo,  30  at  Coos  Bay,  1 5  at  Stockton,  and  20  at  various  other 
places  on  the  coast,  according  to  the  best  estimates. 

The  TYroGRAPiiiCAL  Union  does  not  promise  pecuniary  aid  to  relieve  the 
sick  or  destitute,  but  in  1880  the  branch  in  San  Francisco  gave  $300  to  sick 
members.  Its  main  purpose  is  to  regulate  the  rate  of  wages,  which  are  now 
fixed  at  50  cents  for  1,000  cms  on  daily  papers,  and  40  cents  on  weekly  pa- 
pers and  books.  The  number  of  men  in  the  union  is  209  in  San  Francisco, 
300  in  California,  and  375  on  the  coast.  There  are  1,400  compositors  on  the 
coast,  including  i,ooo  in  California,  400  in  San  Francisco,  50  in  Sacramento, 
30  each  in  Oakland  and  Los  Angeles,  25  in  Stockton,  and  20  in  San  Jose. 

The  Loco.motive  Fn(;ineers  have  chapters  in  Stockton,  Sacramento, 
and  San  Francisco,  with  1 20  members  in  all. 

Tiie  Barbers  of  San  P'rancisco  have  a  protective  union  with  1 19  mem- 
bers. In  1880  they  ])aid  out  $626  to  relieve  their  sick.  Since  July,  1880, 
the  demand  for  journeymen  barbers  has  exceeded  the  supply.  The  wages 
arc  from  $9  to  $20  a  week  in  San  I'rancisco,  from  $12  to  ^20  in  other  parts 
of  California,  $20  in  Nevada,  $15  to  $20  in  Utah,  $25  to  $30  in  Arizona,  and 
$1 2  to  $2 1  in  Oregon.  San  Francisco  has  267  shops,  with  an  average  of  3  men 
to  each;  the  remainder  of  the  state  has  506  shops,  ,-ivcraging  2  men  cich; 
Nevada  has  68  shops,  averaging  4  men  each;  Washington,  18  shops,  with  80 
men  in  all;  Arizona,  18  shops,  with  90  men;  Idaho,  4  shops,  with  21  men. 


Tim  LABOR   SUPPLY. 


107 


The  total  number  of  barbers  on  the  coast,  including  stragglers,  may  be  2,000. 
Sick  benefits  arc  $8  a  week,  and  whenever  a  death  occurs,  $1  is  levied  on 
each  member  to  meet  the  expense  of  the  funeral.  Toiil.xs  UocK,  president, 
who  gives  the  information,  states  that  the  ordinary  system  of  training  appren- 
tices, is  to  take  them  for  6  months  without  pay,  and  after  the  expiration  of 
that  period,  $3,  $5,  or  $7  a  week,  according  to  the  progress  made.  It  usually 
requires  a  year  and  a  half  to  learn  the  business  well. 

The  Hatfinishers  of  San  Francisco  number  20,  and  all  belong  to  a  protec- 
tive association,  which  has  no  provisions  for  mutual  aid.  All  their  work  is 
paid  by  the  piece. 

The  Stonecutters  of  San  Francisco  have  a  protective  union  with  120  mem- 
bers; the  object  of  this  organization  is  to  regulate  w.iges,  and  there  is  no 
provision  for  mutual  aid,  though  a  special  fund  is  raised,  when  needed  for 
the  relief  of  the  sick,  or  the  burial  of  the  dead.  In  case  of  an  authorized 
strike  the  sum  of  $5  a  week  is  allowed.  Apprentices  must  be  18  years  old, 
and  guaranteed  to  work  for  3  years,  but  not  more  than  one  can  be  taken  for 
ten  journeymen. 

The  Cigarmakers  of  San  Francisco  have  a  society  with  500  members,  to 
protect  white  labor  against  the  encroachment  of  Chinese. 

The  Woodmolders — the  men  who  manage  the  machines  to  make  wooden 
moldings  in  the  planing-mills — have  a  union,  with  35  men  in  San  Francisco, 
for  the  purpose  of  regulating  the  wages,  and  aiding  members  to  get  cmploj'- 
mcnt.  There  are  60  woodmolders  in  '»^n  Francisco,  225  in  California,  and 
300  on  the  coast. 

The  Gardeners'  and  Ranchers'  Association  of  San  Francisco  has 
78  members,  who  cultivate  kitchen  vegetables  for  the  San  Francisco  market, 
and  employ  from  3,000  to  4,000  men,  mostly  Genoese,  in  San  Francisco  and 
San  Mateo  Counties.  The  pay  is  from  $25  to  $30  a  month.  The  number 
of  men  who  devote  themselves  exclusively  to  the  business  of  market  garden- 
ing on  this  coast,  is  estimated  to  be  6,000. 

The  Fishermen's  Protective  and  Benevolent  Associatuon  of  San 
Francisco  has  80  members,  and  allows  $10  a  week  to  its  sick,  who,  in  1880, 
received  $900. 

The  Carpenters,  the  Cabinetmakers,  the  Woodturners,  and  the  Bakers  of 
San  Francisco  had  protective  unions  in  former  days,  but  they  arc  now  dis- 
solved. 

The  Draymen  and  Teamsters'  Union  of  San  Francisco  has  150 
members,  and  is  designed  mainly  to  render  mutual  aid  in  case  of  sickness. 

The  owners  of  job  wagons  in  San  Francisco  have  The  Expressmen's 
Protective  Union,  which  helps  its  sick,  and  buries  its  indigent  dead. . 


'■<-:■; 


io8 


INTRODUCTION. 


::jf: 


■m 


Wages  and  Comfort.— In  his  introduction  to  T/w  State  of  Labor  in  Eu- 
rope. \Vll.l.lA.\l  .M.  i:\  ARTS,  when  United  States  Secretary  of  State,  th.is 
expressed  some  of  his  conclusions,  th'.iwn  from  the  reports  whicli  make  up 
the  body  of  tlie  work,  antl  they  are  not  inappropriate  here : 

"  Tlie  rates  of  wajjes  in  tlie  United  States,  roii<;hly  eslimatctl,  are  more 
than  twice  those  in  Uel^jium,  3  times  those  in  Denmark,  l'"rance,  and  Ger- 
man)-; once  and  a  half  those  in  Mngland  and  .Scotland,  and  more  than  3 
times  those  in  Italy  and  .Spain.  The  prices  of  the  necessaries  of  life  are 
lower  in  the  United  States  than  in  any  of  the  foregoin;^  countries.  *  »  » 
That  more  miser)-  is  causctl  b)'  strong;  ilrink  in  man)-  countries  in  I'.uropc 
than  b)-  dull  times,  and  that  more  misery  is  caused  by  strikes  than  even  by 
strong  drink.  »  »  •  That  .some  of  the  happiest  working'  people  in  Eu- 
rope ma)-  be  said  to  be  thosse  whose  wages  are  least,  while  some  of  the  un- 
happiest  may  be  cla.  sed  among  those  whose  wages  are  the  highest." 

The  .statement  by  tl.c  American  consul  in  Bristol  that, as  "compared  with 
Europe,  the  United  States  is  a  paradise  io:  a  sober  and  faithful  working- 
man,"  ma)-  be  truthfull)-  and  appropriately  supplemented  with  the  remark 
that,  as  compared  with  the  Atlantic  States,  the  Pacific  Coast  is  a  paradt.se 
for  workingmcn  of  superior  skill,  character,  and  capjicity. 

-\s  the  necessaries  of  life  are  cheaper  in  New  York  than  in  l^ondon,  so 
the)'  are  cheaper  in  .San  Franci.sco  than  in  New  York.  The  remark,  that 
more  miser)-  is  caused  by  strong  drink  than  b)-  dull  times,  and  inore  by 
strikes  than  by  strong  drink,  finils  excin])lifications  in  California  as  fre- 
quently as  in  Europe.  Insteail,  however,  of  the  wor<l  "strikes,"  the  phra.sc 
"  refusal  to  work  for  wages  that  employers  can  afford  to  jiay,"  might  \yc  sub- 
stituteil  as  more  suitable  to  the  situation  here.  There  are  com[iarati\ely 
few  strikes  on  our  coast,  because  there  are  many  branches  of  business  in 
which  laborers  can  not  be  obtained,  even  to  make  a  start,  at  rates  leaving 
an)'  hop-:  of  profit  to  the  manufacturer.  The  San  I'Vancisco  hoodlum, 
while  refusing  to  accept  employment  offered  to  him,  as  a  beginner,  at  50 
cents  a  day,  in  a  business  in  which  the  New  York  boy  works  for  nothing, 
chnrges  his  ignorance  and  idleness,  not  to  his  own  extravagant  demands, 
but  to  the  greed  of  the  capitalist  and  the  competition  of  the  Chinamen. 


Labor  and  Material. — The  value  of  the  annual  product  of  the  manu- 
facturing industries  in  the  United  States  is  to  the  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested, as  2  to  one  ;  to  the  value  of  the  material  used  in  a  )-ear,  as  7  to 
4,  and  to  the  wages  paid  in  a  )'car,  ;is  5  to  one,  in  round  numbers.  The 
cost  of  material  is  to  that  of  labor,  as  3  to  one  ;  and  in  the  total  running 
expenses,  including  fuel  and  repairs,  the  labor  does  not  average  more  than 
a  fifth.     Hut  when  we  examine    particular  branches  of  manufactures,  we 


THK  LAiiOK  surn.v. 


lO) 


find  great  diversities  in  tlie  proportion  of  the  different  expenditures. 
Tlius  in  the  potteries,  and  factories  of  glassware,  edge-tools,  and  certain 
kinds  of  furniture,  the  labor  costs  far  more  llian  the  material  ;  and  in 
furniture  generally,  in  hardware,  and  woodenware,  nearl)-  as  nnich  is  spent 
for  wages  as  for  material  ;  while  in  cotton  and  woolen-mills,  clothing 
factories,  pa{x;r-mills,  and  tanneries,  the  material  costs  3  times  as  much  as 
the  labor. 

Though,  in  many  factories,  the  lator  is  a  small  item  as  compared  with  the 
fi.xed  capital,  and  that  part  of  the  working  capital  invested  in  raw  material, 
we  must  remember  that  the  raw  material,  of  man)'  1  inds,  costs  more  here 
than  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  partly  becau.sc  of  the  higher  price  of  labor. 
Undoubtedly  one  of  the  chief  drawbacks  to  factories  on  our  coast,  before 
liS/Q.  was  the  liigh  rate  of  interest  prevailing  in  San  I'rancisco  ;  and  the 
low  rate  accepted  since  that  year  not  having  yet  acquired  a  character  of 
permanence,  it  is  impossible  to  calculate  its  influence  on  manufacturing 
industrj-.  So  long  as  12  per  cent,  annual  interest  was  offered  for  money 
loaned  on  good  mortgage,  it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  capitalists  would 
build  factories  to  yield,  on  the  average,  only  6  per  cent.  All  San  Tran- 
ci.sco  capitalists,  who  are  familiar  with  the  general  result  of  investments  in 
factories,  are  agreed  that  there  is  little  hope  for  the  speedy  growth  of 
manufacturing  industry,  in  the  city,  on  the  exclusive  basis  of  white  labor, 
which  is  too  high  in  its  prices,  too  scanty  in  its  supply,  and  too  unreliable 
in  its  character  to  command  confidence.  The  wages  may  take  only  one 
third  of  the  working  capital,  and  yet  the  difference  between  the  rates  in 
San  Francisco  and  New  York  may  be  so  considerable,  that  the  capitalist 
docs  not  feel  satisfied  that  he  can  establish  a  profitable  enterprise.  He 
will  not  build  a  factory  unless  it  will  yield  something  to  himself,  as  well  as 
to  his  workmen. 


Seamstresses. — Many  working\vomen  of  San  Francisco  have  sad  lives, 
toiling  12  hours  a  day,  from  January  to  December,  for  a  bare  support,  with 
no  hope  of  ever  saving  anything  from  their  earnings.  The  responsibility  for 
,  their  hardships  has  been  thrown,  by  some  writers,  on  the  Chinamen,  as  if 
these  were  the  only  or,  at  least,  the  main  obstacles  in  the  industrial  career 
of  the  Californian  women.  But  investigation  shows  that  the  poor  women 
in  the  Atlantic  States,  England,  and  France  (in  the  last-named  country  they 
earn  only  30  cents  a  day  on  an  a\-erage),  fare  much  worse.  No  matter  how 
high  the  wages,  there  will  always  be  some  people  who  must  be  helped  out 
by  charity.  So  long  as  good  maid-.servants  are  in  demand  at  $20  a  month, 
the  condition  of  workingwomen,  generally,  on  our  coast,  can  not  be  very 
miserable,  as  compared  with  that  of  their  sisters  in  Europe,  where  the  wages 


I  lO 


INTRODUCTION. 


',{■'.' 


for  similar  scr\-ice  arc  from  $4  to  $7.  If  the  poor  girls  of  San  Francisco 
\\-crc  f^oocl  seamstresses  and  housekeepers,  and  were  willing  to  work  steadily, 
they  uould  have  an  abundance  of  lucrative  employment;  and  the  Chinaman 
is  certainl)-  not  to  blame  for  their  lack  of  skill  or  steadiness. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  wages  paid  to  women  in  the  manufacture  of 
textile  fabrics,  it  will  probably  be  found  that  skilled  female  operatives  earn 
more  than  $9  a  week,  while  in  Eastern  cities  the  average  is  not  more  than 
$7  to  $8,  and  in  England  $2.50  to  $4.  In  San  Francisco,  the  cost  of  board 
and  room  need  not  exceed  $5  a  week.  The  dense  overcrowding  of  Eastern 
and  ICuropcan  cities  and  the  harshness  of  their  winter  .skies  combine  to  raise 
the  necessary  expenses  of  life  to  a  much  higher  rate.  With  all  these  ad- 
vantages there  is  much  complaint  of  the  scarcitj  of  expert  sewing-women, 
and  of  the  miserable  rates  paid  to  girls  who  arc  unskill  jd  or  only  half  skilled. 
In  the  latter  case  the  fault  is  due  partly  to  neglectful  home  training,  partly 
to  the  girls'  want  of  perseverance.  Sympathy  is  somewhat  wasted  on  ex- 
pert sewing-W'omen  in  San  Francisco,  but  very  much  needed  in  the  ca.sc  of 
those  who,  not  being  experts,  are  striving  to  become  so,  and  to  earn  their 
daily  bread. 

There  are  numbers  of  young  sewing-girls  in  San  Francisco,  who  have  to 
earn  their  own  livelihood  entirely  or  in  part,  and  in  some  cases  to  contribute 
to  the  supiiort  of  aged  or  infirm  relatives.  Speaking  of  this  class  of  seam- 
stresses, a  gentleman  who  is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  under- 
clothing, says:  "Skilled  workwomen  are  very  scarce.  It  appears  that  women 
coming  here  believe  they  must  marry  a  rich  man,  and  consequently  do  not 
wish  to  work  in  a  factory;  the  rising  generation  believe  so  too;  and  I  think 
it  will  take  a  few  years  more  at  least  until  ihere  are  .several  thousand  more 
idle  girls  in  S^n  Francisco,  and  the  market  for  marriageable  girls  is  over- 
stocked, before  girls  of  proper  age  will  come  to  their  proper  .senses,  and 
assist  their  parents  and  themselves  by  honest  work  in  a  factory." 

At  present  there  is  not  a  single  large  factory  of  outer  clothing  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast;  only  2  under-clothing  factories,  and  one  shirt  factory.  In  other 
branches  of  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics,  there  are  firms  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, who  employ  white  labor  exclusivel)-,  and  are  driving  Eastern-made 
goods  out  of  the  market.  NORCROSS  &  Co.,  for  instance,  pay  as  much  as 
$20  a  week  to  women,  expert  in  the  manufacture  of  regalia,  and  at  least  $5 
a  week  to  apprentices,  and  yet  complain  that  they  can  not  get  their  work 
done,  and  have  orders  3  months  ahead  of  the  capacity  of  their  establishment. 
They  do  not  import  any  regalia,  and  there  is  now  very  little  imported  on 
this  coast. 

At  the  making  of  flags  and  banners,  expert  seamstresses  can  earn  $9  or 
$10  a  week.     One  family,  consisting  of  a  lady  and  her  3  daughters,  earns. 


THE  LABOR  surri.Y. 


IW 


on  an  average,  $i,8cx)  a  year.  The  wages  of  girls  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  dress  and  upholstery  trimmings  average  $9  a  week,  and  the  im- 
portation of  these  classes  of  articles  is  decreasing.  At  making  comforters, 
skilled  workwomen  can  earn  $9  to  $10  a  week.  By  working  at  their  own 
homes  on  ready-made  clothing,  first-class  seamstresses  can  make  $8  to  $10 
a  week  and  more,  when  employed  on  custom  work.  A  female  operative  cm- 
ployed  by  a  tailor  in  San  Francisco,  averaged  $30  a  week  for  a  considerable 
time  by  working  on  vcst.s,  and  with  no  assistance  except  that  of  a  sewing- 
machine. 

Hundred  of  unskilled  workwomen,  in  San  Francisco,  are  willing,  and 
even  anxious,  to  work  for$i  a  day  on  shirts  and  under-clothing,  but  their 
services  are  almost  worthless.  They  Iia\e  been  bred  as  if  they  were  never 
to  have  need  of  such  skill  ;  while  they  complain  that  they  can  not  find 
emplo}"ment,  the  manufacturers  advertise  in  vain  for  first-class  operati\es. 
Shirt-makers  are  paid  nearly  always  by  the  piece,  antl  the  prices  received 
by  operatives  on  white  shirts,  at  leading  establishments  in  San  I'Vanci.sco, 
are:  for  making,  $2.50  to  $4.50  per  dozen,  and  for  finishing,  75  cts.  to  $2.25  a 
dozen.     Cutters  are  paid,  on  an  average,  at  least  $30  a  week. 

Shirtmaking.— The  Standard  Shirt  Factory  employs  200  sewing- 
girls,  working  on  the  premises,  and  gives  occu])ation  to  about  the  same 
number  of  seamstresses,  who  do  finishing  and  ■  t!-,^r  work,  at  their  own 
homes.  The  same  establishment  emploj's  at  lc;;st  75  Chinamen.  Most 
of  the  operatixes  arc  engaged  on  piece-work,  but  the  earnings  of  skilled 
.seamstresses  do  not  average  more  than  $7.50  a  week,  while  those  of 
Chinamen  vary  from  $8  to  $11.  Morco\er  it  is  stated,  by  one  of  the  pro- 
proprietors  'of  the  factory,  that  Chinese  workmen  learn  the  business  and 
become  skilled  operatives  in  (j  to  8  months,  while  sewing-girls  require  from 
one  to  2  years  in  order  to  become  experts.  While  other  establishments 
manufacture  almost  entirely  to  order,  this  one  makes  up  large  quantities  of 
stock,  and  comes  into  competition  with  the  Eastern  trade.  Hence  their  rates 
of  payment,  both  to  sewers  and  finishers,  .ire  below  the  average  paid  else- 
where in  San  Francisco.  At  most  houses  engaged  in  the  business  of  men's 
furnishing  goods,  first-class  workwomen  can  obtain  employment,  all  the 
}ear  round,  at  such  prices  as  to  earn  $8  to  .$1 1  a  week,  a  rate  almost  equal 
to  the  earnings  of  skilled  female  operatives,  in  any  branch  of  the  man- 
ufacture of  texible  fabrics.  The  main  trouble  is  that  first-class  workwomen 
are  not  to  be  had  in  number  sufficient  to  meet  the  demand. 

Mr.  He.\MI.sii,  who  does  a  large  trade  in  tlie  shirt  business,  states  that 
sewing-women  are  constantly  applying  to  him  for  work,  even  at  $1  a  day, 
and  that  he  would  be  only  too  glad  to  give  them  employment  at  a  much 


■!!( 


I  12 


IN  rUDDlCriDN. 


ill: 


nr 


higher  rate  of  wastes,  if  the)'  iiiidcrstootl  the  business.  Thi  i  {ijentleman  has 
often  tried  the  experiment  of  emploj-inj;,  imder  the  instruction  of  skilled 
seamstresses,  persons  who  understood  onl)-  the  plainest  sewing,  but  as  soon 
as  they  luul  half  learned  the  business,  they  would  think  they  ought  to  make 
the  same  earnings  as  an  expert  workwoman,  and  if  they  could  not  do  so, 
would  l)ecome  dissatisfied  and  go  elsewhere.  The  rates  paid  by  shirt 
manufacturers  in  San  I'"rancisco,  are  such  that  operators,  who  work  at  the 
sewing-macliine,  can  earn  $5  to  $11  a  week,  according  to  proficiency; 
finishers,  who  work  at  the  button  and  eyelet  holes,  and  the  in.scrtion  of 
gusset.s,  make  about  the  same  wages.  In  the  lauiidrj'  process,  shirt-washers 
earn  $6  to  $7  a  week,  and  ironers,  $10  to  .'jiij.  An  expert  ironcr  can  make 
$14  a  week  without  extra  exertion.  The  lower  rate  mentioned  for  oper- 
ators ami  finishers — $6  a  week — must  be  imderstood  as  applying  to  hands 
who  .are  but  partiallj'  skilled ;  and  there  are  many  sewing-girl  apprentices 
who  do  not  cam  more  than  $3  a  week,  anil  from  want  of  strength  or  skill 
can  never  hope  to  make  more  than  $6  or  $7  a  week. 

Though  Mr.  HtA.Mlsil  gives  work  to  all  the  skilled  female  operatives  who 
apply  to  him,  and  does  not  employ  Chinese  labor,  he  can  obtain  the  sen- 
ices  of  only  about  20  sewing-women  in  San  I'rancisco,  taking  an  average 
of  the  j'car  round,  and  these  arc  employed  entirely  on  custom  work.  He 
can  not  get  seamstres.ses  to  work,  at  making  up  stock,  for  prices  that  he  can 
afford  to  paj- ;  and  at  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  he  has  200  scwing-u  jmen 
constantly  employed  in  manufacturing  reatly-made  good.s,  to  supply  his 
trade  on  this  coast.  Eastern  rates  of  payment  are,  for  skilled  kibor,  20  per 
cent.  bek)w  those  ruling  in  San  Francisco,  and  for  unskilled  10  percent. 
At  shirt  factories  in  ICastern  cities,  operators  antl  finishers  can  earn  $5.50  to 
$9  a  week,  shirt-washers  $5.50  to  $6.50,  and  ironers  $8  to  $12.  If  the  rates 
now  paid  to  (jperativcs  on  custom-made  shirts,  were  also  paid  to  sewing- 
women  working  on  ready-matle  articles,  it  is  certain  that  manufacturers 
would  lose  money  by  emi)loying  them.  lC\en  at  present  rates  they  can 
barely  comi)ete  with  ICastern-madc  good.s,  ami  comi)etition  Iiere  would  be 
impossible  but  for  the  fact  that  overland  fieiglits  on  linen  and  muslin,  im- 
ported from  New  York,  are  onl)-  I  *^;  cents  a  pound,  while  on  shirts,  [j.irtl)' 
on  account  of  their  occupying  more  space,  the  freight  is  5  cents  a  pouinl. 
Mven  with  this  advantage  in  favor  of  manufacturers,  they  can  not  afford  U: 
\y,iy  living  wages  to  women  emploved  otherwise  than  on  custom  work,  un- 
less the)-  are  \er\-  highl)'  skilled.  The  freight  on  shirts  imi)orted  from  New 
\'ork  is  tjo  cents  a  dozen,  while  the  cost  of  importing  a  (|uantil\'  of  linen 
ami  muslin  suflkient  to  make  a  do/en  of  shirts  is  about  30  cent.s.  Eastern 
shirts  of  cheap  grade  can  be  laid  down  in  San  I'rancisco  at  .$9.50  a  do/eii, 
after  l)a\ing  a  tax  to  the  railio.id  ci)m])anies  of  60  cents  more  than  that 


Tin-:  i.Ar.oR  sri'i'i.v. 


i  I 


paid  on  material.  The  cost  of  makiiit;  and  fmisliini^  such  shirts  in  I'\astcrn 
factories  is  about  $2  a  dozen,  and  sew  ini;-\\omcn  emploj-ed  at  such  work 
can  make  from  $4.50  to  $7  a  week.  On  account  of  the  savini^  in  freiglu, 
San  Francisco  manufacturers  coukl  afford  to  pay  $2.60  a  dozen  for  similar 
work,  and  operatives  could  earn  $6  to  $7.50  a  week;  but,  for  want  of  skilled 
labor,  goods  of  this  class  can  not  be  made  up  in  San  l'"rancisco,  to  comiietc 
with  the  Eastern  trade.  ILxpcrt  operatives,  whether  Chinamen  or  sewing- 
women,  can  earn  more  money  at  other  descriptions  of  sewing. 

Chinese  Competition.— The  .ser\  ices  of  Chinamen  are  in  such  request  for 
the  manufacture  of  clothing  and  of  under-clothing  ft)r  both  se.xcs  fladies'  un- 
der-clothing being  made  almost  entirely  by  Chinese  labor),  that  shirt  fac- 
tories can  offer  them  but  little  inducement.  It  is  stated  b\-  gentlemen  who 
have  a  practical  acquaintance  with  the  furnishing  gootls  and  the  clothing 
business,  that  Chinamen,  through  their  superior  strength,  can  ilo  cheaper 
work  than  female  operatives  in  San  l'"ranci.sco,  and  make  higher  wages  than 
sewing-women  in  Eastern  factories. 

The  general  dislike  of  Chinamen  by  the  community  tends  to  jirevent 
girls  from  going,  as  apprentices,  to  factories  where  they  must  work  with  the 
Asiatics,  and  also  to  prevent  skilled  operatives  and  seamstresses  from  com- 
ing to  Califoinia.  These  inlluences,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  ]$i:.\.\l[SIl  (who, 
as  a  manufacturer,  employs  white  laborers  exclusively,  has  made  sacrifices 
to  educate  and  attract  them,  and  can  speak  with  some  authority  in  this 
matter),  are  the  chief  evils  of  the  presence  (jf  the  celestial.s,  .so  far  as  the 
sewing-women  are  concerned.  He  does  not  know  of  any  noteworthy  re- 
duction of  wages,  or  exclusion  of  skilled  seamstresses  from  employment. 
He  fears,  however,  that  the  damage  maybe  much  greater  in  the  future,  than 
it  has  been  in  the  past. 

Dear  Labor. —  The  high  price  of  labor  has  been  one  of  the  chief  causes  of 
the  rapid  growth  of  our  country  and  of  our  coast.  If  the  laborers  couKl  not 
have  earned  more  on  the  Atlantic  Slope  than  in  luirojie,  they  would  not 
have  incurred  the  exjieiise  of  leaving  the  old  workl ;  if  the)'  had  not  known 
that  wages  were  higher  on  this  coast,  than  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  they 
wouiil  not  have  crossed  the  continent.  In  all  new  countries,  the  majority 
of  the  .settlers  are  poor,  de[)endent  for  support  on  their  toil.  They  prefer, 
other  things  being  e(|ual,  to  go  to  the  lanil  where  they  can  sell  their  labor 
for  the  best  ]irice.  Our  country  has  made  higher  bids  than  any  other,  in- 
dustrially as  well  as  politically,  for  poor  men,  and  has  attracted  more  of 
them.  The  immigration  to  the  United  States  is  a  prominent  fact  in  the 
civilization  of  the  19th  century;  ami  its  lluctuating  activity  has  been  one 
>5 


IP 

m 


■:  *■ 


114 


TNTROnUCTION. 


of  the  best  st.inclards,  by  which  to  measure  our  national  prospcrit)-.  If 
wages  in  America  should  fall  to  a  level  with  those  of  I'2uroi)e,  the  large 
migration  from  that  continent  to  ours  would  cease;  and  the  flow  of  popula- 
tion from  the  Atlantic  Slope  to  our  coast  will  become  relatively  insignificant, 
when  wages  reach  the  same  rate  here  as  there.  Another  benefit  of  dear 
labor  deserving  to  be  mentioned  here  is,  that  it  makes  a  demand  for  im- 
proved machinery,  which,  by  requiring  the  superintendence  of  competent 
and  trustworthj-  men,  reacts  in  such  a  manner  as  to  increase  the  wages. 

While  a  high  rate  of  wages  has  its  advantages,  it  also  has  its  drawbacks. 
It  prevents  the  establishment  of  many  branches  of  emph.iyment,  requiring 
much  skill  and  costly  machinery,  deprives  capital  of  opportunities  to  erect 
profitable  factories,  obstructs  the  development  of  a  home  market,  checks  the 
increase  in  the  valae  of  land,  restricts  production  t(j  raw  material,  impels  the 
farmer  to  impoverish  his  soil,  subjects  him  to  heavy  freights  and  commis- 
sions for  the  c.\portition  of  some  of  his  coarse  products,  and  for  the  impor- 
tation of  the  same  mai'erial  after  it  has  received  treble  value  from  foreign 
skill,  and  excludes  the  laborers  from  the  chances  of  acquiring  the  highest 
training  in  the  most  difficult  and  most  profitable  branches  of  the  mechanical 
arts.     Such  have  been  evidentlj'  and  undoubtedl)'  some  of  the   pernicious 
results  of  excessively  high  wages  in  California,  during  the  last   30  y(;ars. 
The  fact  that  the  wages  of  labor  generally  are  at  least  30  per  cent,  higher 
in  California  than  in  New  York,  and  100  per  cent,  higher  than  in  Continental 
luu'ope,  would  be  very  satisfactory  if  there  were  regular  employment  for 
all  the  poor,  if  a  large  majority  of  them  were  saving  something  every  year 
from  their  earnings  for  their  old  age,  and  if  they  were  reasonably  contented 
with  their  condition  in  life.     Unfortunately,  however,  in  no  American  .State 
have  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  men  who  wanted  employment  from   1865 
to  1880  been   unable  to  obtain  it;  and  in  no  State  have  the  agricultural 
laborers,  as  a  class,  been  more  thriftless,  migratory,  dissii)ated,  or  discon- 
tented.    They  demand  more  wages  than  the  farmer  can  afford  to  pay  by 
the  year,  ami  after  working  through  seedtime  and  harvest,  they  go  off  to  the 
towns,  scjuander  their  money  in  idleness,  and  often  turn  out  as  tramps,  living 
for  months  by  charity  and  plunder.     The  number  of  these  men  has  at  times 
been  .so  large,  that  the)'  became  the  terror  of  the  country  peojile  in  certain 
districts.      I'ears  have  been  expressed  that  the  genial  climate  of  California 
might  become  a  cur.se,  by  attracting  the  vagrants  and   ruffians  from  the 
eastern  side  of  the  continent  in  such  hosts  that  lliey  woukl  take  possession 
of  the  valleys,  and  lea\e  descendants  as  idle,  ignorant,  antl  demoralized  as 
any  lot  of  brigands  in  the  Abru/.zi.     These  fears  are  not  likely  to  be  real- 
izeil,  and  indeed,  in  1881    California  was  remarkabl)- free  from  tramps,  on 
account  of  the   ra|)i(l  development   of  Arizona,  Washington,  and   Oregon, 


THE   LAliOR   SUPPLY. 


ns 


which  have  drawn  away  the  adventurous,  and  left  no  excuse  for  the  rcmain- 
inj.y  unemployed,  who  are  everywhere  confronted  by  the  demand  for  labor. 
It  is  to  be  expected,  however,  that  the  conditions  that  prevailed  from  1865 
to  1880,  will  be  restored  within  a  few  years,  unless  the  laboring  class  come 
down  to  that  fundamental  principle  of  industrial  prosperity  and  sound 
morals,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  poor  to  support  themselves  by  their  labor. 
They  may  object,  that  the  wages  obtainable  arc  not  sufficient  for  their  sup- 
port, in  the  style  in  which  they  have  a  right  to  live;  but  there  never  has  been 
any  good  reason  for  this  objection  in  California.  It  may  be  that  the  laborer 
can  not  live  so  comfortably  now,  as  he  could  a  few  years  ago;  but  his  disap- 
pointment does  not  justify  him  in  becoming  a  burden  on  his  friends  or  on 
society.  There  is  neither  honor,  .self-respect,  nor  enduring  pleasure  for  the 
poor  man  without  steady  toil.  The  amount  that  he  earns  is  less  important 
to  the  rational  enjoyment  of  life  than  the  spirit  in  which  he  earns  it,  and 
the  prudence  with  which  he  spends  it.  The  French  male  laborers  earn  only 
60  cents  a  day  on  an  average,  and  they  probably  enjoy  themselves  more, 
and  perhaps  a  larger  portion  save  something  at  the  end  of  the  year,  than 
do  the  Californian  laborers,  earning  more  than  twice  as  much. 

World-^wide  Competition. — The  poor,  blinded  by  ignorance  and  preju- 
dice, may  imagine  that  employers  have  combined  to  reduce  wages  to  the 
lowest  limit  at  which  tho  workmen  can  live;  but,  if  they  were  well  in- 
formed, the)- would  understand  that  capitalists,  instead  of  working  together, 
are  really  struggling  each  against  all  the  others.  The  business  of  a  factory 
is  a  competition  with  all  similar  establishments  in  the  country.  The  prices 
of  the  products  and  of  the  labor  can  not  be  controlled  by  any  man,  or  small 
clique  of  men.  It  is  the  interest  of  every  employer  to  get  the  best  work- 
men, and  to  attract  them  by  paying  all  he  can  afford.  He  does  not  care 
how  much  his  workmen  make,  provided  that  he  derives  the  largest  pos- 
sible profit  and  satisfaction  from  his  capital.  In  England,  men  with  money 
are  constantly  searching  for  chances  to  establish  factories  that  will  pay  5 
per  cent,  annual  interest  on  the  investment ;  and  in  New  luigland,  6 
percent.;  and  $10,000,000  could  be  obtained  immediately  in  California  for 
factories  that  would  pay  7  per  cent,  as  a  secure  and  permanent  investment. 
The  prices  of  labor  arc  influenced  not  so  much  by  the  greed  of  the  emplo)-- 
cr.s,  in  any  little  district,  as  by  the  competition  of  the  laboring  classes 
throughout  the  civilized  world. 

Political  agitators  assert  that  labor  has  been  degraded  in  California  by 
low  wages,  buc  since  toil  is  necessary  for  individual  happiness,  as  well  as 
for  national  prosperity,  it  must  in  its  very  nature  be  honorable.  Like 
wisdom  and  honesty,  it  is  not  susceptible  of  degradation.     The  men  who 


i'  !i ;  ■  -  ' 


ii6 


INTKUDUCTIUX. 


ought  to  devote  themselves  to  it,  however,  may  be,  aiitl  often  are  demoral- 
ized and  degraded,  especially  when  the\'  seek  excuses  for  idleness  and 
mcndicancv;  when  thc>-  demand  hi;.;her  wages  than  employers  can  afford  to 
give;  when  they  spcntl  more  than  they  earn,  and  when  they  train  up  their 
children  without  skill  in  any  useful  art,  and  with  the  foolish  notion  that  it 
is  better  to  idle,  beg,  or  steal  than  to  work  for  the  highest  wages  offered  in 
the  market. 


M^ 


Imported  IkTeohanlcs. — A  serious  drawback  to  the  industrj-  of  California 
is  the  scarcity  of  good  mechanics  among  the  )oung  men  bom  in  the  State, 
or  brought  hither  in  their  childhood.  They  have  been  trained  under  perni- 
cious inlluences,  and  allowed  to  grow  to  manhood  without  thorough  instruc- 
tion in  any  industrial  art,  or  the  habit  (jf  stead)-  application  to  labor.  Most 
of  the  skilled  mechanics  had  no  sons  whom  they  wished  to  succeed  them  in 
their  respecti\e  occupations,  and  disliking  to  teach  prospecti\e  rivals,  to 
whom  thej-  were  not  attached  by  anj-  famil\-  relationship,  threw  every 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  bojs  seeking  to  learn  trades.  I'.ircnts  would  not 
subject  their  boys  to  strict  discipline,  but  encouraged  them  to  expect  situa- 
tions where  they  could  live  without  hard  work.  Employers  did  not  want 
apprentices,  most  of  whom  would  run  away  after  a  few  months;  and  whose 
education  cost  more  than  their  work  was  worth.  To  train  an  apprentice  in 
California  costs  more  than  to  import  a  good  journeyman.  San  Trancisco 
boys  bound  under  articles  of  apprenticeshij)  are  nire;  those  who  became 
first-rate  mechanics  b_\-  serving  out  their  time,  still  rarer. 

The  boys,  generall}',  have  not  been  educated  sufficientl)'  to  get  places  as 
bookkeepers  or  clerks,  and  besides,  there  were  not  places  for  them.  When 
a  \acanc)-  occurred,  and  the  employer  had  to  choose  i)etween  an  ICastern 
boy  and  a  Californian  boy,  he  usuall}'  preferred  the  former,  becau.se  he  had 
presumabi)-  been  bred  more  strictly,  and  educated  better  in  business.  Left 
to  grow  up  without  occupatitjn,  and  without  proper  supervision  at  home, 
mail}'  of  the  San  I'"rancisco  bo\s  have  maile  a  habit  of  associating  in  gangs 
of  "hoodlums,"  a  locil  name  for  a  peculiar  class  of  young  ruffians.  They 
have  an  unenviable  rejiutation  for  unwillingness  to  work  ste.ulil),  or  to  treat 
employers  fairlx'  in  any  respect.  Man)'  .ittempts  have  been  made  to  (jbtain 
emplci)-ment  for  parlies  of  hoodlums  in  picking  hups,  berries,  tree-fruifs,  or 
giapcs,  and  in  nther  light  work  in  the  ccjuntr)-;  but  the  general  result  was 
that  the  farmers,  finding  them  iiUoler.ible  on  account  of  their  dcprcdation.s 
ami  dissipation,  sonn  ordered  them  off  to  make  room  for  Chinamen.  In 
August,  iSiSi,  about  40  bo)s  were  turned  out  of  a  San  I'rancisco  factory  at 
one  time  beciuse,  as  the  manager  said,  the)-  '.\duld  not  work  faithfully  un- 
less there  was  a  foreman  to  watch  each  uf  them. 


riiK  i.Aiiou  sri'i'i.v.  1 17 

TIk-  risi:v4  gcncrati)ii  o;i  this  coast  has  a  stroiiLf  antipath\-  to  liard  work, 
aiKl  especially  to  work  that  is  poorly  paid.  Young  persons,  working  at  a 
trade  e.xpccc  to  earn  good  wages  almost  from  the  start,  and  therefore  meet 
with  disappointment.  In  other  parts  of  the  workl,  manufactmcrs  depend 
karge!)-  on  the  assistance  of  boys  and  girls,  in  the  cheaper  branches  of  ialjor. 
On  the  Pacific  Coast,  tlie  services  of  white  boys  and  girls  were  not  to  be 
had,  for  this  purpose,  in  former  days,  and  Chinese  labor  was  obtained  as  the 
only  substitute.  In  the  l-'astorn  States  and  in  ICurope,  a[)prentices  often 
work  for  years,  when  learning  a  trade,  without  any  remuneration,  and  in 
some  cases,  their  [)arents  even  ])ay  a  premium  io  obtain  that  [)rivilege  for 
their  children.  In  San  I'ranci.sco,  young  men  can  not  be  made  to  under- 
.stand  that  the  knowledge  acquired  in  learning  a  trade  i.s,  of  itself,  a  most 
valuable  acquisition.  The)-  get  the  idea  that  all  avenues  of  empiojment, 
in  fit  keeping  with  their  dignity,  are  closed  to  them.  Hence,  too  often,  they 
drift  into  idle  or  dissolute  habits,  and  end  by  becoming  a  burden  to  their 
friends,  (jr  perhaps  to  the  community.  In  Eastern  and  luiropean  wcjolen- 
mills,  boys  are  largely  employed  on  clas.ses  of  work,  which,  in  similar  fac- 
tories on  the  Pacific  Coast,  arc  done  by  girls  or  by  Chinamen.  There  arc 
not  100  boys  emploj'cd  in  this  industry  on  the  entire  coast,  and  for  each  one 
.so  employed,  there  arc,  probably,  5  girls,  and  more  than  that  number  of 
Chinamen.  After  a  brief  apprenticeship,  the  young  San  I'ranciscan  of  16 
or  17  can  earn,  at  this  occupation,  90  cents  to  $1  a  day;  a  higher  rate  than 
is  paid  in  Mngland  to  skilled  male  operatives.  If  he  would  apply  himself 
steadily  to  work,  he  might  be  certain  of  earning,  after  2  or  3  j-cars,  froin  $2 
to  $2.50  a  day.  Hut  he  becomes  impatient,  and  either  gives  up  his  task,  or, 
as  .soori  as  he  has  learned  the  first  process,  demands  men's  wages,  and  when 
refused,  leaves  in  disgust.  Hundreds  of  boys  can  be  had  in  San  Francisco 
at  a  moment's  notice  to  ride  after  cattle,  or  to  drive  a  wagon,  especially  a 
grocer's  wagon;  but  they  will  not  submit  to  the  steady  work  of  ,1  factor)'. 

Competition  vrith  the  fiast. — An  examination  of  the  details  of  pro- 
ducti\e  industries  on  our  coast  will  show  that  Chinamen  are  not  employed, 
as  a  general  rule,  unless  their  cheaper  labor  be  intlispensable  to  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  profitable  business.  The  tailor,  the  boot-maker,  .and  the  regalia- 
maker,  who  have  .shops  for  making  goods  to  order,  emplo)'  none  save  white 
laborers.  The  same  remark  will  appi)-  to  the  saw-inills,  planing-mills,  sash 
factories,  bo.\  factories,  foundries,  machine-shops,  gold  and  siUer  cpiartz 
mills,  and  printing  and  publishing  houses.  These  establishments  ha\c  little 
competition  with  the  P^ast,  and  can  thrive  while  i)a)ing  high  rates  of  wages 
to  white  mechanics  and  operatives.  It  is  not  until  we  come  to  those 
factories  which  must  compete  with  the  products  of  the  Atlantic  States  and 


ffe4 


ii8 


IMKOnrCTION. 


I  ^ii 


of  Europe,  and  often  compete  under  disadvantages  wliich  leave  a  veiy 
narrow  martjin  of  profit,  that  Chinamen  find  employment  in  large  numbers. 
/\ccording  to  the  national  census,  San  Francisco  had  22,000  Chinamen 
in  18S0.  Of  these,  it  is  estimated  that  5,000  were  housc-scr\ants,  3,000 
laundrymen,  and  perhaps  1,000  merchants,  invalids,  and  iiUers,  leaving 
13,000  as  the  number  of  mechanics  and  factory  operatives.  The  number 
of  Chinamen  in  California  was  34,933  in  1860;  49,277  in  1870;  and  75,122 
in  1880;  while  the  entire  population  was  379,994,  560,247,  and  864,686  at 
the  same  periods  respectivel)-.  The  increase  of  the  Chinese  was  1 1 5  per 
cent.,  and  that  of  the  entire  population  127  per  cent,  in  20  years. 

Factories  as  Schools. — But  wc  must  not  overlook  the  important  point, 
that  the  factories,  which  could  never  have  bctn  started  ire  California  without 
the  Chinamen,  have  .served  as  schools  for  the  industrial  education  of  hun- 
dreds of  boys  and  girls.  Take  the  woolen-mills  for  instance.  In  1870  they 
employed  only  31  women,  and  in  1880,  more  than  goo.  In  1865,  80  per 
cent,  of  the  woolen-mill  operatives  in  San  Francisco  were  Chinamen,  and 
in  1880  onl)-  17  per  cent.  In  the  interval,  probably  2,000  women  had 
become  skillful  operatives  in  these  mills,  and  they  have  gradually  crowded 
out  the  Asiatics.  It  is  to  be  hoped  and  presumed  that  similar  results  will 
occur  in  the  future  in  other  branches  of  manufacture. 


White  Labor  Gaining. — .'\  pleasing  feature  in  the  reports  received  from 
the  different  factories  is  the  success  attending  the  gradual  substitution  of 
white  for  Chinese  labor.  At  TllK  PloSEF.R  AM)  Mis.siON  WoOLKN  Mills 
in  San  Francisco  there  are  about  750  employes,  of  whom  200  arc  China- 
men, receiving  90  cents  to  $1  a  day;  250  women  and  girls  make  50  cents  to 
$1.60,  averaging  .$1.25  a  da_\-;  50  boj-s  make  50  cents  and  upwards  a  day; 
and  250  white  men,  $1.75  to  $3.  At  TiiE  G(JLr)E\.  G.VTE  WooLKN  Mills, 
there  are  about  200  operatives,  and  no  Chinamen  were  employed  until 
recently,  when  the  misconduct  of  a  portion  of  the  white  bo)-s  and  girls  made 
it  necessary  to  discharge  them,  and  a  gang  of  40  Chinamen  was  substituted. 
Tin:  C.M.II'OUNIA  Hosiery  Company's  mills  in  Oakland  employ  white 
labor  cxclusivel)',  and  have  240  operatives  on  the  pay-roll,  of  whom  o\er 
150  are  women  and  girls,  and  about  50  are  boys.  In  the  )-ear  1865,  out  of 
220  hands  employed  at  the  Pioneer  Mills  (then  not  associated  with  the 
Mission),  180  were  Chinamen.  The  emploj-es  at  the  Mission  Mills  were 
nearly  all  Chinamen.  In  the  jcar  1881,  about  3,000  Chinamen  were  em- 
ployed at  .San  l"r;'.ncisco  during  a  portion  of  the  )-ear  in  making  up  into 
men's  re;id)'-iTia(le  cloth  suits  and  underwear  the  tweeds,  cassimere.s,  doe- 
skins, ami  tlannels  manufactured  in  Californian  and  Oregon  woolen-mills, 


TIIK   LADdR   Sl'IM'LV. 


119 


and  in  makincj  overalls  and  other  j^oods  of  Eastern  duck  and  dcniin. 
Tiicsc  branches"  arc  grouped  together  because  manufacturers  let  out  con- 
tracts, or  employ  their  own  Chinamen,  under  the  supervision  of  a  white 
foreman,  in  makinij  up  all  these  classes  of  yoods.  On  such  work  there  arc 
probably  500  to  600  women  employed,  workini^  usually  at  their  own  homes. 
When  employed  on  cloth  suits,  skilled  seamstresses  can  make  $8  to  $10  a 
week,  and  Chinamen  about  the  same  waj^^es.  On  flannel  under-clothing, 
skilled  workwomen  can  make  $6  to  $8  a  week,  while  Chinamen  do  not  aver- 
age more  than  $6.  Unskilled  or  half-skilled  operatives  of  cither  class  can 
not  make,  at  such  work,  more  than  $3  to  $5  a  week.  In  Eastern  clothing 
factories  expert  women  make  $10  to  $12  a  week,  and  assistants,  $6  to  $8. 
Duck  and  denim  goods  arc  entirely  made  up  by  Chinamen,  and  the  mate- 
rial is  all  imported,  except  that  many  of  them  arc  lined  with  California- 
made  blanket  lining.  The  entire  value  of  ready-made  cloth  suits,  Hanncl 
underwear,  duck  and  denim  goods  manufactured  in  San  Francisco  for  the 
year  1880,  was  about  $3,650,000.  The  quantity  of  these  manufactured  in 
1870  amounted  in  value  to  a  little  under  $1,000,000. 

The  prospects  in  the  business  of  manufacturing  clothing  are  thus  ex- 
pressed by  Mr.  GREEN'i:n.\U.M,  the  proprietor  of  a  factory  in  which  girls  arc 
largely  employed:  "The  outlook  for  the  future  is  good.  All  that  we  need 
is  white  labor,  good  and  experienced  hand.s,  which  arc  not  in  San  FrancLsco 
at  present,  and  will  not  be,  until  mothers  and  daughters  lay  aside  their  pride, 
and  are  willing  to  work,  and  not  ashamed  to  be  called  factory  hands."  In 
e.stabii.shmcnts  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  fringe,  gimp,  braid,  regalia, 
etc.,  no  Chinaman  is  to  be  .seen,  but  there  are  numbers  of  contented  and 
healthy-looking  women  and  girls,  wlio  commence  as  apprentices  at  $3  or  $4 
a  week,  and  after  learning  their  trade  can  earn  $8  to  $12,  and  sometimes 
even  $20  a  week.  These  establishmcnt.s,  however,  can  employ  but  a  small 
number  of  persons.  The  chief  branches  of  manufacture  that  could  afford 
employment  to  women  who  have  to  depend  on  sewing  for  a  livelihood,  are 
those  of  clothing,  under-clothing,  and  shirtmaking.  At  least  four  fifths  of 
all  this  work  is,  at  present,  in  the  hands  of  Chinamen,  who  receive  every 
year  in  wages  about  $1,250,000. 

Opposition  to  Chinese. — While  it  does  not  come  within  the  .scope  of  this 
work  to  engage  in  the  discussion  of  political  questions,  it  is  necessary,  for 
the  completeness  of  information,  to  mention  the  dislike  to  Chinamen,  by  tho 
white  men  of  the  laboring  class,  and  the  general  opposition  to  any  large 
increase  of  the  Chinese  population.  Rich  and  poor  arc  agreed,  that  immi- 
grants from  the  Atlantic  States  and  I'Airope  are  more  desirable  than  those 
from  China,  and  that  the  permanent  establishment  among  us  of  a  large 


I20 


INTUnnri  TION. 


'U 


tuiinbcr  (if  Asiatics,  cruulciimed  liy  (liffcrcnccs  of  color,  topguc,  habits,  and 
religion,  to  ixTiiain  an  inferior  caste  to  a  remote  future,  would  be  a  ijrcat 
misfortune  for  Califcjrnia.  At  a  State  election  held  in  iiS7y,  154,6^'  b.'dlot.s 
were  cast  a^jainst  i)ermittin_L;  further  immigration  from  China,  and  only  S.S3 
ill  favor  of  it.  The  National  Government  has  secured  rui  amendment  of 
the  Hurlingame  Treat)',  so  that  Congress  ma)'  re-ti  ic  the  immigration  from 
China  without  violating  the  rules  of  international  law,  and  the  passage  of  a 
bill  for  that  purpose,  within  a  brief  ])eriod,  is  expected.  W'e  may  therefore 
sa>-  with  confidence,  that  in  the  future  history  of  the  Pacific  Coast  there  W'll 
be  no  large  hereditary  caste  of  Asiatic  blooil,  no  serious  increase  of  Cliinesc 
po|)ulation,  and  no  greater  com])ctition  of  Mongolian  with  white  labor  than 
there  has  been  in  the  past. 

If,  however,  we  wish  to  get  a  correct  idea  of  the  [)resent  condition  of 
industry  on  this  coast,  we  must  be  careful  to  look  at  both  sides  of  the 
question  of  Asiatic  labor.  Some  of  the  Anti-Chine.se  agitators  have  used 
language,  which  would  lead  people  at  a  distance  to  infer  that  the  general 
conilition  of  poor  white  men  in  California  is  pitiable,  because  the  bread  is 
taken  from  their  mouths  b)'  the  Chinese;  that  there  is  little  chance  here  for 
a  poor  man  to  support  a  famils"  respectably;  that  it  is  cruel  to  irnitc 
immigrants  to  come  to  California  and  engage  in  a  competition  with  the  )-ellow 
pagan  that  must  end  in  miser)'  and  starvation;  that  greed)'  capitalists  and 
slavi.sh  Asiatics  have  taken  exclusive  po.s.scssion  of  most  branches  of  pro- 
ductive industr)';  and  that  the  evil  is  so  great,  that  the  iinmcdiate  expulsion 
of  the  pagans,  even  if  accomplished  by  bloodshed  and  anarch)',  would  be  a 
blessing  to  the  countr)'. 

These  ideas,  in  their  main  features,  are  wrong.  I\Iuch  ma)'  be  said  truth- 
full)'  against  the  Chinese,  and  all  that  is  true,  together  with  much  more  that 
is  untrue,  has  been  said  and  widel)'  circulated  by  politicians;  but  there  is 
another  side,  which  has  recci\ed  far  less  attention,  anil  shoukl  not  be  over- 
looked b)'  those  who  wish  to  understand  the  industrial  interests  involvctl. 
There  is,  to-da)',  no  better  place  for  the  white  immigrant  on  the  entire 
globe  than  he  can  find  on  this  coast;  no  place  where  labor  is  so  well  i)aid 
or  more  honored;  no  place  where  the  industriou.s  laborers,  as  a  class,  live 
with  so  uuich  coiufort;  no  place  where  the  pom  man  can  settle  with  more 
reasonable  confidence  in  the  present  and  the  future,  There  is  no  large 
class  of  industrious  ])of)r  men  without  hripe  of  becoming  the  owners  of  land; 
man)'  of  the  unskilled  laborers,  who  work  for  others  by  the  da)-,  own  their 
lots  and  houses.  In  the  rural  districts  there  is  little  difficult)' in  acciuiringa 
home.  Man)'  i)ennilcss  this  )ear  will  have  a  small  ])iece  of  land  the  next,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  centur)-,  will  ha\e  huge  tracts  and  emjjloy  scores  of 
1,1  borers. 


m 


DIVISION  II.-COMMERCE,  ETC. 


CHAPTER  VI.—BANKING. 

Extent  of  Business. — The  banking  business  of  the  Pacific  coa  .t  north  of 
Mexico  is  extremely  active,  as  might  be  inferred  from  the  abundant  produc- 
tion of  precious  metals,  the  large  values  of  the  annual  imports  and  exports, 
the  busy  inland  traffic,  the  high  wages  of  labor  and  rates  of  interest,  and  the 
multitude  of  houses,  fences,  railroads,  wagon  roads,  irrigation  ditches,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  lines,  and  other  similar  improvements  in  the  course  of 
rapid  construction.  Banking  is  the  aid  of  commerce  and  industry,  and 
shares  their  prosperity ;  and  as  they  have  never  reached  a  higher  develop- 
ment in  proportion  to  population  than  they  ha\c  had  on  this  coast  as  a  whole 
for  the  last  30  years,  so  it  may  truly  be  said  that  never  has  banking  any- 
where else  been  more  profitable  to  the  persons  engaged  in  it,  nor,  when  con- 
ducted in  accordance  with  sound  business  rules,  has  it  been  of  greater  benefit 
to  a  community. 

According  to  statistics  published  in  national  reports,  the  State  banks,  pri- 
vate banks,  and  banking  trust  companies,  on  May  31,  1880,  numbered  in, 
and  had  $2i,535,oooof  cai)ital,  and  $82,426,000  of  deposits  in  California;  in 
Oregon  they  numbered  15,  and  had  $1,245,000  of  capital,  and  $1,033,000  of 
deposits;  in  Nevada  they  numbered  13,  and  had  $364,000  of  capital,  and 
$834,000  of  deposits  ;  in  Utah  there  were  11,  with  $206,000  of  capital,  and 
$1,233,000  of  deposits  ;  in  Washington  they  numbered  4,  with  $257,000  of 
capital,  and  $525,000  of  deposits  ;  in  Arizona  they  numbered  5,  with  $H2,- 
000  of  capital,  and  $243,000  of  deposits  ;  and  in  Idaho  they  numbered  2, 
with  $5,000  of  capital,  and  $lS,ooo  of  deposits.  The  totals  are  161  banks, 
with  $23,724,000  of  capital,  and  $86,312,000  of  deposits. 

The  national  banks  on  the  coast  on  November  i,  1880,  numbered  13,  with 
$2,000,000  of  aggregate  capital,  and  $1,403,000  of  aggregate  circulation. 
No  other  banks  on  the  coast  have  bank  notes  in  circulation. 

Callfornian  Banks. — California  has  now  74  banking  companies  incor- 
porated under  her  own  laws,  not  authorized   to  issue  paper  money,  nor 

subject  to  the  national  banking  law.    San  Francisco  has  9  savings  and  5  com- 
16 


122 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


,*tTTT^ 


...i 


'    .  H 


mcrcial  banks,  and  the  remainder  of  the  State  lias  1 1  savings  and  49 
commercial  banks.  On  July  i,  1881,  these  74  banks  had  in  the  aggregate 
$24,000,000  of  capital  paid  up,  $1 1,000,000  of  surplus  and  reserve  fund, 
$82,700,000  belonging  to  depositors,  $14,874,000  in  United  States  bonds, 
and  $  1 1 ,000,000  of  cash  on  hand  in  round  numbers.  In  addition  to  these 
institutions  there  arc  4  foreign  banks  which  have  branches  in  San  Franci.sco, 
a  number  of  individuals  or  firms  doing  a  banking  business,  and  8  national 
banks.  The  savings  banks  of  San  Francisco  pay  in  1881  about  5  per  cent, 
annual  dividend  to  their  depositors,  and  the  commercial  banks  7  or  8  per 
cent,  to  their  stockholders. 

In  July,  1881,  the  savings  banks  of  the  State  had  $49,954,000,  the  com- 
mercial banks  had  $32,819,000,  and  the  national  banks  at  the  date  of  the 
latest  accessible  report  had  $3,400,000  on  deposit,  making  the  total  depos- 
its in  the  American  incorporated  banks  doing  business  in  California 
$86, 1 73,000. 

The  banking  rates  for  the  year  ending  November,  i,  1880,  as  stated  in  the 
report  of  the  controller  of  the  currency,  were  8  per  cent,  in  San  Francisco, 
and  10^  in  other  parts  of  California,  as  compared  with  12  in  Denver,  10  in 
Omaha,  9  in  Minnesota,  7  in  Milwaukee,  Cleveland,  and  Washington,  6j4 
in  Cincinnati  and  Louisville,  6  in  St.  Louis,  5^2  in  Chicago,  5  in  New  Or- 
leans, Boston,  and  Baltimore,  and  4j4  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

For  6  months,  ending  September  i,  1880,  the  net  earnings  of  the  national 
banks,  in  their  relation  to  capital  and  surplus,  were  4)4  percent,  in  California, 
19^3  per  cent,  in  Oregon,  Oy^  per  cert,  in  Utah,  12  per  cent,  in  Idaho,  and 
8.;4.  per  cent,  in  Washington. 

The  clearances  of  the  San  Franc'sC'  Clearing-house  average  about 
$45,000,000  a  month.  They  amount.;!  '.o  $262,000,000  on  the  first  half  of 
1881;  $486,000,000  in  1880;  and  .'f)"  15,000,000  (the  largest  figure  in  its  his- 
tor>')  in  1878.  The  establishment  has  been  in  existence  5  years,  and  is  the 
only  one  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  incorporated  State  banks  of  California  owned  $7,240,000  of  national 
bonds  on  July  i,  1 880,  and  $14,874,000  on  July  i,  188 1,  having  invested 
$7,650,000  within  a  year  in  securities  that  pay  only  about  3  '/j  per  cent,  annu- 
tally,  at  a  time  when  the  commercial  banks  charge  8  per  cent,  in  the  city, 
and  10  or  12  in  the  country.  In  November,  1880,  the  residents  of  the  State 
held  $10,682,000  of  registered  national  bonds,  making  a  total  of  $25,556,000, 
without  counting  the  coupon  bonds  owned  by  individuals,  cjf  which  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  more  than  $5,000,000,  making  a  grand  total  of 
$30,000,000  of  Californian  capital,  which  .sees  no  opportunity  at  present  of 
getting  more  than  $}i  per  cent,  annual  interest  with  good  security.  The 
owners,  of  course,  distrust  land,  factories,  mines,  and,  probably  most  of  all, 


BANKING. 


123 


the  new  constitution.  Before  the  adoption  of  that  instrument,  national 
bonds  were  held  by  very  few  persons  relatively  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Measure  of  Prosperity. — The  financial  life  of  a  rapidly  growinjj  Ameri- 
can State  consists  of  a  succession  of  good  and  bad  times,  in  regular  al- 
ternation, hut  of  irregular  continuance,  the  former  being  marked  by  con- 
fidence, credit,  prosperity,  speculation,  exaltatio;i,  and  quickly  won  fortunes; 
and  the  latter  by  distrust,  collections,  depressions,  panic,  and  bankruptcies. 
It  is  important  to  the  banker  and  merchant,  as  well  as  to  the  statesman,  to 
have  some  standard  by  which  to  measure  appro.ximately  the  condition  of 
business,  so  that  he  can  ascertain  when  a  flush  period  i.s  about  to  culminate, 
and  when  improvement  is  about  to  commence  after  a  crash  has  passed  its 
climax.  Such  standards  aie  supplied  in  somecountries  by  the  statistics  of  the 
clearing-houses  and  custom-houses,  the  rates  of  exchange  and  the  drifts  of 
money  and  migration;  but  on  account  of  peculiar  circumstances  in  Califor- 
nia, these  things  are  not  safe  guides  here  and  we  must  look  for  something 
else.  Perhaps  the  best  standard  for  California,  or  at  least  for  San  Francisco, 
is  to  be  found  in  the  statistics  of  the  mortgages  and  releases  in  the  city. 
These  indicate  the  amount  of  credit  on  the  security  of  real  estate.  When- 
ever business  has  been  active,  the  demand  for  money  at  the  savings  banks 
exceeded  the  supply,  and  the  sums  taken  from  them  under  loans  were 
greater  than  those  returned.  Thus  in  1868,  when  speculation  ran  high  in 
anticipation  of  the  benefits  to  be  conferred  by  the  completion  of  the  first 
Pacific  railroad,  the  mortgages  amounted  to  $1 1,500,000  and  the  releases  to 
$5,400,000.  When  the  Gold  Hill  bonanza  of  1870-72  had  poured  its  wealth 
into  San  Francisco  for  two  years,  and  the  Consolidated  Virginia  bonanza 
had  given  a  promise  of  its  greatness,  the  mortgages  amounted  in  1873  to 
$17,200,000  and  the  releases  to  $6,100,000.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the 
hard  times  began  after  the  outbreak  of  the  communistic  agitation  in  1877, 
and  the  miserable  incapacity  of  the  municipal  government  to  restore  order 
became  apparent,  the  people  began  to  pay  their  debts  and  the  releases  to 
exceed  the  mortgages.  That  excess  has  been  observed  in  every  12  months 
ending  on  June  30,  for  the  3  years  ending  June  30,  1 88 1.  The  mortgages  were 
$15,600,000  in  1878,  $9,600,000  in  1879,  $7,200,000  in  1880,  and  $4,000,000 
in  the  first  half  of  1881;  the  releases  in  the  same  periods  were  $15,000,000, 
$10,300,000,  $10,800,000,  and  $5,000,000  respectively,  making  a  total  of  $31,- 
400,000  of  mortgages  and  $41,100,000  of  releases  in  4  years  and  a  half  So 
long  as  the  releases  exceed  the  mortgages,  so  long  it  will  be  certain  that 
San  Francisco  is  not  keeping  up  the  past  ratio  of  growth,  and  that  there  is 
no  remarkable  activity  in  the  erection  of  buildings,  and  the  construction 
of  the  street  improvements,  which  have  contributed  largely  to  the  demand 
for  loans  secured  by  mortgages  on  city  real  estate. 

Amount  of  Coin. — The  amount  of  gold  and  silver  coin  in  the  Pacific 


I    v 


IK  ■ 

Ml 

If-;., 


d  i' 

i       'ii':; 

Si;- 


124 


COMNfERCE,   ETC. 


States  and  Territories  is  not  ascertainable  with  precision,  but  wc  have  some 
figures  about  California.  The  San  l-Vancisco  Mint  had  $21,484,135  and  the 
San  Francisco  branch  of  the  national  treasury  had  $22,650,783  in  coin  in 
their  vaults  on  AuLjust  23,  18S1.  The  commercial  and  savings  banks  in- 
corporated under  State  law  had  $11,266,000,  and  the  foreign  b.anks  $2,458,- 
000  money  (nearly  all  coin)  on  hanil  in  June  30,  1881;  the  national  banks 
at  the  latest  report  had  $1,200,000  of  coin;  the  banking  houses  of  indi\iduals 
and  partnerships  had  presumably  $2,000,000.  The  state  treasury  on  June 
30,  1 88 1,  had  $980,489  of  coin,  and  the  county  treasuries  had  $2,139,634  of 
money  (nearly  all  coin),  applicable  to  tlie  pajment  of  their  outstanding  in- 
debtedness; and  at  least  50  per  cent,  should  be  added  for  money  not  so 
applicable.  The  total  of  the  sums  in  the  Mint,  national,  state,  and  county 
treasuries  and  banks  within  the  limits  of  California  is  $65,000,000. 

That  sum  excludes  all  the  inonej'in  the  immediate  pos.session  of  business 
houses  (except  banks),  of  hotels,  of  railroad,  steamship,  and  stage  com- 
panies, of  express  companies  Un-  purposes  of  transportation,  of  travelers,  and 
of  the  people  generally.  Leaving  the  banks  out  of  consideration,  California 
has  probably  500  .safe  vaults,  built  mainly  for  keeping  books,  but  used  also 
for  money.  If  they  axerage  $4,000,  their  aggregate  contents  are  $2,000,000. 
There  may  be  6,000  steel  safes  in  the  State,  many  of  them  in  towns  where 
much  business  is  done,  and  where  there  is  no  bank  with  a  safe  vault  for  the 
custody  of  money,  or  where  money  is  received  after  banks  close,  as  in  hotels 
or  theaters.  The  liouses  which  own  lhe.se  safes  may  receive  and  pay  out 
most  of  their  money  through  bank.s,  and  j^et  they  must  keep  a  stock  of  coin 
on  hand  for  emergencies,  or  as  the  necessar>'  result  of  not  being  .able  to 
transfer  their  collections  immediately  to  the  lianks.  The  boxes  in  the  vaults 
of  the  Safe  Dei)osit  Com[)any  of  .San  l-Vancisco  now  leased  number  2,000. 
The  safes  and  Safe  Deposit  bo.\es  perhaps  contain  on  an  average  $250  each, 
making  a  total  of  $2,000,000.  1  low  much  money  is  there  in  the  post-offices, 
or  on  the  road  every  day  in  the  pockets  of  travelers,  or  in  the  charge  of  the 
express  companies  .'     Probably  not  less  than  $1,000,000. 

Now  we  come  to  th,;  sums  in  the  pockets  and  houses  of  the  people,  in  the 
direct  possession  of  the  laboring  classes,  of  the  miners,  farmers,  mechanics,  of 
the  women  and  children.  The  average  tUvelling  has  presumably  $30  in  it, 
and  California  has  170,000  dwellings,  makuig  a  total  of  $5,000,000.  Adding 
$65,000,000  in  the  banks  ;ind  ijublic  treasuries  to  $5,000,000  in  the  safes, 
.Safe  Deposit  \auhs,  in  the  express  and  post-offices,  and  $5,000,000  in  the 
houses  and  pockets  of  the  people,  the  gr.ind  total  is  $75,000,000,  of  which 
$.^.4,000,000  are  in  the  Mint  and  braiuh  national  treasury. 

First  Banks.-  The  fust  Califoniian  bank  was  opened  by  Hi;XRV  M. 
Naglee  in  Saa  I'laucisco  in  Janu,u>',  i8.).9,  and  before  the  close  of  the  year, 
BuiiGov.NE  &  C'l.,  IS.   D.wiu^ioN,  Wi.i.i.s  &  Cu.,  and  James  King, of 


lilt 
m 


w 


BAN  KING.  125 

Wm.  had  opened  rival  houses,  followed  in  1850  by  ADAMS  &  Co.,  D.  J.  Tal- 
i.A.N  T,  Pagk,  Bacon  &  Co.,  and  Fi;F-1X  Aruenti.  A  larjje  part  of  their 
business  then,  and  for  years  afterward,  was  the  purchase  of  gold  dust,  the 
current  price  of  which  was  from  25  to  33  per  cent,  less  than  the  mint  value, 
leaving  a  considerable  profit  to  the  bayer  on  large  transactions.  The  ex- 
press companies,  finding  that  their  agencies  in  the  mining  towns  gave  them 
a  great  advantage  in  dealing  with  the  miners,  opened  banking  departments. 
It  was  the  common  custom  to  purchase  all  the  gold  for  sale  in  a  certain 
camp  at  a  uniform  price,  which  was  iniluenced  by  the  distance  from  San 
Francisco,  the  cost  of  transportation,  antl  the  keenness  of  competition.  It 
was  not  •"Hil  1854  that  the  bankers  generally  began  to  ascertain  the  great 
differences  in  the  chemical  fineness  of  the  native  gold,  sometimes  varying 
10  or  even  20  per  cent,  in  mine.i  separated  a  few  hundred  yards  from 
each  other. 

The  issue  of  paper  money  was  prohibited  by  the  State  constitution,  and 
the  notes  of  all  banks  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent  were  discredited. 
A  general  feeling  prevailed  that  local  interest  demanded  a  metallic  currenc)-, 
and  that  local  pride  .should  insist  on  it,  notwithstanding  the  obstacles  in  the 
way.  There  was  a  great  scarcity  of  coin,  and  much  inconvenience  in 
weighing  out  portions  of  the  dust  for  small  purchar.cs.  The  Mexican  gold 
ounces  and  siher  dollars,  British  sovereigns  and  shillings,  Hindoo  rupees, 
Spanish-American  halves  and  quarters,  French  francs,  and  German  pieces 
of  \arious  kinds,  made  up  most  of  the  current  coin,  and  many  of  them  were 
current  at  considerably  more  than  their  true  \alues.  Tl"  !s,  the  Austrian 
"zwanzigers,"  worth  18  cent.s,  were  accepted  for  25,  and  a  rich  parent  in 
German)'  sent  a  large  cask  full  of  them  as  a  present  to  iiis  son  in  San 
Francisco.  Scarcely  anything  was  sold — not  even  a  drink  of  whisky — for 
less  than  ;i  quarter-dollar.  In  1849,  assayers  made  a  i)ractice  of  casting 
little  rectangular  gold  bars  worth  from  $20  to  $50  each,  marked  with  their 
value.  These  were  so  much  mt)re  convenient  for  handling  and  making  pay- 
ments than  the  dust,  that  there  was  a  lively  demand  for  them,  until  other 
assa)-ers  began  to  stamp  gold  pieces  of  $5,  ,'|ilO,  and  $20,  resembling  the 
national  coins  in  general  appearance,  but  bearing  the  names  of  the  private 
coiners,  so  that  there  could  be  no  complaint  of  deception.  These  pieces  had 
about  12  per  cent,  of  silver  instead  of  10  per  cent,  of  copper  alloj-,  and  were 
of  light  yellow  color  as  compared  with  the  reddish  yellow  of  the  mint  drops. 
An  act  of  Congress  pas.sed  in  1850  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a  na- 
tional assay  office  in  San  Francisco,  and  AuciUSTU.S  IlUMlsKKT,  in  charge 
of  it,  in  1851,  made  a  contract  with  McFI'AT  &  Co.  to  issue  octagonal  slugs 
worth  $50  each.  In  the  mints,  or  for  exportation,  these  coins  were  worth  10 
cents  more  than  iheii  nominal  value,  and  having  a  higher  authority  than  the 
unauthori.ced  coins,  they  compelled  ihe  private  mints,  of  which  14  had  been 


!:a< 


126 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


M 


opened  at  various  times,  to  close.  Some  of  the  private  coins  were  worth  15 
per  cent,  less  than  their  nominal  value,  but  generally  not  more  than  i  per 
cent.  less.  Excellent  bronzed  engravings  of  them  may  be  found  in  "  The 
American  Numismatic  Manual,"  by  M.  W.  DlCKESON.  The  banks  accepted 
the  foreign  monc}-,  and  urged  the  private  coins  on  the  community  as  prefer- 
able to  the  dust  and  foreign  pieces,  until  the  San  Francisco  Mint  was  opened, 
and  then  the  movement  began  to  discredit  everything  save  the  national 
money.  The  merchants  at  a  public  meeting  resolved  to  reject  the  foreign 
coins  in  1^54;  the  next  year  the  octagonal  slugs  were  thrown  out;  and  a 
year  later  the  $5,  $10,  and  $20  pieces  bearing  private  stamps  were  con- 
demned. 

Inexperience. — Until  15  years  after  the  gold  discover)',  all  the  commer- 
cial banks  of  the  State  were  established  and  conducted  by  individuals  or 
partners,  most  of  them  young  men,  who  had  had  no  training  in  the  business 
elsewhere,  and  found  them.selves  in  novel  circumstances  to  which  their  clerks 
who  had  served  in  Atlantic  banks  found  their  professional  experience  would 
not  apply.  The  methods  of  banking  customary  in  old  communities  could 
not  be  followed  b}'  the  Californians  in  the  early  years  of  the  gold  excite- 
ment. There  was  a  lack  of  tho.se  securities  obtainable  for  loans  in  Atlantic 
cities.  There  were  no  government  or  railroad  bonds,  no  shares  in  banks  or 
or  incorporated  manufacturing  companies  doing  a  profitable  business.  The 
city  was  of  wood  and  canvas,  and  there  was  no  insurance.  The  rich  men 
and  leading  merchants  were  new-comers,  and  comparatively  .strangers  to  one 
another. 

Under  such  conditions  the  bankers  were  compelled  to  take  great  chances, 
and  of  course  they  charged  high  interest.  Ten  per  cent,  a  month  was  a 
common  banking  r:.  e  in  1849,  and  20  per  cent,  was  often  charged  for  short 
loans.  A  gentleman  who  had  .sold  a  lot  for  half  cash  and  half  payment 
without  interest  in  a  year,  secured  by  a  mortgage,  took  the  pnpcr  to  a  bank 
to  have  it  discounted,  and  was  astonished  to  learn  that  the  bank  expected 
to  get  more  than  120  per  cent,  within  a  year,  under  the  custom  of  exact- 
ing payment  of  interest  at  the  end  of  every  month,  thus  compounding. 

Hanking  shared  the  vicissitudes  of  general  business.  Success  and  failure 
alternated  in  rapid  succcssimi.  Fortunes  were  won  and  lost  quickly.  A 
new  man  appeared;  he  made  friends;  he  gained  conHdence;  he  seemed  on 
the  plain  road  to  princely  wealth;  but  a  fire,  a  flood,  a  panic  came,  .some 
awkward  mistake  of  judgment,  some  dishonest  trick,  attracted  the  general 
attention  and  he  disajipeared  even  more  suddenly  than  he  rose. 

Adams  &  Co. — The  first  banks  to  do  an  extensive  business  in  California 
were  those  of  .\i).\M.s  &  Co.,  the  expressmen.  They  had  an  agent  in  every 
considerable  mining  camp,  carried  most  of  the  gold  to  the  .nint-^  .;"  iss;',\' 
offices,  and  had  peculiar  facilities  for  accommodating  tho  .t  incr:;,  m;.n^'  of 


;W) 


BANKING. 


127 


whom  deposited  their  dust  in  the  bank  and  accepted  certificates  of  deposit 
to  be  paid  on  demand  without  interest.  Tlierc  were  great  profits  in  both 
expressing  and  banking,  but  the  first  need  of  tlic  business  was  a  strong 
building,  secure  again.st  fire  and  thieves,  for  every  agency.  A  large  portion 
of  the  deposits  and  profits  was  invested  in  such  houses,  but  unfortunately 
their  erection  was  undertaken  after  the  placers  had  passed  the  clima.x  of  their 
production,  and  the  buildings  were  never  worth  their  cost.  With  a  net 
profit  of  $50,000  a  month  from  the  express  department,  there  was  good 
reason  to  expect  that  the  firm  would  continue  to  command  a  large  revenue 
for  many  years  to  come. 

Page,  Baooa  &.  Co. — Page,  Bacon  &  Co.,  a  wealthy  banking  house  of 
St.  Loui.s,  established  a  branch  in  San  Francisco,  and  soon  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  purchase  of  dust.  The  list  of  gold  shipments  by  the  semi- 
monthly steamers  in  1852,  1853  and  1854  often  mentioned  Page,  Bacon 
&  Co.  and  Au.VM.S  &  Co.  as  each  shipping  from  $600,000  to  $1,500,000;  and 
B.  Davidson,  agent  of  the  Rothschilds,  was  u.sually  next  to  them  in  the 
amount  of  his  purcha.ses.  On  the  twenty-third  of  Fcbruaiy;  1855,  the  branch 
house  of  P.VGE,  Bacon  &  Co.  in  San  Francisco  was  compelled  to  close  its 
doors  because  of  the  embarrassment  of  the  parent  hou.se  in  St.  I.ouis.  There 
was  a  general  run  on  the  banks,  and  AlUMS  &  Co.  clo.scd  all  their  banking 
offices  throughout  the  state.  Some  of  the  banks  had  abundant  assets,  but 
the  most  prudent  were  compelled  to  ask  the  indulgence  of  their  creditors 
for  a  few  days,  and  the  majority  .soon  disappeared  forever.  An  open  field 
was  left  for  a  new  .set  of  men,  who  soon  occupied  the  field. 

W.  T.  Sherman.— W.  T.  Sherman,  the  manager  of  the  wealthy  bank  of 
Lucas,  Turner  &  Co.,  had  an  opportunity  to  become  the  leading  banker  of 
San  Francisco.  Thcmcrchants  wercwilling  and  an.xious  to  give  him  the  lion's 
share  of  their  accounts,  with  a  large  a\erage  of  deposit.s,  but  they  demanded 
in  return  that  he  should  occasionally  allow  them  to  make  considerable  over- 
drafts, for  which  they  would  pay  high  interest.  He  demanded,  however, 
more  security  than  they  were  willing  to  give,  and  they  gradually  withdrew 
their  p.atronagc. 

Ralston. — W.  C.  R.\LST0N,  a  young  man  who,  within  a  few  years,  be- 
came highly  popular,  took  the  place.  As  the  manager  of  the  house  of  G.VK- 
KISON,  1M()R(;an,  F'UETZ  &  Ralston,  he  showed  a  remarkable  combina- 
tion uf  skill  in  judging  men,  with  tact  in  managing  them.  He  made  it  his 
ambition  to  study  the  business  of  the  leading  mercantile  houses  of  San 
Francisco,  and  his  knowledge  enabled  him  to  trust  the  prosperous  with 
comparative  safety,  while  he  refused  accommodations  to  the  others.  Business 
poured  in  on  him,  and  he  ultimately  became  the  pre-eminent  banker  of  the 
State.  He  was  a  leader  in  the  organization  of  the  Bank  of  California  in 
1864,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  afterwards  increased  to  $5,000,000;  and 


t 


'Is'' 

ifll  1.1 


r 


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Vi     I 


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I    k' 


'  I  '1 


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11- 


I2S 


COMMKRCE,    I;TC. 


he  became  its  cashier  at  first,  after  ciglit  jears  succeeding  tcj  tlie  prcsiJcncy, 
when  lie  obtained  general  rccdgiiition  as  the  leading  banker,  and  almost  as 
the  mone)-king  of  the  State.  ]  le  made  a  practice  of  entertaining  in  grand 
stjie  the  most  distinguished  strangers  who  visited  San  Francisco  ;  he  in- 
vested large  s;  ,  'n  nanufacturing  establishments;  he  took  shares  in 
spcculati\e  cntei-|  he  co:itributed  liberally  to  charities,  often  in  an 

unostentatious  nianii  ml  took  an  interest  in  e\cr)' movement  that  seemed 
likely  to  contribute  much  to  the  development  f)f  local  resources.  Me  was 
praised  as  the  embodiment  of  honest}-,  honor,  taste,  and  public  spirit ;  as 
the  ideal  of  a  leading  citizen. 

Ikit  he  was  not  so  successful  as  the  public  imagined.  After  the  business 
of  the  bank  had  ceased  to  be  profitable,  or  at  least  after  a  large  portion  of 
its  capital  had  been  lost,  he  continued  to  pay  liberal  dividends  to  the  sliare- 
holders.  The  directors,  having  the  completest  confidence  in  his  lionesty 
and  wealth,  did  not  subject  him  to  strict  supervision.  When  he  said  he 
would  assume  on  his  own  account  an  investment  or  a  loan  to  which  they 
objected,  the)-  neglected  to  see  that  the  mone)-  advanced  from  the  funds  of 
the  bank  was  returned  to  its  vaults.  They  allowed  him  to  have  complete 
control  of  all  the  subordinate  officers  and  clerks.  The  discovery  of  the  de- 
ficit came  on  the  twent)--si.\th  of  August,  I S75,  wiien  the  bank  closed  its  doors, 
to  the  great  astonishment  of  the  community.  In  the  afternoon  of  the  ne.Kt 
da)',  while  Mr.  RALSTON  was  taking  his  customary  bath  in  the  bay  at  North 
lieacli,  he  was ob.served  to  struggle  convulsivel)-,  and  when  taken  to  the  shore, 
he  died  in  a  few  minutes.  The  coroner's  jur)-,  acting  in  accordance  with  the 
testimon)-  of  the  surgeons  who  made  a  post-mortem  examination  of  the 
brain  and  lungs,  and  the  anal)sis  of  the  chemist,  who  could  di.scover  no 
poison  in  the  stomach,  agreed  on  a  verdict  that  death  was  caused  1))'  con- 
gestion. 

An  investigation  showed  that  R.VLSTON  had  lost  vast  sunv.  in  unsuccess- 
ful speculations,  anil  had  approi)rialed  to  his  own  purposes  millions  of  the 
bank  funds.  Though  it  had  large  assets,  they  were  not  available,  and  it 
was  bankrupt.  No  similar  institution,  involved  to  so  great  an  extent,  had 
ever  recovered.  lUit  this  one  was  reorganized.  There  was  serious  danger 
that  the  assets  would  be  wasted  in  a  bankrujit  court,  and  that  the  loss  would 
be  much  greater  from  an  abandonment  than  from  a  resumption  of  business. 
.Among  the  stockholders  were  many  millionaires,  personal!)-  responsible  for 
their  share  of  the  debts,  .-nul  anxious  to  avoid  vexatious  litigation.  They 
met  and  decided  that  the  Hank  of  California  must  be  maintained,  agreeing 
to  contribute  $7,500,000,  if  necessar)-,  to  restore  the  capital  to  its  former 
amount  of  .$5,000,000.  The)-  paiti  in  $4,000,000,  after  sa\ing  $1,000,000  of 
assets.  1).  ().  Mii.i.s,  \\\v>  had  been  the  leader  in  the  organization  of  the 
institution,  w.'is  recalled  to  the  |)resiilen(:)-  for  a  time,  and  his  reput.'ition  for 


w 


BANKING. 


129 


prudence  and  integrity,  as  well  as  for  wealth,  was  of  great  service  in  regain- 
ing public  confidence. 

]VIr.  Ralston  was  a  native  of  southern  Ohio.  After  getting  a  common- 
school  education,  he  worked,  while  in  his  teens,  as  a  ship-carpenter  for  sev- 
eral years.  Tiring  of  that  occupation,  he  became  clerk  on  a  Mississippi 
steamer,  and  thinking  that  field  too  narrow  for  his  ambition,  he  started  for 
California.  On  the  isthmus  of  Panama  he  found  employment  as  steamship 
agent  for  GARRISON  &  Fretz,  who  requested  him,  in  1853,  to  take  charge 
of  their  San  Francisco  steamship  office,  from  which  place  he  stepped  into 
their  bank.  The  way  was  then  clear  before  him.  He  died  at  tlie  age  of  50, 
when  life  would  have  had  no  further  .satisfaction  for  him. 

Palmer,  Cook  &  Co. — One  of  the  most  prominent  banks  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, from  I.S53  to  1857,  was  that  of  PalMER,  Cook  &  Co.  Its  partners 
were  noted  quite  as  much  for  political  as  for  financial  ability.  Their  G.  W. 
Wright  had  been  a  member  of  Congress.  All  the  associates  were  in  the 
habit  of  becoming  bondsmen  of  city  and  State  officials,  especially  those 
who  had  the  handling  of  public  money;  and  their  willingness  in  this  direc- 
tion suggested  a  clause  in  the  San  Francisco  charter  that  no  banker  should 
be  a  bondsman  for  a  city  official.  Though  J.  C.  I-'rkmont  and  D.  C.  Brod- 
ERICK  were  political  enemies,  the  house  had  the  credit  of  attaching  itself  to 
the  fortunes  of  both,  and  of  providing  funds  to  assist  the  former  in  his  unsuc- 
cessful contest  for  the  presidency,  and  the  latter  in  his  successful  contest  for 
the  national  senatorship.  The  head  of  the  firm  was  charged  by  a  member 
of  the  legislature  with  offering  a  money  bribe  for  a  vote  for  liRODERICK, 
but  the  investigatioit  resulted  in  refusal  to  convict.  After  the  failure  of 
the  bank  to  perform  its  duty  of  paying  the  interest  on  the  State  bonds  in 
1857,  it  fell  into  discredit,  and  soon  afterwards  disappeared. 

Savings  and  Loan. — The  first  .savings  bank  in  California,  or  at  least  the 
first  institution  to  deserve  the  name,  was  the  Savings  and  Loan  Society,  in- 
corporated in  San  Francisco  in  1857.  The  prudence  and  ability  of  its  man- 
agement and  a  conjuncture  of  favorable  circumstances  secured  to  it  a  decided 
success  at  the  start.  The  city,  after  4  years  of  depression,  was  about  to 
enter  into  a  new  period  of  prosperity,  when  there  would  be  a  lively  demand 
for  money  to  be  used  in  erecting  residences  and  business  houses.  A  rapid 
and  steady  growth  was  to  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  lots,  so  that  they  would 
be  excellent  .security  at  half  or  two  thirds  of  their  market  price  for  the  loans 
secured  by  mortgage.  The  large  claims  under  pretended  Mexican  grants, 
clouding  the  title  to  a  considerable  portion  of  the  municipal  area,  were  about 
to  be  finally. defeated.  Such  loans  would  be  indispensable  to  facilitate  the 
grading  of  ihe  streets  and  lots,  and  the  construction  of  the  buildings  needed 
to  accommodate  the  rapidly  increasing  population.      The  money  could  not 

be  supplied  by  the  commercial  banks.     They  exacted  higher  rates  of  inter- 
17 


13° 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


est  than  the  builders  could  safely  pay,  and  they  would  not  loan  on  mortgage 
except  in  rare  cases,  and  usually  then  only  in  small  sums.  Besides,  as  they  did 
not  pay  interest  to  depositors,  there  was  a  large  amount  of  savings  which  did 
come  into  their  possession.  The  Savings  and  Loan  Society  soon  attracted 
numerous  deposits,  and  found  an  excellent  market  for  them.  It  paid  i8  per 
cent,  per  annum  to  its  depositors  the  first  year;  for  5  years  the  interest 
ranged  from  12  to  15  per  cent.;  for  a  subsequent  period  of  6  years  the  rate 
was  never  less  than  lO;  and  for  the  6  years  ending  with  1877,  the  rate  to 
the  depositors  was  not  less  than  S  per  cent.  In  July,  1877,  it  had  $i3,ooo,ocx) 
of  deposits. 

Other  Savings  Banks. — The  success  of  the  Savings  and  Loan  Society, 
and  its  favorable  influence  on  the  provident  habits  of  many  people,  and  on 
the  iiiiprojcmcnt  of  the  cit}-,  were  so  evident,  that  other  similar  institutions 
were  established.  The  Hibernia  .Savings  and  Loan  Society,  organized  in 
1859,  had  in  five  years  become  the  leading  savings  bank  of  the  cit)',  a  posi- 
tion which  it  still  maintains.  In  Januarj-,  1878,  it  had  $14,500,000  of  de- 
posits, and  at  the  same  time  the  Savings  Uniop  had  $8,500,000  ;  the  German 
Savings  and  Loan  Society,  $8,Soo,000  ;  the  French  Savings  and  Loan  So- 
ciety, $5,QOO,ooo  ;  the  ~)dd  Fellows'  Savings  Rank,  $5,600,000  ;  and  the  total 
amount  on  deposit  in  all  the  savings  banks  of  the  city  was  $61,000,000,  and 
of  the  State,  $75,000,000,  with  an  average  of  $700  to  each  ilcpositor,  and  of 
$86  to  every  inhabitant  of  the  State,  or  about  ten  times  as  inuch  as  in  the 
Atlantic  States  or  Europe.  Nowhere  else  has  the  savings  bank  risen  to 
such  importance  to  the  people,  or  to  the  general  business  of  the  communitj-, 
as  in  California.  In  January,  1880,  the  State  had  31  savings  banks,  which 
had  paid  $53,000,000  of  dividends  to  depositors. 

Bank  Commission. — Previousto  1878,  these  institutions  were  not  subjected 
to  any  governmental  supervision,  and  in  several  instances,  the  managers, 
finding  themselves  involved  in  difficulties,  resorted  to  .serious  frauds,  which 
ended  with  disgrace  to  themselves,  and  ruin  to  their  institutions.  Several 
banks  loaned  much  on  the  security  of  fraudulent  certificates,  i.ssued  from 
the  office  of  the  pay  director  of  the  United  States  navy,  in  San  Francisco. 
The  law  was  powerless,  or  the  courts  were  unwilling,  to  punish  the  swindlers. 
No  judicial  decree  defines  the  measure  of  their  guilt,  or  condemns  their 
memory  to  obloquy.  The  total  losses  by  the  depositors  in  the  savings 
banks  of  California,  previous  to  1881,  did  not,  according  to  the  statement  of 
the  bank  commissioners,  exceed  $3,500,000,  a  small  figure  to  place  against 
the  $53,000,000  of  dividcnd.s,  and  the  encouragement  of  economical  habits 
which  led  to  the  accumulation  in  the  Californian  savings  banks  of  deposits 
amounting  in  1877  to  $75,000,000. 

Mining  Stocks. — The  business  of  the  commercial  banks  in  San  Francisco 
was  peculiar  after  1863,  in  consequence  of  the  prominence  of  mining  prop- 


BANKING. 


131 


erty  in  the  wealth  of  the  city,  the  magnitude  of  her  stock  sales  in  her  busi- 
ness, and  the  custom  of  purchasing  shares  on  credit.  Though  these  securities 
would  have  been  very  insecure  in  neglectful  hands,  some  of  the  leading  com- 
mercial banks  accepted  them  as  "  collaterals,"  under  conditions  permitting 
sale  without  notice,  in  case  the  current  price  should  fall  to  near  the  amount 
of  the  loan.  The  banks  employed  experienced  brokers  to  watch  the  market, 
with  instructions  to  sell  the  shares  whenever  danger  seemed  imminent. 
The  speculator  took  the  chance  of  loss  as  well  as  of  profit ;  and  though  the 
banks'  main  object  was  to  obtain  a  good  interest  on  their  money,  usually 
about  twice  as  much  as  that  paid  for  long  loans  with  real  estate  security, 
still  some  of  them  were  generally  regarded  as  stock  speculating  institutions 
almost  as  much  as  banks.  With  the  decrease  of  the  yield  from  the  Comstock 
lode,  the  decline  of  stock  speculation,  and  the  impoverishment  of  many  of  the 
stock  speculators,  the  business  of  lending  money  on  mining  certificates  was 
reduced  to  insignificance,  as  compared  with  its  prominence  from  1870  to 
i8;5. 

Currency. — The  prohibition  by  the  State  constitution  of  the  issue  of 
paper  money  did  not  prevent  the  establishment  of  national  banks.  The 
legal-tender  notes  and  their  equivalents  in  value,  the  notes  of  the  national 
banks,  were  brought  to  California  to  pay  various  national  obligations,  and  to 
meet  the  demands  of  the  internal  revenue ;  but  custom  recognized  gold  as 
the  exclusive  currency  of  ordinary  mercantile  and  banking  transactions,  and 
the  greenbacks  were  treated  as  merchandise  to  be  bought  and  sold,  until 
they  reached  par,  and  then,  of  course,  there  was  no  longer  any  motive  for 
keeping  up  a  distinction  between  them  and  gold,  although  the  latter  is  still 
used  in  rr"king  at  least  nineteen  twentieths  in  number  and  amount  of  all 
payments. 

One  feature  of  the  national  banking  .system  is  a  provision  that  banks  may 
be  organized  to  issue  notes  redeemable  in  gold  instead  of  in  any  legal-tender 
currency  of  the  United  States,  and  under  this  provision  8  gold-note  institu- 
tions were  organized  in  California,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  about 
$5,000,000,  but  now  that  gold  notes  have  lost  their  advantage  of  permanence 
in  value  over  greenbacks,  it  is  probable  that  all  the  gold-note  banks,  as  well 
as  some  of  the  commercial  banks  organized  under  the  State  law,  will  be  con- 
verted into  national  currency  bank.s.  Some  of  the  gold-note  banks  have 
already  made  the  change. 

Panic  of  18T7. — After  20  years  of  prosperity,  the  business  of  the  bank.s, 
especially  that  of  the  savings  banks,  in  1877  encountered  a  .severe  check, 
about  the  causes  of  which  different  opinions  have  been  published.  Many 
newspapers  and  politicians  are  involved,  and  each  has  an  interest  in  misrep- 
resenting the  question.  One  explanation  is,  that  the  main  cause  was  general 
impoverishment  by  the  purchase  of  mining  stocks  at  inflated  prices;  another, 


Ki 


. 


iiiii 


132 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


I    iflf 

« ! 


that  the  railroads  and  land  monopolists  had  plundered  the  multitude ;  and  a 
third,  that  the  Chinese  had  carried  away  the  money  of  the  country.  All 
these  influences  were  more  potent  before  the  panic  of  1877,  some  of  them  6 
or  S  years  before,  than  they  have  been  since,  and  the  general  depression  con- 
tinued to  grow  worse  for  4  years,  though  in  the  opinion  of  many  persons 
better  times  have  commenced. 

The  opinion  accepted  by  some  intelligent  merchants  of  San  Francisco, 
where  tlic  trouble  began,  and  where  the  most  serious  losses  have  occurred, 
is  that  the  main  causes  have  been  communistic  agitation  and  the  adoption 
of  a  State  constitution  which  contains  many  novel  if  not  revolutionary 
ideas.  For  3  years,  the  San  Francisco  communists  held  frequent  public 
mceting.s,  in  which  the  speakers  recommended  insurrection,  incendiarism 
and  murder,  and  denounced  capital  and  capitalists  generally  as  the  oppress- 
ors and  enemies  of  the  people:  and  this  when  wages  were  higher  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  when  unskilled  laborers  were  refusing  to 
work  fur  less  than  $2  a  day.  In  2  successive  \-ears,  the  new  party  elected 
their  candidates,  or  enough  to  give  them  a  great  influence  over  legislation 
and  the  administration  of  justice,  and  they  succeeded  in  calling  a  constitu- 
tional convention,  controlling  its  action  in  regard  to  many  important  pro- 
visions, and  securing  its  adoption.  Much  in  this  instrument  was  novel; 
much  was  vague  in  expression  and  therefore  doubtful  in  legal  effect,  bccau.sc 
it  was  impossible  to  foreknow  the  interpretations  to  be  adopted  by  the 
State  supreme  court;  and  many  provisions  devised  for  thc^avowcd  purpose 
of  protecting  the  multitude  against  capitalists  were  regarded  by  the  latter 
class  as  unjust  to  them,  injurious  to  enterprise,  and  dangerous  to  corporate 
investments.  The  document  was  ratified  by  the  people  in  May,  1879,  after 
full  and  lively  discussioa  in  the  newspapers,  neither  its  friends  nf)r  its 
enemies  sparing  any  effort  to  enlighten  the  people  as  to  its  advantages  and 
disadvantages. 

New  Constitution. — Its  advocates  predicted  that  it  would  reduce  taxa- 
tion, cheapen  transportation,  drive  out  the  Chinamen,  attract  a  large  immi- 
gration of  white  people,  furnish  work  to  boys  and  grrls  previously  excluded 
by  Chinese  competition  from  employment,  increase  the  demand  for  labor  and 
the  rate  of  wages,  diminish  the  rate  of  interest,  and  stimulate  industrial 
enterprise  generally.  Its  opponents  denounced  it  bccau.se,  as  they  said,  it 
was  predominantly  communistic  and  experimental;  it  would  levy  double 
taxation  on  many  forms  of  capital,  reduce  the  rates  of  interest  so  that  many 
would  move  to  other  States,  injure  the  business  of  the  savings  banks,  arrest 
street  improvements,  destroy  confidence  in  corporations,  make  the  State 
ridiculous  by  the  void  provisions  against  the  Chinese,  and  diminish  the  de- 
mand for  labor.  Some  of  its  explicit  provisions  were  declared  void,  and 
some  of  its  ambiguous  clauses,  that  .seemed  to  demand  double  or  treble  tax- 


BAXKIXG. 


133 


■'f 


ation,  were  interpreted  away  by  the  State  supreme  court,  in  the  summer  of 
1 88 1,  and  capitalists  have  since  felt  less  distrust. 

Whatever  the  cause  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  the  depression  which 
commenced  in  1877  continued  for  4  years.  Perhaps  the  most  si^jnal  evi- 
dence of  its  extent  is  the  change  in  the  business  of  the  .savings  banks.  In 
January,  1878,  the  State  had  28  institutions  of  this  kind,  with  $75,000,000  of 
deposits;  and  in  July,  1881,  their  number  was  reduced  to  20  with  $49,954,332 
of  aggregate  deposits.  In  the  same  period  there  was  a  dccrca.sc  of  $1,600,- 
000  in  the  aggregate  of  capital  and  surplus,  making  a  total  decrease  in 
their  available  funf' .  of  $26,400,000.  The  commercial  banks  lost  $8,500,000 
of  capital  and  surplus.  There  was  an  increase  of  $3,000,000  in  the  deposits 
of  the  commercial  banlcs,  left  there,  presumably  temporarily,  in  the  hope  of 
finding  an  investment.  If  this  be  deducted,  there  was  still  a  decrease  of 
$32,000,000  withdrawn  from  commercial  and  industrial  business. 

Reduction  of  Debt. — The  bank  commissioners  submitted  to  the  legisla- 
ture in  January,  1881,  a  report  in  which  they  congratulated  the  State  upon 
the  fact  that  within  the  2  years  ending  July,  1880,  the  people  had  paid  off 
$28,000,000  of  indebtedness  to  the  savings  and  commercial  banks.  Con- 
sidered from  one  point  of  view,  it  seemed  highly  satisfactory  to  be  able  to 
say  that,  after  making  ami>lc  allowance  for  increa.sed  loans  from  private 
hand.s,  "our  people  owe  at  least  $20,000,000  less  than  they  did  2  years  ago." 
But  a  little  consideration  of  this  statement  shows  that  it  is  based  on  the 
a.ssumption  that  banks  are  pernicious  institutions.  They  live  by  lending 
money;  and  if  we  should  feel  pleased  to  know  that  the  amount  of  their 
loans  decreased  from  $106,000,000  to  $76,000,000  within  2  years,  we  ought 
to  be  still  more  pleased  if  the  amount  had  been  reduced  to  nothing,  so  that 
the  banks  themselves  would  have  disappeared.  According  to  such  reason- 
ing, Turkey  should  be  more  prosperous  without  banks  than  England  with 
them. 

While,  as  a  general  rule,  debt  is  considered  dangerous  to  the  individual, 
it  is  quite  certain  that  the  most  prosperous  communities  are  those  in  which 
credit,  based  on  confidence,  is  good,  and  the  demand  for  money  attracts  en- 
larged deposits  to  the  savings  banks,  and  debts  accumulate.  Those  arc  the 
invariable  features  of  flush  times  in  American  cities  when  population  in- 
creases ;  new  houses  go  up  in  large  numbers,  rents  arc  high,  and  new  manu- 
facturing establishments  are  built.  The  borrower,  instead  of  paying  up, 
wants  more  money  from  the  bank.  When  the  collap.se  comes,  rents  fall, 
improvement  stops,  immigration  turns  in  other  directions  ;  the  borrower, 
finding  no  profit  in  his  investment,  pays  up  his  ndebtcdncss,  gives  up  his 
security  to  the  bank  in  return  for  his  note,  or  is  sold  out  under  foreclosure  ; 
but  it  is  not  likely  that  after  he  is  reduced  to  poverty  he  will  congratulate 
himself  upon  the  change  in  his  condition,  even  if  he  does  owe  much  less 


I 


*' 


;  I 


m 


134 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


than  while  he  was  wealthy.  Hard  times  injure  credit  and  decrease  debt ; 
flush  times  restore  credit  and  increase  debt. 

The  statistics  of  the  Californian  banks  show  an  increase,  in  the  18  months 
ending  January  1,  1SS2.  in  the  amount  of  deposits. 

Of  course  the  reduction  of  $30,000,000  on  the  debts  due  to  the  banks  has 
thrown  much  money  out  of  profitable  employment,  and  if  it  continues,  must 
drive  that  sum  out  of  the  banking  business.  The  fear  of  double  taxa;ion, 
and  the  distrust  of  corporate  management,  have  induced  many  peop'c  to 
withdraw  their  money  from  the  savings  banks  for  the  purpose  of  making  in- 
dividual loans.  The  rates  of  interest  paid  to  depositors  have  fallen  from  7 
and  S  to  5  per  cent.,  and  many  people  have  invested  their  funds  in  nr.tional 
bonds,  of  which  San  Francisco  has  purchased  more  relatively  w.thin  2 
years  than  any  other  American  city. 

Banking  Prospects. — The  fertile  portion  of  the  unoccupied  territory  on 
this  slope  is  so  vast,  and  the  resources  still  undeveloped  so  rich,  that  there 
must  be  rapid  progress  for  a  long  period,  with  an  excellent  field  for  banking 
cnterpri.se.  The  possibilities  of  mining  excitements,  as  wild  as  any  in  the 
past,  do  not  endanger  the  values  of  wcll-.sclected  securities,  or  diminish  the 
profits  of  judicious  management.  The  more  rapid  the  growth,  the  more 
abundant  the  mineral  production,  the  greater  fluctuation  may  be  ex- 
pected in  the  amount  of  annual  busines.s.  The  statistics  are  far  more 
complete  for  San  I'rancisco  than  for  any  other  part  of  the  coast.  The  total 
dividends  paid  in  the  city  by  corporations  were  $12,100,000  in  18S1,  includ- 
ing $5,460,000  b>-  mining  companies,  $3,000,000  by  banks,  $1,628,000  by  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad,  and  $640,000  by  the  Water  Company,  and  $347,- 
000  by  insurance  companies,  and  $115,000  by  street  railroad  companies. 
The  sales  of  real  estate  numbered  2,277,  and  amounted  in  value  to  $12,233,- 
000;  the  amount  loaned  on  mortgage  was  $6,278,000;  the  amount  paid  to 
release  mortgages  was  $9,692,000.  The  savings  banks  paid  from  ^^^  to  51,^ 
per  cent,  annual  interest  to  their  depositors;  the  commercial  banks  expect 
to  pay  about  8  or  10  per  cent,  to  their  stockholders. 

Banking  Institutions. — The  banking  institutions  on  our  coast  are  so 
numerous  that  the  statistics  of  their  assets  and  liabilities  would  fill  many 
pages,  and  the  mention  will  be  limited  to  those  with  a  capital  of  $i,ooo,coo 
or  more.  The  Bank  of  C.\LI1"0RM.\  stands  as  high  in  public  confidence 
as  if  there  had  never  been  a  mistake  in  its  management.  Since  the  adop- 
tion of  the  new  Constitution  the  capital  has  been  reduced  from  $5,000,000 
to  $3,000,0000.  The  Bank  of  Nevada  has  reduced  its  capital  from 
$10,000,000  to  $3,000,000.    The  Pacific  Bank,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,- 


m 


HANKING. 


135 


000;  Thf  First  National  Bank;  The  London  and  San  Francisco 
Bank,  with  $2,000,000;  The  Anglo-Californian  Bank,  with  $2,980,000; 
The  Bank  of  British  Columbia,  with  $1,000,000,  arc  the  other  great  banks 
of  San  Francisco.  The  last  2  are  branches  of  London  houses,  and  the  sums 
here  mentioned  as  capital  are  the  amounts  advanced  by  the  head  offices  for 
banking  purposes  here. 

The  Clearing  Hou.se  of  San  Francisco,  the  only  one  on  our  coast,  was 
established  in  1876.  Its  total  clearings  were  $517,000,000  in  1877,  $715,- 
000,000  in  1878,  $534,000,000  in  1879,  $487,000,000  in  1880,  and  $599,000,- 
000  in  1 88 1.  The  large  place  held  by  mining-stock  speculation  in  the 
banking  business  of  San  Francisco  cau.ses  relatively  greater  changes  in  its 
clearings  than  in  those  of  eastern  cities.  The  large  figure  for  1878  was 
caused  by  the  erroneous  supposition  that  a  body  of  rich  ore,  found  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Union  Consolidated  mines,  would  prove  to  be  extensive. 
Thousands  of  persons  purchased  the  stock  in  the  hope  of  making  fortunes; 
the  values  of  stocks  in  other  mines  advanced  by  sympathy;  and  the  influ- 
ence of  the  excitement  added  more  than  $200,000,000  to  the  clearings  of 
the  year. 


Notable  Bankers. — Among  the  notable  bankers  of  our  coast,  besides 
those  to  be  mentioned  hereafter,  arc  A.  SCRIVENER,  manager  of  the  Lon- 
don AND  San  Francisco  Bank;  R.  H.  McDonald,  of  The  Pacific 
Bank;  Robert  J.  Tobin,  of  The  Hibernia  Savings  Bank;  James 
de  Fremerv,  President  of  The  San  Francisco  Savings  Union;  L. 
GoTTiG,  President  of  The  German  Savings  Bank,  and  J.  A.  Donohoe 
(Eugene  Kellv,  formerly  his  associate  here,  and  now  banker  in  New  York, 
is  still  his  partner),  of  San  Francisco;  J.  VV.  MARTIN  and  E.  C.  SESSIONS, 
of  Oakland;  EDGAR  Mills  and  C.  H.  Swift,  of  Sacramento ;  I.  VV.  Hell- 
man,  of  Los  Angeles;  B.  D.  MURPUY  and  T.  Ellard  Beans,  of  San  Josd; 
L.  U.  ShipI'EE,  of  Stockton;  James  '  ""siRCE,  of  Santa  Clara;  John 
Conlv,  of  Chico;  John  D.  Stephens,  oi  Woodland;  Thomas  R.  Bard, 
of  San  Buenaventura;  and  E.  J.  WiLSON,  of  Vallejo.  Among  those  formerly 
prominent  in  the  banking  business  of  California,  but  now  withdrawn  from  it, 
are  E.  W.  BuRR,  first  president  of  The  Savings  and  Loan  Society;  J.  B. 
Frisbie,  president  of  The  Vallejo  Savings  and  Commercial  Bank, 
now  in  Mexico;  MiLTON  S.  Latham,  now  of  New  York;  and  John  G. 
Downey,  of  Los  Angeles.  Oregon  bankers  worthy  of  special  mention,  are 
Ladd  &  TiLTON,  A.  Bush,  D.  P.  Thompson,  and  Henry  Failing,  of 
Portland;  Thomas  Charman,  of  Oregon  City;  and  Baker  &  Boyer,  of 
Walla  Walla. 


ii 


If 


136 


COMMERCE,    ETC. 


iiV  I 


I. 

'it 


i    'h 


P.  H.  Burnett.— I'i:ti:r  II.  IUknett,  a  typical  American  pioneer  and 

Californian,  wa.s  born  in  1807  at  Xashvil'.c,  tlicn  a  little  town  in  the  back- 
vood.s.  A  move  to  the  frontier  of  Missouri  when  he  was  10  )-cars  old  took 
him  still  farther  from  the  opportunities  of  education  anil  refinement.  He 
^\ork■ed  hard  and  lived  rudely  on  a  farm,  but  spent  enou;4h  time  in  school 
to  learn  to  read,  write,  antl  cipher.  .'\t  the  a^e  of  19  he  returned  to 
rcnncssec,  \\  here  he  became  clerk  in  a  villa^'e  imi,  occasionally  serving  as 
w.iiter  and  hostler,  lie  left  that  place  to  accci)l  $Joo  a  year,  with  board, 
lodyint^,  and  washing,  as  clerk  in  a  country  store,  and  on  that  income,  when 
21  years  okl,  he  took  a  wife.  A  store  of  his  own,  bankruptcy,  return  to 
Missouri,  partnershi[)  in  another  store,  and  another  failure,  were  amonij  hi.s 
experiences.  He  edited  a  newspaper,  made  political  speeches,  and  studied 
law  at  intervals  of  leisure,  and  at  the  aye  of  ^j  he  opened  an  office  as  an 
attorney.  His  business  was  not  pjjfitable,  and  he  worried  because  he  saw 
no  prospect  of  pajini;  his  debts.  The  people  in  Missouri  received  {^lowing 
accounts  of  the  resources  and  attractions  of  Oregon,  and  expected  a  great 
ind  rapid  development  of  wealth  in  that  country  Burnett  accepted  the 
general  opinion,  and,  in  1S43,  took  his  family  with  an  o.x-train  across  the 
continent,  at  a  time  when  very  few  families  had  made  that  adventurous 
journey.  The  white  .settlers  in  the  Willamette  Vallej',  where  he  established 
himself,  were  few  and  poor,  and  he  shared  the  common  poverty.  For  a  time 
he  was  compelled  to  go  barefooted  while  doing  his  farm  work.  His  legal 
knowledge  brought  him  into  prominence  when  the  provisional  government 
of  Oregon  was  organized,  and  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  1S45.  Moderate  pecuniary  prosperity  then  blessed  him  till  September, 
1848,  when  the  news  of  the  gold  discovery  attracted  him  to  California.  No- 
vember found  him  washing  gold  on  the  bank  of  the  Yuba  Riv'er,  where  he 
made  $20  a  day.  /\  month  of  that  experience  was  enough,  and  he  moved 
to  Sacramento,  where  he  opened  an  office  as  attorney;  and  a  few  days  later 
he  accepted  the  agency  for  the  .sale  of  Sutter's  land,  then  in  demand  for 
town  lots.  The  business  was  profitable,  and  he  was  soon  able  to  payoff  his 
debts  in  Missouri.  When  the  people  of  California  framed  their  State  gov- 
ernment, they  elected  him  their  first  governor;  but  the  office  was  not  lucra- 
tive, and  he  resigned  it  to  return  to  the  law.  The  office  of  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  was  given  to  him  in  1857,  ^""^  '^<^  held  it  nearly  two 
years.  He  then  published  a  large  book,  giving  an  account  of  his  conversion 
to  the  (Catholic  faith,  without,  however,  securing  much  success  either  in  ele- 
gance of  literary  composition  or  in  vigor  of  argument.  He  also  published 
a  large  pamphlet  on  the  government  of  the  United  States.  In  1863  he  be- 
came president  of  TllE  PACIFIC  B.VNK.  in  San  Francisco,  and  retained  that 
place  for  more  than  1 5  years,  until  he  had  passed  the  threescore  and  ten,  when 


m 


BANKING. 


137 


he  withdrew  from  business,  to  spend  the  closing  years  of  his  life  in  rest. 
One  of  the  results  of  his  leisure  has  been  hi:i  best  book,  T/ic  Recollections 
and  Opinions  of  an  Old  Pioneer,  published  in  1880.  We  have  traced  him 
from  obscurity,  poverty,  and  ignorance,  through  toil,  study,  and  privation, 
from  the  country  iim,  country  store,  and  farm,  to  law,  editorship,  the  gover- 
nor's office,  the  bench,  the  bank,  and  authorship,  always  industrious,  upright, 
and  courteous,  never  dazzling  his  associates  by  brilliant  talents,  but  always 
commanding  their  respect  by  an  estimable  character. 


:';K  : 


John  Parrott. — Joiix  Paruott  is  one  of  the  few  California  millionaires 
who  had  a  fortune  befo!  he  arrived  in  the  Golden  State.  A  native  of 
Virginia,  born  about  iSio,  he  had  arrived  as  a  very  young  man  in  Mazat- 
lan,  where  he  grew  rich  in  mercantile  business.  He  was  the  American 
Consul  in  that  city,  and  the  leading  American  merchant  on  the  western 
coast  of  Mexico.  When  the  war  broke  out  he  obtained  information  which, 
for  the  interests  of  his  country,  should  be  sent  to  Washington  with  all 
possible  speed,  and  having  no  messenger  whom  he  could  fully  trust,  he 
carried  the  papers  him.self  from  Mazatlan  to  Vera  Cruz  with  serious  ex- 
pense and  still  more  serious  risk.  After  his  return  to  Mazatlan  he  made  a 
trip  in  1846  to  San  Francisco,  and  in  1849  he  moved  his  residence  to  our 
metropolis,  bringing  with  him  $30O,cxX)  in  Mexican  dollars,  a  sum  which 
probably  no  other  man  in  California  could  then  command  in  coin.  He 
soon  became  a  prominent  citizen  of  San  Francisco.  His  experience,  repu- 
tation, sound  judgment,  and  careful  avoidance  of  speculative  ventures, 
enabled  him  rapidly  to  increase  his  original  capital,  which,  according  to 
common  repute,  increased  more  than  tenfold,  though  he  had  a  large  family 
and  lived  in  elegant  style,  having  one  of  the  most  luxurious  mansions  on 
the  coast,  until  the  railroad  and  bonanza  princes  made  their  appearance. 
He  bought  numerous  lots  in  the  business  portions  of  San  Francisco,  and 
erected  substantial  buildings,  including  the  granite  structure  on  the  north- 
west corner  of  California  and  Montgomery  streets,  the  stone  for  which  was 
quarried  and  cut  in  China  in  1853.  For  many  years  Mr.  PARROTT  did  a 
banking  busines.s,  conducting  it  so  prudently  that,  no  matter  what  financial 
convulsion  troubled  the  community,  he  never  closed  his  doors  for  a  day. 
He  has  now  retired  from  active  business,  spending  much  of  his  time  at  his 
country  scat,  in  San  Mateo  County. 


D.  O.  Mills.— Dariu.s  Ogden  Mills,  or  D.  O.  Mills,  as  he  is  generally 
known,  is  a  native  of  Westchester  County,  New  York,  born  in  1825.  He 
received  a  good  high-.school  education,  and  became  a  bank  clerk,  showing 
so  much  aptitude  for  his  business  that,  when  2 1  years  of  age,  he  had  obtained 


:  ! 


'  i 


138 


((IMMKUCK,    IvTC. 


¥■'■■ 


Uf  • 


n  position  as  cashier  in  a  bank,  in  liuffalo,  N.  Y.  At  the  age  of  24  he  came 
to  Caliibrnia,  and  settled  at  Sacramento  as  a  banker,  where  he  soon  gained 
the  confidence  of  the  merchants,  and  secured  a  profitable  custom.  Large 
sums  we ic  intrusted  to  him,  and  nobody  had  reason  to  regret  the  confidence 
placed  in  him.  When  Till-;  U.VNK  OF  Califokxia  was  organized,  Mr. 
Mills  by  the  natural  force  of  his  capital,  character,  and  reputation,  became 
the  president,  and  all  went  well  with  that  institution,  until  he  withdrew,  in 
187 J.  When  it  was  reorganized  after  the  death  of  Mr.  RALSTON,  he  again 
became  president  until  its  position  was  secure.  Mr.  MILLS  is  reserved  in 
manners,  and  avoids  politics,  publicity,  and  ostentation.  His  residence  at 
I\Iilbrac,  17  miles  south  of  San  Francisco,  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  homes 
in  California. 

Williani  Alvord. — For  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  \Vm.  Alvord 
has  been  a  prominent  citizen  of  ,San  Francisco.  Immediately  after  his 
arrival  in  California,  from  his  native  city  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  he  settled  in 
Marysville,  as  senior  partner  of  a  hou.sc  engaged  in  selling  hardware.  Three 
years  Later,  in  1856,  he  moved  to  San  Francisco,  and  became  the  head  of  the 
house  of  \Vm.  Alvord  iv.  Co.,  importing  and  .selling  hanhvare  by  wholesale. 
Though  he  was  then  onlj-  23  }'ears  old,  prosperity  attended  him  in  his  exten- 
sive dealings.  He  had  a  prepossessing  appearance,  courteous  address,  a 
quick  judgment,  and  much  industry.  He  was  not  only  successful,  but  evi- 
dently a  young  man  with  a  future  When  the  large  accumulation  of  worn- 
out  rails,  and  old  wrought-iron  of  various  kinds,  in  California,  suggested  the 
construction  of  a  rolling-mill  in  .San  FVancisco,  he  became  the  head  of  the 
enterprise.  He  studied  rolling-mills  in  the  Atlantic  States,  bought  iV.i- 
chiner)-,  and  superintended  the  erection  of  the  mill  at  I'otrero  Point.  It  was 
a  success  from  the  start.  He  devoted  himself  to  its  business,  having  sold 
out  his  interest  in  the  hardware  store  ;  and  became  a  stockholder  in  Tliu; 
RisiKi.v  Irox  AND  LocoMOTlVli  WORKS.  As  a  public-spirited  citizen, 
Mr.  .AiA'oKlJ  has  been  called  upon  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  public  affairs 
on  man)- occasions  In  1871  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  the  city,  and  gave 
general  satisfaction  by  the  manner  in  which  he  filled  that  office.  He  lias 
been  I'olice  Commissioner  for  4,  and  Park  Commissioner  for  10  years, 
positions  without  compensation,  but  of  high  trust,  and  lequiring  lime  and 
attention  t(3  perform  their  duties.  He  is  now,  and  has  been  for  several 
ye.iis,  President  of  TUK  13AXK  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Lloyd  Tevis.— .Among  the  men  who  came  to  California  in  1849,  was  a. 
Kentuckian,  I.LoNT)  TlOVls,  then  25  years  old.  lie  had  no  mc'icy,  but 
he  had    been   admitted   to  the    bar,  and  was  willing  to  take  his  chances 


I 


^m 


BANKING. 


139 


in  the  land  of  gold.  After  working  in  the  mines,  with  little  success  he 
moved  to  Sacramento  City,  where  he  opened  a  land  and  loan  office,  in  the 
fall  of  1S50,  and  there  formed  a  partnership  with  J.  H.  Haggin,  another 
young  lawyer  from  Kentucky — the  capital  of  the  firm  being  $1,000.  In 
1853  he  moved  to  San  Francisco,  and  for  a  year  was  member  of  the  firm  of 
Crockett,  P.\GE  &  Tuvis.  After  leaving  that  firm,  his  brokerage  business 
in  association  with  Mr.  Haggix,  took  precedence  of  the  law.  They  were 
money  brokers,  bankers,  and  dealers  in  land  and  mines.  They  made  no 
changes  in  occupation  or  residence.  They  aspired  to  no  office.  They  in- 
dulged no  fooli.sh,'  extravagant  vanit>'.  They  attended  to  business  with 
assi.Juity  and  capacity.  'W^calth  poured  in  upon  them,  and  both  are 
accounted  millionaires,  Mr.  Tevis  having,  according  to  popular  estimate, 
more  than  $5,000,000.  In  October,  1880,  when  his  party,  the  Democratic, 
hoped  to  elect  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  a  majority  of  the 
Californian  Legislature,  the  public  journals  mentioned  him  as  a  suitable 
perscn  for  United  States  Senator  or  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  but  he  would 
probably  not  have  accepted  either  place.  He  could  not  do  so  without  mak- 
ing large  pecuniary  sacrifices.  The  productive  mines  and  other  industrial 
enterprises,  in  which  lie  is  an  owner,  are  numerous.  As  President  of 
Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  he  has  supervision  of  a  vast  and  very  complicated 
banking  and  express  business,  involving  the  care  of  immen.se  sums  of  money. 
The  management  of  his  property,  and  of  that  of  the  corporations  in  which 
he  has  large  interests,  demands  all  his  time.  Mr.  Tevis  is  a  healthy,  active 
man,  youthful  in  his  form,  courteous  in  his  address,  always  ready  to  meet 
acquaintances  with  pleasant  greetings,  and  business  men  with  prompt  decis- 
ions. Without  ostentation,  and  without  stain  on  his  social  or  pecuniary 
reputation,  he  is  one  of  the  best  illustrations  (jf  the  success  achieved  in  San 
Francisco  by  application,  iirudcnce,  talent,  tact,  and  integrity. 

F.  F.  Lovr. —  Fredek.  'C  F.  Low  is  a  native  of  Maine,  and  now  in 
1 88 1,  52  years  old,  not  ^n  advanced  age  for  a  man  who  has  been  a  banker, 
member  of  Congress,  '  ollector  of  San  Francisco,  Governor  of  California, 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  United  States  at  the  Court  of  China. 
He  came  to  California  in  1849,  and  established  himself  in  Marysville,  which 
for  twelve  years,  while  he  resided  there,  was  one  of  the  most  active  and 
prosperous  places  in  the  State.  He  became  a  successful  banker.  The  Re- 
publican party  sent  him  to  Congress  in  1861.  His  term  had  scarcely  closed, 
when  he  was  appointed  Collector,  and  he  had  scared)-  entered  on  the  duties 
of  his  office,  when  he  was  nominated  for  Governor.  He  filled  that  office  4 
years,  and  left  it  with  a  good  reputation.  He  was  4  years  at  Pekin ;  and 
soon  after  his  return,  became  manager  of  The  Anglo-California  Bank, 


?ii 


140 


COMMERCE,    ETC. 


Ml... 


1'^  ■■ ' 


one  of  the  leading  financial  institutions  of  San  Francisco.     He  has  occupied 
that  position  about  7  jears. 

liOuis  r.TcLane.— Louis  McLane,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  and  now  about 
60  jcars  of  age,  began  his  adult  life  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States  Navy, 
but  resigned  in  1S50,  to  establish  himself  in  San  Francisco,  where,  in  No- 
vember, 1S55,  he  became  superintendent  of  WeELS,  Fargo  &  Co.'s  Ex- 
PRES.s.  His  management  contributed  much  to  the  profit  of  its  banking,  and 
the  economy  and  efficiency  of  its  express  department.  After  a  few  years 
of  this  service  he  moved  to  New  York  to  accept  the  presidency  of  Weel.S, 
Fargo  &  Co.  There  he  was  also  a  director  of  the  -Pacieic  Mail  Steam- 
.siiip  Company,  and  for  a  time  its  acting  president.  When  The  Bank  of 
Nevada  was  established  in  1875,  he  came  to  San  Francisco  to  be  its  first 
president  ;ind  manager.  He  has  the  reputation  of  being  strict  in  following 
the  rules  of  the  greatest  prudence,  severe  in  his  discipline,  acute  in  his  judg- 
ment of  men,  able  in  his  management,  and  averse  from  business  mixed  with 
politics.  Mr.  McLane  withdrew  from  the  presidency  of  TllE  Bank  of 
Nevada  in  1S81. 

The  Dalles  Bank. —A  .serious  interruption  in  the  channel  of  a  great  nav- 
igable ri\  er,  almost  in\ariably  gives  rise  to  an  important  town  in  the  vicinity, 
and  the  I'all  in  the  Columbia  at  the  Dalles  is  no  exception  to  the  rule. 
Among  the  prominent  features  of  business  in  that  town  and  in  Eastern 
Oregon  is  the  bank  of  FRENCH  &  Co.,  established  in  1S77,  by  D.  M.  and 
J.  W".  l-'KENCll,  brothers,  natives  of  Vermont,  residents  of  this  coast  for 
about  30  j'cars,  and  men  of  extensive  experience  in  commercial  affairs. 
They  began  banking  with  $60,000,  and,  having  a  good  situation,  the  public 
confiilcncc,  and  no  comi)etition,  have  been  adding  to  their  capital,  and  have 
now  nearl)-  completed  a  substantial  brick  buiUimg,  two  stories  high,  specially 
designed  for  the  accommodation  of  their  banking  business.  The  Dalles  is 
an  excellent  place  for  banking  enterpri.se,  en  tiie  bank  of  a  great  navigable 
river,  there  broken  by  rapids,  .so  that  boats  must  always  stop,  even  if,  by 
great  expenditure,  they  should  be  enabled  to  pass.  It  is  in  a  narrow  gap 
through  a  high,  rugged,  and  long  mountain  chain,  with  rich  and  extensive 
agricultural  regions  on  both  sides.  The  future  seems  bright  f<:)r  the  town 
and  its  well-established  business  men.  Excepting  Astoria,  it  is  the  largest 
town  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia. 

Wm.  Reld.— One  of  the  notable  bankers  of  Oregon  is  \^'M.  Reid,  a 
Scotchman,  now  nearl>-  40  )ears  of  age.  While  practicing  law  in  Duntlee, 
he  received  an  appointment  as  Consul  of  the  United  States,  and  while 
acting  in  that  capacity,  his  attention  was  drawn  to  Oregon  by  one  of  the 


,:''i 


BANKINT,. 


141 


'! 


publications  of  the  United  States  Statistical  Bureau.  He  wrote  a  pamphlet 
about  the  State  as  a  field  for  labor,  enterprise,  and  capital,  and  a  number 
of  Scotch  capitalists  were  so  ftuorably  impressed  by  it,  that  they  com- 
bined to  send  him  to  Oregon,  to  make  investments  for  them.  He  went, 
devoted  five  months  to  a  careful  examin.-ttion  of  the  State,  and  made  a 
series  of  favorable  reports.  He  advised  them  to  establish  TlIE  OREGON 
AND  Washington  Mortgage  Savings  Bank,  and  they  did  .so,  with 
Mr.  Reid  as  managing  director.  It  became  a  success  from  the  first ;  has 
loaned  out  $650,000  every  year;  has  never  lost  a  dollar  by  a  bad  loan;  and 
now  has  $3,700,000  out  on  interest.  Besides  paying  10  per  cent,  .'mnual 
dividends  to  its  stockholders,  its  reserve  fund  amounts  to  20  per  cent,  of 
its  paid-up  capital.  The  result  of  the  banking  investment  being  satis- 
factory, Scotch  capitalists  came  forward,  in  1S80,  to  organize  TlIE  Orego- 
NIAN  Railway  Company,  which  purcha.sed  the  Willamette  Valley  (narrow- 
gauge)  Raiload,  and  immediately  reconstructed  and  extended  it  so  that  the 
roads  of  the  company  on  both  sides  of  the  \alley  now  measure  165  mile.s. 
These  roads  have  been  leased  to  HENRY  VlLI-.\RD,  for  90  years,  for  $140,- 
000  a  )-ear;  and  the  contract,  guaranteed  by  TlIE  OREGON  Railway  and 
N.\VlG.\TlOX  Co.Mir^^'V,  secures  an  annual  dividend  of  7  per  cent,  on  their 
stock,  to  the  ownt  t'  the  leased  road.  It  was  owing  to  the  active 
exertions  of  Mr.  REIh  ii  tin'  Legislature  of  Oregon,  in  i.S7.|.  passed  an 
act  to  create  a  State  Board  of  1  mm ■;  ration,  and  Governor  (/iROVEK  recog- 
nized his  .services  by  appointing  jiiiii  President  of  thf^  Board,  \\ith  Senator 
CouUETT,  B.  Goldsmith,  W.  S.  Ladi  ukI  C.  H.  I.  inenweher  as  Com- 
missioners. Thirty-six  officers  of  the  Commission  were  appointed  in 
Europe,  and  their  labors  and  publications  attracted  many  Icsirable  settlers 
to  Oregon.  TlIE  I'ORTL.VND  BOARD  OF  Tr^VDI;  was  c)rt,.ini/ed  in  1874, 
in  con.sequencc  of  Mr.  Reid's  exertions;  and  he  was  its  secretary  for  6 
years.  I'^or  the  Paris  Ivxposition  of  1878,  Ik  wrote  a  jwmphlct  entitled 
Oregon  and  Was/iington  Tcrrifoij  as  Fields  for  Capital  and  Lador,  of  which 
35,000  copies  were  printed  in  English,  I'rench,  and  '"rcrman.  Oregon  is 
fortunate  in  attracting  and  keeping  a  man  like  Mr  !\  ,  and  he  was  fortu- 
nate in  finding  a  field  so  well  adapted  for  his  ent^  .c,  and  for  the  invest- 
ment of  the  capital  entrusted  to  his  management. 


Iff 


I 


142 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


ft 


CHAPTER  VII.— INSURANCE. 

Fires. — Conflagrations  must  be  numerous  in  regions  where  nearly  all  the 
houses  ate  of  wood,  as  they  are  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  north  of  latitude  34°, 
and  where  the  wooden  houses  are  crowded  together  very  closely,  as  is  the 
case  in  the  cities  and  even  in  the  small  mining  town.s,  many  of  which  are 
situated  in  narrow  ravines,  with  scanty  areas  suitable  or  convenient  for  pur- 
poses of  habitation  or  trade.  Wherever  property  is  endangered  by  fire, 
there  the  demand  for  underwriting  makes  its  appearance;  but  before  1853 
the  risk  was  too  great  in  California.  In  that  year  JosilUA  P.  H.VVEN  be- 
came agent  of  TiiE  Liverpool  and  Londox  and  Globe  Fire  and 
Ln-i;  IN.SURANCE  Company;  and  soon  afterwards  The  Imperial  Fire 
AM)  Like  Insurance  Comp.VNV,  the  Royal,  the  Monarch  (since  amalga- 
mated with  the  Liverpool  and  London),  and  the  Northern,  all  English 
companies,  established  agencies,  and  by  care  in  .selecting  their  risks,  and 
high  premiums,  made  fine  profits.  Tiirce  years  elapsed,  before  any  Ameri- 
can companies  ventured  to  take  part  in  the  business  in  California. 

First  Califomian  Company. —  The  first  company  organized  in  California 
to  do  an  insurance  business  for  the  general  public,  was  incorporated  in  San 
Francisco,  February  23,  1861.  The  name  was  "  The  CALIFORNIA  MUTUAL 
Marine  Insurance  Co.mpan  v."  The  prt-ident  was  Dr.  Samuel  Merritt, 
and  C-\SI'.\R  T.  Iloi'KlXS  was  the  secretarv  The  company  still  exists,  but 
it  has  tlropped  the  "mutual  marine"  from  its  title,  ami  takes  fire  risks.  At 
the  annual  meeting,  held  in  Januar)',  1881,  .Mr.  IIoi'KlNS,  then  president, 
(who  with  Dr.  MiORRiTT,  the  first  president,  (Organized  the  company),  de- 
livered an  address,  in  which  he  reviewed  its  hislciry,  and  gave  .an  account  of 
its  carl)-  difficulties.     The  following  is  an  extract  from  it; 

"  During  the  >ears  from  1852  to  i860,  several  attempts  had  been  made  to 
form  insurance  companies  in  .San  Francisco.  The  only  one  thut  succeeded 
was  a  small  German  company,  organized  on  the  mutual  plan,  and  which  in- 
sured only  its  own  members  .against  fire  on  merchandi  risks.  The  rest 
came  to  nothing,  because  the  personal  liability,  imposed  I))'  the  constitution 
of  the  Stale,  on  all  stockholders  of  ,ill  corporations,  ha' 1  not  then  been  de- 
fined, cither  by  statute  or  judicial  decision.  It  was  feared  that,  in  ca.se  of 
conflagration,  the  entire  estates  of  the  stockholders  would  be  swept  away. 


mss&s^m 


INSURANCE. 


143 


The  objection  was,  however,  far  less  a  dissuasion  to  marine  than  to  fire  in- 
surance, for  the  fact  was  recognized,  that  wholesale  disaster  could  not  occur 
to  the  risks  scattered  over  the  vast  expanse  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Appre- 
ciating the  opportunity  offered  by  the  failure  of  the  Philadelphia  companies. 
Dr.  Samuel  Merritt,  in  connection  with  your  present  president,  under- 
took to  supply  the  public  want  of  a  sound  marine  underwriting  institution, 
by  organizing  The  CALIFORNIA  MUTUAL  Marine  Insurance  Com- 
r.\NV.  With  great  labor  and  difficulty,  and  after  many  meetings  held  dur- 
ing the  winter  of  1860-61,  20  men,  of  well-known  wealth  and  standing,  were 
at  last  persuaded  to  incur  the  risk  of  owning  stock  in  so  perilous  a  venture. 
Their  names  were  A.  J.  PoPE  (deceased,  1879),  SAMUEL  Merritt,  W.  C. 
Taluott  (deceased,  1881),  JONA.S  G.  Clark  (sold  out  in  1863,  and  removed 
to  New  York),  MICHAEL  REESE  (deceased,  1S79),  Calvin  Paige,  J.  J. 
Felt  (sold  out  in  1867),  II.  B.  Tichenor,  D.  C.  McRuer  (sold  out  in  1S65), 
Samuel  C.  Bigelow,  Josiah  Belden  (sold  out  in  1864),  M.  I".  Tesciie- 
MACIIER  (sold  out  in  1866),  WiLLlAM  NoRRiS  (sold  out  in  1865),  C.  W. 
Hatiiaw.w  (sold  out  in  188 1),  JoiiN  Van  Bergen  (.still  owning  all  his 
stock,  but  a  resident  of  Germany),  CHARLES  AlAIN,  jAMES  FiNDLA  (sold 
out  in  1863  to  C.  F.  Lott,  deceased  in  1865),  George  H.  Howard  (de- 
ceased, 1877),  Levi  Stevens  (sold  out  in  1878),  and  John  G.  Brav  (de- 
ceased, 1864). 

"  The  fear  and  trembling  with  which  these  gentlemen  embarked  upon  the 
enterprise,  may  be  illustrated  by  referring  to  a  few  peculiarities  in  their 
organization.  Each  stockholder  subscribed  for  but  one  share  of  $io,ooo 
each.  Of  this  amount  only  $1,000  was  paid  in,  a  stock  note,  payable  on 
call,  being  given  for  the  balance  of  $9,000.  No  person  was  allowed  to  own 
stock  unless  he  was  known  to  be  worth  at  lea.'^t  $100,000  clear,  nor  could 
he  sell  out,  except  to  a  purcha.ser  who  should  be  approved  by  the  directors, 
as  being  sufficiently  strong  to  carry  such  u  burden,  without  flinching.  If 
any  stockholder  were  to  become  cmbarras.sed  in  his  business,  or  if,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  board,  his  pecuniary  rcspjnsibility  had  become  impaired,  he 
was  to  be  dealt  with  in  a  most  arbitrary  and  unconstitutional  manner. 
Should  any  of  them  die,  his  estate  was  to  be  at  once  dispossessed  of  the 
stock,  so  as  to  have  only  live  owners  thoreof,  who  would  be  sure  to  respond 
to  assessments.  No  risks  were  to  be  taken,  except  approved  bj-  the  whole 
insurance  committee,  nor  losses  paid,  except  by  special  order  of  the  boanl 
of  directors.  But  the  old  by-laws  were  sound  on  tht  subject  of  dividends ; 
for  the)'  provided  that  not  more  than  half  the  net  earnings  should  be  divided, 
luitil  $500,000  should  have  been  accumulated  in  cash  assets.  And  the  whole 
concern,  though  ostensibly  small,  was  .sound  as  a  nut;  for  the  aggregate 
wealth  of  those  20  stockholders  was  many  m'Uions.     They  recognized  their 


P 

I  i 


144 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


m 


!{.    I 


personal  responsibility,  whether  joint  or  several,  and  were  prepared  to  meet 
it  like  men ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  were  not  intending  to  do  a  rash  business, 
or  be  caught  in  a  losing  game,  and  they  never  were.     *     *     * 

"  On  April  5  the  entire  paid-up  capital  of  $20,000  was  loaned  to  S.VMUEL 
Bran  NAN,  then  a  verj'  wealthy  man,  on  his  note  at  i  }i  per  cent,  per  month, 
secured  on  a  pile  of  railroad  iron  worth  $50,000,  which  was  stacked  "de- 
tached "  on  the  water  front ;  and  the  finance  committee  reported  the  assets 
of  the  companj-  to  be  "  safely  and  profitably  invested."  But  though  strong, 
the  company  was  too  prudent  to  do  much  business  at  the  start.  Its  first  9 
months'  income  was  only  $49,446,  of  which  $2,697  was  from  interest  on  its 
safely  invested  capital  and  receipts.  In  18G2  the  income  n'as  $80,649,  of 
which  $9,088  was  from  interest.  The  third  year  showed  receipts  of  $109,492, 
■whereof  $15,903  was  from  interest.     *     #     • 

"  Hardly  had  this  company  broken  the  ice  when,  in  March,  1861,  2  other 
local  insurance  institutions  organized.  One  of  these  was  TlIE  S.\N  Fran- 
cisco I'lKlC  Insurance  Co.mpanv,  capital  $150,000,  which  was  all  paid  in 
within  12  months;  and  for  several  years  it  transacted  a  safe  and  highly  profit- 
able business.  It  discontinued  its  existence  in  1866.  *  *  *  'f]|e  other 
wa.->  TllK  California  Li,o\1)S  which,  almost  from  the  start,  divided  the 
marine  business  of  the  port  with  our  company.  This  institution  had  no  cap- 
ital and  was  not  incorporated.  At  first  10,  afterwards  14  capitalists,  signed 
each  policy  in  equal  proportions,  by  jjrocuration,  and  the  results  were  highly 
satisfactory,  till  it  was  merged  in  'i'llK  Union  Insurance  ComI'ANV  in 
1867,  whose  president,  G.  ToucMIARD,  was  .secretary  of  the  California 
Lloyds  during  its  c.Kistence. 

"In  1863,  The  iMEUciiANTs' Mutual  Marine  Insurance  Comi'anv 
was  organized,  with  a  capital  of  500,000,  whereof  10  per  cent,  was  paid  up 
at  the  beginning.  The  late  J,\MES  P.  FLINT  was  its  first  president,  and 
the  late  Josi:i'Il  B.  ScoTi'IILlCR,  afterwards  promoted  to  the  presidency, 
was  the  first  .secretary.  This  company  was  successful.  In  about  3  years  it 
had  earned  so  much  of  its  unpaid  capital,  that  an  assessment  of  50  per  cent. 
completed  the  payment  of  the  full  amount  subscribed.  Until  its  discon- 
tinuance, in  1874,  the  company  maintained  its  reputation  as  a  first-class 
institution. 

"In  the  .same  year,  1863,  were  incorporated  Tiu:  r.VCHTC  INSURANCE 
CoMi'ANY,  capital  $750,000;  TiiE  Imre.man's  Fund  In.surance  Com- 
I'ANV,  capital  $2oo,ood;  TiiE  Calii'ornia  Home  Insurance  Co.mpany, 
capital  $300,000;  and  the  IIoME  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  Company,  nomi- 
nal capital  $1,000,000.  The  organization  of  so  many  local  companies  now 
began  to  attract  public  attention  to  the  business,  and  soon  the  various 
officers  were  compelled  to  form  boards  of  underwriters,  for  the  prevention 


INSURANCE. 


145 


of   undue  competition,  for  the  procurement  of  sound  legislation,  and    for 
general  protection. 

"  The  marine  business  of  the  California  Mutual  Marine  continuing  prosper- 
ous, the  }-car  1864  was  signalized  by  the  purchase,  for  $20,500,  of  the  lot 
(318  California  Street)  on  which  the  office  of  the  company  now  stands.  At 
the  time  of  purchase,  there  was  on  the  lot  a  plain  two-story  brick  building, 
which  had  been  occupied  by  a  leather  store.  The  expenditure  of  $2,500  in 
furniture,  plate-glass  front,  and  gilt  signs,  converted  this  into  a  very  conven- 
ient and  attractive  office,  until  the  serious  damage  it  received  in  the  earth- 
quakes of  1865  and  1868  [which  did  not  injure  the  buildings  genc;u!i>  in 
San  Francisco],  compelled  its  demolition  and  replacement,  in  1869,  in  con- 
nection with  adjoining  owners,  by  the  present  elegant  and  substantial  block 
of  buildings. 

"  On  July  28,  1864,  the  stockholders,  finding  the  original  name  too  cumber- 
some, the  shares  of  stock  too  large,  the  transfer  of  stock  too  difficult,  and 
desiring  to  engage  akso  in  fire  insurance,  reincorporated  the  company  under 
its  present  title,  with  $200,000  capital,  shares  of  $1,000  each,  of  which  50 
per  cent,  was  paid  up,  being  the  capital  and  earnings  transferred  net  from 
the  old  company,  after  reinsuring  its  risks  with  the  new  one." 

The  business  of  the  California  in  1881  .showed  $7,543,000  written  on  fire, 
and  $2,675,000  on  marine  ri.sks ;  $154,000  premiums  collected  in  both 
departments,  and  $45,200  of  losses  paid  in  both,  the  proportion  of  losses  to 
premiums  being  about  32  per  cent,  on  fire,  and  21  "^  on  marine  losses.  The 
assets  were  $856,000,  and  the  net  profits  for  the  year  $78,000. 

Rush  into  Insurance. — In  1867  there  was  a  rush  of  people  anxious  to 
engage  in  the  business  of  underwriting,  and  San  Francisco  had  14  compa- 
nies, some  of  them  managed  by  men  evidently  more  anxious  for  their  own 
immediate  profits,  than  for  the  security  of  their  patron.s.  The  Legislature  of 
1868  provided  that  the  insurance  companies  of  the  State  should  be  under 
the  supervision  of  a  commissioner,  and  the  first  investigation  drove  several 
corporations  from  the  field.  The  Pacific,  which  was  the  leading  local  insti- 
tution, lo.st  all  its  capital  by  the  Chicago  fire  in  1871,  and,  after  paying  its 
debts,  disincorporated.  In  the  period  of  its  prosperity,  it  erected  the  build- 
ing on  the  north-ca.st  corner  of  California  and  Leidcsdorff  streets,  at  a  cost 
of  $125,000.  The  same  fire  inflicted  .severe  loss  on  the  Fireman's  Fund, 
which,  however,  restored  its  capital  by  assessments,  and  has  ^ince  prospered 
continuously.  Its  building,  on  the  south-west  corner  of  California  and  San- 
some  streets,  cost  $100,000.  The  Virginia  City  fire,  in  October,  1875,  was 
another  blow  to  the  insurance  companies  of  San  Francisco.     The  total  loss 

was  $6,000,000,  and  the  loss  to  the  underwriters  $1,900,000. 
'9 


' 


1^  ^!  -I 


I'iilH^  M 


146  fOMMI.RCi:,   r.Tc. 

Rates. — The  average  rate  cjn  merchandise  in  brick  buildings  in  cities  or 
closcl)'  built  towns  is  from  $1  to  $1.10  on  the  $100;  on  wooden  dwclHngs, 
with  brick  chimneys  and  lath  and  plaster  walls  and  ceilings,  in  cities  or 
closely-built  towns,  75  cents;  and  in  isolated  dwellings  of  the  same  char- 
acter, 60  cents.  Arson  is  not  an  uncommon  offense  in  countries  where  the 
houses  are  of  wood,  but  it  can  seldom  be  proved.  When  a  mining  town 
decaj's,  or  an  enterprise  proves  a  failure,  the  owner  of  a  building  is  often 
tempted  to  save  himself  from  the  total  loss  of  his  investment,  by  defrauding  an 
insurance  company,  and  as  he  has  entire  control  of  the  premises,  it  is  often 
impossible  to  obtain  any  direct  evidence  of  his  crime,  or  even,  in  many  cases, 
to  obtain  satisfactory  reasons  for  suspicion.  A  comparison  of  the  fires  oc- 
curring in  insured  and  uninsured  buildings,  where  business  is  profitable  or 
otherwise,  indicates,  however,  beyond  a  doubt,  that  the  loss  is  chargeable,  in 
one  third  of  the  cases,  to  arson. 

Losses. — The  following  table  shows  the  total  fire  losses  for  1880,  and  al.so 
the  losses  incurred  by  insurance  companies  in  that  year,  in  the  various  States 
and  Territories  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  viz: 

(,,  ,         ,  T  .  1  I  Itoss  to  Insurance 

States,  etc.  total  Loss.  *    r- 

'  Companies. 

California $2,841,200  $1,444,600 

Nevada 894,200  333.900 

Oregon 435,500  227,800 

Washington 160,600  89,900 

Utah 67,000  10,200 

Arizona 33. 500  1 1,200 

Total $4,432,000  $2, 1 1 7,600 

Between  1876  and  1880,  the  average  \alue  of  all  property  destroyed,  by 
fire  in  California,  was  $2,526,000  a  year;  and  the  average  loss  to  insurance 
companies  $1,175,000  a  )ear.  There  are  no  accessible  statistics  of  the 
number  of  fires  in  the  .States  and  Territories;  but  we  may  infer,  from  the 
statistics  for  San  Francisco,  that  there  are  about  2,000  fires  on  the  coast 
annually,  and  that  the  average  loss  to  each  is  about  $2,000. 

The  onl)-  political  division  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  that  has  a  local  insurance 
company,  an  insurance  commissioner,  or  official  insurance  statistics,  is  Cali- 
fornia; but  most  of  the  companies,  which  do  a  large  business  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, have  offices  in  Oregon  and  Nevada,  and  charge  about  the  same  rates 
of  premium.  Oregon  requires  every  company,  not  incorporated  under  her 
laws,  to  deposit  with  the  State  Treasurer,  before  doing  insurance  business 
within  her  limits,  $50,000,  as  security  for  the  payment  of  any  judgment  ob- 
tained by  her  citizens  for  losses.     Twcnty-si.\  companies  have  made  this  dc- 


INSURANCE. 


147 


posit,  including  the  Home  Mutual,  the  Union,  the  Fireman's  Fund,  fhc  State 
Investment  and  Insurance,  the  Commercial  Union,  and  the  Western  I'ire 
and  Marine  Companies  of  San .  I'rancisco ;  the  Home  and  the  German 
American  Companies,  of  New  York;  the  Phoenix  and  the  Connecticut,  of 
Hartford;  the  Imperial,  the  North  British  and  Mercantile,  the  Ouecn,  the 
Royal,  the  Northern,  the  Lancashire,  the  London,  the  Union,  the  British 
and  Foreign  Marine,  the  Sea,  the  London  and  Lancashire,  and  the  Norwich 
Union  Companies,  of  Great  Britain ;  the  Hamburg  and  Bremen,  of  Germany ; 
and  the  New  Zealand,  of  New  Zealand.  y\ll  the.se  companies  have  offices 
in  Portland. 


Business  in  1881. — In  1881,  137  underwriting  companies,  including  fire, 
marine,  life,  and  accident,  with  assets  amounting  to  $355,000,000,  were 
doing  buRine.ss  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  total  amount  insured  in  Cali- 
fornia was  $416,690,000;  the  aggregate  of  the  premiums  was  $6,959,000, 
and  of  the  losses  paid,  $3,179,000,  leaving  $3,780,000  for  profit  and  e.\pcn,scs. 
In  the  fire  business  the  losses  were  one  third;  in  the  marine  business  three 
eighths,  and  in  the  life  business,  including  endowments,  five  sixths  of  the 
premiums,  while  the  absolute  los.ses  of  the  fire  and  life  companies  were  about 
equal,  and  either  of  them  double  that  of  the  marine.  There  are,  at  present, 
8  companies  in  California,  including  7  in  San  I'rancisco,  and  one  in  Oak- 
land, in  fire  and  marine  business.  The  total  of  their  risks  in  force  at  the 
end  of  1881,  was  $71,130,000,  including  $68,380,000  of  fire,  and  $2,750,000 
of  marine  ri.sk.s.  There  is  one  life  insurance  company  in  California,  at 
San  Francisco,  having  policies  in  force  at  the  time  mentioned,  amounting 
to  $50,700,000.  The  American  companies,  incorporated  in  States  cast  of  the 
Rock)-  Mountains  and  doing  business  in  California  during  1881,  numbered 
70.  Of  these,  5  withdrew  from  business  during  the  year,  leaving,  on  Janu- 
ary I,  1882,  65  companies,  having  $74,979,000  in  risk.s.  The  were  also, 
during  the  )ear  1881,  69  foreign  companies,  including  35  British,  22  conti- 
nental European,  6  Asiatic,  and  6  New  Zealand,  of  which  one  fire  and  one 
plate-gla.ss  withdrew  from  business,  leaving,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  6y 
ff)reign  companies  writing  fire  and  marine  policies  on  the  coast,  with  risks 
amounting  to  $138,600,000.  At  the  end  of  1881,  the  Liverpool  and  Lon- 
don and  Globe,  of  Liverpool,  had  $17,400,000  of  fire  risks  in  California  ;  the 
Commercial  Union,  of  London,  $8,20O,00o;  the  /TZtna,  of  Hartford,  Conn., 
$7,800,000;  the  North  British  and  Mercantile,  of  London,  $6,200,000 ;  the 
Hamburg-Bremen,  of  Hamburg,  $6,400,000;  the  Hartford,  of  Hartford, 
$5,000,000;  the  Fire  Insurance  Association,  of  London;  the  Lancashire,  of 
Manchester;  the  Norwich  Union,  of  Norwich;  the  Royal,  of  Liverpool — 
all  British  companies  ;   the  Transatlantic  Fire,  and  the  Hamburg-Magde- 


14? 


COMMERCK,   r.TC. 


burg,  of  Hamburg;  the  Home,  of  New  York,  and  the  Phoenix,  of  Hartford, 
$4,000,000  cacli ;  the  Guardian,  of  London  ;  the  Helvetia  Swiss  Fire,  of  St. 
Gall,  Swit/x-rland  ;  the  Imperial,  of  London;  La  Confiancc,  of  Paris;  the 
London  Assurance,  of  London;  the  New  Zealand,  of  Aukland;  the  North- 
ern Assurance,  of  London;  the  Queen,  of  Liverpool;  the  American  Central, 
of  St.  Louis,  and  the  Phcenix,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  each  more  than  $3,000,- 
000.  The  California  companies  had  the  following  amounts  at  risk  on  the 
31st  of  December,  i8<Si,  viz.:  the  Home  ^Mutual,  $17,590,000;  the  State  In- 
vestment, $10,060,000;  the  Fireman's  Fund,  $9,972,000;  the  Union,  $9,619,- 
000;  the  California,  $7,406,000;  the  Western  Fire  and  Marine,  $7,093,000;  the 
Commercial,  $5,360,000 — all  of  San  PVancisco  ;  and  the  Oakland  Home, 
of  Oakland,  $4,027,000.  Twenty  life  insurance  companies,  including  the 
Pacific  Mutual  Life,  of  Sacramento, .  and  19  companies  incorporated  in 
Atlantic-American  cities,  issued  5,001  new  policies  in  California  in  1881  ; 
renewed  12,598;  collected  $1,457,959  on  the  new  i.s.sues  and  renewals,  and 
paid  out  $1,226,148.  The  statistics  of  the  Insurance  Commissioner's  re- 
port show  that  in  1881,  California  paid  $3,108,023,  for  fire  and  marine 
premiums,  to  companies  incorporated  in  foreign  countries,  and  received 
from  the  same  companies,  for  losi;cs,  $1,084,583,  leaving  to  those  companies 
$2,023,439,  or  nearly  two  thirds  of  all  their  receipts,  for  expenses  and 
profits.  The  total  paid  by  the  Pacific  Slope,  north  of  Mexico,  to  com- 
panies incorporated  elsewhere,  for  fire  and  marine  premiums,  is,  presumably, 
about  $5,200,000  annually,  and  the  amount  received  from  them  about  $2,080,- 
000,  leaving  $3,120,000  to  pay  their  expenses  and  profits,  or  exactly  three 
fifths  of  the  entire  receipts.  It  is  said  that  there  is  less  litigation,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  amount  of  loss,  on  our  coast  than  in  any  other  portion  of  the 
United  States.  The  total  losses  paid  here  from  1871  to  1880,  inclusive,  as 
stated  by  the  Coast  Rcviciv,  were  $14,321,000,  and  the  total  of  the  losses 
litigated,  $148,000,  or  about  one  per  cent. 


Fire  Departments. — The  I'liid  Fire  Department  of  San  Francisco  de- 
ser\cs  mention,  in  connection  with  the  business  of  underwriting  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast.  It  has  12  steam  fire-engines,  9  hose-carts,  4  hook  and  ladder 
trucks,  72  horses,  a  fire-alarm  telegraph,  326  fire-alarm  boxes,  and  300  men 
on  its  pay-roll.  Its  annual  expenses  are  .$400,000.  The  engines,  carts,  and 
trucks  drive  at  high  speed  to  the  fires,  and  usually  ha\e  a  good  head  of 
steam,  by  the  time  they  arrive  at  the  scene  of  action.  There  were  245  public 
fire  alarms  in  the  year  ending  June  30,  1880,  one  fifth  of  them  false  alarms; 
the  losses  were  $385,000;  the  insurance  on  the  property  injured  was  $2,680,- 
000;  and  the  losses  i)aid  $212,000.  The  cit)'  has  30,000  houses,  of  which 
25,000  are  of  wood.     The  common  material  for  the  sides,  roofs,  floors,  and 


INSURANCE. 


149 


inside  work  is  redwood,  which  is  generally  used  for  kindling,  and  therefore 
must  be  readily  combustible.  When  dr)-,  it  absorbs  water  abundantly  and 
quickly,  and  one  of  the  chief  safeguards  to  San  Francisco  is  the  brief  interval 
between  an  alarm  of  fire,  and  the  time  when  a  flood  of  water  is  poured  on 
the  flames.  Oakland,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  San  Jose,  and  Portland,  have 
paid  fire  departments.  Nearly  all  other  towns  with  more  than  2,000  inhab- 
itants, and  some  even  smaller,  have  {^ood  volunteer  fire  departments. 

Fire  Patrol. — The  Underwriters  of  San  Francisco  maintain  a  Fire  Patrol 
(the  only  one  on  the  coast),  with  2  stations,  each  garri.soncd  by  half  a  dozen 
men,  who  drive  to  every  fire  in  a  wagon,  laden  with  apparatus  for  fighting 
the  flames,  and  saving  merchandise  from  damage  by  dirt  and  water.  In  1880 
the  Patrol  .esponded  to  325  alarms,  extinguished  the  fires  in  16  ca.ses,  con- 
tributed materially  to  hold  the  flames  in  check  in  1 1  ca.ses,  used  fire-e.\tin- 
guishers  in  5  i  cases,  and  spread  1,129  covers  over  merchandise  and  furniture. 
The  annual  expenses  arc  about  $21,000. 

Board  of  Underwriters. — The  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  of 
San  Francisco,  established  January  11,  1861,  has  maintained  an  active  or- 
ganization since  that  date,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most  influential  and 
useful  institutions  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  numbers  among  its  members, 
the  representatives  of  the  principal  local,  eastern,  and  foreign  insurance 
companies,  which  arc  doing  business  in  that  portion  of  the  country,  lying 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Its  functions  are  twofold:  First — To  act 
as  a  supervisory  board  over  all  local  insurance  boards  now  organized,  or  to 
be  hereafter  organized  in  any  of  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  Pacific 
Coast,  and  over  all  points  in  said  States  and  Territories,  where  no  local  insur- 
ance boards  exist.  Second — To  act  as  a  local  insurance  board  for  the  City 
and  County  of  San  Francisco.  Its  objects  are  the  establishment  and  mainte- 
nance of  adequate  and  equitable  rates  for  insurance,  the  promotion  of 
harmony  and  correct  practices  among  its  members,  and  generally  the  im- 
provement and  elevation  of  the  fire  insurance  business  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Through  its  committees  on  fire  departments,  fire  ordinances  and  water 
supply,  on  arson,  and  on  legislation,  it  has  accomplished  a  great  amount  of 
good  in  promoting  the  efficiency  of  fire  departments;  in  causing  the  enact- 
ment and  enforcement  of  proper  fire  ordinances;  in  examining,  and  reporting 
upon  thw  adequacy  of  the  water  supply  in  cities  and  towns;  in  the  establish- 
ment of  fire  patrol.s,  at  the  sole  cost  of  the  underwriters,  for  the  preservation 
of  property,  whether  insured  or  not,  from  loss  or  damage  by  water  at  fires; 
in  offering  and  paying  rewards  for  the  apprehension  and  conviction  of  incen- 
diaries; in  promotingwi.se  insurance  legislation  by  the  State  legislatures,  and 
in  preventing  the  passage  of  mischievous  insurance  laws. 


;  1  !r' 


i;o 


(  iim.\ii;k(  i:,  ktc. 


r 


Within  the  last  5  years,  t!in>u;j;h  the  iiislriiincntality  of  this  Ixiard  in  the 
several  States  anil  Territories  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  74  incendiaries,  who  other- 
wise would  prohabl\-  have  i^'onc  unwhippcd  of  justice,  ha\e  been  convicted  and 
punishctl.  When  it  is  considered  that  the  incendiar}-  works  in  the  dark, 
believing  that  no  human  eye  has  witnessed  his  act,  and  that  he  has  left  no 
clue  to  fasten  his  dastardly  crime  upon  him,  too  much  praise  can  not  be 
accordeil  to  the  underwriters  for  the  benefits  conferred  upon  the  public,  in 
their  efforts  to  punish  and  lessen  this  ^^rcat  and  increasing  evil.  The 
rewards  for  the  apprehension  and  conviction  of  incendiaries  arc  never  offered, 
to  assist  companies  in  avoiiliny  the  payment  of  iloubtful  claims  for  loss,  but 
solely  for  the  purpose  of  securin;,,^  the  punishment  of  persons  guilt)'  of  arson. 
As  a  rule  the  offers  of  reward  are  standing  and  general  offers,  which  are 
paid,  whether  the  property  burned  is  insured  or  uninsured. 

'Ihis  board  has  never  soui^ln  the  aid  of  the  legislative  authorities  of  cities 
and  States,  from  any  inucly  selfish  motives,  but  its  work,  in  that  direction,  has 
always  been  as  much  in  the  intere.'.t  of  the  general  public,  as  for  the  protec- 
tion of  its  own  business.  The  public  have  never  appealed  in  vain  for  its 
assistance  in  promoting  any  good  object  which  came  within  its  legitimate 
sphere  of  operation. 

D.  J.  SiAi'i.Ks,  president  of  TiiK  1"iri:m.\x's  Fund  I\si:ra\ck  Com- 
I'.WV,  is  president  of  the  board;  and  CiLVKLKs  D.  IF.\vi;n,  resident  man- 
ager of  the  LlVKRl'OOl,  .Wn    I.ONDUX  AM)  C/LOiiK  IX.SlKANri;  COMi'AW, 

is  the  secretar}-,  ami  has  held  that  office  for  the  past  12  years,  and  has  been 
engaged  in  the  underwriting  business  in  San  I'rancisco  for  17  yeans. 


Fireman's  Fund — Tin;  l•"IKl•:^rA^•'.s  Fund  Ixsukaxck  Comi'axv 
claims  to  be  the  wealthiest  and  oldest  organization  of  the  kind,  on  our 
coast.  The  California  is  an  older  compan)',  but  has  cliangcd  its  name,  and 
ilid  not  undertake  a  fire  business  until  after  May  3,  1.S63,  when  the  h'ire- 
man's  Fund  was  organized.  At  that  time,  the  only  insurance  companies  on 
our  slope  were  the  California  and  the  IMerchants'  Mutual,  both  marine. 
'I'he  presidents  of  the  I'lreman's  Fund  were,  successively,  W.M.  IIOLDRl-.nc.K, 
S.  H.  Tarki-.R,  C.  W.  Bruok.s,  and  \V.  H.  J^OURX,  for  .short  terms,  until  the 
election,  in  1.S67,  of  D.  J.  StaI'LE.s,  who  had  held  the  position  of  vice- 
president  and  manager  for  a  year  before,  and  has  since  held  the  presidency, 
with  increasing  credit  to  himself  and  benefit  to  the  company.  The  hist<jry 
of  the  I'ireman's  I'und  is  a  record  of  high  prosperity,  mi.xed  with  .serious' 
adversity;  of  triumph,  built  uj)on  the  foundation  of  disaster.  The  capital, 
originally  $2CX3,00O,  was  raised  to  $500,000  in  i.Sfij;  reduced,  after  the 
losses  by  the  Chicago  and  licjstiii  fires,  to  $300,000,  and  increased,  b)-  unani- 
mous vote  of  the  stockholders  in    1880,  to  $750,000.      In  June,  iiSSi,  tiic 


INMRANCi:. 


«Si 


total  assets  amounted  to  $1,220,000,  makiiiLj  it  a  millionaiie  institution. 
The  company,  which  had  previously  taken  none  but  fire  risks,  opened  a 
marine  department  in  1867,  under  charge  of  W'm.  J.  Dut'Ion,  aftenvards 
elected  secretary,  which  position  he  still  holds.  The  iMreman's  Fund  en- 
joyed continuous  prosperit)'  until  October,  1.S71,  when,  by  the  Chicago  fire, 
it  suffered  a  loss  of  nearly  $600,000,  or  more  than  its  entire  capital.  The 
directors  levied  an  assessment  of  50  per  cent.,  to  bo  paid  at  once;  the  stock- 
holders responded  ])rompll)-;  and  all  the  sufferers  in  the  fire-swept  city,  who 
were  fortunate  enoui,di  to  hold  policies  in  the  l'"ireman's  Fund,  karnt  that  its 
obligations  were  as  good  as  gold.  Of  the  5  Californian  companies  then 
taking  risks  in  Chica;^o,  3 — the  Pacific,  the  Occidental,  and  the  People's — 
failed  and  retired  from  business.  One — the  Union — levied  an  assessment 
of  45  per  cent,  and  honorably  met  every  liability,  but  rein.sured  all  its  F.xst- 
crn  business,  and  tocjk   no  new  risks  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.     The 


Fireman't  Fund  Insurance  Company's  Building. 


Fireman's  Fund  alone  had  the  intelligence  and  mean.s  to  grasp  the  situat'on-, 
to  .sec  and  seize  the  chance  of  acquiring  reputation  and  ultimate  profit  by 
paying  dollar  for  dollar.  The  same  general  polic}'  was  pursued,  when  t  le 
company  suffered  another  .severe  loss,  by  the  great  Boston  fire  in  November, 
1872.  To  meet  this  emergency,  $200,000  were  obtained  by  reducing  the 
capital  from  $500,000  to  $300,000.  ICvcry  Boston  claimant  received  prompt 
payment.  The  conduct  of  the  company  under  these  baptisms  of  fire,  the 
two  greatest  American  conflagrations  since  the  middle  of  the  century, 
secured  for  the  Fireman's  Fund  a  general  recognition,  from  Maine  to  Texas, 
as  a  company  built  on  a  secure  fountlation  of  sound  i)rinciple  and  solid 
resources.     A  natural  consequence  was  a  safe  and  profitable  l'"asterp  busi- 


lii< 


\tf 


152 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


ness,  which  is  under  the  able  manap;cment  of  Tno>rAS  S.  CllARD  as  gene- 
ral agent,  in  Chicat;o,  for  the  iVtlantic  Slope.  From  1872  to  18S0,  it  was 
the  only  Californian  company  tloinL^  a  i^cncral  agency  bu.iincss  there.  The 
credit  of  the  Fireman's  I'"und  attracted  the  attention  and  favor,  not  only  of 
Eastern  property-owners  wanting  safe  insurance,  but  also  of  Fastern  capi- 
talists, who  hold  $200,000  of  its  stock,  $75,000  of  that  sum  being  in  Hart- 
ford, the  acknowledged  center  of  American  insurance  capital,  where  gocjd 
underwriting  management  is  appreciated.  When  the  capital  of  the  com- 
pany was  increa.sed  in  18S0,  the  privileges  of  taking  the  additional  sum 
were  apportioned  among  the  stockholders,  and  were  salable  at  a  premium, 
thus  indicating  the  opinion  entertained  by  San  I'rancisco  business  men 
of  this  enterprising  and  well-contlucted  insurance  comi)any. 

D.  J.  Staples.— David  Jackson  Staples,  the  president  of  the  Fire- 
man's I'und  since  iiS67,  is  a  Californian  pioneer,  and,  like  many  of  his  asso- 
ciates, a  self-made  man,  ha\ing  commenced  his  life  in  poverty.  Born  at 
Mcdway,  Massachu-setts,  in  May,  1824.  and  left  an  orphan  while  still  a  youth, 
he  had  to  struggle  for  support  and  education.  Me'  worked  as  a  boy  on  a 
farm,  and  was  then  apprenticed  to  WlLLLUl  M.\sO\,  a  famous  builder  of 
locomotives  in  Taunton,  Massachu.setts.  After  learning  his  trade,  he  was 
cmploN'cd  2  }'ears  in  the  national  ar.senal  at  Springfield.  When  24  years  of. 
age,  he  married  Makv  PR.rTT  WiNSLow,  of  Newton,  Ma.ssachu.setts.  whose 
anccstrj-  dates  back  to  the  Mayflpii'er.  In  April,  1849,  lu'  started  to  cross 
the  continent,  with  a  company  of  25  men.  from  Boston  and  its  vicinity-,  and 
arrived  in  Sacramento  September  27tli.  For  12  )-cars,  he  Vvas  engaged  in 
merchandising,  ranching,  and  stock-raising;  and  in  18C2,  he  became  Port- 
warden  in  San  Francisco,  holding  the  office  under  appointment  by  Gov- 
ernor S'l'AXFORD,  and  afterwards  by  Governor  Low.  His  associations  and 
observations  in  that  position  were  aftcnvards  of  value  to  him,  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  m.irine  department  in  his  company.  His  steadfast  courage 
after  the  Chicago  ami  lioston  disasters,  and  the  success  of  the  policy  then 
;ulopted  i)\'  the  company'  uniler  hi-  management,  have  reacted  favorably 
upon  his  standing  as  an  luiderwritcr  and  citizen.  I'or  6  years  he  has  been 
president  of  riii:  San  1-"ranci.sc(>  Board  ok  Underwriters. 

The  Home  Mutual  — I'm:  ili):\iE  Mi:tl'al  Insurance  Comi'Anv,  one 
of  the  most  prosperous  and  jjopular  corporations  of  California,  on^anized 
September  2  2,  1864,  has  pursued  a  uniform  policy,  in  which  the  main  fea- 
tures are  great  caution  in  assuming  risks,  eqviity,  liberality,  and  promptness 
in  meeting  obligations,  and  the  accumulation  of  all  the  net  earnings,  derived 
direct])-  from  its  tire  insurance  husine-s,  for  the  purlM)^leol  mcrcariing  its  sur- 
plus fund.      The  dividends  paid  moiBihly  are  limited  to  one  per  cent.,  and 


IXSUUANXE. 


153 


arc  supplied  exclusively  bj'  the  interest  received  from  investments.  The 
company  has  made  it  a  rule  to  treat  its  patrons  generously,  and  to  avoid 
quibbling  excuses  for  refusal  to  settle  claims.  An  evidence  of  adherence  to 
this  principle  is  furnished  by  the  fact  that,  on  Januar)-  i,  18S::,  the  unsettleil 
losses  amounted  only  to  $6,050 — an  average  figure  for  this  company,  but  a 
very  small  one  in  proportion  to  the  business  transacted.  The  premiums  of 
the  Home  Mutual  amounted  to  $350,000,  out  of  $8iS  1,000  paid  in  1880  to 
the  8  Californian  companies  doing  a  fire  business.  The  proportion  was  about 
the  same  in  1879,  and  the  figures  for  1881  have  not  yet  been  collected  and 
made  p'lblic.  The  prudence  with  which  the  company's  affairs  are  managed 
may  be  inferred  from  its  financial  condition  January  i,  1882.  On  one  side 
the  cash  assets  were  $683,564.76;  on  the  other  side  the  liabilities  were  $481,- 
447.75,  including  $300,000  of  capital,  $171,412  of  reinsurance  reserve,  and 
$io,ooc  of  losses  and  dividend  claims,  leaving  an  actual  net  surplus  of  $202,- 
117.  These  figures  show,  that  if  the  companj-  should  see  fit  to  close  its 
busines.s,  it  could  reinsure  all  its  risks  in  other  trustworthy  companies,  and 
pay  to  its  stockholders  $167  for  every  $100  of  the  capital  stock.  Previous 
to  i8'-'2,  the  company  had  received  $3,824,807  for  premiums,  and  paid  out 
in  losses  $1,792,355.  The  history  of  the  Home  Mutual  has  been  creditable 
from  the  beginning,  and  its  officers  have  a  right  to  feel  proud  of  the  results 
'achieved,  and  of  the  reputation  established. 


J.  F.  Houghton.— J.\MES  Franklix  Houghton,  President  of  TiU'; 
Home  Mutlai,  Insukanck  CoNtPAXV,  and  for  many  years  one  of  the 
prominent  citizens  and  business  men  of  California,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  December  1,  1827,  and  is  a  descendant  of  a  HcjUGHTON,  who 
emigrated  from  Kngland  to  America  in  1C50.  Having  been  educated  in 
civil  engineering,  he  followed  that  profession  4  years,  in  his  native  State  be- 
fore starting,  carl\-  in  1850,  by  wa)-  of  Cape  Horn,  fctr  San  Francisco,  where 
he  arrived  in  April.  Instead  of  going  to  the  mines,  as  did  most  of  the  other 
young  men,  who  came  to  the  land  of  gold  between  1848  and  1853,  he  be- 
came a  partner  in  the  shipjiir','  house  of  R.  D.  Paxteu  &  Co.,  doing  the 
business  in  San  Francisco  ,tnd  Benicia  of  Oils  Rich's  line  of  Californian 
packets,  he  being  at  the  latter  place.  In  1851  he  bought  out  the  business, 
and  in  1853  became  one  of  thf  firm  of  I'INI'.  &  HoUCHTON,  lumber  dealers, 
in  San  h'rancisco,  with  branches  subsequentl)'  established  in  half  a  dozen 
different  places.  In  1862,  he  became  SuiTcyor-general  of  California,  in  the 
first  Republican  .State  administration,  and  having  been  re-elected,  held  the 
office  6  years,  having  important  dutiis  to  |)erform  in  that  capav"ity,  in  addi- 
tion to  those  usually  attached  to  it.  Among  these  were  the  sui'vcy  of  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  State,  and  a  visit  to  Washington,  which  led  to  the 


-   I  i 

;    ,1 

i    '    I' 


m   ! 


. .  li-' 


'54 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


adoption  of  the  national  statute  of  July  23,  1866,  to  settle  land  titles  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  prevent  litigation,  that  would  otherwise  have  resulted  from  the 
injudicious  policy  adopted  b\'  the  State  legislature.  This  remedial  measure 
did  much  to  protect  the  credit  of  California,  and  to  secure  the  comfort  of 
many  of  her  citizens.  In  1S74  "General"  IIOUGHTON,  as  he  is  usually 
st)'lcd  (Surveyor-general,  like  an  Attorney-general,  's  a  general  for  life  by 
courtesy;,  sold  out  his  lumber  business,  moved  to  Oakland,  and  accepted  the 
presidency  of  the  Home  Mutual,  in  which  he  was  the  largest  stockholder. 
]  le  has  held  the  position  continuously  for  the  last  8  years,  and  has  been 
active  and  successful  in  the  managing  of  its  business. 

C.  R.  Story.— ClL\Rl.ES  R.  Story,  secretary  of  the  Home  Mutual  since 
1870,  arrived  in  San  I'rancisco  September,  1849,  ''''  the  bark  La  Grange,  of 
which  he  was  part  owner,  and  which  he  sold,  soon  afterwards,  at  .Sacramento 
for  a  prison,  in  wliich  capacity  she  was  used  for  several  years.  Having 
bought  out  and  consolidated  the  stocks  of  C.  C.  Richmond  &  Co.  and 
W'lLLLVM  RAliE,  he  established  in  San  Francisco  the  drug  store  of  CllARl.ES 
R.  Story  &  Co.,  which  subsequently  changed  to  .SroRV,  Reuixgton  & 
Co.,  and  still  later  to  Redin(;ton  &  Co.,  when  Mr.  Story  withdrew.  He 
has  served  the  city  2  terms  as  ta.x  collector,  and  2  terms  as  .supervisor, 
maintaining,  in  his  official  as  in  private  lilc,  an  e.xxellent  reputation  for  in- 
tegrit)'  anil  capacity. 

The  State  Investment  Insurance  Company. — The  State  Inve.st- 
MENT  I.N.siKA.Ml';  CoMl'A.NV  was  organized  in  December,  1871,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $200,000,  by  A.  J.  BRYANT,  C.  H.  CUSHINC,  P.  DoNAllUE, 
Tyler  Curtis,  J(jiin  Rosi:neeli3,  C.  D.  O'Suleivan,  and  others.  Its 
entire  receipts  from  premiums,  on  December  31,  1881,  had  been  $2,622,243; 
and  its  payments  for  losses  had  been  $1,194,716,  and  for  dividends  $369,000, 
Ic-avin;;  a  net  surplus  of  $76,550,  and  total  assets  of  $383,650.  The  first 
])rosident  of  the  company,  TVE1-"J<  CURTIS,  was  succeeded,  in  1873,  by 
I'El'ER  DONAIIUi:,  with  A.  J.  Bryan  r  as  vice-president  and  acting  president. 
In  1875  Mr.  BryanI"  succeeded  to  the  presidency,  which  office  he  still  holds, 
Richard  Ivers  being  the  vice-president.  Charles  H.  Cushing  has 
been  the  .secretary  from  the  beginning.  The  income  of  the  company,  in  ex- 
cess of  losses  and  expenses,  in  1881,  was  $53,000,  of  which  $27,000  went 
into  dividends,  and  the  remainder  into  the  net  assets.  This  record  ought  to 
satisfy  polic\liolilers  as  well  as  stockholders. 

A.  J.  Bryant.— Mr.  Brvant  is  manager  for  this  coast  of  THE  PACIFIC 
Insurance  Co.mI'ANV  of  New  York,  with  assets  of  $850,000,  and  of  The 
New  Hami'siure  Insurance  Company,  of  Manchester,  New  Hamnshiro. 


INSURANCE. 


'33 


with  assets  of  $750,000.  He  is  a  nati\-c  of  New  Hampshire,  and  a  resident 
of  California  since  1850;  has  been  Mayor  of  San  Francisco  for  two  term.s, 
and  United  States  Naval  Officer  of  the  port  for  one  term. 

Ttie  Commercial  Insurance  Company  of  California,  incorporated  in 
187J,  has  $200,000  of  capital  stock  fully  paid  up,  and  $377,458  of  present 
assets.  Since  the  commencement  of  its  business  it  has  paid  $Soo,ooo  of 
losses.  The  last  .sale  of  its  stock  at  $123  a  share  indicates  a  hiyh  estimate  of 
its  management.  Joiix  H.  Wl.sE,  of  CliRlSTV  &  Wise,  wool  commission 
merchants,  is  president,  and  Cll.\RLES  A.  L.\TOX,  secretary.  The  latter 
has  been  ens^rayjcd  in  the  underwriting,^  business  for  the  last  20  years,  and  is 
resident   aj;;ent,  on    this   coast,  for    1  ME    FiRE    Aksoci.vtion   of  Phila- 

DELI'IIIA. 

Union  Insurance  Company.— The  Uniox  Insurance  Company, 
engaged  in  fire  and  marine  business,  one  of  the  oldest  underwriting  corpora- 
tions in  San  I'V^nci.sco,  has  a  capital  of  $750,000,  and  its  assets  in  the  begin- 
ning of  1882  were  $1,036,000.  TiiE  Western  ]"ire  and  iMarine  Insur- 
ance Company  and  The  Oakland  Home  Insurance  Company  are 
other  Californian  institution.s. 

The  Pacific  Mutual  Life— the  only  life  insurance  company  on  our 
coast.  The  Pacific  Mutu.vl  Life  Insurance  Company  of  Cali- 
fornia is  now  14  years  old,  having  been  organized  in  18C8.  The  capital 
stock  at  the  time  of  organization  amounted  to  $100,000,  all  paid  up  in  cash, 
witii  a  guaranty  fund  of  $250,000,  consisting  of  notes  of  responsible  par- 
ties. These  notes  have  been  retired,  and  no  liability  therefore  now  rests  on 
the  corporation.  The  assets  of  the  company,  December  31,  1 88 1,  amounted 
to  $1,015,200,  and  the  liabilities,  including  reserve  on  policies  outstanding, 
to  $847,197,  leaving  a  surplus  of  $168,000.  The  aggregate  of  the  insurance 
in  force  is  $7,250,000;  the  losses  paid  to  representatives  of  deceased  policy- 
holders have  been  $1,050,000;  the  sum  paid  for  matured  indowments, 
$375,000;  anil  $800,000  have  been  paid  for  cash  surrender  values  on  lapsed 
and  surrendered  jKilicies,  and  for  di\idends  to  policyholders.  The  company' 
has  loaned  to  citizens  of  our  coast,  on  real  estate  security,  more  than  $2,000,- 
000,  thus  materiall)-  aiding  the  development  of  the  natural  resources  of  tiie 
country.  LliL.VNl)  SlANFORIi  was  jiresident  until  1877,  when  the  press  of 
other  duties  compelled  him  to  resign,  lie  was  then  succeeded  by  JoiIX  If. 
Carroll,  ami  he,  in  i8,So,  by  Dr.  GEORGE  A.  MOORE,  the  present  head  of 
the  compan)',  who  has  been  in  the  business  for  25  jcars,  ha\ing  been  an 
cm[jlo\'ec  and  oflicer  of  se\'eral  eastern  companies,  thus  acquiring  an  exten- 
sive e.vperieiici'  and  fauiiliarits'  with  the  lules  of  sountl   life  insurance      Dr. 


Ill 


156 


COMMERCK,    ETC. 


I  n,v 


ill 


t  f- 


l 'li!.^- 


\V.  R.  Cluxess  is  vice-president  and  medical  director,  and  E.  R.  MOTT,  Jr., 
is  secrctar)-.  The  boanl  uf  directors  consists  of  careful  and  competent  busi- 
ness men,  and  the  Pacific  Mutual  Life  is  deservedly  growing  in  the  confi- 
dence of  the  communit)-  and  in  the  amount  of  its  patronage. 

Hutchinson  &  Mann- — One  of  the  best  safeguards  in  undcr\vriting  on 
tliis   coast,  where  so  large  a  percentage  of  the  buildings  are  frame  struc- 
tures, is  that  numerous   wealthy  companies,  in  the  Atlantic   States  and  in 
lun-ope,  should  participate,  so  that  no  one  company  siiould,  if  juiliciously 
managed,  be  exposed  to  serious  danger  of  bankruptcy,  even  in  case  of  a 
vciy  great  conflagration.     To  provide  such  a  broad   basis  of  foreign  and 
eastern  seciuit\',  has  been  the  ambition  of  HUTCIIIXSOX  &  MaW,  who,  in 
the  magnitutle  of  bn 'incss  and  the  number  of  companies  represented,  have 
the  leading  agency  on  this  side  of  the  continent,  and  their  subordinate  agents 
arc  to  be  found  in  all  the  notable  towns  of  California,  Oregon,  Washington, 
Ne\ada,  Arizona,  Utah,  Montana,  Texas,  and  Colorado.     They  represent  2 
marine  companies:  TlIK  LONDON  PROVINCIAI,  MARINE  INSURANCE  COM- 
I'ANV  with  $6,278,362  of  assets,  and  La   Foncii-.RE  MaRIXE   Ixsi:raxce 
COMPAXY,  of  Paris,  with  $2,090,400;  and  10  fire  insurance  companies:  TllE 
GiRAUn  IXSURAXCE  CoMI'AXV,  of  Philadelphia,  with  $1,132,485  of  assets; 
The  St.  Paul  Inscraxce  Co^rrAxv,  of  St.  Paul,  with  $873,727;  The 
Watertowx  Fire  Ixsuraxce  Comtan'y,  of  New  York,  with  $1,069,075; 
Till.  Xi.w  Orleans  Ixsuraxce  Comtaxv,  with  $323,248;  Tin;  People's 
iNsukAXCE  CoMi'AXV,  of  Newark,  with  $474,880;  The  Teutoxe\  Ixsur- 
Axci;  Company,  of  New  Orleans,  with  $410,376;  The  Dwelling-House 
Underwriters,  of  New  York,  with  $2,496,379;  La  Coxeiaxce  Insur- 
ance Company,  of  Paris,  with  $6,679,565;  and  TiiE  P'lRE  IxsuRAXCE 
Association,  of  London,  with  $1,349,943.     The  aggregate  of  the  available 
cash  assets  of  these  companies,  as  gi\en  by  their  statements  in  1S81,  is  $23,- 
802,877.     In  1881,  HiTciiixsoN  &  Manx  collected  $712,708  in  premiums 
(including  $167,678  on  marine  risks,  $5 18,030  on  fire  risks  taken  by  companies 
which  they  represent,  an<l  $27,000  on   risks  ])laced  b)-  them  in  other  com- 
panies), and  had  $454,297  of  net  receipts,  after  paying  $42,524  losses  on 
marine  risks,  $210,887  on  fire  risks  taken  by  their  own  companies,  and  $5,000 
en  risks  given  to  other  comiJanies.     I'2ver)-  company  which  the)'  have  repre- 
sented has  been  a  gainer  tiy  their  agency.     The  figures  of  their  business, 
and  the  high  standing  of  the  companies  in  their  list,  arc  guaranties  of  the 
standing  of  the  firm.     Their  fair  dealing  in  cases  of  loss,  their  promptitude 
in  making  settlements,  their  long  experience,  and  their  numerous  subordi- 
nate agencies,  lia\e  given  a  regular  increase  to  their  business,  which  began 
with  only  3  C(jm[)anies  in  1872,  when  the  firm  of  HUTCUINSON,  Mann  & 


II 


INSURANCE. 


157 


Smith  was  organized,  Mr.  SMITH  withdrew  in  1S76,  when  the  present  title 
was  assumed.  Cil.v.MnoN  I.  Hutchinson,  known  in  San  Francisco  as 
General  Hutchinson,  a  nati\c  of  Connecticut,  born  in  1815,  has  been  a 
prominent  citizen  in  California  since  his  arrival  in  1S50.  In  that  }-car  he 
became  the  senior  partner  in  a  mercantile  firm  in  .Sacramento  City,  then  a 
place  of  8,000  inhabitants,  and  the  sales  of  the  house  in  a  single  year  ex- 
ceeded .$400,000.  Recognized  as  a  man  of  trustworthy  character  and  ca- 
pacity, he  was  elected  member  of  the  city  council,  and  in  1852  he  was  cho.scn 
mayor.  Having  become  part  owner  of  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Yolo  County, 
he,  with  his  partner,  harvested  3,500  acres  of  grain  in  one  year,  perhaps  the 
first  farming  enterprise,  on  such  a  large  .scale,  on  our  coast.  Such  were  his 
beginnings  in  California.  The  history  of  his  insurance  agencj-  makes  up  the 
greater  part  of  the  later  period  of  his  life.  His  partner,  a  native  of  Michigan, 
still  in  the  prime  of  his  years,  has  made  a  special  study  of  all  the  details  of 
undenvriting  on  our  coast. 

liion  Insurance  Company.— Although  The  Lion  Fire  Insurance 
COMI'.VNV,  of  I'Ingland,  has  only  recentl)-  made  its  advent  into  the  business 
of  California,  it  has  already  assumed  a  prominent  position  in  underwriting 
circles.  Its  certificate  of  ailmission  was  granted  b)-  the  insurance  connnis- 
sioner  in  April,  1880,  HUTCIIIXSON  &  Mann  being  then  its  general  agents. 
In  July,  1880,  the  connection  of  that  firm  with  the  company  was  terminated, 
and  the  Pacific  Branch  was  organized  in  San  Francisco  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Georc.e  D.  Doknin,  with  WiLLiA.M  Se.vton  as  assistant  man- 
ager, all  the  territoiy  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  being  placed  under  their 
jurisdiction.  The  Lion  has  a  capital  of  .$5,000,000,  including  $1,000,000  fully 
l)aid,  the  residue  being  available,  under  the  law  of  Great  Britain,  to  the  last 
dollar,  for  meeting  all  liabilities.  The  company  has  a  high  reputation  for 
prudence  and  capacity  of  management  in  the  home  office,  and  Mr.  DoR- 
NIN's  experience  and  reputation  promise  well  for  its  business  on  this  coast. 
He  became  the  agent  of  a  prominent  Hartford  Companj-  in  a  flourishing 
Californiaii  mining  town  in  1863,  and  after  i  years  was  promoted  .0  be  spe- 
cial agent  and  adjuster,  which  he  resignetl  in  1871,10  accept  the  general 
agency  of  The  Fireman's  Fund  Insura.scE  Comtanv,  of  which  he  be- 
came the  secretary  in  r873;  and,  after  remaining  8  )X"ars  in  that  capacity, 
assumed  the  management  of  the  Lion.  Recognizing  to  the  fullest  extent 
the  value  of  harmonious  action,  he  has  Iieen  an  active  supporter  of  the  Board 
of  L^ndcrwriters,  ,ind  that  bod\-  selected  him  as  one  of  the  committeemen 
whose  dut)  it  should  be  to  defenil  the  interests  of  the  business  against  the 
mi.schievous  bills  introduceil  in  the  C  ilifornian  legislative  .sessions  of  1880 
and  1881,  the  selection  being  a  lecognition  of  his  familiarit)-  with  legisi.itivc 
affairs  as  well  as  with  the  details  and  general  polic)-  of  underw  riling. 


I  v> 


COMMERCE,    1;TC. 


Macdonahl  &  Ilawes.— Macdonald  &  IIawt.s  (William  Macdoxald 
and  Olivi;!<  Hawks),  the  general  agents  of  tlic  Pacific  departments  of 
Tiiic  CoNMXTicuT  FiRi-:  Insurance  Company,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
and  of  The  Scottish  Union  and  National  Insurance  Company,  of 
lulinburgh,  have  been  identified  with  the  insurance  business  of  this  coast  for 
the  ]5ast  15  years.  They  have  agencies  in  all  the  principal  points  from  the 
Pacific  Coast  to  Kansas,  and  from  British  America  to  Mexico.  The  Con- 
necticut Fire  Insurance  Company,  of  Hartford,  is  the  third  oldest  of 
the  Hartford  Insurance  Companies,  has  a  paid-up  capital  of  $1,000,000,  and 
cash  assets  of  nearly  double  that  amount.  This  company  has  been  doing 
an  extensi\-c  business  on  this  coast  for  many  years,  having  h.ad  an  agency 
in  this  city  nearly  25  years  ago,  and  no  claimant,  under  any  of  their  poli- 
cies, has  had  to  appeal  to  the  courts  to  collect  a  loss.  The  Coast  Rcvicii\ 
the  insurance  journal  of  our  coast,  speaks  thus  of  The  Scottish  Union 
and  National  Insurance  Co.nh'any,  of  Edinburgh:  "This  company  is 
among  the  oldest  and  strongest  companies  in  the  world.  Its  organization 
dates  back  to  1824.  Of  the  95  companies  doing  business  on  this  coast,  and 
the  169  reporting  to  the  New  York  insurance  department,  in  point  of  paid- 
up  capital  it  ranks  No.  9,  while  in  point  of  assets  it  ranks  No.  6.  Adding 
its  subscribed  capital,  subject  to  call,  amounting  to  over  $20,000,000,  which, 
under  the  stringent  laws  of  Great  Britain  governing  unpaid  capital,  as  fully 
illustrated  in  the  failure  of  the  Glasgow  Bank,  is  available  to  the  last  dollar 
for  its  liabilities,  it  stands  at  the  head  of  all  the  companies  doing  business  in 
America;  making  in  all,  in  actual  resources,  $33,767,890.68,  and  every 
polic}'  issued  pledges  on  its  face,  and  in  its  contract  binds  its  actual  fire 
assets,  every  dciliar  of  its  authorized  and  subscribed  capital  of  $30,000,000 
to  the  payment  of  its  fire  losses."  This  company  has  on  dci)osit  in  the 
United  States  $820,338.  IlAiiAN  &  ManiiEI.M,  at  401  California  Street, 
h.ive  the  San  I'rancisco  agenc)-  of  the  companies  above  mentioned,  and  J. 
Bachman  &  Bro.,  of  Portland,  arc  the  State  agents  for  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington. 


Dickson's  Agency  — Among  the  insurance  agencies  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
that  of  kDHEKT  Dickson,  at  441  California  Street,  occupies  ,1  prominent 
place,  lie  is  the  manager  in  San  I'rancisco  of  4  great  British  companies, 
witli  $43,000,000  of  aggregate  capita!  and  surplus,  including  Till',  lMPERL\L 
iMRh  Insurance  Comp.wv,  of  London,  with  $8,000,000  ca])ital ;  The 
London  Assurance.  Corpora  i'Ion,  the  oldest  fire  insurance  company 
doing  business  in  America,  with  $4,500,000  capital  ;  TlIE  NORTHERN  As- 
SUR.VNCE  Company,  of  London  and  Aberdeen,  with  $15,000,000  capital; 
and  Tin;  OuEEN  Insuranci:  Company,  of  Liverpool,  with  $10,000,000 
capital.      Mr.  Du  Kso.N  issues  policies  with  the  signature  of  1  Ion.  W.\l.  La.NE 


INSURANCE. 


159 


BOOKKR  (British  Consul),  as  attorney  in  fact  of  the  4  companies,  binding 
them  jointly,  and  giving  a  magnificent  assurance  to  the  policyholders. 

A.  D.  Smith.— A.  D.  S.MITII,  310  California  Street,  San  Francisco,  is  the 
general  manager  for  this  coast  of  Till':  Am.vzon  Insur.VXCE  Comp.\NV,  of 
Cincinnati,  with  $300,000  of  capital,  and  $475,000  of  net  suri)lus  to  policy- 
holders; TlIE  M.VNIIATTAN  Fire  iNSURAXCECOMrAXV,  of  New  York,  with 
$250,000  of  capital,  and  $390,000  of  surplus;  and  TlIE  NOKTIl-WKSTERN 
National  Insurance  Company,  of  IMilwaukcc,  with  .$600,000  of  capital, 
and  $830,000  of  surplus  for  policyholders.  Mr.  SMITH,  a  native  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  a  resident  of  California  since  1863,  has  been  engaged  in  the 
insurance  business  for  16  ycar.s,  and  for  4  years  was  deputy  insurance 
commissioner  under  Commissioner  Mowc. 

Louis  Jacoby.— The  Providence  Washington  Insurance  Company, 
of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  with  $890,000  of  as.sets,  TliE  PUESCOTT  IN- 
SURANCE Company,  of  Boston,  with  $3 1 1,000  of  assets,  and  TlIE  PRUSSIAN 
National  Insurance  Company,  of  Stettin,  Germany,  with  $2,904,000  of 
assets,  arc  represented  in  San  Francisco  by  LouiS  jACOnv,  who  is  their  agent 
for  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Wm.  G.  Elliott.— The  Pacific  departments  of  THE  COMMERCIAL  iMRK 
Insurance  Company,  of  New  York,  with  $5  30,000  of  assets,  and  The  Ai.li;- 
MANNiA  Fire  Insurance  Company,  of  Pittsburg,  with  $309,000  of  .assets, 
are  under  the  management  of  Wm.  G.  Elliott  as  general  agent.  He 
has  been  an  underwriter  in  San  Francisco  since  1870,  and  his  office  is  at  440 
California  Street. 

C.  T.  Hopkins.— Caspar  Thomas  Hopkins,  son  of  the  distinguished 
Bishop  Hopkins,  of  Vermont  (bishop  of  the  Protcstaut  Episcoi)al  Church}, 
was  born  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  1S26,  and  bred  to  manhood  in  the 
Green  Mountain  State.  After  spending  4  years  of  his  later  boyhood  on  u 
farm  at  hard  work,  he  completed  his  education  at  college,  graduating  second 
in  a  class  of  30.  He  had  learned  mucli  of  many  mechanical  occupation.s, 
anil  was  a  good  musician,  but  he  had  not  mastered  any  profession,  and  his 
first  occupation  after  leaving  college  was  editorship,  which  he  abandoned  to 
come  to  California,  reaching  San  Francisco  in  June,  1849.  He  became,  by 
turns,  miner,  carpenter,  house  and  sign-painter,  master  of  a  schooner,  teacher, 
surveyor,  organist,  writer  for  a  newsiiaper,  shipbroker,  importer,  clerk  in  the 
custom-house,  and  underwriter.  While  in  the  custom-house,  in  [853,  he 
married;  and  when  he  became  an  insurance  agent,  in  1855,  he  found  the 
business  fur  whicii  he  had  been  searching,  and  which  was  to  be  his  occupa- 


III 


1% 


& .  .if' 


1 60 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


i 


tion  for  life.  Five  years  later  he  suggested,  and,  with  Dr.  MerrTTT's  help, 
organized  Tin:  C.\i.n"OKN!.\  Insur.wce  Comp.v.w,  of  which  he  has  been 
an  officer  c\cr  since.  As  an  underwriter,  he  has  brought  success  to  every 
conipan\- with  which  he  has  been  connected,  though  he  has  not  accumulated 
a  large  fortune  for  himself 

Mr.  Hopkins  is  a  man  of  rare  public  spirit.  While  avoiding  political 
partisanship,  at  least  so  far  as  the  seeking  for  office  is  concerned,  he  has  par- 
ticipateil  actively  and  influentiall)-,  without  scheming  for  individual  profit  or 
prominence,  in  many  of  the  most  important  public  movements  of  San  Tran- 
ci.sco.  He  was  secretary  of  the  first  musical  society  and  of  the  first  insur- 
ance company  of  the  city,  president  of  the  California  Immigration  Society, 
secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  for  several  years,  and  secretary  of  TllE 
]jO.\RD  or  !M.\RI\];  UNDER\VKrri:RS  for  the  last  16  j-ears ;  and  in  1872  lie  was 
appointed  a  committeeman,  together  with  R.  G.  Sneatii  and  J.  S.  Ha(.;i;k, 
to  \isit  St.  Louis, and  examine  whether  San  Francisco  ought  to  aid  the  con- 
struction of  the  j\tlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad.  It  is,  however,  chiefiy  as  an 
author  and  writer  of  pamphlets,  and  unpaid  contributions  to  the  local  press, 
that  Mr.  HorKlN.s  has  exerted  a  strong  influence  on  the  community.  He 
writes  fluentl)-  and  forcibly,  studies  his  subjects  carefully  before  venturing 
into  print,  and  never  says  anything  unless  ho  has  sometliing  worthy  of  con- 
sideration. He  watches  clo.scly  the  cour.-.e  of  the  government,  and  the  ten- 
dencies of  commercial  and  industrial  business,  and  being  a  man  of  extensive 
information,  restless  mind,  and  independent  thought,  a  multitude  of  ideas 
occur  to  him.  These  he  investigates  for  his  own  satisfaction,  and  when  he 
believes  he  has  fi)und  something  that  would  benefit  the  public  he  thinks  it 
his  duty  to  publish  it.  He  has  said  that  he  "considered  himself  bound  to 
render  to  the  community  even  more  than  an  equivalent  for  his  living;"  and 
the  attention  which  his  articles  and  pamphlets  have  commanded,  has  en- 
couraged him  to  continue  such  public-spirited  labors,  even  when  they  im- 
posed some  sacrifice  upon  him.  From  his  pen  appeared  the  first  suggestions 
for  banking  corporations  to  supersede  the  banking  houses  of  individuals,  for 
the  repression  of  fraudulent  insurance  companies,  and  for  a  State  railroad 
commission.  The  first  elaborate  printed  argument  against  Chinese  immi- 
gration, and  the  first  comprehensive  statement  of  the  ad\antages  of  I'uget 
Sound  for  shipbuilding,  were  from  his  pen.  In  1S71  he  published  a  book, 
entitled  ,1  Manual  of  Aiiicricait  Ideas,  to  give  information  to  schoolchildren 
and  foreigners  about  our  go\ernment.  His  latest  contribution  to  politico- 
economical  literature  is  an  essay  to  ]3rove  that  all  la.xes  should  be  levied  on 
land  and  its  improvements.  He  has  contributed  niateriall)' to  give  direction 
to  the  thought  and  business  of  California  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century. 


i' 


INSUUANXE. 


I6l 


Jacobs  &  Easton.— Jacop.s  &  ICastox,  who  represent  9  nf  the  strong- 
est and  most  reliable  insurance  companies  in  the  United  States  (with  more 
than  $10,000,000  of  aggregate  assets),  rank  among  the  leading  agency  firms 
in  San  Francisco,  being  surpassed  by  only  4  others  in  the  amount  of  their 
city  jiremium  receipts.  The>-  arc  general  agents  for  this  coast  of  TllK 
TkaijKRs'  Insuranck  CoMi'ANV,  of  Chicago,  with  $1,034,598  of  assets; 
Tin-.  BriiALo  C.erman  I.xsuranci:  Comi'a.nv,  of  Ruffalo,  with  $900,- 
956  of  assets;  TiiK  Gi.iix.s  FALLS  IxsuRANCE  CoMPAXV  with  $1,1 15,41  j 
of  assets;  TllK  TradksMEX's  IxsURA.XCE  Co.MPAXV,  of  Xew  York,  with 
$544,441  of  assets;  TlIK  SrRIXGIIKLD  FiRK  axd  .Marixk  Ixsuraxce 
Co.MPAXV,  of  Springfield,  Massachu.setts,  with  $2,255,807  of  as.sets;  The 
Oriext  Ixsuraxce  Compaxy,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut,  with  $1,419,521 
of  assets;  TlIE  SHOE  AXD  LEATHER  IXSURAXCE  COMPAXY,  of  Boston, 
with  $1,102,236  of  a.sscts;  THE  UXKJX  IXSURAXCE  Compaxy,  of  Phila- 
delphia, with  $cS94,562  of  assets;  and  The  MERCHANTS*  INSURANCE  Com- 
pany, of  Newark,  Xew  Jersey,  with  $L  1 28,994  of  assets.  Their  jurisdiction 
for  these  companies  includes  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  ]\Iountains, 
and  they  have  occupied  this  vast  field  with  numerous  subordinate  agencies, 
under  their  supcr\ision.  The  present  firm,  successors  to  PoTTER,  jACons  & 
Easton,  was  formed  in  1875;  and  prior  to  that  time  both  members  of  the 
firm  were  engaged  in  insurance  agency  for  many  years,  justly  earning  the 
title  of  veterans  in  the  busines.s.  In  the  last  6  years  they  have  written 
nearly  $1,250,000  in  premiums  for  their  companies,  and  they  have  met  and 
paid  promptly  nearl_\-  $350,000  in  losses  for  their  several  companies.  Their 
office  is  at  216  Sansomc  Street. 


■ 


l62 


COMMERCE.   ETC. 


CHAPTER  VIII.— RAILROADS. 


I!  ■  a . 


Early  Railroad  Projects. — The  circumstances  of  California  were  prc- 
tli)inin;intK-  uiilavorable  to  railroad  con.itruction  for  )ears  after  the  {^old 
ilisco\ery.  California  could  not  profitably  build  a  road  to  the  Mississippi, 
then  the  western  boundar>-  fur  the  locomotive  in  America;  nor  did  ca.stern 
capitali>ts  show  a  disposition  to  push  iron  tracks  out  to  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains. l!ut  the  main  railroad  want  of  California  was  for  a  direct  connection 
with'thc  Missi.s-sippi,  so  that  passengers,  mails,  and  freights  could  make  the 
trip  across  the  continent  in  the  Temperate  Zone,  and  in  a  wetk,  instead  of 
spending  3 '2  weeks  by  way  of  Panama. 

For  their  local  business  within  the  limits  of  their  own  State,  the  Califor- 
nians  had  in  1854  no  urgent  need  of  the  locomotive.  The  bays  and  rivers 
tributary  to  the  Ciolden  Gate  were  well  adapted  to  accommodate  an  exten- 
sive traffic  b)-  steamboat  and  schooner.  No  route  by  rail  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Stockton,  Sacramento,  and  Marysville,  the  river  ports  which  took 
nine  tenths  of  the  freight,  could  be  so  short  or  cheap  as  thai  by  water.  The 
merchandise  was  carried  to  50  important  mining  camps  by  roads  radiating 
out  from  each  of  these  ports,  like  the  ribs  of  a  fan,  each  road  following  up 
a  canyon  or  narrow  ridge  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  quantity  of  freight 
sent  to  each  town  was  very  large  in  proportion  to  its  number  of  inhabitants; 
iiut  not  sufficient  to  maintain  a  railroad,  and  besides,  the  business  of 
placer  mining  was  visibly  and  certainly  declining.  No  ridge  or  canyon  had 
l)ermanent  ])opulation  enough  to  sustain  a  railroad,  nor  could  a  road  be  built 
with  profit  to  cross  the  course  of  the  ridges  in  the  auriferous  belt. 

Pacific  Railroad  Agitation. — The  idea  of  a  railroad  across  our  continent, 
on  i\merican  territoi}-,  (jccurred  to  many  different  persons  as  early  as  1840, 
in  vague  anticipation  of  an  indefinite  future.  At  a  connnercial  convention 
heUl  in  St.  Louis  in  1849,  Tilo.M.vs  H.  15i:\Tu.\  dcclareil  himself  in  favor 
of  a  railroad,  to  be  built  by  the  States  or  individuals  from  New  York  to  St. 
Louis,  and  thence  to  San  I-'rancisco  by  the  National  Government.  An 
association  was  organized  in  New  York  in  1852  to  build  The  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  in  March  the  subscription-books  were  opened  in  San 


RAILROADS. 


163 


I'Vancisco.  The  cntcr])rise  was  u  ,;cd  on  puhlic  attention  by  editors  and 
politicians,  and  o?i  the  third  of  March,  1853,  (.'ongrcss  autliorizcd  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  t(3  make  surveys  t'>  find  the  most  suitable  routes.  The  cx- 
])lorations,  commenced  in  thr  rullowing  summer,  and  continued  r<ir4  \ears, 
led  to  the  di.scovery  of  the  advantages  of  the  4  routes  since  adopted  ap- 
proximately by  companies  which  have  completed  or  commenced  their  roads. 

California  being  more  interested  than  any  other  portion  of  the  Union  in 
the  project,  held  a  .Stale  Con\eiUion  in  October,  icS53,  to  consider  what 
should  be  done  to  help  it  along;  but  the  theory  of  the  Democratic  l'art\-, 
then  dominant,  that  Congress  has  no  constitutional  power  to  aid  internal 
imnroNcnicnts,  represented  by  prominent  speakers,  prevented  an  agreement 
on  any  plan  of  action.  Nothing  worthy  of  note  was  done  in  the  following 
year,  but  in  1.S55  a  road  was  built  from  .Sacramento  City  to  Folsom,  a  dis- 
tance of  22  mills,  for  the  purpo.sesof  -ecuring  the  trade  of  one  of  the  richest 
placer  districts  and  obtaining  conti  ■  if  the  route  across  the  .Sierra  .Vevada 
best  suited  for  railroad  purposes.  It  vas  ••»  the  lain  line  of  wagcjn  travel 
across  the  continent;  and  even  if  the  iron  track  from  the  ^lissouri  River 
should  not  be  laid  for  many  years,  might  obtain  a  <  msiderablc  trade  from 
Ut.ah.  The  cars  began  to  run  on  the  first  of  January,  1S56,  22  miles  to 
Folsom,  and  some  yuars  later  reached  .Shingle  .Springs,  but  the  current  ex- 
penses and  charges  were  high  and  the  investment  iniprofitable.  No  route 
in  California  then  promisetl  more  business  in  proportion  to  distance,  and 
the  result  was  discouragement  to  all  similar  projects. 

A  .second  Pacific  Railroad  convention,  hekl  in  San  Francisco,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1S59,  adopted  a  resolution  in  favor  of  an  appropriation  of  $15,000,000 
by  the  legislature  to  aid  the  construction  of  the  road  across  California,  if 
the  national  government  would  build  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  This  proposed  heavy  burden  on  the  State  treasury  was  considered 
preferable  to  the  stagnation  that  threatened  the  community  if  the  hoi)e  of 
the  iron  track  were  abandoned  or  deferred  indefinitely.  The  trip  from  New- 
York  to  San  Francisco  by  way  of  Panama  was  long  and  uncomfurtable,  and 
the  extortion  practiced  by  Tllic  PANAMA  RAILROAD  COMPANV,  ami  the 
high  prices  sometimes  demanded  by  the  steamships,  made  the  ]>cople  feel 
the  need  of  a  land  route.  The  great  and  varied  agricultural  resources  of 
Oregon  and  California,  then  beginning  to  impress  themselves  on  the  public 
mind,  could  not  be  developed  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  nation,  without 
the  magical  help  of  the  railroad. 

The  prospect,  however,  was  discouraging.  The  strict  construction  faction 
of  the  Democratic  Party,  then  dominant  in  the  administration  and  in  Con- 
gress, denied  the  constitutional  power  of  the  national  government  to  build 
such  work.s,  but  was  willing,  for  the  sake  of  catching  vote.s,  to  make  vague 


ill 


ri. 


1(34 


COMMKRCE,    tTC. 


!  li' 


promises,  ;is  it  hatl  done  in  1S56.  Tlie  anxictj'  of  tlic  southern  politicians 
to  check  the  agitation  aL,Minst  slavcr\- was  not  consistent  with  national  road- 
building;  (jr  anj'  other  policy  that  woultl  stimulate  the  settlement  of  the  ter- 
ritories. 

Subsidy  Granted.  -Hell)  came  to  the  railroad  project  from  sources 
whence  little  was  expected.  The  division  of  the  Democratic  Party  in  1S60, 
let!  to  the  o\erthrow  of  the  strict  constructionists,  and  to  the  election  of  a 
Re[)ublican  administration  favorable  to  the  enterprise  and  to  the  i)olic\'  of 
fiUin;..;  the  Territories  with  free  settlers.  The  f^rcat  national  calamit)'  of  the 
ci\  il  war  f;a\e  imjiortance  to  the  measure  for  military  ])uri)oses,  and  the 
enormous  expenditure  on  the  army  and  navy  made  the  proposed  bond  sub- 
sidy of  $50,ooo,0(X)  look  like  a  tritle. 

The  bill  to  provide  for  the  construction  of  a  I'.icific  Railroad  from  San 
Francisco  or  .Sacramento  to  the  .Missouri  River,  by  the  Central  Pacific  and 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  Companies,  became  a  law  July  2,  I<S62,  and  gave 
6,4CXD  acres  of  land,  and  loaned  national  bonds  averaging  $35,000  ft)r  each 
mile  of  road.  The.se  bonds  were  to  be  a  first  mortgage  on  the  ro,-^d,  and 
were  to  be  issued  in  lots  for  each  section  of  40  miles  of  completed  road. 
The  act  incorporated  TllK  Umox  Pacikic  R.MLRO.Mj  Comp.WY  to  build 
the  road  westwaril  from  the  ^lissouri  Riser,  and  gave  the  subsid\'  for  the 
construction  eastward  from  .Sacramento  to  TlIE  Ci:.\'rR.\J,  P.vciiic  R.\ii.- 
KO.\l)  CoMl'.\.NV,  iM'eviousK-  incorporated  at  Sacramento,  where  all  the  direct- 
ors resided. 

Without  hesitation  or  tlelaj-  they  accepted  the  congressional  grant,  an- 
nounced their  intention  to  build  the  niad,  and  sent  out  sur\e)-ors  to  find  a 
route.  The  legislature  of  I1S63  ])assed  a  bill  promising  $500,000  of  subsidy 
for  the  completion  of  the  first  50  miles;  $200,000  to  issue  when  the  track 
was  laid  for  the  first  JO  miles.  Other  bills  adopted  at  the  same  time,  [)ro- 
\ided  that  the  counties  of  San  I'^ancisco,  .Sacramento,  and  Placnr,  .should 
vote  on  proposals  to  subscribe  for  Central  Pacific  slock,  and  pa\'  in  county 
bonds  of  ecpial  amount,  the  aggregate  for  the  3  counties  to  be  $1,150,000. 
The  people  decided  in  favor  of  the  subsidy  in  every  case,  and  the  bonds 
were  issued  by  Sacramento  and  Placer  in  accordance  witii  the  statutes,  but 
the  .supervisors  of  San  Francisco  refused  to  take  the  measures  necessary  to 
get  Central  I'acific  stock.  They  were  afraid  that  the  road  would  not  be 
built,  and  that  under  the  indivirlual  liability  clause  of  the  .State  constitution, 
the  city  treasury  might  be  held  responsible  for  a  large  sum,  in  case  the  com- 
])any  should  become  bankrupt.  This  policy  was  approved  by  the  metro- 
jjolitan  bankers  and  capitalists,  who  would  not  touch  the  stock,  and  by 
the  city  press.  It  was  the  common  opinion  that  the  compan)-  had  not  the 
means  tf)  build  the  road  to  the  summit  of  the  .Sierra.     The  following  legis- 


u 


KAII.KiiADS. 


165 


laturc — that  of  1S63-64 — repealed  the  act  of  the  previous  session,  to  give 
$500,000  for  the  completion  of  50  miles,  ami  ])asseci  a  new  one,  promising 
to  pay  the  interest  for  20  years  on  $1,500,000  of  7  per  cent,  bonds — the  total 
amount  of  tlic  interest  money  to  be  $2,100,000.  In  return  fortius  the  com- 
p.iny  was  to  transport  troops,  munitions  of  war,  various  supplies,  and  convicts 
or  lunatics,  in  custody  of  State  officials,  without  ch.iri,'e.  Tiic  bonds,  the 
interest  of  which  was  to  be  paid  by  the  State,  were  sold  reailily. 

The  Last  Spike. — I'ortunately  for  the  Central  and  L'nion  I'acific  Com- 
panies, Conj,'ress  passed  a  su|)plementary  act  Julj'  2,  1.S64,  tjreatly  enlar^'iii.' 
and  modifyini,'  their  subsidies.  The  new  statute  doubled  the  amount  of 
land  yrant,  allowed  tiie  companies  to  take  the  land  so  soon  as  the_\-  had  finished 
each  section  of  20  miles — instead  of  40  as  before — and  insteail  of  compelliiiLf 
them  to  wait  for  their  bonds  till  each  section  of  40  miles  should  be  cimi- 
))leted,  allowetl  them  to  obtain  two  thirds  of  their  bonds  for  each  section  of 
20  miles  so  soon  as  the  gradinj,^  w;is  done.  Another  amenilment,  equal  in 
importance  to  all  the  others,  was  tha*:  the  Government,  instead  of  takinjj  a 
first  mortgage  for  the  bond  subsidy,  consented  that  the  companies  should 
give  a  first  mortgage  of  equal  amount  to  capitalists. 

After  the  municipal  authorities  of  San  Francisco  had  maintained  their 
.struggle  against  the  companj'  in  the  courts  for  a  )-ear,  they  compromised, 
by  giving  $400,000  of  cit>'  bonds  outright  to  the  company,  instead  o(  pur- 
chasing $600,000  of  stock  with  an  ecjual  amount  in  bonds.  The  company 
were  now  able  to  commence  work  energetically.  They  had  $1,500,000  of 
bond.s,  on  which  the  State  was  to  pay  interest ;  $400,000  of  .San  Fran- 
cisco bonds;  $300,000  of  Sacramento  bonds;  $250,000  of  Placer  bonds, 
and  was  to  receive  $48,000  in  National  bonds  for  every  mile  built  beyond 
Arcade;  and  besides  had  the  privilege  of  giving  a  first  mortgage  for  $48,- 
000  a  mile  on  the  road.  The  rise  in  the  National  credit,  accomi)an\ing  the 
overthrow  of  the  rebellion,  occurred  when  little  work  had  as  jet  been  done, 
and  before  there  was  an  opportunity  to  sacrifice  many  of  the  bonds.  For- 
tune seemed  to  favor  them  at  every  turn ;  but  they  were  men  who  had  the 
capacity  to  prcjjare  for  possible  opportunities,  and  to  seize  them  skillfully 
and  firmly  at  the  most  favorable  moment. 

The  road  from  Sacramento  to  I'olsom  had  been  extended  to  Shingle 
Springs,  and,  in  the  hands  of  their  enemies,  waged  a  troublesome  opposition 
in  politics,  in  freights  to  Nevada,  in  the  newspapers,  and  in  the  courts.  The 
directors  of  the  Central  Pacific  bought  up  a  controlling  influence  in  its  stock, 
and  all  competition  ceased.  Hut  notwithstanding  all  the  energy  of  the  rail- 
road builders,  the  track  advanced  very  slowly  up  the  western  side  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  it  was  not  until  June,   1868,  that  the  first  train  passed 


m 


iCG 


co^vm:RC\i,  inc. 


throufjii  the  summit  tunnel,  douri  to  the  baiil<s  tif  the  Truckee.  The 
compaii}  had  hccn  ucukin;,;  more  than  5 '^  j'car.s  l)cfore  linishinj;-  105  mile.s 
of  icjaii.  But  they  hail  sent  yrac'ers  far  out  into  Xexatla  eari\-  in  1.SG8, 
aiul  iiaii  accunuiialed  lari^e  suppHes  of  material,  so  tiiat  the  o[jenin,L;  of 
the  roail  aeross  the  summit  wa.s  the  signal  for  an  actixit}'  far  e.vcecdin;4  any- 
Ihiiii;  i)reviously  known.  In  the  10  months  from  July  1,  i.SGS,  to  .May  S, 
liSGy,  5.S6  miles  of  track  were  laid,  or  about  2J4  miles  on  an  average  for 
every  week-da)-;  and  on  one  day  10  miles  were  laid.  Tlie  2  companie.s 
wjiicli  had  been  engaged  on  this  great  railroad  race,  each  trying  to  get  as 
larr.c  a  (lortion  of  the  route  as  ptjssible,  met  50  miles  west  of  Ogdcn  at 
I'nTnot.Lorx-  i'oiiit,  where  tiie  last  spike  was  driven,  completing  the  railroad 
coninectioii  between  the  Atlantic  anil  I'acitic  in  American  territory,  on  the 
lOth  of  TEIa}-,  1S69.  Tile  Centra]  Company,  under  the  authority  of  law, 
took  theTT)  miles  of  roatl  between  Promontory  and  ( )gden  from  the  Union 
('.onipai!'      uid  paid  the  expense  I'lf  construction. 


Raiixaam  Building  Continued. —  The  ambition  of  the  tfiiintet  of  rail- 
road biiiijUirrK  was  sharpened  by  the  experience  and  success  of  their  7  \cars 
(iif  unrtsnitting  toil.  The  building  of  tiic  road  from  Sacramento  to  Ogden 
did  nor  jinsfy  them.  The  Western  I'acitic  Compaii}-,  which  h;id  under- 
taiken  ■  Ck.  loonstniction  of  the  road  from  .Sacrainento  to  .San  Jose,  had 
samppefi  wwrk  at  Niles,  being  convinced  there  was  no  profit  in  contitiuing  the 
MKBitk.  Di£' Central  Pacific  peo])le  took  the  franchise,  with  the  right  to  the 
IfflBBiii.  of  ^waaoraal  brands,  and  built  the  ro.id,  leaving  the  land  grant  to  the 
cfflntractiri^ "iif  the- T^'estern  Pacific.  They  bought  the  old  Oakland  wharf 
and  fc!T\'-boat  am;  rhe  Alameda  railroad,  and  thus  made  their  connection 
'mM\  S-aih  Fraiicisc  on  November  S,  1861).  Work  was  immediately  com- 
menccui  upon  .1  tinnrough  system  of  improvements  and  extensions  from 
(^klaiid  lioint  out  trio  the  bay  towards  San  IVancisco.  l"or  some  months 
ill]  frdgtes  were  dnnsfcrred  by  :>  tedious  system  of  fre(|uetit  handling  to 
and  from  the  deck-  'f  fern--boats,  .ind  landed,  with  considerable  dela)',  upon 
the  .San  l-'rancisco  -  ue  of  the  ba_\-.  This  method  was  found  to  be  vexatious 
alike  to  the  sliii)per  die  rccci\'er,  atid  the  carrier  of  freight.  A  remedy  was 
found  in  tlie  construction  of  liea\y  transfer  steaimrs,  which  would  carry  a 
train  of  loaded  freight  cars.  On  April  16,  1S70,  these  boats  were  completed, 
■And  commenced  making  regular  trips  across  the  bay,  thus  virtuall)'  consti- 
tuting Sati  I'rancisc'i  the  western  terminus  of  the  contitietUal  railroati. 

When  the  Central  Pacific  Road  had  thus  become  a  fixed  and  important 
factor  in  the  development  of  the  resources  of  California,  it  became  neccs- 
s.ii)'  to  o|)en  up  .1  s\stem  of  lities  that  would  radiate  towards  it  atid  towards 
the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  Pacific.    The  same  partic  s  who  had  already 


RAILROADS. 


I  ^'7 


accomplishcci  so  much,  turned  their  innuediate  attention  to  these  new  enter- 
prises, the  niosf  important  of  which  was  the  hue  up  tlie  San  Jciatiuin  X'allc)-. 
In  the  spring  in  .Hji  work  was  eonmienced  at  I,athro[),  and  early  in  1S7J 
146  miles  of  road  were  completed  to  a  [joint  near  Visalia,  in  tlie  county  nf 
Tulare.  With  the  opening  of  this  brancji  there  was  an  immeiliate  and 
steady  increase  in  the  price  cjf  lands  in  that  great  \alley,  and  i>opulation 
followed  freely  along  the  iron  wa}'  and  in  the  regions  adjacent  thereto, 

Pre\ious  to  the  construction  of  this  line,  lands  in  distant  portions  of  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley  were  thought  to  be  almost  \alueless,  .iiul  l.irge  and 
favorably  located  tracts  could  hi  ■  ven  bought  at  $1  an  acre.  These 
lands  are  now  worth  from  $10  to  >  'U  acre,  and  the  \ast  cattle  ranges  of 
that  region  ha\'c  been  convertci;  .nto  wheat-fiekls  of  enormous  I'Xtent, 
whose  products  find  an  cas}-,  cheap,  ant!  rapitl  transit  to  the  sea-going 
vessels  at  tide  water.  A  strip  of  land  through  this  \alle\-,  of  ;i  width  of 
20  miles,  on  each  siile  of  the  railroad,  aggregates  6,000,000  acres;  .md  it  is 
estimated  by  reliable  statisticians  that  these  lands  ha\e  increased  in  \  ,diie 
to  the  extent  of  .f.So,ooo,QOO  since  they  have  been  opened  up  b)- the  rail- 
road. The  4  county  towns  of  Modesto,  Merced,  I'"resno,  arul  Tulare,  w  hich 
in  1870  had  no  e:cistence,  luive  now  an  aggregate  of  2,300  building>,  .ind  a 
population  of  more  than  13,000. 

While  the  interior  of  the  State  was  being  thus  developed,  a  new  impetus 
was  given  to  tiic  increase  f)f  w(  alth  and  population  in  .San  I'Yancisco  and 
the  comities  bordering  upon  the  adjacent  bays.  \  railroad  liad  been  built 
in  1863  from  the  race-track  near  the  Mission,  San  IVanci.sco,  in  a  southerly 
direction  towards  .San  Jose,  and  was  opened  to  Mcnlo  Park,  October  i/th 
of  tiiat  year;  and  on  January  16,  1864,  it  was  finished  to  San  Josd,  and  on 
Februar)'  14th  extended  from  the  race-track  into  the  cit\ ,  to  Market  Street, 
where  it  had  its  terminus  for  several  years.  In  1SC9  this  road  was  ex- 
tended to  Gilroy;  in  1S70,  to  Ilollister;  in  1871,  to  I'ajaro;  in  1872,  to 
Salinas;  and  in  1873,10  Soledad. 

In  1863  the  California  Northern  Road  was  built  from  Oro\ille  to  Marys- 
ville,  a  distance  of  29  miles.  The  mining  industries  of  that  region  gave 
this  compan)'  a  profitable  traffic  in  its  earlier  history,  but  its  resources  were 
greatly  diminished  b\'  the  decay  of  the  placers. 

Various  Railroads.  The  passage  of  the  original  Pacific  Railroad  Bill 
had  given  a  stimulus  to  railroad  construction  in  California.  Within  3  j'ears 
population  and  wealth  had  increased  rapidly  in  the  metropolis  and  the 
counties  bordering  on  San  Francisco  and  San  Pablo  bays.»  Capital  was 
seeking  investment.  The  possession  of  the  best  routes  for  rail  transporta- 
tion became  an  object  of  ambition      In    1863  roads  were  built  from  .San 


fj 


it   ei 


t  , 


i68 


COMMI-.kCi:,    ITC 


I'r.'incisc'i  to  San  Jnsi5,  and  from  .Man'ssillc  to  Orovillc;,  and  a  brancli  nf  the 
Sacramciiln  Valley  Ivoad  was  constructed  from  f'olsoin  to  Lincoln,  i8  miles. 
This  last  route  was  injudiciously  selected,  and  ilie  track  was  afterwards 
taken  u]i.  I  he  ("alifornia  Pacific  built  its  roail  from  Sacramento  to  N'allcjo 
in  i<S'')S,  ,iiid  pl.Ki'd  a  swift  l)i>it  on  the  liay  to  carr\-  freight  and  passengers 
between  the  latter  pl.ace  and  tile  metroi)olis,  .Soon  afti.-rwards  this  company 
bought  the  Xa])a  \';ille\'  Kailroail,  and  then  in  rapiil  succession  made  a 
branch  from  I>a\isville  to  M;uys\ille,  bought  the  San  l'"rancisco  and  North 
I'acific  (Pctaluma  Valley  Road  and  the  boats  of  Tin;  Cau  I'(M<.\1.\  Sti:.\M 
N.\\IC,,\T1(").\  Co.Mr.\X\',  commenced  work-  on  a  r<iad  from  .Suscol  to  Santa 
Rosa,  and  declared  its  purpose  to  extend  its  track  from  the  Sacramento 
X'alley  to  Ogden,  there  to  connect  with  the  Union  Pacific.  This  .uinouiicc- 
iiKiil  had  probabl)-  no  purpose  save  toalTect  pujjlic  oi)inion.  The  (.'alifornia 
P.icific,  li;i\ing  joo  miles  of  road,  all  the  best  boats  on  tlie  ba_\',  ccjntrol  of 
the  shortest  and  most  conitortable  route  between  .Sacramento  and  S.aii  h'ran- 
.  cisco,  the  support  of  great  luiglish  anil  (German  capitalists,  and  a  \er)-  en- 
terjirising  and  aggressive  policy,  ihrc.ilened  to  seriousl)-  injure  the  credit  of 
the  Central  I'acific,  whose  directors,  in  the  summer  of  1871,  bought  upmost 
of  the  stock  of  the  rival  compaiu',  thus  becoming  master  of  its  movements, 
and  ]nitling  an  end  to  all  dangenjus  competition  in  that  direction. 

I')\-  purch.ising  stock',  they  obtaineil  control  <if  the  Coppcropolis,  the  .San 
I'ranci.'-co  and  San  Jose  mow  the  .Southern  i'acii'c>,  the  I.os  Angeles  and 
Wilmington,  the  Los  .fVngeles  and  .Santa  Monica  roads.  The\-  extended 
the  Southern  Pacific  to  .Soledad,  in  the  .Salinas  X'allc}-,  and  through  or 
acros-  the  .San  Joacjuin,  Colorado,  Gila,  and  Ivif)  Grantle  \'alle)s  to  Tcx.is, 
where  the_\-  are  now  on  their  wa_\-  to  the  CJulf  of  .Mexico.  TheN-  built  the 
Oregon  and  Californi.i  Road  from  Rose\il!e  to  Reilding.  The)-  have  con- 
structed about  ^,500  miles  of  road,  and  control  3.000  miles.  The}'  own  all 
the  railroads  running  into  San  P'rancisco,  .Sacramento,  .StockttJii,  N'allejo, 
and  Los  .Angeles;  all,  sa\e  one,  running  int<i  t.)aklaiid,  and  own  ,'ill  the 
bro.id-gauge  roatls  in  the  general  railroad  network  of  the  State.  The  unl)- 
valuable  broad-guage  Calilornian  railroad  that  does  not  belong  to  them,  is 
the  .San  P'rancisco  and  North  Pacific,  which  does  not  connect  with  any 
other  broad -'Hi.aLre  road. 


Private  Property.  — Since  the  Centra!  Pacific  quintet  accepted  the 
(.'ongressiiiii.d  grant  of  iS^j,  20  \-ears  have  elapsed.  In  the  mean  .:ime, 
]■'..  H.  CU()(  Ktlii  ami  Makk  IIoI'ki.vs  have  died,  leaving  StaM'ORD, 
III  NTI.NCTD.v,  and  Ciiaui.is  CK()i.Kt:K,  who  continue  to  devote  them- 
.'^eU^s  to  the  work  of  buili.ling  r.iilroads  needed  for  the  development  of 
the  resources  of  the  Pacilie  Slope.     Some  of  their  enterprises  in   the  .south 


-,  ^M-;.-f»«-c-I  -J^— 


UAll.koAliS. 


K;;) 


have  been  so  fai-  in  advance  r>f  the  needs  nf  the  adjacent  country,  that  they 
were  n<il  immediately  profitable;  but  further  eMensions,  tlirou_L,h  cdmuction 
with  the  Cjuif  of  Mexico,  tlie  opetiinL;  of  mines  jinil  laiins,  ;nnl  the  tniildinj;' 
of  towns,  .'lideil  and  stimulated  h\'  their  ro.uls,  ha\i'  enableil  them  to  reap 
the  rewaril  of  their  bold,  but  saijacioiis  ventures. 

The  subsidies  were  ^ivcn  or  hjaned  on  conthtion  ih.il  the  reci])ients 
should  build  a  road  to  l>e  owned  by  iheni,  and  managed  by  them,  for  their 
own  indi\idual  profit.  XotliiiiL;  in  the  lan^uaj.;c  of  the  statutes  conveys 
any  otiicr  idea.  I'he  Central  I'aeilic  Ro;ul  is  as  full)-  theirs  in  law  and 
equity  as  if  it  had  been  built  e.\clusi\el)- with  their  own  mon(n'.  It  was  the 
},rencral  opinion  of  CouLjress  and  the  ])eoj)le  at  the  time  of  the  pass;i;;e  of 
the  Acts  of  iiSG.'?  and  1X64,  that  a  coiuinenial  railroad  was  ,1  nation, d 
necessity,  and  that  ^jreat  inducements  should  be  offereil,  in  order  to  enlist 
the  capabilities  of  wealthy  ;ind  enerLjetic  men  in  the  undertalcin;;.  The 
feeling  w.is  unanimous,  that  the  olfer  of  ("io\  ernment  aid,  by  the  loan  of 
credit  and  by  a  ilonation  of  Lands,  would  He  ,1  public  benefit ;  ^  ince  the 
road  has  been  finished  this  ide.i  has  not  been  abaniloned  by  ri|j;ht-lliinkinLj 
political  economists.  It  is  still  the  prevalent  opinion,  tliai  thouj^h  the  Acts 
of  Congress  beariiifj  upon  this  ipiestion  mis^ht  have  been  drafted  more 
wisely  iii  some  respects,  still  it  is  far  better  for  the  nation  that  they  should 
have  been  adopted  a.s  they  were,  rather  than  that  thi'  Central  and  L'nion 
I'acific  line  had  not  been  built.  It  was  a  fortunate  thinjj  for  Californi.i,  in 
the  inception  of  this  enterprise,  that  five  men  should  have  been  found 
among  her  prominent  citizens,  to  take  hold  of  a  work  so  imccrtain  in  its 
results,  th(jugh  so  magnificent  in  its  possibilities — men  so  earnest  in  their 
character  and  so  faithful  to  their  ta.sk,  who  were  able  to  work  together  in 
harmonious  .action,  and  so  eminentl)-  fitted  fiir  the  different  de))artmeuts  of 
the  work. 

Before  the  last  spike  had  been  diiveii,  the  5  directors  <if  'liii:  Ci:n  ii-i.M, 
I'ACIIK  Raii,Ko.\|i  Comi'ANA'  were  all  millionaires.  They  owned  nearly 
all  the  stock — the  shares  in  the  hands  of  others  being  very  few  in  number — • 
and  the\-  were  all  (jfficcrs  or  agents  of  the  company,  receiving  large  pay  in 
one  form  or  another  for  their  ser\  ices.  H(\si(les  owniti;^  the  road,  they 
held  9,000,000  acres  of  laud,  of  which  more  than  .S,ooo,ooo  acres,  after  a 
Lapse  of  12  years,  are  still  unoccu[>ied  and  unaxailable,  being  in  mountain  or 
desert.  The\-  had  recci\'ed,  as  a  lo,m,  .$^4,000,000  of  national  bonds,  which 
are  a  second  inoitgagc  on  the  ro.id ;  $550,000  of  Sacramento  and  I'lacer 
bonds  given  fiir  subscriptions  which  were  subsequentl)-  canceled,  the  boiuls 
being  returned  to  ihe  counties;  $4Cxj,ooo  of  San  I'rancisco  bonds  as  an  un- 
conditional gift;  ai,<l  $.3,100,000  of  interest  p.iid,  or  to  be  paid  b>-  the  .State 
treasury  in  return  fin  the  obligation  todocert.iin  transportation  fiirthe  .Si.ite. 


il^ 


■'/• 


i;o 


CiiMMKRCi:,    KTC. 


When  wc  consider  the  obscurity  of  TlIE  CENTRAL  PACIFIC  RAILROAD 
CoMl'ANN  in  ils  bL<;innin;j;s,  the  relative  poverty  of  its  leadin;^  stockholders, 
the  j(encr;il  inilifrerence,  if  not  contempt,  felt  for  their  enterprise,  anil  the 
fact  that  llioiij^h  respectable  business  men  in  a  cit\'  of  20,000  inhabitants, 
tiiey  did  not  include  its  wealthiest  bankers  and  merchants;  when  we  con- 
sider all  these  things,  we  arc  astonished  to  find  in  its  5  directors  such  a 
combination  of  ca[)acity,  pruilence,  persistence,  tact,  and  fitness  for  har- 
monious co-operation,  as  was  perhaps  never  surpassed  in  an  equal  number 
of  nuMi  united  in  a  business  enterprise.  There  was  no  brilliancy  amonsj; 
them,  neither  was  there  an)-  weakness.  M\cry  one  was  <r()0(l  at  dispatching^ 
wurk,  mana;.;ing  laborers,  netjotiatini^  with  capitalists  ami  politicians,  wait- 
ing; patiently  for  opportunities,  and  .seizinfj  them  [)romptly  and  firmly  when 
lluy  arrivetl.  .\  sintfular  succession  of  favorable  circumstances  laid  the 
foundations  of  their  fortunes,  and  they  built  maj^nificcnt  superstructures. 


Po.itieal  Denunciation. — The  surviving  trio  live  in  the  full  possession 
of  acii\e  powers  of  middle  age,  hold  controlling  i'lterests  in  the  Central 
Pacific  and  .Southern  Pacific  roads  and  their  branches,  and  continue  to 
work  together  harmoniously  as  the  managers  of  the  mosi  extensive  .system 
of  railroads  on  the  globe  owned  In-  a  few  indiviiluals.  When  they  had 
completed  the  Central  Pacific,  each  could  have  retired  to  a  life  of  inglorious 
ease  witli  a  fortune  (jf  several  millions;  but  instead  of  that  they  have  de- 
voted their  time,  their  ambition,  and  a  large  part  of  their  profits  to  i.;-!tor- 
prises  for  the  accommodation  of  the  traffic  and  development  of  the  indus- 
trial resources  of  the  coast. 

Yet  the  original  Central  Pacific  iiuintet  and  the  trio  now  survi\-ing,  have 
not  been  po])ular  favorites  in  California  at  any  time  since  1869.  It  is  gen- 
erally admittetl  that  they  have  done  work  of  vast  value  to  the  coast,  and 
that  it  was  better  that  their  roatis  should  be  built  and  managed  by  one 
companj-  than  by  a  do/cn  companies.  Llovd  Tevis,  in  his  address  at 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Rankers'  Association,  in  i88i,.said: 
"  Despite  all  the  jealousy  that  their  acquisitions  may  have  excited,  there  is 
no  iloubt  that  it  has  been  on  the  whole  good  for  California  that  the  railroad 
management  has  been  thus  concentrated.  Railroad  development  has  un- 
<lucstionably  been  more  rtgular  and  thorough  and  healthy,  and  the  econ- 
omy in  building  and  running  much  greater,  than  it  would  ha\-e  been  had 
the  California  railroail  s)-stem  been  in  the  hands  of  a  dozen  different  com- 
panies, each  working  indcpendentl)-,  and  often  at  cross  purposes,  and  each 
maintaining  a  separate  staff,  and  wasting  means  in  opposition  and  rivalry, 
w  hich  the  public  at  large  must  ultimately  make  up.  Of  the  enormous  sums 
thus  ;ia\etl  In  a  single  intelligent  anti  harmonious  management,  the  portion 


1 


UAIl.l^OADS 


I/I 


t:ikcn  b_\-  t'licsc  men  for  their  own  jiersonal  purposi's,  amount--  to  an  insi^- 
iiific-  It  priceiitaLjc.  And  after  all  that  is  said  of  their  colos-^al  wealth,  it 
still  remains  true  that  the)-  ha\e  used  this  wealth  hut  as  trustees  for  the 
whole  cominimity.  The  profits  of  the  roads  hav"  not  merely  been  lar;;er 
than  they  woukl  have  been  under  iliverse  manaj^ements,  but  these  profits, 
anil  the  c:redit  tliat  has  been  ac(iuiied,  have  been  used  in  bulldiiifj  more 
road."  During  the  last  u  years  the  directors  of  the  t'entral  j'aeific  ha\e 
been  the  subjects  of  bitter  and  ^x'lieral  demmciation.  All  the  |)oiitical 
parties  have  accusctl  them  of  extortion  and  discrimination.  San  I'raneisco, 
Stockton,  Vallejo,  I-os  Angeles,  and  Placcrville,  ha\e  at  various  times  lieen 
full  of  indignation  against  them;  and  they  ha\e  not  e^capetl  jjopular  hostil- 
ity in  Sacramento  and  Oakland,  which  owe  a  large  p.trt  of  their  prosperity 
directly  and  indirectly  to  the  railroad,  it  was  opposition  to  the  t'entr.il 
Tacific  that  secured  the  governorship,  and  afterwards  the  scat  in  the  national 
senate,  to  Nkwton  Booili.  It  was  a  i)roinise  of  controlling  the  Central 
Pacific  and  regulating  its  fares,  that  gave  to  the  Independent  .\nti-Monopoly 
party  prctlominancc  in  the  State  overnment  in  1S74.  The  tlcsirc  to  pro- 
vide new  (hecks  for  the  Central  Pacific  was  one  of  the  chief  motives  for  the 
adoption  1 'I  a  new  con.stitutioii  in  1879.  In  short,  the  compaii)' have  been 
engaged  in  a  continuous  succession  of  controversies  with  legisl.'ifnrcs,  courts, 
tax-gatherers,  and  jiolitical  parties. 

Whatever  the  final  judgment  ma\'  be,  upon  the  character  of  the  Central 
Pacific  f|uintet,  after  the  dust  of  controversy  shall  have  cleared  awa)-,  and 
after  jireiudice,  ignorance,  malice,  and  personal  greed  have  lost  their  inllu- 
ence,  there  is  little  doubt  that  they  will  have  the  credit  not  only  of  being  the 
most  enterprising  set  of  railroad  builders  in  our  time,  but  of  also  possessing 
remarkable  administrative  talemt,  and  moral  character  ut  le.ist  on  a  par 
with  that  of  average  resjjcctaitob  business  men. 

Difference  in  Charges. — It  is  true  that  there  arc  differences  in  the 
charges  for  freight  between  large  ijuantities  and  small  quantities,  anil 
between  competitive  and  non-competiiive  geographical  -iUiations  ;  but 
railroads  and  business  men  generally  exercise  a  di.scrimniative  juilgmcnt 
in  their  dealings  with  the  public.  The  merchant  demands  more  by  the 
pound  for  his  goods,  if  he  sells  a  single  [jound,  than  if  he  sells  a  ton. 
He  demands  moiv  when  the  supply  is  scant  than  when  it  is  excessive.  If 
\,c  knows  his  customer  must  buy  "(  him,  he  takes  that  fact  into  corisidera- 
tion  in  fixing  his  pnci  It  his  place  of  business  is  accessible  to  both  rail- 
way and  ship,  he  w  ill  be  in  a  position  to  undersell  his  competitor  who  is 
dependeiu  either  upod  the  ship  alone,  or  the  railwa)-  alone.  Thesi  arc 
jilaiii  business  propositnin.s,  that  arc  governed  .nid  1  untrolleil  b)  tl>e  logjt; 


i 


172 


(■o^rMl:R(■l:,  nx'. 


of  business  eventualities;  and  tliey  ha\c  become  so  thorouc^hly  the  rule  in 
commercial  affairs  that  no  one  fnuls  fault  with  the  merchants  \>y  whom 
tlic)-  are  enforced.  The  Central  I'acific,  and  other  railroads,  take  these  and 
kindred  considei'ations  as  the  basis  of  their  eharjj;es,  and  \'et  the)-  are 
denounced  In'  men  who  are  ,L;iiided  by  the  same  moti\es  in  dealini^  with 
their  ni  i^dibors,  I'reii^ht  can  be  transported  cheaper,  relativelj',  for  Ioul;  dis- 
tances than  for  short  ones,  and  in  larye  (luantitics  than  in  small  ones;  and 
can  be  delivered  more  conx'eniently  at  the  main  terminal  points  than  at 
small  intermediate  stations. 


Land-Grant  Policy. — The  construction  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
m.ide  a  demand  for  brancli  roads,  such  as  those  which  start  from  Ogdcn, 
in  I'tah,  from  Hattle  Mountain,  Palisade,  anil  Reno,  in  Nevada,  and  from 
Colfa.x  and  Gait,  in  California.  Other  continental  lines  were  projectetl; 
and  Congress  passed  acts  giving  land  subsidies  to  a  road  from  the  Central 
I'acific  to  Portland,  Oregon,  and  from  San  Jose,  by  way  of  Los  Angeles,  to 
"N'uma,  and  from  San  Diego,  by  way  of  Yuma,  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

Some  notice  must  be  taken  of  the  common  complaint  made  as  to  the 
alleged  injustice  done  to  the  people  by  gi\ing  land  subsidies  to  railways. 
The  railroad  lands  west  of  the  Rock)-  Mountains  are  not  worth  50  cents  an 
acre  on  the  axerage,  and  those  writers  who  have  been  most  bitter  in  denun- 
ciation of  the  polic)'  of  the  grants,  have  concealed  from  the  [lublic  the  fact, 
that  after  a  lapse  of  12  )-ears,  a  large  proportion,  equal  probably  to  nine 
tenths  of  the  land  covered  by  the  Central  Pacific  grant,  reniains  unsold,  un- 
cultivated, and  practically  worthless.  The  grant  covers  some  e.xcellent  lands 
in  the  ncjrthcrn  part  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
San  Joaciuin  V^alle)-,  but  even  this  would  ha\e  been  worth  little  if  the)-  had 
not  been  made  accessible  by  rail.  The  area  of  fertile  .soil  that  has  been 
granted  to  railroads,  and  that  would  have  sold  for  an  average  of  $5  an  acre 
before  the  end  of  this  century,  without  being  made  available  for  cultivation 
b)-  railroad  communication,  has  been  too  small  to  demand  serious  consid- 
eration, when  counterbalanced  by  the  immense  benefits  which  the  land-grant 
roads  have  conferred,  directl)-  and  indirectl)',  upon  the  Pacific  Coast  and 
adjacent  Territories.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  be  wise  after  the  event  has 
transpired,  and,  juilging  with  the  experience  of  1881,  to  find  defects  in  the 
legiskition  of  1S62  and  1S64;  but  the  general  decision,  that  the  railroad 
statutes  of  those  )-ears  ha\e  proved  beneiiei.d  to  the  State  of  California  and 
til  the  nation  at  large,  is  in  no  danger  of  being  overruled. 

Prolits. — The  Central  Pacific  was  a  profitable  road  from  the  start.  The 
net  receipts  are  now  about  $S,ooo,ooo  annually,  and  the  gross  receipts  3 
times  as  much.     The  net  earnings  are  obtained   by  deducting  the  "operat- 


wpwr" 


KAlI.RiiADS.  1-5 

ing  expenses"  from  tlv  ^ross  receipts,  \\itli<nil  .illowance  for  the  amounts 
re(|iiiro<l  to  pay  interest,  amountin:^'  to  neail_\-  $4,ooo,iX)0,  ami  rent  of  leased 
lines  $j,5CO,iX30  aimuall)-.  After  (leiluetinLj  these  items  the  yearl)-  amomit 
a\ailable  for  dixidends  seems  to  lie  about  $1,500,000.  More  than  S.ooo 
persons  are  employed  in  the  service  of  the  Central  and  Southern  I'acit'ic. 

The  railroads  of  oin-  coast  are  exlendint,'-  at  the  rate  of  more  than  a  mili- 
a  da\',  anil  jjrobabl)'  will  continue  to  achance  with  equal  speed.  .\t  the 
end  of  iSSl,  the  tiL,uires  were  about  ^,350  miles  for  C.difornia,  J'jo  for 
Nevada,  760  for  Utah,  5.S0  for  C)rei,'on,  400  for  Arizona,  420  for  \\'ashinf,'toii, 
260  for  Idaho,  and  330  on  tlic  Pacific  .sides  of  Montana,  Wyomint^,  Colorado, 
and  \ew  !\Ic.\ico;  makinLj  a  total  for  the  slope  of  5,460  miles  e.sclusive  of 
Mexico  and  Central  -America.  A  list  of  the  ro.ids  and  their  terminal  ])oints 
correct  in  one  month  will  be  incomplete  and  unsatisfactory  tiie  next,  bec.uise 
of  the  frequency  of  the  chanijcs. 

Leland  Stanford. — California  has  been  larp;-clj'  built  up,  and  its  vitality 
has  been  developed,  nourished,  and  streuL^thened  almost  entirely  by  self- 
made  men — men  who,  in  the  hard  battle  of  life,  of  their  earlier  years, 
gained  the  experience  that  placed  them  on  the  winnitiL;  sitle  in  their  later 
struggles.  In  years  to  come,  when  the  record  of  their  achie\ements  shall 
have  passed  into  history,  it  will  be  a  source  of  sincere  regret  if  no  tletails 
are  found  of  the  trials,  habits,  and  hardshijis  of  their  joiith.  In  this  con- 
nection it  will  be  interesting,  briefly  to  take  note  of  the  family  ante  cedents 
and  early  life  of  our  railroad  builders.  Their  immediate  ance.-tors  were 
pioneers  in  the  settlement  of  new  .States,  and  were  hard-working  men  and 
women,  of  slender  means,  but  full  of  practical  sagacitj-  and  sound  sense. 
They  brought  up  their  sons  to  feel  that  their  success  in  life  must  be  assin'ed 
by  imremitting  labor,  and  their  minds  strengthened  by  close  observation 
rather  than  by  an  elaborate  education.  The  experience  thus  gained  was 
of  inestimable  advantage  to  them  in  the  enlarged  sphere  that  engrossed 
their  attention  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  projecting  and  carr)-ing  out  the 
(Jentral  Pacific  .s)-stcm  of  internal  impro\ements,  the)-  became  the  greatest 
of  railroad  builders;  that  i.s,  if  greatness  in  such  matters  be  measured  by 
the  amount  of  work  accomplished.  These  few  men  have  built  3,000  miles 
of  road,  and  are  now  engaged  upon  lines  that  will  aggregate  3,000  miles 
more.  During  all  the  period  they  have  been  pushing  forward  these  vast 
movements,  they  have  looked  upon  Lkl.VND  ST.WI-OUt)  as  their  represen- 
tative head  in  their  intercourse  with  the  public,  and  recognizing  his  superior 
fitness  for  the  headship  of  their  companies,  the)'  have  never  thought  of  dis- 
j)lacing  him  from  that  honored  position.  It  is  in  fact  due  to  the  thorough 
unanimity  of  purpose,  and  to  the  liigh  estimate  of  business  capacity  which 


'74 


coMMKKc  K,  i:rc. 


.f  tl 


u'sf  men   h;is 


held   towards   the   others,  that  they  are  in  a  larjije 


measure  indebted  tor  their  iin\arieil  siicces 


Ll.LAMi    SlANIdkl) 


was  l)orn   n 


ear  Ailiany,  X.   Y.,  March  9,  1824,  the 


fourth  in 


il}'  of  7   sons.      I  lis  fatlier 


farmer,  and  lived  in  the 


lidst    of    the    earliest    railrciad    construction    in    the    United    .States — the 

jssed 


itli   the 


Alhan)'   and   Schenectad)-  line  —  and   bein^r  stront;ly   impres 

pro.ipecti\e  iinjiortance  of  railroad  facilities,  he  took  a  lively  interest  in  the 


\\'ork  uoiri'f  on  around   him. 


lie  Lfa\e  up  the  manaLfement  of  the  farm  to 


fur- 


his  sons,  and  took  a  contract  lor  LjracliiiL;  jjorlioiis  of  the  road,  antl  lor  lur- 
nishiiiL;  it  with  wood  and  ties.  Li:i..\\i)  had  the  usual  experience  of  coun- 
tr)-  boys  in  those  ilays — .itlendini;  the  neiijhborint^  schools  in  the  winter 
months,  and  working  on  the  farm  during  the  rest  of  the  year.  At  the  age 
of  JO  he  commenced  the  study  of  law,  and  in  1845  he  removed  to  iMbany 
for  the  jjurpose  of  studying  that  profession  with  the  well-known  firm  of 
Wni:AT()N',  DoOMTTLE  &  IIadlkv.  He  remained  with  them  until  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  when,  in  1845,  he  took  up  his  residence  at  I'ort  Wash- 
ington, Wisconsin.  Here  he  practiceil  in  the  courts  about  3  years,  and 
determinetl  to  make  that  locality  his  permanent  residence.  IJut  in  1852  he 
met  with  a  misfortune  which  materially  changed  his  plans  for  the  future  : 
his  law  library  and  most  of  his  other  property  were  destro)  ed  by  fire,  and 
he  at  once  iletermined  to  try  his  fortunes  in  California.  lie  reached  this 
.St.ite  July  12,  1852,  and  almost  immediately  started  a  miners'  store  at 
Michigan  liluff,  in  Placer  County,  where  he  remained  4  j-ears,  doing  a 
lucrative  business.  In  1856  he  removed  to  Sacramento  City  and  became 
an  active  partner  in  the  jjrospcrous  firm  of  ST.vXKOUn  Hi^oi'iilCRS. 

In  1857  Mr.  hr.Wl'ORi)  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  for  State 
Treasure!',  an<l  in  1859  for  Governor,  but  was  defeated,  with  his  party,  in 
both  those  j-ears.  In  1861  he  was  again  nominated  for  Governor,  and  after 
the  most  exciting  contest  that  had  yet  been  hekl  in  California,  he  was 
elected  by  a  large  majorit)-,  there  having  been  3  candidates  in  the  field. 
I  le  held  the  office  for  2  years  with  credit  to  liimself,  to  his  party,  and  to 
the  .State.  Since  that  time,  a  jjcriod  of  18  years,  he  has  devoted  himself 
assiduouslv  to  his  duties,  as  developed  by  tlie  vast  railroail  projects  with 
which  he  has  been  connected. 

Charles  Crocker.— CllARl.i;s  CROCKER,  second  Vice-President  of  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  was  born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  September  16, 
1822.  His  parents  were  poor,  and  while  a  boy  he  had  to  help  support  the 
family.  When  only  10  years  of  age  he  began  to  sell  newspapers  and  mag- 
azines in  Troy,  and  with  the  money  thus  earned  was  enabled  to  assist  his 
father  in  removing  to  the  West,  and   in  the  purchase  of  a  small  farm  in 


KAII.RdADS. 


i;5 


Indiann,  to  which  State  the)' cmiLjratcd  in  i.S0.  lie  spent  2  \ears  nt  hard 
work  in  helpins,^  to  clear  and  cultivate  the  land  which  lhe\-  had  l)(iiiL;lit  witii 
their  united  means.  He  was  tln'n  enipluyed  in  a  saw-mill,  and  afterwards 
in  a  forge  for  the  manufacture  of  jjar  iron,  wliere  he  worked  for  $ii  a 
montli,  attending  the  district  scliool  during  the  winter  season,  when  work 
was  not  to  be  had.  l-'rom  an  ap])rentice  in  the  forge,  lie  became  ,i  practical 
and  efficient  workman,  and  finally  startetl  a  branch  of  the  business  on  his 
own  account,  and  made  money. 

In  1850  he  emigrated  to  California  across  the  plains,  and  located  near 
I'laccrville,  where  he  engaged  in  mining,  with  but  limited  success.  In  1853 
he  removed  to  Sacramento,  and  established  himself  in  what  afterwards  be- 
came the  leading  dr\-gooils  house  of  that  city.  .Subject  to  the  vicissitudes 
of  fires  and  floods,  which  were  the  lot  of  all  in  Sacramento,  he  managed  his 
large  business  closely  and  successfully.  In  i860  he  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature of  California  by  the  Republicans,  and  became  a  prominent  advocate 
of  free  soil,  free  labor,  and  free  speech.  In  1862  he  sold  out  his  mercantile 
business,  and  embarked  his  entire  fortune,  and  de\oteil  all  his  business  abil- 
ity to  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  enterprise.  His  varied  experience  in 
mechanical  and  manufacturing  industries,  and  in  the  management  of  labor- 
ing men,  rendered  him  peculiarly  fit  for  the  superintendence  of  construction. 
I'"or  several  years  he  had  entire  charge  of  that  department,  antl  brought  to 
it  the  same  efficient  qualifications  that  had  hitherto  characteri/.eil  his  life, 
and  given  him  prominence  in  all  the  business  projects  with  which  he  had 
been  connected. 


E.  B.  Crooker.— Edwin  B.  Crocker,  who  for  10  years  was  at  the  head 
of  che  law  department  of  THE  CENTRAL  Paciitc  Railroad  Company, 
was  bom  in  O-swego,  N.  Y.,  April  26,  181 8.  As  a  boy  he  attended  the  com- 
mon .schools  of  his  native  town,  and  at  an  early  age,  his  studious  habits  were 
developed  in  a  remarkable  degree,  so  much  so,  that  his  father,  though  very 
poor,  sent  him  to  the  Rcns.sclaer  Institute  in  Troy.  In  1835  he  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  Civil  Engineer,  and  obtained  employment  in  that  capacity 
for  a  short  time,  on  the  Albany  and  Schenectady  Railroad.  In  the  fall  of 
1836  he  went  to  Indiana,  and  worked  on  a  farm  for  2  j'cars,  and  in  iron 
works  for  one  year,  still  earnestly  pursuing  his  studies  in  the  evenings,  and 
through  the  stormy  days,  when  outdoor  work  was  impossible.  In  1840  he 
commenced  the  study  of  law  with  Jo.sEPH  L.  JERNIGAN,  at  South  Bend, 
Indiana,  where  he  remained,  studying  and  practicing  his  profession  for  a 
period  of  about  1 1  years. 

In  1848,  1849,  and  1850,  South  Bend  and  vicinity  was  the  theater  of 
the  most  exciting  and  violent  scenes  connected  with  the  fugitive  slave  trials 


\:'> 


>m\ii;k(i:,  ktc. 


M' 


i 


m 


nf  tliiisc;  (lays,  ,iti(l  !•;.  B,  ('l<()(Ki;i<,  tlinm^'h  liis  pi)litical  convicti'ins,  his  pn^- 
fcsNidiial  duties,  ami  liis  personal  s)'m|);itliics  witli  the  (ipprcsseci  slaves. 
liecaine  iinoKed  in  \e\ati<)iis  law  ])r(>eeeilinL;s,  liiat  finallj'  compelled  him 
to  ^'ive  lij)  his  ])raeticc  in  that  ixj^ion.  I'larly  in  iS^r  he  came  to  California, 
and  located  his  law  office  in  Sacniinento,  where  he  achieved  a  iiiL,'h  position 
at  the  bar  of  his  adoptetl  State.  In  May,  1S65,  hcwas  ai)pointed  b)- tlic 
("lovernor,  J  Li~>tice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  California  for  the  uiuxpireil  term, 
occasioned  b)-  the  aj)poiiUment  of  Jutk;e  I'ii;l1)  to  the  .Su]ireme  Hcich  o'" 
the  United  .States,  At  that  lime  there  were  but  ^  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
(iouit  of  (.'aliforni.i,  and  ,'.n  immense  volume  of  unfinished  business  had 
accuiiuilated  before  that  tribunal.  It  was  here  that  tile  industrious  habits 
and  close  ap|)lication  of  Justice  tJ<(J('KI'.R  were  full)-  tleveloped,  and  it  is  a 
part  of  the  judicial  histor)-  of  California,  that  no  .Supreme  Court  Judge  ever 
accomi)lish(.(l  such  a  volume  of  work  in  so  siiort  a  period;  and  that  no  opin- 
ions delivered  from  that  bench  have  stood  more  thorou[,dily  the  te.st  of  letjal 
criticism  than  his. 

On  January  1,  18C4,  his  term  of  office  expiretl,  and  he  then  took  entire 
chart'c  of  the  law  de[)ariment  of  TllK  Ckm  U.VL  P.U.Illc  R.MLKO.VD  COM- 
I'.ww  liis  clear  judL;ment  and  loj^ical  mind  were  well  adapted  to  the  mul- 
tifarious duties  that  were  daily  unfolding;  in  connection  with  tile  enterprise 
in  which  lie  had  now  become  ,-i  prtjniinent  fiLjure.  'liie  .settlement  of  intricate 
land  titles,  tile  drafting  of  contracts  and  legal  documents  connected  with 
the  eom[)any — originating,  and  watciiing  the  drift  and  .scope  of  legislative 
and  c(jngressional  proceeding.s — made  up  a  [Portion  of  tlie  diversified  work 
that  he  w  as  called  upon  to  perform,  and  tile  .ability  witii  which  lie  performed 
these  duties,  lias  Ijecn  fully  tested  and  proved  ioy  tlie  results  of  his  labors. 
But  Judge  CliOtnciJi,  like  many  (jther  eminent  Caiifornians,  overestimated 
iiis  pliysical  strength  and  mental  capacity;  after  lo  years  of  hard  and  unin- 
terrupted t(jil  in  the  railroad  offices,  iiis  iiealth  became  impaired  to  sucli  an 
extent  that  he  was  obliged  to  gi\e  up  ail  active  employment,  and  after  a 
lingering  illness,  w  hicli  extended  o\er  many  months,  iie  died  in  Sacramento 
June  24,  1.S75. 


Mark  Hopkins.— M.VKK  Hopiaxs,  the  eldest  of  liic  railroad  quintC, 
and  treasurer  of  the  company  from  its  commencement  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  was  born  in  Henderson,  X.  V.,  September  I,  1813,  the  fifth  in  a 
lamiiy  of  7  sons.  His  father  i<ept  a  country  store  in  Henderson,  and  his 
son  M.vi^K's  earlier  business  inclinations  .seemed  to  tend  in  the  same 
direction.  In  1S25  the  family  removed  to  St.  Clair,  Michigan,  where  Mark 
lived  until  1829.  He  was  industrious  and  studious  as  a  youtii,  and  at  an 
early  age  mastered  all  the  brandies  of  learning  that  were  taught  in  the 


KAII.KdADS. 


>77 


district  schools  ulurc  lu'  resided.  At  tiu-  age  of  16,  soon  .liter  l\i>  l.ither's 
death,  he  left  tiic  paleriKii  lioinc  aiul  coiniiicnccil  llis  business  career  as 
juniiir  clerk  witli  a  niercantiie  firm  in  Niaj;ara  Cuunlv,  \.  N'.,  anil  2  years 
later  he  removed,  uith  one  of  his  cm[)loycrs,  to  l.ockiiort  in  the  same  State. 
Ultimately  he  became  associated  with  ,1  .Mr.  lli;i.lli;s  as  leading  jjartner  in 
the  firm  of  Iliil'KlNS  iS:   lIui.llKS. 

lie  continued  as  piincipal  in  the  busini'ss  until  i'"^.v,  v.  hen  he  conuninced 
the  stud)'  of  law  with  his  brother  I  ll'.NKN,  a  prominent  practitioner  in  l.ock- 
j)ort,  and  a  man  of  pronounced  leg.il  attainnu.-nts.  It  is  to  this  elder  brother, 
that  Mark  felt  himself  indebted  for  the  rare  ijualities  of  anal)tical  thought 
and  thorough  business  habits  that  so  strongly  marketl,  in  ,ifter  j'ears,  his 
own  individualit)',  and  that  conlributcil  so  effectuall)'  to  his  success  as  a 
business  man.  He  did  not  pursue  the  study  of  law  for  the  purpose  of 
making  it  a  life  profession,  but  used  it  as  a  training  school  to  de\elop 
mental  exactitude,  and  to  acijuire  a  logical  habit  of  reasoning,  which  lie 
was  confident  would  be  of  great  advantage  to  him  in  his  business  relations 
with  the  world.  After  j  years  of  legal  studies  he  embarked  witii  a  Mr. 
Williams  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  agricultural  im[)lements,  and 
traveled  extensively  in  the  .States  of  New  York  and  Ohio  in  connection 
with  this  enterprise.  He  then  moved  to  the  City  of  New  York  and  took  a 
prominent  position  as  clerk  and  manager  in  the  commission  house  of  J  A.MKS 
RoWL.VND  &  Co.,  where  he  remained  until  he  cmb.irked  for  California,  7'ia 
Cape  Horn,  January  22,  1849. 

Mr.  IIui'KLN'S  arrived  in  San  l"rancisco  August  5,  1S49,  .and  after  trying 
several  ventures  with  varied  succes.s,  located  a  store  in  Placcrville,  having 
hauled  his  own  goods  with  an  ox-team  from  S.icramento.  In  July,  1850, 
he  left  Placervilleand  returned  to  Sacramento,  where  he  started  a  wholesale 
grocery  business  with  his  friend  and  fellow-passenger  from  New  York,  K.  II. 
MiLLKU,  Jr.  The  firm,  IIOI'KIXS  &  MiLLKR,  did  a  large  and  successful 
business,  investing  a  portion  of  their  surplus  profits  in  real  estate  in  .Sacra- 
mento. The  great  fire  of  November,  ificj,  destroyed  their  store  and  goods, 
and  other  buildings  which  they  h.id  erected.  They  immediately  rebuilt 
their  store  and  continued  their  busine.w  until  1854,  when  Mr.  IIoi'KlNS  sold 
out  to  his  partner,  and  made  a  trip  to  the  Fust,  where  he  was  marrieil  Sep- 
tember 20,  1854.  On  his  return  to  California  in  1855,  he  entereil  into  i)art- 
ncrship  with  C.  V.  HuXTIN'CiTOX  in  the  hardware  business,  and  he  remained 
a  member  of  the  firm,  Ik'N  riNxno.X,  Mol'KlXS  &  Co.,  until  his  death. 

The  eru-ly  connection  of  Mr.  Hoi'KlXS  with  TlllC  Ckxtral  Pacific 
Railroad  ComI'AXV,  and  with  his  associates  in  that  enterprise,  has  else- 
where been  alluded  to  in  these  pages.  H)'  his  seniorit)'  of  age,  and  liis  ana- 
lytical methods  of  thought,  he  seemed  to  lie  the  acknowledged  Nestcjr  and 
33 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■  50     ^^^"        M^^H 

■^  ^    |2.2 
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I 

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1.8 


L25  i_U   11.6 


Jl^ 


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Sh 


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■> 


«> 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  USSO 

(716)a73-4S03 


'4^ 


«- 


!iv 

f" 


1/8 


coMMKRCi:,  i;ri'. 


Mentor  of  the  quintet.  When  difficult  questions  came  before  them,  Mr. 
IIOl'KINS  atKicc  was  sought,  and  his  judijment  was  relied  upon  in  an  em- 
inent dei^ree.  He  was  seldom  at  fault  where  mental  \is^orwas  reciuired,  and 
seldom  failed  in  a  comprehensive  .L;;raspiny  of  business  jM-opositions.  While 
he  was  not  prominent  in  orii^inatini;  i;reat  enteri)rise.s,  lie  was  a  good  listener 
when  the  projects  of  others  were  presented  to  him.  When  in  doubt,  he  in- 
vestigated with  patience;  and  when  convinced,  his  after  course  proclaimed 
the  consistency  of  his  con\ictions.  Like  all  his  associates  in  the  railroad 
dirccloiy,  Mr.  IIoriCINS  was  a  hard  and  earnest  worker,  antl  liis  rugged  con- 
slitulion  enabled  him,  for  many  years,  to  endure  the  strain  of  incessant 
mental  toil.  Hut  in  1877  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
gi\e  up,  in  a  great  measure,  his  office  work.  In  March,  1878,  he  went  to 
Fort  Yuma,  then  the  terminus  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railro.ad,  hojiing  to 
obtain  relief,  if  not  a  restoration  to  health,  by  a  radical  change  of  .scene; 
but  his  hopes,  and  those  of  his  friends,  were  not  realized.  There  at  \'uma, 
in  his  own  car,  resting  upon  the  last  rails  that  had  then  been  laid  on  the 
Southern  route,  and  attended  by  the  congenial  .sympathies  of  railroad  offi- 
cials, this  busy  life  w;is  closed,  on  March  2<),  1878. 

C.  P.  Huntington.— (.'oM. IS  1'.  IlrMiNcniN,  the  resident  director  and 
financial  agent  of  the  Central  Pacilk'  Railroad  Company  in  New  \'ork,  was 
born  at  Harwinton,  Litchfield  Count)-,  Connecticut,  October  :;2,  kSji.  He 
was  the  fifth  in  a  famil)'  that  numbered  9  children.  His  father  was  a  man- 
facturer  of  woolen  goods  in  Harwinton,  ,ind  was  a  [)rominent  and  active 
citizen.  His  children  had  such  educational  advantages  as  were  afforded  by 
the  common  schools  of  New  l".ngland  in  those  da)s.  At  tlie  age  of  22, 
CoiJ.l.S  entered  into  the  business  of  genera!  merchandising  with  his  eldest 
brother  at  Onconta,  in  the  State  of  New  'S'ork,  antl  he  cu^'^inued  in  tli.it 
occupation  with  considerable  success  until  1849,  when  he  removed  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  establisheil  himself  in  a  mercantile  house  in  the  City  of  Sacra- 
mento. His  business  at  this  time  was  principall)-  in  hardware,  though 
connecteil  with  other  staple  goods. 

In  the  winter  of  1854-5  he  entereil  into  p.irtnersiiii)  with  M.vkk  Hop- 
kins, which  was  the  first  step  in  the  formation  of  the  well-known  hardware 
house  of  MuNTlNtiTON,  HorKl.vs  &  Co.,  in  which  firm  Mr.  Hi:ntinc;to\ 
lias  been  an  active  particiiiaiU  from  its  organization  to  the  present  time.  /\s 
early  as  1859  the  idea  o(  connecling  thcniscKes  with  the  construction  of  a 
continental  railroad  began  to  shape  it.self  in  the  minds  of  Mr.  HUN  UNC'iiiX 
and  his  associates,  ami  during  that  and  the  following  year,  frequent  meetings 
were  held  in  the  hardware  store  on  K  Street,  where  I  Il^N'l'l.Nc;  TON,  I  lol'Kl.NS, 
St.\M'uKI),  and  the  two  t.'ROCKKUS,  discu.s.sed  the  project,  .and  the  wa)-s  and 
means  for  carrying  it  on. 


,'1  .,".,'.■<»'!;,»  ...■■<Sg 


TSSSBR 


fWiaHWB" 


■!H<«ni 


RAILROADS. 


179 


In  1863  Mr.  IlrNTlNiiroN  went  Mast  with  full  power  of  altorncj- from 
his  associates  to  negotiate  in  their  hcli.ilf,  and  to  employ  all  their  means, 
and  all  the  credit  he  could  obtain  ujjon  their  names,  to  further  the  enterprise 
in  which  they  were  then  einb.nked.  No  restrictions  were  placed  ui)on  his 
action,  except  that  he  should  insist  that  the  interest  upon  the  (imernment 
bonds  to  Ix;  loaned  to  their  company  shoukl  not  be  exacted  on  the  [lart  of 
the  United  States  until  their  maturity.  This  precaution  was  deemed  wise, 
and  in  fact  ab.solutely  necessarj-,  in  view  of  the  experience  of  capitalists, 
that  constant  demands  for  interest  had  been  the  means  of  swamping  nearly 
all  the  enterprises  that  had  hitherto  been  undertaken  for  the  dcvcloiiment 
of  the  resources  of  California. 

In  1864  Mr.  IIl'.\Tl\r;rnN  took  up  his  permanent  residence  in  New  York 
Cit)-,  and  oix-ned  an  office  there  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company, 
which  lx;camc  an  imp<jrtant  adjunct  in  the  manay;emcnt  of  the  f'nancial 
portion  of  its  business.  It  had  been  the  unswerving  policy  of  the  company, 
anil  of  all  \\  ho  were  connected  w  ith  it,  never  to  make  any  promise  ai)pertain- 
ing  to  its  finances  that  could  not  be  carried  out.  All  its  obligations  were 
promptly  met,  and  its  bonds,  at  a  very  early  day,  took  a  high  rank  in  the 
moneyed  centers  of  I^urope.  I'rom  the  formation  of  the  company  to  the 
present  time,  Mr.  IIl'NTIN(;toN  has  occupied  the  position  of  first  Vice- 
President. 


Northern  Pacific— The  Northern  Pacific  llailroad,  one  of  tlic  great  en- 
terprises of  our  time,  is  to  extend  from  Lake  Superior  to  I'uget  Sound,  a 
distance  of  2,200  miles,  the  greater  part  of  the  route  being  near  latitude  47°. 
The  track  has  been  laid  600  miles  westward  from  Lake  Superior,  and  220 
miles  north-eastward  from  Ainsworth.  The  Columbia  River  being  nav- 
igable from  its  mouth  to  Ainsworth,  the  steam  communication  across  the 
continent  by  this  njute  will  be  o[)en  so  soon  as  the  road  shall  be  com- 
pleted across  Idahtj  and  Montana.  Congress  gave  a  subsidy  of  25,600  acres 
of  land  for  each  mile,  including  .i  branch  from  Ainsworth  to  Portland,  and 
the  route  for  that  part  of  the  road  is  to  follow  the  northern  bank  of  the 
Columbia.  Hesides  the  work  done  on  the  main  line,  between  the  Columbia 
and  Lake  Superi<jr,  the  Northern  I'acific  has  a  branch  line  from  New 
Tacoma  to  Kalama  105  miles,  and  another  from  New  Tacoma  to  W'ilkeson 
31  miles,  and  several  on  the  eastern  portion  of  its  route.  In  1882  it  will 
builil  a  road  from  the  neighborhood  of  Tacoma  to  Seattle.  In  reference  to 
the  gaj)  in  Itlaho  and  Montana,  Mr.  Vll.l,.\Rl),  president  of  the  company, 
addressing  a  public  meeting  at  Portland  in  October,  1881,  declared,  "You 
can  absolutely  rely  ui)on  the  completion  of  the  main  line  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  in  1883."     The  chief  office  of  the  compaii)'  on  our  coast  is  in  I'ortland. 


l8o 


coMMr.Ki  !■:,  i:tc. 


The  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company,  the  Icadinpj  trans- 
l)()rtalii>n  curporatidii  of  Oic^iin,  has  its  chief  office  aiul  the  center  of 
its  business  in  rortland.  At  the  end  of  iSSi  it  owned  J51  miles  of  wide- 
t^auije  mail,  contiolleil  1^4  miles  of  nai ro\i -yauj;e  uiuler  leases,  and  hn.d 
m.ide  anan{,'einents  fur  constructin;f  300  miles  before  the  entl  of  1.S8::,  90 
of  tliese  additioii.d  miles  beinLj  alreatly  ^^radeil.  Tiie  roads  belon^int;  to 
the  companj'  include  21S  miles  from  the  iJalles  to  lexas  I-'erry,  by  way  of 
Walla  Walla;  14  of  the  Blue  Mountain  extention;  13  of  the  l),i)ton 
branch,  and  6  of  the  Cascades  I'ortaye.  The  Icaseil  roads  include  yo  miles 
between  Rav's  Laniliny;  and  lirouns\  illc ;  53  miles  between  I'liKjuart/.' 
Landing  and  Airlie;  7  miles  of  the  Sheridan  branch,  and  4  miles  between 
I'errj-dale  and  Smithfield.  Amons^f  the  roads  to  be  built  in  i8Sj  are  one 
from  Portland  to  the  iJalles,  70  miles,  and  one  from  Umatilla,  100  miles 
towards  Haker  City.  This  last  road  is  to  be  extended  to  Grander,  on  the 
I'nion  I'.icific;  thus  t;i\ing  Oregon  a  rail  route  to  the  ICast,  without  dc- 
])endence  on  either  the  Xorthern  Pacific  or  the  Central  Pacific.     Hcsidcs  its 

railroad,  TiiE  OREGON  KjVilway  AND  NAVIGATION  Company  owns 
river  steamers  plying  on  the  Columbia  River,  and  ocean  steamers  between 
"^an  Francisco  and  Portland. 


I 


The  Oregon  and  California  Railroad. — Congress  gave  a  grant  of  i  j,.Soo 
acres  of  public  land,  per  mile,  to  aid  the  constructitin  of  a  railroad  from  the 
line  of  the  Central  P.icific,  hi  the  Sacramento  X'alley,  to  the  Columbia  Ri\er, 
and  authorized  iHl';  ()Ki:(;(,)\  AM)  CalU'OUNIA  RaILROAO  COMrA.NV  to 
build  southward  from  the  Columbia  under  the  grant.  The  compaii_\-  has 
built  JOO  miles  southw,ir<l  from  Portlaiul  to  Roseburg,  its  track  in  the 
W'ill.imette  V'alle)-  being  on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  The  companj'  h,is 
also  ux)  miles  built  on  the  west  side,  connecting  Portland  with  Corvallis. 
The  east  line  is  to  be  exteniled  southward  from  Roseburg  to  Redding, 
California,  a  distance  by  the  stage  route  of  239  miles.  llENRV  \'II,[..\KI), 
president  of  the  comiiaii)-,  stated  in  a  recent  speech,  that  contracts  for  the 
construction  of  the  road  from  Roseburg  to  Canjonville  would  soon  be  let, 
and  the  roail  south  of  Canyonville  will  be  built  as  soon  money  ;iiul  men 
can  accomplish  it. 


v-  % 


ill 

I''' 
liii 


Oregon  and  Transcontinental  Railroad  Company.  — ["or  the  purjjose  of 
imiting  and  harmonizing  the  separate  interests  of  the  3  compatiics  last  men- 
tioned, the  capitalists  (mostly  New  V'orkers  who  hold  controlling  interests 
in  them)  in  iSXi  organized  TlIK  Oriogon  AND  TRAN.scoNTiNr.NrAl,  R.vii,- 
ROAU  CoMI'A.W,  which  is  ilesigned  to  supervise  tlie  man.igement  of  the  3 
roads,  decide  upon   the  extensions  and   br.inches  to  be  built,  and  to  labor 


WB^'  3  :  "i 


c 


I** 

r 


c 


c 
r 

7; 


K.MI.ROADS. 


ISI 


for  the  development  of  the  resources  of  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  and 
Western  Montana. 

Henry  ViUard.— IlEN'RY  Vll.LAku,  the  president  of  the  companies  men- 
tioned in  the  last  4  paragraphs,  is  the  general  manager  of  their  business, 
and  the  trusted  agent  and  friend  of  the  numerous  capitalists  '.viio  have 
placed  their  millions  in  those  enterprises.  A  native  of  Germany,  he  came 
to  the  United  States  with  no  capital  save  his  education  and  brains,  and 
is  now  one  of  the  financial  magnates  of  the  globe. 

Atlantic  and  Paoilio. — The  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad,  to  connect  St. 
Louis  with  San  Francisco,  is  to  be  about  2,000  miles  long,  and  is  to  run  for 
the  greater  part  of  its  length  near  the  35th  parallel  of  latitude.  Several 
hundred  miles  of  the  road  were  built  from  St.  Louis  in  1870,  and  the  work 
was  arrested  at  Vincta,  because  the  right  of  way  could  not  be  obtained 
through  the  Indian  Territory.  In  1879  construction  was  commenced  from 
Albuquerque  westward,  and  in  January,  1882,  312  miles  of  track  had  been 
completed.  The  distance  from  Albuquerque  to  the  Colorado,  on  the  line  as 
located,  is  566  miles;  from  the  Colorado  by  a  line  not  yet  finall)'  located, 
to  Mojave  Station,  on  the  Southern  Pacific,  about  275  miles;  and  from 
Mojavc  Station,  by  the  Southern  Pacific  to  San  Francisco,  382  miles,  mak- 
ing 1,223  miles  from  the  Golden  Gate  to  Albuquerque,  which  by  the 
Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  F6  Road  is  902  miles  from  Atchison,  or  2,125 
miles  from  San  I'rancisco  to  the  Missouri  River  by  this  route.  The 
distance  bet"  con  San  Francisco  and  St.  Louis  will  be  less  when  the  gap 
between  Albuquerque  and  Vineta  shall  have  been  completed.  There  are  50 
miles  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  road  in  New  Mexico  west  of  the  summit  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains;  and  there  arc  386J-2  miles  of  the  road  in  Arizona. 
For  460  miles  westward  from  Albuquerque,  the  road  is  nowhere  less  than 
4,800  feet  above  the  .sea;  for  more  than  100  miles  its  elevation  exceeds  6,000 
feet.     Congress  has  given  a  land-grant  to  aid  the  construction  of  the  road. 

Canadian  Paoifio. — The  Canadian  Government  has  made  a  contract  for 
the  construction  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  with  a  company  of 
wealthy  capitalist.s,  who  are  to  receive  portions  of  the  road  already  com- 
pleted (valued  at  $27,000,000),  $30,000,000  in  cash,  and  33,000,000  acres  of 
land.  The  length  of  the  road  to  be  built  is  about  2,000  mile.s,  and  the  esti- 
mated cost  $80,000,000.  The  distance  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  from  the 
western  terminus.  Port  Moody,  on  Burrard  Inlet,  in  latitude  49°  20',  to 
Quebec,  is  2,880  miles,  or  500  miles  'j^s  than  from  San  Francisco  to  New 
York  by  the  Central  Union  Pacific  route ;  and  Quebec  is  200  miles  nearer 
than  New  York  to  Liverpool.  The  distance  from  Yokohama  to  Liverpool, 
by  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  is  12,000,  and  by  Port  Moody  and  Quebec 


1.12 


t  DMMKUri;,  i:tc. 


will  be  I  i.cxx)  miles.  The  Canadian  Pacific  has  also  a  decidecl  afKantaprc 
over  the  Central  Cnicii  route  in  the  matter  of  elevation,  the  hiti;liest  ])oint 
bcinff  only  3,720  feet  abo\  c  the  sea.  On  the  other  h.iiul  the  winter  climate 
is  more  severe  on  the  Canadian  route,  700  miles  of  which  are  north  of  lati- 
tude 53  ,  including  350  miles  north  of  54  .  The  snow  and  ice  will  be  much 
more  troublesome  in  latitude  50'  near  Lake  Superior,  than  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  section,  thou^'h  the  latter  is  farther  north. 

Spanish- American  Railroads. —'I'm:  .Sonok.v  RAiiKo.xn  CoMP.wv  has 
built  100  miles  of  road  from  (iua\mas  towards  Arizona,  by  w.iy  of  llermo- 
sillo.  and  promises  to  reach  the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  in  1.S.S2.  Sev- 
eral railroads  in  Central  Mexico  ha\e  portions  of  their  lines  on  the  Pacific 
Slope,  but  we  ha\e  no  precise  statistics  about  them.  i\n  vVmerican  com- 
pany is  at  work  buildinij  a  railroad  across  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  and 
has  ;i  promise  of  $1,250  a  mile  of  subsidy  from  the  Mexican  (lovcrnment. 
The  ilistance  is  175  miles,  and  the  hir.;hest  ele\ation  to  be  surmounteil,  600 
feet.  The  h.irbor  on  the  Atlantic  side  is  not  good,  ami  to  reach  the  harbor 
of  Salina  Cru/,  15  miles  north  of  Coatzocoalcos  on  the  Pacific,  will  re<juire 
two  lonij  tunnels,  to  cost  $3,000,000.  Connected  with  this  railroad  is  to  be 
a  ship  railroad,  constructed  on  plans  prepared  by  J.  15.  1C.\I)S.  Costa  Rica 
and  Guatemala  are  at  work  on  railroads  to  connect  the  two  oceans,  c.ich 
lipvin;^  a  short  section  built  inland  from  a  port  on  the  Pacific.  Honduras 
undertook  a  simil.n-  enterprise  and  failed. 

Street  Railroads. — The  first  street  railroad  on  the  Pacific  Coast  was  the 
Omnibus  Road — .North  Heach  to  South  Park,  by  way  of  Montgomery  and 
Thiril  .■^Lrcets,  in  San  Francisco,  opened  to  traffic  in  October,  1862.  Other 
roails  were  built  in  rapiil  succession,  until  there  were  74  miles  of  single 
track  in  the  city  in  iS.So.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  street  rail- 
road business  in  the  Californian  metropolis  is  the  extensive  use  of  cable 
traction  by  the  .system  invented  here  by  A.  S.  H.VLl.inii:.  An  endless 
wire  rope  or  cable,  in  a  channel  under  the  middle  of  the  track,  is  kept  run- 
ning by  a  stationary  engine,  and  an  open  slot  in  tlie  channel  enables  the 
car  to  grip  the  rope  at  any  moment  and  move  with  it.  This  method  of 
propulsion  was  demanded  by  the  steep  hills,  but  experience  proved  that 
even  on  level  streets  the  power  is  much  cheaper  than  that  of  horses.  San 
I'rancisco  now  has  5  cable-roads  in  running  order,  and  others  arc  to  be  com- 
menced soon. 

Wagon-Roada. — Wagon-roads  were  introduced  into  California  by  the 
Americans.  The  Mexicans  genci'ally  have  few  wagons,  few  smooth  roads, 
and  little  harness.     They  travel  on  horseback,  and  carry  their  freight  on 


KAIl  koADS. 


iSi 


mules.     Tlic  only  wlicclcd  vcliiclcs  whicli  they  had   in   California  bcfon; 
1.S46  were  clumsy  carts  with  solid  wooden  wheels.    The  Americans  are  pre- 
eminent for  skill  in  the  manufacture  nf  \va;.^iins.  and  for  fondness  of  usiii;,' 
them,  and  for  the  speed  of  their  draught  horses.     They  brou^jlit  their  wn'j;- 
ons,  harness,  and  drauj^ht  horses  with  them  when  they  began  to  cross  the 
continent  with  trains  of  emif^rants.     In  the  \alle)'s  they  foup.d  ^jood  natural 
roads,  and,  when  the  jilacers  i  ore  ilisco\ered,  the)-  soon  bcgar  to  make  toil- 
roads  Icadinpj  up  the  mountain  siiles  to  the  mining  towns.     Thousands  of 
miles  of  ro;id  were  thus  built  by  incorporated  companies,  which,  for  a  few 
years,  drew  large  profits  from  their  tolls.     The  most  profitable  wagon-road 
in  the  State  was  the  road  leading  from  Totsom  through  Placervillc  and  the 
Johnson   Pass  to  Carson  Valley,  coinplctctl   in    185S.     It  was  constructed 
mainly  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  immigration  by  wagons  overland,  but 
derived  most  of  its  value  from  the  accommodation  which  it  gave  to  the 
business  of  the  Comstock  Lode.     In  1 86 1,  1862,  and  1863,  it  was  a  source  of 
great  profit  to  its  owners,  the  gross  receipts  for  tolls  having  been  .$3,000,000 
in  1862.     In  the  summer  it  was  sjirinkled  every  day  over  a  length  of  more 
than  50  miles,  and  in  winter  large  sums  were  spent  to  press  down  the  snow 
.so  that  travel  should  not  be  interrupted.     As  the  elevation  at  the  summit  is 
7,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  average  aggregate  snowfall  of  a  winter  is 
50  feet,  the  task  w;is  sometimes  very  difficult.    The  road  lost  its  importance 
when  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  had  crossed  the  summit.     Among  the 
other  notable  w;igon-.roads  of  California  are  those  to  Yosemite  by  the  Ma- 
dera, Mariposa,  Coulterville,  and   Big  Oak  Flat  routes;   to  the  Geyser.s,  by 
the  Calistoga  and  Clovcrdale  routes;  to  the  summits  of  Mt.  Diablo  and 
]\It.  Hamilton;  to  Santa  Cruz,  from  San  Jose;  to  Pope  Valley,  from  St.  He- 
lena; to  Bodie,  from  Sonora;  to  the  Big  Trees,  from  Murphy's;  to  Lake 
Tahoc,  from  Truckee;  to  Yreka,  and  thence  to  Roscburg,  from  Redding; 
anil  from  Ukiah  to  Ilumboklt  Baj-.     Oregon,  Utah,  Nevada,  Washington, 
and  Idaho  have  many  co.stly  wagon-road.s,  which  increa.se  in  number  and 
improve  in  quality  after  the  construction  of  railroads  has  attracted  scttler.s, 
made  a  market  for  produce,  and  given  .additional  value  to  the  land.    Pacific 
Mexico  is  sadly  in  want  of  good  wagon-roads,  but  these  will  come  with  time. 


Ill 


184 


ci).\imi;rci:.  i.tc. 


CHAPTER  IX.— KXPRESSING. 

Extent  of  Business.— The  general  exprcs.s  bu.siness  of  our  coast  is  trans- 
.ictctt  by  Wells,  F.vrc.o  &  Co.  It  is  the  only  express  v  ith  numerous 
offices  and  routes.  It  has  no  competitor.  All  other  expresses  confine 
their  <ipcrations  to  small  districts,  and  are  auxiliaries  rather  ihan  rivals 
of  the  great  enterprise.  Wl.LLS,  F.VRGO  &  CoMP.WY,  though  the  name 
implies  a  partnership,  is  an  incorporation,  one  of  the  greatest  of  our  time. 
Tlic)- ha\-e  offices  in  more  than  J.oo  towns ;  they  employ  1,350  men;  the 
merchandise,  including  bullion,  which  they  transport  annually,  is  worth 
$J50,ocx),ooo;  tliey  send  messengers  regularly  on  routes  measuring  28,000 
miles,  including  12,500  occupicil  by  ocean  steamers,  7,000  by  stage,  S,ooo 
b_\-  railroads,  and  1,200  b\'  inland  steamboats.  Every  stage  line  west  of  the 
Rocky  ^Mountains  and  north  of  Mexico  carries  their  messengers.  They 
accept  commissions  to  buy  all  kinds  of  inerchandi.se;  they  collect  and  pay 
bills;  they  attend  to  all  kinils  of  simple  commissions  connected  with  receiv- 
ing, transporting,  and  delivering  m.iney  and  mcrchandi.so;  and  they  ileliver 
letters,  using  the  Government  envelopes,  with  orders  to  their  agents  to  sec 
that  the  stamps  sh.ill  always  be  sufficient  for  the  requirements  of  the  Post- 
office  Law.  When  in  iS.So  the  Postmaster-General  propo.sed  to  prohibit 
the  transportation  of  letters  in  Government  envelopes  by  Wklls,  Fargo 
&  Co.,  there  was  a  general  ]irotest  from  San  Diego  to  .Seattle.  The  people, 
especially  the  merchants  in  the  towns  wliich  have  neither  governmental  letter 
delivery  at  their  houses,  nor  a  daily  mail,  were  not  willing  to  be  dcpriveil  of 
the  accommodation  furnished  to  them  by  WlXL.S,  F.VRC.O  &  Co.  While 
California  has  for  the  last  8  years  been  the  scene  of  a  continuous  agita- 
tion against  the  alleged  oppressions  of  "  monopolies,"  a  term  designed  to 
include  railroad.s,  steamships,  gas  and  water  corporations — an  agitation  .so 
active  that  it  has  built  up  2  potent  political  parties,  no  complaint  has 
been  made  against  the  great  express  companj'  which  comes  into  more  inti- 
mate association  with  the  general  business  community  of  the  coast  than  any 
other  corporation. 

A  peculiar  and  \ery  profitable  feature  of  the  express  business  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  has  been  the  transportation  of  precious  metals,  which  must  be 
carried  by  stage  considerable  distances  from  some  of  the  mining  camps  to 
railroad  stations  or  shipping  ports.     The  robbery  of  the  express  is  the  aris- 


KXPKKSS1N(;. 


i.s; 


tocracy  of  crime  in  tlic  mineral  districts,  and  the  highwaymen  for  iiiaii>' 
)-ears  considered  it  beneatli  tlieir  di^jnity,  as  well  as  inconsistent  with  the 
interests  of  tlieir  ])rofession,  to  plunder  a  passenj^er,  no  matter  how  much 
treasure  he  mi^ht  have  with  him.  The  usual  order  to  the  driver  was  to 
"throw  out  the  express  box  [.i  foot  and  .i  I  T  lonij  and  a  foot  square]  and 
drive  on."  The  pri/;e  was  frequently  $5,00  •  .  $io,cxX),  and  sometimes  4  or 
5  times  as  much.  The  express  company  i.ad  boxes  made  of  boiler  iron 
bolted  to  the  stage  on  some  of  tin;  uutcs,  ^o  that  it  could  not  be  carried 
off  without  considerable  delay.  ^■  1  ;  than  once  the  messengers  in  charge 
of  the  boxes  fought  desperately  and  succcs:  tully,  and  on  various  occasions 
within  10  years  they  have  killed  8  higli'Aaj  :  ion.  In  the  twilight,  a  Men- 
docino robber,  armeil  only  with  a  stick  helil  like  a  gun,  and  easily  mistaken 
for  one  by  the  frightened  driver,  plundered  a  stage.  This,  however,  was  on 
a  route  on  which  there  was  an  organized  band  of  robbers,  and  on  which, 
within  a  short  time,  2  passengers  had  been  killed  whik-  the  drivers  were 
trying  to  escape  from  the  robbers.  Perhaps  one  of  the  main  re.isons  for  the 
popularity  of  the  express  with  the  community,  is  the  promptness  and  fairness 
with  which  they  have  made  settlements  for  losses  by  robberj-.  The  com- 
pany have  also  been  liberal  in  rendering  gratuitous  aid  to  various  move- 
ments of  public  charity  on  this  coast.  When  our  people  were  called  upon 
for  contributions  to  aid  the  sufferers  by  the  j-cUow  fever  pestilence  of  187,5 
and  1878  in  New  Orleans  and  Memphis,  by  the  great  conflagrations  of 
Virginia  City,  Chicago,  and  Wisconsin,  bv  '';o  floods  of  the  Vuba  and  Mis- 
sissippi, by  the  grasshoppers  in  Kan.-.as  and  Nebraska,  Wklls,  I'.VRCK)  & 
Co.  gave  their  services  gratuitously  in  collecting  and  transmitting  the  money. 


Origin  of  the  Express. — The  express  business  was  originated  by  W.  !■". 
Hakxden,  at  Boston,  in  1839.  Having  been  a  railroad  conductor,  he  had 
an  opportunity  to  learn  .something  of  the  multitude  of  packages  which  peo- 
ple wished  to  send  without  putting  them  among  the  ordinary  freight  to  be 
left  at  the  station  at  the  owner's  risk.  On  the  23d  of  February  of  that  year, 
he  advertised  that  he  would  make  4  trips  a  week  to  and  from  New  York, 
and  deliver  all  parcels  as  directed,  in  both  cities.  He  supplied  the  leading 
newspapers  with  the  latest  journals  from  other  places,  and  they  advertised 
him  liberally.  Within  3  years,  expressing  had  become  a  prominent  branch 
of  business,  with  many  departments  not  thought  of  by  Haknden  when  he 
started  his  enterprise,  though  they  grew  out  of  it  naturally.  In  a  short 
time  AUAMS  &  Co.  became  one  of  the  leading  express  houses  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1 849  they  sent  D.  II.  Ha.SKELL  to  establish  a  branch  house 
in  San  p-rancisco.  He  found  the  finest  field  ever  opened  to  express  enter- 
prise. The  country  was  full  of  packages,  small  and  valuable,  many  of  them 
34 


ti;.  I 


iy  if 


III 


Hi 


Si?! 


B 


iS6 


CilMMl'RCi:,   r.Tc. 


l)iicksl<in  bntjs  of  t:;nlcl-(liist,  to  be  tninspoi-tcrl  long  distances  in  charge  of 
failliful  messengers,  and  deli\cred  to  their  address  as  soon  as  possible  after 
the  arrival  of  the  stage  or  steamer  at  its  destination.  As  the  mail  ran  only 
once  a  week  to  many  of  tlie  inining  camps,  and  letters  were  not  delivered 
at  the  houses  in  the  cities,  the  express  diil  much,  postal  service,  which  cost 
for  a  time  25  cents  a  letter.  Various  companies  ran  in  competition  with 
,\dam.^  &  Cm.,  but  none  did  an  extensive  business  save  \Vi:i.I,S,  F.\K(;n  & 
Co.,  who  oijlained  a  pr.'ctical  nionopol\-  when  the  former  house  failed  in  its 
banking  dep.irtmei.l  in  1855,  ilragging  its  express  business,  which  paitl  a 
net  profit  of  .$50,000  a  month,  into  irretrievable  ruin.  The  numerous  agents 
of  .\l).\MS  &  Co.,  thrown  (JUt  of  occupation  b\-  the  bankrujjtcy  of  their  em- 
ployers, organized  a  new  compan}-  to  do  an  express  business  in  California, 
but  there  was  a  lack  of  discipline  and  strict  supervision,  and  they  could  not 
compete  successfully  with  Wl'.l.LS,  Far(;o  &  C'" 

Wells,  Fargo  &  Co. — After  the  f.iilurc  01  the  first  company,  others  at- 
tempted ri\alr_\-,  l)ut  with  like  result,  and  for  many  years  Wl'.l.l^s,  Fargo  ii 
Co.  ha\e  hatl  no  competition.  The)'  were  incorporated  in  New  York  City, 
.and  established  offices  in  California  in  1852,  doing  a  banking  as  well  as  an 
express  business.  When  the  collapse  of  Vav.V.,  Bacon  &  Co.  and  AnAMS 
&  Co.  threw  all  business  into  confusion  on  I"ebru;u)-  23,  1S55,  \\'i".i.LS, 
l'".\lu;o  &  Co.  closed  their  doors,  and  II.]\I.  Naoi.I'.E  was  appointed  receiver. 
A  brief  examination  satisfied  him  that  the  establishment  was  solvent,  and 
after  a  lapse  of  3  dajs  the  doors  were  reojiened,  anil  banking  anil  express- 
ing went  on  as  usual.  In  1S55  Louis  I\IcL.\Nr.  became  general  manager 
in  .San  I'rancisco,  and  the  business  prospered  under  his  control.  lie  intro- 
''.uceil  the  system  of  using  Government  envelopes  for  letters  witii  the  stamp 
of  the  compan}',  and  receipts  from  the  sales  of  these  envelopes  rose  to  $15,- 
000  a  m<ii".th.  The  company  did  not  confine  their  attention  exclusively  to 
the  express  liusiness.  Their  directors  were  active  participants  in  many  en- 
ter[)rises  to  open  up  new  lines  of  cominunication  on  our  coast,  and  between 
the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  slopes.  To  more  than  one  stage  company  organized 
to  connect  the  2  sides  of  the  continent  they  contributed  a  large  part  of  the 
capital.  Louis  McLam:  moved  to  New  York,  and  CllARl.KS  K.  McLane 
succeeded  him  as  manager  in  San  Francisco. 

In  1869  LlovI)  Tkvis  and  others  organized  the  Pacific  Express  Corn- 
pan)-,  which,  by  a  contract  with  the  Central  and  Union  Pacific  railroads,  ob- 
tained superior  privileges  for  the  transportation  of  express  matter,  and  the 
result  of  this  was  that  tlie  Pacific  Express  and  W'KI.l.s,  Farco  &  Co.  con- 
solidated, taking  the  name  of  tlie  latter,  and  transferring  the  main  offcc 
from  N'ew  York  to  San   Franci.sco.     Lloym  Tia  is  became  president  in 


i;\i'Ri:ssiNC. 


187 


1S70,  and  has  retained  tlic  position  for  1 1  )-cars.  While  all  the  other  great 
corporations  ha\e  had  frequent  and  some  of  them  continuous  controversies, 
not  only  vith  the  business  community,  but  also  with  the  authorities  of  the 
local  governments,  he  has  had  the  good  fortune  (a  term  that  prohabl\-  does 
not  do  full  justice  to  his  supervision)  to  see  the  express  moving  smoolhK',  at 
least  in  all  its  more  important  relations,  while  continuing  to  enlarge  its  ter- 
ritory and  increase  its  business. 

Pony  Express. — The  pony  express,  practically  part  of  the  business  of 
Wells,  F.\KC;o  &  Co.,  was  a  lively  but  brief  cpi.sode  in  the  history  of  our 
coast.  The  transcontinental  mail  stage  began  to  run  in  185S,  but  spent 
nearly  3  weeks  between  San  Trancisco  and  St.  Louis,  so  that  it  did  not 
add  much  to  the  mail  facilities  for  through  business,  and  on  account  of  the 
high  expense  carried  little  way  express  matter.  To  obtain  greater  speed, 
W.  II.  Rl'.ssLLL  of  St.  Louis,  with  some  partners  as  enterprising  as  him- 
self in  the  winter  of  1859-Co  made  arrangements  for  transportation  of 
about  15  pounds  of  letters  on  horseback  from  St.  Joseph,  Missoiu'i,  to  Sac- 
ramento. Stations  were  established  at  distances  varying  from  10  to  25 
miles  acr :ss  the  continent,  each  supplied  with  several  lively  horses,  under 
charge  of  a  keeper,  who  was  to  have  one  read)'  saddled  and  bridled  when 
an  express  was  due.  I'^ach  rider  was  to  travel  75  miles  in  a  daj-,  going,  if 
posiible,  on  the  gallop  all  the  way.  The  first  pony  rider  arrived  in  lo^j 
days  from  the  Missouri,  reaching  San  Francisco  April  14,  i860,  at  I  A.  M. 
An  expectant  crowd  with  torches  and  music  received  him  at  the  wharf 
with  enthusiastic  cheers,  and  escorted  him  to  the  oflTicc  for  the  delivery  cf 
his  package.  Mis  arrixal  was  regarded  as  the  beginning  of  an  era  of  more 
rapid  communication  between  the  two  sides  of  the  continent;  and  so  it 
was.  The  time  between  the  outer  telegraph  .stations  at  St.  Joseph  and 
Carson  was  only  9  days,  or  about  half  the  time  previously  required.  Tlic 
pon\'  ex|)ress  charged  $5  for  carrj'ing  a  letter  weighing  half  an  ounce,  but 
never  was  profitable,  and  was  withdrawn  after  a  lapse  of  nearly  2  years,  in 
consequence  of  the  con.'truction  of  the  tran.scontincntal  telegraph  line. 

John  J.  Valentine  -JoilN  J.  Valentine,  bom  at  Bowling  Green,  Ky., 
in  1840,  came  to  thi^:  ■  oast  in  1862,  and  became  the  agent  of  the  Pioneer 
and  Overland  Stage  companies,  in  the  service  of  WELLS,  Fargo  &  Co.,  at 
Virginia  Cit)-.  He  had  been  there  but  a  short  time  when  a  superintendent 
was  needed  for  TllE  PloNEER  Stace  COMPANY,  and  a  discussion  of  the 
merits  of  the  obtainable  men  led  to  the  conclusion  that  VALENTINE,  notwith- 
standing his  youth,  was  the  most  competent  and  trustworthy  man,  so  he  was 
promoted.  lie  managed  the  business  under  his  charge  so  well,  that  when 
a  superintendent  was  wanted  for  the  California  division  of  Wells,  Fakgo  & 


i.SS 


(X)MMi:U(K,   KTC. 


lii' 


'Co.'s  express,  lie  was  attain  promoted;  and,  finally,  in  1869,  before  he  was 
30  )'cars  of  .ijTc,  he  was  advanced  by  the  com])any  to  the  highest  position 
in  its  express  department,  the  general  superintendency,  which  he  has  since 
held  with  increasing  credit  for  himself.  The  continuous  popularity  of  this 
conipan)',  while  other  wealthy  corporations  have  been  extensively  de- 
nounced as  hateful  monopolies,  is  doubtless  partly  due  to  his  management. 
The  gratuitous  and  efficient  .services  which  he  and  his  department  have 
rendered  to  great  movements  of  public  benevolence,  and  his  carefully 
compiled  tables  of  the  annual  production  of  the  precious  metals  on  our 
coast,  have  given  to  him  a  national  reputation. 


L 


TiiLiicuAi'ii,  i;rc. 


189 


, 


CHAPTER   X.— TELEGRAPH,  ETC. 

First  Wires.— The  Pacific  Coast  makes  liberal  use  of  the  electro-mag- 
netic telegraph,  and  one  company,  the  Western  Union,  which  has  theonly 
long  line  or  general  system  of  telegraphic  wires  on  our  coast,  has  17,250 
miles  of  wire,  9,600  miles  of  line,  and  500  offices  west  of  the  summit  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Its  connections  reach  every  important  town  north 
of  Mexico,  and  extend  as  far  north  as  Barkcrvillc,  in  the  Cariboo  district, 
British  Columbia.  Connected  with  the  Western  offices  arc  numerous  little 
local  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  leading  to  mines,  mills,  and  villages,  and 
maintained  by  the  citizens  for  their  convenience,  though  with  some  loss. 
A  large  amount  of  money  is  transferred  by  telegraph,  especially  between 
San  Erancisco  and  New  York. 

The  first  electric  telegraph  on  our  slope,  and  one  still  in  operation  though 
never  extcnc'  '  was  opened  for  use  on  September  1 1,  1853,  and  connected 
the  Merchani  "xchange  with  Point  Lobos,  6  miles  distant.  It  was  built 
for  the  purpo'  ni  announcing  the  arrival  of  vessels  about  to  enter  the 
Golden  tiate.  Two  days  later,  Jamks  G.vmblk,  who  had  been  a  tele- 
graphic operator  on  the  Atlantic  Slope  before  coming  to  California,  started 
out  from  San  Erancisco,  with  a  party  of  6  men,  to  put  up  the  wire  for  TllE 
California  State  Ti:lec;kai'II  Company,  which  had  obtained  from  the 
Legislature  of  1852,  a  franchi.se  lor  a  telegraph  from  the  metropolis  to 
Marysville,  by  way  of  San  Jose,  Stockton,  and  Sacramento.  This  franchise 
was  to  expire  on  October  31st  of  the  same  year,  if  the  line  should  not  be 
in  Wf)rking  order  on  that  day;  and  on  the  25th  the  wire  was  in  place,  though 
offices  for  regular  business  were  not  opened  until  some  days  later.  The 
first  branches  were  built  to  Auburn,  Neviida  City,  and  other  mining  towns, 
which  then  had  a  far  more  active  business  than  Oakland,  Vallcjo,  Napa, 
Pctaluma,  .Santa  Rosa,  or  Santa  Cruz. 

Transoontinontal  Wires.— Placcrville,  as  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
prosperous  mining  towns,  was  early  supplied  with  a  branch  office,  and 
became  the  basis  for  a  movement  for  a  line  across  the  continent.  The 
first  pole  for  such  a  line  was  erected  on  the  4th  of  July,  1858,  by  TllK 
Placerville  and  HuMBOLur  Co.MPANV,  which,  however,  had  not  the 
means  for  continuing  its  enterprise,  and  stopped  at  Carson  Cit)-  in  the  fol 


11 


f1 


«,! 


m 


lyo 


COMMKRCE,    KTC. 


lowiiiLf  sprinjT.     In  January,    i860,  Conprrcss   passed  an  act  authorizing  a 
contract  lor  the  pa>nKnt  of  $40,000  a  year  for  10  years  for  the  transmission 
of  Govcrnnient  messa.u,^es  from  the  frontier  of  Missouri  to  San  J-'rancisco,  the 
service  to  bc,L;in  not  later  than  Ju!\-  31,  1862.     TllE  Wkstkrx  UmoN  Ti;i.- 
i:c;RAriI  CoMI'anv  made  an  arrant;cment  with  the  leading  stockholders  of 
riii:  Cai.iiorma  SiATE  Tklegrai'II  Companv  for  the  construction  of  the 
road  from  I'lacerville  to  Salt  Lake  City,  and  TlIE  OVE.RLAND  TELEGRAPH 
Ci'.Ml'ANV  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  doing  the  work.     They  reached 
Salt   Lake  witii  tiicir  wire  October  iS,  18C1,  6  days  after  the  line  from  the 
east  h.id  arrixcd  there.     On  November  6,  the  fn-st  direct  messages  between 
New  York  and   San   I'^ranci.sco   jjassed  over  the  line.     Till-:  C.\L!EORNI.\ 
S  lA  IE  Telegraph  Company  then  owned  tiic  Pacific  network  of  telegraphic 
wire,  with  1,615  miles  of  route,  and  59  stations,  extending  from  Los  Angeles 
to  Portland,  with  branches  to  all  the  leading  towns  in  the  mining  districts. 
In  January,  1862,  it  absorbed  THE  OvERLAM)  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY,  and 
then  had  5,000  miles  of  wire  and  200  offices,  some  of  them  in  Hritish  Coiumbia, 
and  thus  had  a  position  on  the  Pacific  slope  similar  to  that  held  on  the  other 
side  of  the  continent  by  THE  WESTERN  UNION.     In  1S68,  the  latter  com- 
pany purchased  a  controlling  interest  in  the  stock  of  the  California  company, 
and    Icasetl    its    lines,  which   ha\c    since  belonged   to   the   great  Western 
Union,  now  the  largest  telegraph  company  in  the  world,  with  100,000  miles 
of  wire  in  f)peration.    THE  WESTERN  UNION  Telegraph  Company  in- 
curred great  expense  in    1865,  for  the  jnirpose  of  constructing  a  telegraph 
from  Traser  River,  through  British  Columbi.i  and  Alaska,  U)  Siberia,  where 
it  was  to  meet  a  similar  line.     L.\tensi\e  explorations  were  undertaken,  anil 
the  wire  had  passed  the  southern  point  <jf  Alaska,  when  the  enter])rise  was 
abandoned,  on   account  of  the  success   of   the   submarine   Atlantic  cable. 
The  difficulties  (jf  construction  and  maintenance  in  nortiiern  IJritish  Colum- 
bia ami  in  Al.iska,  were  so  great  that  the  line  there  could  not  compete  with 
the  ..\tlaiitic  cable  in  transmitting  messages  between  the  United  States  and 
I'Airope;  and  the  line  had  been  projected  mainly  for  the  ])urpose  of  accom- 
modating that  business. 

L\cr\-  year  sees  an  extension  <jf  the  lines  on  the  i'acific  Coast,  and  an 
increase  of  the  business;  and  nearly  every  j-ear  witnesses  some  reduction 
of  the  charges,  which,  though  higher,  absolutely,  than  in  the  Atlantic  States 
and  ill  Luropc,  ,ire  lower  in  relation  to  the  amount  of  business  done.  It  is 
not  to  be  expected  that  the  charges  would  be  so  low  in  a  sparsely  settled 
countiA',  with  few  large  cities,  as  amid  the  more  crowiled  communities  of 
]".uro|)e  or  of  the  Eastern  States. 

Telephone. — The  Pacific  Coast  had  5,000  Bell  telephones  in  operation  in 
July,  1 88 1,  4  years  after  the  first  one  maile  its  appearance  west  of  the  Rocky 


ti;i.i;(;rai'1i,.  i;tc. 


191 


Mountains.  The  telephone  exchan^'e  (devised  by  GkokgK  S.  LadI),  and 
first  established  in  San  I'rancisco  under  his  supervision)  supplies  a  sep- 
arate wire  from  a  central  station  to  each  subscriber,  who  is  furnished  with  a 
transmitting  and  a  receivin;,'  telephone,  a  siijnal  bell  and  a  si.i(nal  button  to 
call  the  operator.  All  of  these  wires  terminate  at  the  e.Kchancje  in  a  lar^'c 
s^\•itch  and  annunciator.  In  operation,  the  subscriber  pushes  his  si;4nal 
button,  which  rin^s  a  bell  and  exposes  the  subscriber's  number  on  the  an- 
nunciator, precisely  as  in  the  hotel  rmnunciator.  The  operator  responds  l)y 
telephone,  and  receives  the  subscriber's  instruction  to  place  him  in  spcakinj^ 
connection  with  another  subscriber.  The  operator  then  calls  the  second 
subscriber  by  means  of  his  siijnal  bell,  connects  the  wires  of  the  2  subscribers 
toj^ether  by  means  of  his  switch,  and  thus  the  2  subscribers  are  enabled  to 
converse  without  bcinij  overheard  anywhere  alouL,'  the  line.  The  exchange 
system  has  opened  the  w  idest  field  for  the  use  of  the  telephone,  and  more 
than  three  fourths  of  all  the  telephones  in  the  United  St.itcs  are  now  useil 
in  this  way.  Exchanges  are  now  in  active  operation  in  San  Francisco, 
Oakland,  Sacramento,  San  Jose,  Marysville,  Portland,  Virginia  Citj-,  Tucson, 
Los  Angeles,  and  .San  Diego,  and  the  number  is  rapidly  increasing.  The 
exchanges  will  be  connected  b)'  wires  between  tlie  various  towns,  until  the 
subscriber  can  converse  not  only  with  parties  in  his  own  city,  but  with  those 
in  any  other  city  within  the  speaking  range  of  the  telephone,  and  that, 
under  fav(jrable  conditions,  is  several  hundreil  miles.  Such  a  connection 
already  exists  between  the  San  I'rancisco  and  Oakland  exchanges,  through 
a  submarine  cable,  and  it  is  being  extended  to  Alameda,  San  Pablo,  Herke- 
le)-,  and  other  villages. 

The  telephone  is  found  to  be  of  great  convenience  for  communication  be- 
tween mines  and  mills,  between  counting  offices  and  factories,  between  res- 
idences and  store;,  and  a  substitute  for  speaking-tubes  in  houses,  hotels, 
jteamships,  and  between  dwellings  and  stabler,,  for  which  latter  purposes 
there  is  a  clicap  "speaking-tube"  telephone.  The  telephone  is  much  used 
as  a  substitute  for  telegraphic  wires,  between  places  which  ha\e  not  business 
enough  to  pay  for  the  services  of  skilled  operators.  In  fact,  new  uses  are 
found  for  it  every  month,  and  the  manifold  purposes  to  which  it  may  be  ap- 
plied in  the  future  can  not  now  be  foretold. 

The  San  I'Vancisco  I'.xcliange  has  10  offices,  700  miles  of  wire,  1,250  sub- 
scribers, 2,500  telephones,  and  75  employees,  and  makes  about  1,000  con- 
nection.s  for  conversation  e\ery  average  day.  The  charges  vary  in  the  dif- 
ferent cities,  but  are  lower  than  in  the  larger  Atlantic  cities  generally.  New 
York  exacts  $180,  Philadelphia  $120,  Chicago  $75,  Boston  $60,  and  San 
Francisco  $60  a  >ear 


KJ2 


CDMMKKCK,    KTC. 


District  Telegraph.— Til i:  Amickican  Disirict  Tkugrai'II  C(»r- 
PA.W  \v;is  organized  in  1875  b\'  the  managers  of  TlIK  KlKCIRKAI.  CON- 
STRUCTION' AND  .MaintknancI':  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $6oo,ckx), 
di\i(.lei.l  into  6,000  shares  of  $100  each.  In  I.S78,  it  was  consolidated  with 
Tin:  CiOi.i)  AND  .Stock  Ti;m:c;r.vi'I1  Comi'.vnv.  The  main  workings  of 
the  system,  althouji;'  generally  understood,  contain  many  interesting  features, 
some  ol'  which  arc  peculiar  to  San  I'rancisco.  The  district  bo.\  now  in 
use  was  invented  by  Mr.  Ladd,  the  president,  and  STlil'llKN  D.  FlKl.D, 
the  former  electrician  of  the  Electrical  Construction  Coinpany.  The  bo.x, 
which  is  of  circular  shape,  and  contains  the  machinery,  is  surmounted  by  a 
circular  dial  covered  with  glass,  and  inclosed  in  a  plated  iron  rim.  Around 
the  edge  of  the  dial  are  the  words  "messenger,"  "coupe,"  "hack,"  "tele- 
graph," "doctor,"  "coal,"  "transfer,"  "police,"  "fire,"  and  2  blank  spaces  for 
those  who  wish  to  send  messages  of  a  general  nature.  13y  turning  the 
jioinlcr  to  the  right  word  and  pulling  a  lever  at  the  side  of  the  bo.x,  the 
desired  signal  is  instantly  transmitted  to  the  nearest  office  of  the  company. 
The  machinery  is  so  ingeniously  contrived  that  it  indicates,  with  unfailing 
accurac)',  the  location  of  the  signaling  box,  and  tiie  nature  of  tiie  service 
required.  If  it  be  a  messenger  call,  a  boy  starts  instantl)'  in  response.  If 
it  be  a  call  for  a  coupe  or  hack,  the  order  is  sen*:  by  telepiione  to  the  office 
(if  TllK  Unitkd  CAKKl.V(iK  COMPANY,  and  a  vehicle  is  immediately  dis- 
patched iVom  the  nearest  stand  or  stable.  If  a  tloclor  be  needed,  the  family 
lihysician,  whose  name  and  address  have  been  previously  left  at  the  office, 
is  at  once  notified  by  a  messen;jer,  who  then  |)roceeds  directly  to  the  sub- 
scriber's house  to  receive  further  instructions,  go  for  prescriptions,  etc. 
Standing  orders  are  often  given  by  patrons  that,  when  the  physician  is  sum- 
moned, a  carriage  shall  also  be  dispatched  to  liis  residence,  so  that  his  services 
may  be  obtained,  for  cases  of  sudden  and  serious  illness,  with  least  ])ossib!e 
delay.  The  company  has  on  record  many  instances  in  which  lives,  in  im- 
minent danger,  have  been  saved  by  the  prompt  arrival  of  medical  aid.  If 
the  fire  call  be  sounded,  the  alarm  is  instantly  sent,  by  teleplK)ne,  to  the 
]•  ne  I'atrol,  and  assistance  is  dispatched  within  30  seconds.  The  delay  in- 
curred 1))'  calling  out  the  regular  Fire  Department  is  thus  avoided ;  and 
hundreds  of  fires,  which  otherwise  might  ha\e  devek)ped  into  disastrous 
conflagrations,  have  been  extinguished  without  .serious  loss.  The  "[xjlice" 
call  summons  an  officer  at  short  notice,  anil  is  of  special  value  to  households 
w  here  the  ladies  are  left  without  male  protection.  Ant)tlier  valuable  feature 
is  the  "  night  watchman's  signal."  Private  watchmen,  employed  to  guaril 
business  premises,  are  instructed  to  turn  on  the  signal  at  the  district  box, 
at  certain  specified  hours  of  the  night,  in  order  to  indicate  that  nothing  un- 


>"~n«!c»«e«w.Nsv>vn\v>nT?'. 


TELi:t;KAi'ii,  i:tc. 


193 


usual  has  occurred.     If  they  fail  to  do  so  at  the  proper  moment,  police 
officers  arc  at  once  dispatched  to  ascertain  tlie  cause. 

The  main  office  of  the  company  in  .San  I'rancisco  is  at  222  Sansomc 
Street.  There  arc  numerous  agencies  in  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Utah, 
anil  Arizona.  The  larger  towns,  in  which  branches  are  established,  arc  di- 
vided into  districts  of  such  size,  that  the  extreme  points  of  each  are  within 
easy  reach  of  the  head  office,  which  is  centrally  located,  and  provided  with 
a  force  of  operators,  clerks,  messengers,  and  [jolice  officers. 

Connected  with  the  District  Messenger  System,  is  a  company  to  supply 
carriages.  Until  4  or  5  years  ago,  the  public  hack  service  of  San  Fran- 
cisco was  conducted  entirely  by  firms  or  individuals,  owning  from  one  t<i  5 
vehicles.  There  was  no  organization,  imj  .system,  little  responsibility,  and  so 
much  extortion,  that  many  persons  preferred  to  dispense  with  the  conven- 
ience rather  than  to  submit  to  imposition,  or  to  undergo  the  annoyance  of 
a  dispute  with  an  in.solciit  tiackman.  TllE  Amkkk  AX  DiSTKK'T  Tr.Li:- 
GU.M'II  Cu.Ml'.VNV  tried  to  remedy  this  state  of  things,  and  to  place  at  the 
disposal  of  their  patrons  a  first-class  carriage  and  coupe  service.  Finding 
this  to  be  impossible  under  the  system  then  existing,  they  organized,  in 
1877,  The  United  Carkia(;k  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $250,000.  The 
new  company  purchased  the  property  of  3  or  4  leading  proprictor.s,  antl 
enlisted  them  in  the  management.  Many  new  carriages  and  coupes  and 
entirely  new  sets  of  harness  and  equipments  were  purchased.  Horses  were 
provided,  superior  to  those  formerly  in  use;  and  civil  and  competent  drivers, 
dressed  in  neat  livery,  were  placed  in  charge  of  the  vehicles.  Uniform  rates 
were  established,  much  lower  than  those  ever  before  charged  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  was  soon  admitted  that,  in  the  completeness  of  their  appoint- 
ments and  service,  their  excellent  organization,  and  perfect  reliability,  the 
ccjuipagcs  of  the  company  were  superior  to  those  of  any  city  in  the  United 
States  or  in  Europe,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  more  desirable  custom  soon 
fell  into  their  hand.s.  A  great  change  has  been  wrought  in  the  entire  hack 
business  of  the  city.  Other  proprietors  have  found  it  necessary  to  purchase 
better  outfits,  and  to  employ  a  better  class  of  drivers;  and  the  principal 
thoroughfares  of  San  Francisco  arc  no  longer  disfigured  by  rickety  vehi- 
cles and  ragged  h.ack-drivers.  TllK  UmtkI)  Carriagh  Comtaw  is  un- 
der contract  with  Tlili  DlSTKlc"!'  TelixiraI'II  CoMl'A.W,  to  keep  carriages 
ready  for  instant  service,  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  thus  affording  a 
great  convenience  to  those  who  are  in  communication  by  telephone  or  dis- 
trict telegraph  bo.\.  It  also  sells  checks  on  all  incoming  trains  and  steam- 
ers, and  keeps  foremen  at  the  depots  and  wharves,  to  escort  its  patrons  to 
their  carriages.     The  company  emploj's  about  100  persons,  and  owns  and 

operates  about  75  hack.s,  coupes,  and  coaches,  and  over  100  horses. 
»5 


194 


COMMERCE.   ETC. 


,1 


Gold  and  Stock  Telegraph. —The  business  of  The  Gold  and  Stock 
TELr.GRAril  Com  TAN  Y  consists  in  furnishing  to  its  subscribers  daily  quota- 
tions from  the  great  financial  and  commercial  centers  of  the  Eastern  States 
and  of  Europe,  the  prices  ruling  in  the  stock  and  grain  markets,  and  the 
latest  shipping  intelligence.  Under  special  and  exclusive  contracts  with 
Tiir,  W'ESTKRX  Union  Telegraph  Company,  the  messages  of  the  Gold 
and  Stock  Telegraph  take  precedence  of  all  other  matter.  It  is  therefore 
enabled  to  deliver  to  its  patrons  in  San  Francisco,  by  8:30  A.  M.,  the  trans- 
actions and  quotations  in  finance  and  commerce,  and  the  prices  current  in 
the  grain  markets  of  New  York  and  Chicago,  up  to  1 1  a.  M.,  and  those  of 
London  and  Liverpool  up  to  3  p.  M.  of  the  same  day.  As  these  quotations 
govern  the  markets  and  exchanges  of  the  entire  Pacific  Coast,  their  delivery, 
at  the  earliest  possible  moment,  is  a  great  advantage  to  banker.s,  merchants, 
and  business  men.  The  company  also  furnishes  the  earliest  intelligence  of 
the  movements  ot  shipping  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  In  San  Francisco, 
quotations  and  news  arc  transmitted  by  wire,  and  printed  by  "stock 
printers"  at  the  subscribers'  offices,  as  soon  as  they  are  received  at  the 
head  office.  At  other  places  on  the  coa.st,  they  are  usually  delivered  in 
manuscript  form.  The  principal  office  of  the  company  is  at  222  Sansome 
Street,  San  Franci.sco,  and  there  are  9  branch  offices  in  the  city.  All  offices 
are  connected  by  wires,  and  through  any  one  of  them  telegrams  may  be  trans- 
mitted and  delivered  at  any  point  in  San  Francisco,  or  at  any  place  that  is 
in  connection  with  the  telegraph  systems  of  the  world. 


SHIPPING. 


X95 


r 


CHAPTER  XL— SHIPPING. 

Lively  Traffic— For  20  years  after  the  discovery  of  gold  at  Coloma,  the 
maritime  traffic  of  this  coast  was  extremely  active.  All  the  freight  and 
most  of  the  travel  to  and  from  California  took  the  sea  route.  During  the 
flush  period  of  the  placers,  the  miners  and  the  traders,  whom  they  enriched, 
demanded  large  supplies  of  foreign  products.  To  accommodate  them,  steam- 
ers more  commodious,  and  large  sailing-vessels  swifter  than  any  previously 
seen,  were  constructed.  The  Californian  clipper  was  the  name  of  the  finest 
class  of  sailers  on  the  sccX  In  1850,  San  Francisco  had  become  one  of  the 
great  seaports,  and  its  maritime  commerce  continues  to  grow,  though  much 
of  its  freight  coming  from  and  going  to  the  Atlantic  Coast,  now  takes  land 
routes. 

The  vessels  which  entered  the  harbor  in  1881,  including  the  small  craft 
engaged  in  internal  and  coasting  trade,  numbered  about  3,500,  and  measured 
1,700,000  tons  in  the  aggregate,  showing  an  average  of  485  tons  for  each 
ves.scl.  Of  these,  174  were  steam  vessels,  from  foreign  ports,  aggregating  in 
measurement,  343,576  tons;  and  925  were  sailing-vessels,  from  foreign  ports, 
measuring  in  the  aggregate,  1,084,186  tons.  The  50  vessels  that  arrived 
from  China  averaged  2,400  tons  each ;  the  60  from  American  ports  on  the 
Atlantic  averaged  1,600  tons  each;  the  200  from  Great  Britain  averaged 
1,400;  and  the  remainder  of  the  arrivals  averaged  less  than  1,400  tons  each. 
The  money  paid  as  freight,  during  the  year,  on  cargoes  from  foreign  ports, 
by  sailing  vessels,  was  $3,203,801 ;  and  that  paid  on  cargoes  from  American 
Atlantic  ports,  by  similar  conveyance,  $1,332,896. 

Steam  Navigation. — Steam  navigation  began  as  a  regular  business  on 
our  coast  when  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  California  arrived  at  Panama, 
by  way  of  Cape  Horn.  She  was  the  pioneer  of  the  line  of  mail  steamers  to 
ply  between  Panama  and  Oregon,  accommodating  the  greater  part  of  the 
coast,  and  her  arrival  in  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  on  February  28,  1849, 
was  ccleb-'ated  as  an  occasion  of  great  public  importance.  For  nearly  20 
years  the  company  conveyed  most  of  the  passengers,  treasure,  and  fast 
freight  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco.  The  arrivals  and  departures 
of  its  steamers  at  intervals  for  a  month  at  first,  and  later  of  2  weeks  or  one 
week,  were  events  that  attracted   universal  attention.     The  agent  of  the 


i--  \ 


196 


CUMMERCK,   ETC. 


company  in  San  Francisco,  by  virtue  of  iiis  position,  was  one  of  the  leading 
business  men  of  tlic  cit\-. 

The  immense  business  of  the  company  attracted  competition.  A  rival 
line,  crossini^  from  ocean  to  ocean  thn)u;^h  Xicarai^ua,  "btaincil  a  larj,'c 
patrona;^'c  from  the  travelinj^  public,  until  the  route  was  closed  in  conse- 
quence of  Walker's  filibusterinfj  occupation  of  the  country.  The  overland 
mail  staijc,  which  ran  by  the  southern  route  between  San  I'"rancisco  and  St. 
Louis  in  1 859,  and  by  the  middle  route  between  Sacramento  and  the  Mis- 
souri in  1861,  .shaking  up  its  patrons  bj- three  weeks  of  hard  driving  day 
and  niijht,  took  but  few  of  the  jiassenLjers,  and  for  1 2  jears  before  the 
completion  of  the  first  transcontinental  railroad,  the  Pacific  .Mail  Company 
had  no  serious  opposition.  The  placid  character  of  the  Pacific,  the  length 
of  the  voyage  between  I'anania  and  San  Francisco,  the  throng  of  travel, 
and  the  large  proportion  of  passengers  ready  to  pa)'  high  fares  for  the  most 
lu.xurious  accommodations,  induced  the  company  to  build  the  largest,  most 
elegant,  and  most  comfortable  vessels  afloat.  The  importance  of  the  com- 
pany \ias  greatly  increased  by  the  est.iblishment  of  its  subsidized  Chinese 
mail  steamer  line,  which  started  from  IIong-Kong  and  from  San  F'rancisco 
on  January  1,  I.S67,  and  beg.m  in  iSoS  to  run  monthly  each  way.  The  rev- 
enue was  immense,  and  the  business  regular  antl  safe;  but  the  management 
fell,  for  a  time,  into  the  hands  of  stockjobbers,  and  the  stockholders  were 
sacrificed.  The  company  was  compelled  to  pay  an  e.s:tortionate  price  to  the 
Panama  Railroad  for  its  50  miles  of  transportation.  Rival  steamship  lines 
across  the  Pacific  were  established.  The  Pacific  Railroad  took  most  of  the 
passengers  and  fast  freight  between  .San  Francisco  and  New  York,  and  the 
company  sold  its  line  of  steamers  running  to  Oregon. 

High  Port  Charges.— The  charges  for  pilotage,  towage,  dockage,  wharf- 
age, and  repairs  at  .San  Franci.sco  and  in  the  Columbia  River  are  subject  of 
much  complaint  among  shipmasters,  and  are  serious  obstacles  to  the  devel- 
opment of  shi|)ping  interests.  The  pilot  fees  fixetl  by  the  legislatures,  un- 
der the  inlluence  of  political  favoritism,  have  been  especially  opprcssi\c,  and 
were  the  more  offensive  because  made  obligator)-. 

Vessels  discharging  at  San  Francisco  must  pay  dockage  in  proportion 
to  size.  Thus  one  of  225  tons  must  pay  $5  per  day;  one  of '550  tons, 
$8.50  per  da)-;  one  of  1,050  tons,  $12.50  per  day;  one  of  1,550  tons, 
$17.50  per  day,  and  one  of  2,100  tons,  $23.50  per  day.  While  loading, 
receiving,  or  discharging  ballast,  or  doing  nothing  after  discharge,  the 
vessel  must  pay  half  rates.  Fvery  load  of  ordinary  merchandise,  no  mat- 
ter how  small,  hauled  to  or  from  the  ship,  must  pay  a  wharfage  toll  of 
10  cents;   but  the  charge  is  5  cents  per  ton,  if  in  loads  of  2  tons  or  more. 


t 


SHIPPING. 


197 


All  vessels  entcrin<;  or  leaving  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco,  unless  whaling, 
fishing,  or  engaged  in  trading  between  .(Vmerican  ports  on  the  Pacific,  must 
pay  $5  per  foot  draught,  and  if  she  measures  more  than  500  tons,  4  cents 
per  ton  additional  when  she  taK-es  a  pilot ;  and  if  she  refuses  t'l  takx-  one  she 
must  pay  half  pilotage.  Changes  arc  frequently  made  in  the  schedules  of 
charges. 

The  pilotage  at  the  Columbia  River  is  $8  per  foot  for  crossing  the  bar, 
and  $4  additional  per  foot  for  taking  the  vessel  to  Portland.  At  Victoria 
the  pilotage  is  $3  a  foot.  Vessels  leaving  Humboldt  Bay  are  towed  out, 
aftd  pa)-  75  cents  on  every  1,000  feet  of  lumber,  and  25  cents  on  every  ton 
of  merchandise.     The  charge  is  the  same  at  Coos  Bay. 

River  Navigation. — The  ordinarily  navigable  portions  of  the  .streams 
and  bayi-'  tributary  to  the  Golden  Gate  have  an  aggregate  length  of  about 
300  miles,  but  if  the  routes  followed  by  the  regular  lines  of  steamers  run- 
ning to  Sacramento,  Stockton,  Colusa,  Alviso,  Alameda,  Oakland,  Berkeley, 
Vallcjo,  Pctaluma,  San  Rafael,  and  Saucclito,  be  added  together,  the  total 
will  be  500  miles.  I'ifty  miles  on  the  Sacramento  above  Colusa,  and  I  50 
miles  on  the  San  Joaquin  above  Stockton,  navigable  in  times  of  high 
water,  arc  not  counted;  nor  are  numc. ous  estuaries  opening  into  San  Fran- 
cisco, San  Pablo,  and  Suisun  bays,  regularly  visited  by  schooners  engaged 
in  the  transportation  of  freight.  The  Colorado  is  navigated  by  steamers 
for  450  miles,  and  there  are  steamboats  on  Salt,  Tahoe,  and  Clear  lakes. 
The  Columbia  River  is  navigable,  with  .several  '"f'^rruptions,  from  the  ocean 
to  Lewiston,  a  distance  of  450  miles;  its  tribi.Liviy,  the  Willamette,  is  navi- 
gable ordinarily  for  160  miles,  and  the  Frascr  for  an  equal  distance.  Vari- 
ous rivers  in  western  Washington  arc  navigable  for  more  than  30  miles  each, 
but  there  is  not  enough  traffic  at  present  to  pay  for  the  maintenance  of 
regular  steamer  lines.  The  ncivigable  inland  channels  ofthe  coast  north  of  the 
Columbia  River  measure  more  than  1,000  miles.  The  length  of  the  inland 
routes  regularly  used  by  steamboats  in  California,  Oregon,  Washington,  and 
British  Columbia,  is  about  1,500  miles.  The  Yukon  could  be  navigated  by 
steamboat  for  200  miles  in  summer  time,  but  is  clcscd  by  ice  for  more  than 
6  months  in  the  j-ear.  Steamboats  have  been  used  on  Lake  Nicaragua  and 
on  an  estuary  near  Manzanillo,  Mexico,  but  have  been  abandoned.  There 
is  a  canal  at  Oregon  City  to  transport  river  steamboats  past  the  falls  of  the 
Willamette,  and  small  scows  have  carried  freights  on  some  of  the  irrigation 
ditches  of  California,  but  there  is  no  canal  5  miles  long  on  our  coast  built 
mainly  for  the  transportation  of  freight;  nor  is  it  probable  from  the  charac- 
acter  of  the  country  that  canals  will  ever  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  our 
business. 


I 


V'  I" 


K  I' 

I:  i' 


'•■:•     i 


198 


coMMKKci:,  i;tc. 


I'roin  i^!53  to  1S69  most  of  the  passcnjicrs  and  the  bulk  of  tlie  fieii.;Iit, 
between  San  I'ranciseo  on  one  side,  and  Sacramento  or  Stockton  on  tlic 
oilier,  were  transported  on  river  steamers,  owned  bs'  TlIIC  CAM  TORN  l.V 
Sri.AM  Xavic. Ai  lo\  Company,  which  for  j-ears  had  almost  exclusive  con- 
trol of  the  business,  and  had  an  immense  income,  paying  2,  and  even  3,  per 
cent,  a  month  of  tlividends  on  its  capital  stock.  The  railroad  between  Oak- 
land antl  Sacramento  was  the  last  section  fmished  in  the  Central-Union 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  its  comiiletion  destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  business 
of  the  Steam  Navij;ation  Conipan)-,  which  coukl  then  no  longer  charge  $7 
f(jr  a  |)assage  from  San  Francisc<i  to  .Sacramento,  iricluding  $1  for  a  meal 
and  as  much  for  a  berth  in  a  small  sleeping-room.  TllE  Orkgox  S  ri:.\M 
XaxK'.ATION  ComI'.VNV  has  had  a  similar  exclusive  possession  of  the  river 
traffic  on  the  Ccjlumbia,  from  Portland  to  Umatilla,  but  the  railroad  is  about 
to  take  the  cream  of  the  traffic  there  too. 


t 


m 


liM'i 


Fraser  River  Steamers.— The  riONKlCR  Ll m:  of  Frascr  River  steamers, 
under  the  immediate  management  of  John  Ikvinc,  consists  at  present  of 
4  steamers.  The  //'w.  /r:w'/{q;  591  tons,  and  the  Kclitiiia',  215  tons,  run 
twice  a  week  each  way  between  New  Westminster  and  Vale,  100  miles, 
carr_\-iiig  mails,  passengers,  and  iVeight.  The  Victoriii,  },^  tons,  plies  on  the 
L'pper  I'rascr  between  .Soda  Creek  and  Ouesnelle,  60  miles.  Tlie  /Wr/c'ss, 
a  new  and  fast  boat  of  225  tons,  built  in  icS8o,  rims  frt)m  Savonas  to  Kam- 
loops,  20  miles,  and  on  the  South  Thompson  and  North  Thompson,  ico 
miles  on  each  stream.  The  /i.  J.  [rviiii:;,  of  625  tons,  which  ran  between 
Victoria  and  \'alc,  170  miles,  twice  a  week,  was  burned  September  29,  1881, 
at  Mope,  a  total  loss.  .She  was  fitted  with  the  latest  impro\emcnts,  includ- 
ing electric  lights  and  patent  hydraulic  steering  gear.  The  capital  invested 
in  the  5  vessels  was  $175,000.  Two  new  slcamer.s,  one  of  800  and  the  other 
of  400  tons,  are  now  being  built  for  the  PlCNEER  LiNE.  This  enterprise 
was  organized  by  W.M.  iKVINi;,  who  rounded  Cape  Mom  as  master  of  the 
bark  John  \V.  Catoii,  in  1848,  and  sailed  between  San  Francisco  and  Poit- 
land  until  1850,  when  he  quit  the  sea.  In  1852  he  embarked  in  steamboating 
on  the  Columbia,  where  he  remained  till  1859,  when  he  moved  to  the  Frascr, 
taking  charge  of  the  business  of  TiiE  Hriti.sii  CoLU.MiiiA  Navigation' 
Company,  which  has  been  succeeded  by  the  PIONEER  Line.  The  chief 
management  of  the  large  property,  which  he  left  to  his  widow  and  children, 
has  passed  to  his  onK-  son,  John  Irving. 


Mara  &  Wilson. — One  of  the  most  important  streams  of  British  Colum- 
bia is  the  Thompson,  which,  with  its  lake  and  tributary  streams,  has  nearly 
300  miles  of  navigable  channel.     Its  mountainous  basin  lies  on  the  route  of 


mmmtm 


I 


^  H^ 


I; 


SHIPPING. 


'99 


the  Canadian  I'acific  Railroad  and,  before  that  line  was  located,  had  resources 
and  population  sufficient  to  support  several  stern-wheel  steamers,  built  and 
owned  by  Maka  &  WILSON.  J.  A.  Maka,  of  that  firm,  is  a  leading  business 
man  in  that  part  of  the  province,  a  member  of  the  provincial  parliament, 
and  a  resident  of  Kamloops,  which  it  is  conceded  is  to  be  the  principal  town 
in  the  province  on  the  line  of  the  railroad  east  of  Fraser  River.  Situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  North  Thompson  and  South  Thompson  rivers,  the  former 
iia\igablc  for  115  miles,  and  the  latter  for  more  than  100,  and  at  the  head 
of  Kamloops  Lake,  the  topography  of  the  country  has  clearly  marked  out 
Kamloops  as  the  site  of  a  large  town  whenever  the  surrounding  country 
should  fill  up  with  a  civilized  population.  Its  trade  will  increase  greatly 
when  the  projected  canal  from  Okanagan  Lake,  in  the  basin  of  the  Colum- 
bia, .shall  be  built  to  Shu.swap  Lake,  of  which  the  South  Thompson  is  the 
outlet.  The  two  lakes  are  nearly  on  a  level,  and  are  separated  by  a  low 
valley,  through  which  a  canal  can  be  made  with  comparatively  little  expense. 
Th(.-  canal  will  add  1 30  miles  of  navigable  channel  to  that  now  accessible  by 
boats  from  Kamloops. 

Railway  and  Navigation  Boats.— TiiE  Oregon  Steam  Navigation 
Co.Mi'.\NY,  long  preeminent  in  the  traffic  of  the  Columbia  River,  disincor- 
porated several  years  ago,  after  transferring  to  Till'.  OREGON  Railw.W 
and  N.WIGATION  Comi',\.\Y  27  river  steamers,  measuring  in  the  aggregate 
16,698  tons.  Of  these,  16,  with  an  aggregate  of  9,450  tons,  are  now  run- 
ning on  the  lower  Columbia,  the  Willamette,  and  the  Yamhill  rivers;  4,  ag- 
grcg;i.ting  2,781  tons,  are  running  on  the  Columbia,  between  the  Cascades 
and  The  Dalles;  and  7,  with  4,467  tons,  are  running  on  the  Columbia 
above  The  Dalles  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  Snake  River.  The  company 
built  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  vessels  thus  sold,  and,  besides,  in  the  course  of 
its  existence,  had  built  49  other  steamers. 


Ocean  Steamers. — A  considerable  part  of  the  maritime  traffic  of  our 
coast  is  done  by  lines  of  ocean  steamers  belonging  to  great  transportation 
companies,  which  have  lines  plying  from  San  Francisco  to  Asia,  Austral- 
asia, British  Columbia,  Puget  Sound,  Oregon,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Panama,  Mexico,  and  the  southern  coast  of  California.  Till-;  Centr.VL 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  The  Orec;on  Improyement  Company, 
and  DUNSMUIU,  DuiGLE  &  Co.,  have  vast  deposits  of  coal  in  Washington 
and  Vancouver  Island ;  and  in  suppl\'ing  .San  I-Vancisco,  will  use  steam 
collicr.s,  which  will  compete  for  return  freights.  The  steamboat  is  destined 
to  render  great  service  in  developing  the  wealth  of  the  remarkable  archi- 
pelago, extending  from  latitude  4S'  to  58°,  with  3,000  miles  of  channel 


ii    I 


200 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


lii 


PI 


m 


deep  and  w  iile   enough    for  secure    navigation,  and    yet  so  inclosed    and 
sheltered,  that  there  are  nf)  waves  dangerous  to  a  small  river  steamer. 

Pacific  Mail— I'or  the  last  30  years  TiiE  PaciI'IC  M.\il  Steamship 
COMl'.\N\'  has  been  one  of  the  greatest  transportation  corporations  of  the 
globe,  and  though  its  main  office,  and  the  majority  of  its  stockholders,  have 
been  and  still  arc  in  New  York,  the  center  of  its  business  from  the  begin- 
ning has  been  in  San  Francisco.  For  many  years  the  company  had  no 
steamers  on  the  Atlantic;  while  it  has  always  had  at  least  2  lines  running 
from  San  h'rancisco,  and  at  present  has  3  to  China,  Panama,  and  Australia. 
Xow  that  California  has  large  amounts  of  capital  seeking  investment  at  7 
per  cent,  a  \-ear,  the  time  has  come  when  she  could  properly  own  the  steam- 
ers running  from  the  Golden  Gate.  The  Pacific  Mail  Compai-y  has  declined 
greatly  in  importance  to  our  coast,  since  the  completion  of  the  first  railroad 
across  the  continent;  and  will  never  again  command  such  princely  revenues 
as  it  long  received.  Acconliiig  to  the  last  annual  report  of  the  ])resident, 
submitted  at  the  meeting  of  the  company  in  Xew  York  on  the  twenty-sixth 
of  May,  1 88 1,  the  total  earnings  for  the  preceding  j-ear,  ending  April  30, 
were  $4,402,647,  and  tlie  expenses  $3,172,705,  leaving  .$1,229,942  for  profits. 
The  receipts  from  the  San  h'rancisco-l'anama  line  were  $1,950,507,  includ- 
'"S  $1.5" '•477  '"'■  fieight  and  $379,030  for  passengers;  from  the  Trans- 
pacific line  .$973,472,  incliKliiig  $593,320  for  freight,  and  $380,151  for  pas- 
.scngers;  from  ihe  New  Vork-.\spinwall  line  $745,344,  including  $616,671 
for  freight,  and  $128,672  fi)r  passengers;  and  from  the  Australian  line  $307,- 
073,  including  $197,084  for  passengers  and  $109,989  for  freight.  The  sub- 
sidies rccei\ed  included  $21  3,550  from  Australia  and  Xew  Zealruul,  $20,000 
from  Hawaii,  and  $99,416  from  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

The  compan)-  now  has  the  Ci/v  of  Pck-iii,  of  5,000  tons,  ,ind  the  City  of 
Tokto,  of  the  same  size,  running  regularly  in  the  China  line,  and  the  China, 
of  3,800  tons,  as  an  au.\iliar_v  vessel  to  be  used  in  case  of  emergency.  In 
the  Australian  line  are  the  City  of  Sy(iit(y  and  City  of  AVti'  Yor/^\  each  of 
3,500  tons,  and  the  Zcahmdia  and  Australia,  of  3,000  tons  each.  The 
steamers  Coliiiia,  of  2,900;  Cranada,  (jf  2,500;  and  City  of  Rio  dc  Janeiro, 
of  3,500  tons,  are  cmplo)-ed  between  .San  Francisco  and  Panama.  The 
Costa  Rica,  of  i,.:^oo;  Salvador,  of  1,000;  Clyde,  of  2,100;  South  Carolina, 
of  2,100  tons;  and  City  of  Panama,  of  1,500  tons,  run  between  Panama 
and  Acapulco.  All  these  vessels  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company 
arc  iron  propellers,  sa\e  the  China,  a  wooden  side-wheeler. 

Tlie  steamships  going  southwanl  touch  at  Mazatlan  about  the  fifth  day 
out,  at  San  Hlas  on  the  sixth,  at  Manzanillo  on  the  seventh,  and  at  Aca- 
pulco on  the  ninth,  and  touch  at  the  same  points  on  the  trip  from  Panama 


SHIPPING. 


20 1 


to  San  Francisco.  The  line  between  Acapiilco  and  Panama  touclics  at  the 
ports  of  I'unta  Arenas,  San  Juan  del  Sur,  Corinto,  Ainapala,  La  Union,  La 
Libcrtad,  Acajutla,  San  Josd  dc  Guatemala,  Champerico,  San  Benito, 
Salina  Cruz,  and  Port  Angel.  The  Mexican  and  Central  American  govern- 
ments give  subsidies  to  the  line  for  touching  at  these  numerous  ports. 

Tile  passenger  rates  between  San  Francisco  and  New  York  are  the  same 
by  the  Panama  route  as  by  rail.  No  round-trip  tickets  are  issued  on  this 
line,  but  a- discount  of  10  per  cent,  is  made  on  round-trip  tickets  to  China 
or  Australia.  The  P.  M.  S.  S.  Company  has  a  contract,  made  in  1875, 
with  the  Government  of  New  South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  to  run  its  line 
until  1883. 

Oregon  Railvray  aud  Navigation  Company. — The  Oregon  Railway 
and  Navigation  Co.,  of  which  GOOD.VLL,  Pkkkins  &  Co.  are  agents  in  San 
Franriico,  have  10  passenger  and  5  freight  steamers,  plying  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Puget  Sound  and  San  Diego,  and  intermediate  ports.  The  State 
of  California,  running  to  Portland;  the  Victofia,  to  New  Westminster;  and 
the  Coiistaittiiw,  to  Mendocino,  are  iron  propellers.  The  wooden  propeller 
Idaho  runs  to  British  Columbia;  the  wooden  propellers  Los  Angeles  and 
Alexander  Diinean,  and  the  wooden  sidc-wheelcrs,  Dakota,  Ori::aba,  A  neon, 
and  Senator,  are  in  the  passenger  traffic  on  the  .southern  coast  of  California. 
The  steamers  leave  San  Francisco  for  San  Diego  and  intermediate  portsi 
at  intervals  of  5  days;  and  for  Portland,  at  intervals  of  4  days. 

Paoiiio  Coast  Steamship  Company. — The  line  of  steamships  which 
carries  passengers  and  freight  to  the  Californian  ports  south  of  San  Fran- 
cisco belongs  to  TiIIl  PACIFIC  COAST  STEAMSHIP  Cd.MPAXV,  of  which 
GOODAI.L,  Pp.KKlNS  &  Co.  are  the  agents,  in  San  P'rancisco,  and  general 
managers.  The  Ori::aba  and  A  neon,  wooden  side-wheelers,  leave  San  Fran- 
cisco at  intervals  of  5  days,  touching  at  Port  Harford,  Santa  Barbara,  San 
Pedro,  and  ending  their  trips  at  San  Diego;  and  the  Los  Angeles,:i  wooden 
propeller,  leaves  San  P'rancisco  at  intervals  of  7  days,  touching  at  Santa 
Cruz,  Monterey,  San  Simeon,  Cayucos,  Gaviota,  and  Santa  Barbara  ter- 
minating her  trip  at  San  Buenaventura.  The  Los  Angeles  does  not  stop 
at  Santa  Cruz  and  Monterey  unless  she  has  passengers  or  urgent  freight, 
and  sometimes,  when  sufficient  freight  is  offered,  stops  at  Goleta  and 
Carpentcri.a.  Besides  these  passenger  steamers  there  arc  several  freight 
steamers.  The  company's  steamers  Jitalio  and  Geo.  IV.  Elder  .sail  on  the 
tenth,  twentieth,  and  thirtieth  of  e\cri'  month  from  San  I'rancisco  for 
Olympia,  and  on  the  way  touch  at  Victoria,  Port  Townscnd,  Seattle,  and 
Tacoma.     An  iron  propeller  of  2,700  tons,  The  Queen  of  the  L'aeijie,  to  be 

26 


is: 
It 

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202 


COMMERCK,   ETC. 


one  of  the  fastest  vessels  afloat,  is  now  being  built  for  the  company  in  Phil- 
adelphia, and  will  run  cither  to  the  north  or  south  from  San  Francisco,  as 
circumstances  may  require. 

Other  Lines.— Tiiii  Occidental  and  Oriental  Steamship  Company 
employs  the  iron  propellers  Oceanic,  of  3,800  tons,  and  Belgic  and  Gaelic,  each 
of  2,600,  between  San  Francisco  and  China,  running  in  alternation  with  the 
Pckiiif;  and  Tokio,  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company.  THE  OREGON 
JvAii.\v.\N-  and  Navigation  Company  has  a  line  of  ocean  steamers  which 
run  from  i.in  Francisco  to  Portland,  British  Columbia,  and  Puget  .Sound, 
and  from  Victoria  to  New  Westminster.  The  vessels  leave  San  Francisco 
for  the  Columbia  River  at  intervals  of  4  days.  The  wooden  propeller  Mex- 
ico, of  1,800  tons,  belonging  to  the  Californian  and  Mexican  line,  runs  to 
Cape  St.  Lucas,  Mazatlan,  Guaymas,  and  La  Paz,  leaving  Saij  Francisco  on 
the  si.\th  of  every  month. 

G.  C.  Perkins. — The  most  notable  ship-owner  in  California  is  GEORGE 
C.  Perkins,  present  Governor  of  the  Stite,  member  of  the  firm  of  GOOD- 
ALL,  Perkins  &  Co.,  who  have  a  line  of  steamships  plying  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  San  Diego  and  intermediate  ports,  and  are  agents  for  a  line  from 
San  Francisco  to  the  Columbia  River  and  Puget  Sound.  Me  was  born  in 
RL'iinc,  August  23,  1839,  and  is  now  43  years  of  age.  After  spending  6  )ears 
at  sea  as  a  cabin-boy,  he  arri\ed,  at  the  age  of  16,  in  California;  and  after 
working  in  the  mines,  and  suffering  from  sickness,  he  obtained  emjjloymcnt 
as  [)orter  in  a  store  at  Oroville,  receiving  $60  a  month.  1  le  rose  successively 
to  the  ])ositions  of  clerk,  partner,  and  sole  owner  of  the  establishment. 
Business  prospered;  money  accumulated;  he  was  electetl  to  the  Legisla- 
ture; moved  to  .San  I'rancisco  as  member  of  the  leading  steamship 
company  of  the  citj^;  and  in  1879  was  elected  Governor  of  the  State. 
Kconomy,  industry,  tact,  suavity,  integrity,  and  business  carried  him  up 
rai)idi\-  from  cabin-boy  to  Governor. 

Charles  Goodall.— CllARi.ES  Goodall,  partner  of  Governor  PERKINS 
in  the  steamship  comijany  of  Gooi).\Ll-,  PERKINS  &  Co.,  is  a  native  of 
England,  now  57  years  of  age.  After  getting  such  common-school  educa- 
tion as  he  could  acquire  before  he  was  14  years  old,  he  began  to  support 
himself  b\-  working  on  a  farm  for  $25  a  j'ear.  lie  stuck  to  that  place  for 
2  \c.irs,  antl  then  migrated  to  Central  New  York,  where  he  tried  American 
farming,  anil  came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  had  selected  the  wrong  career. 
At  18  he  shipped  on  a  whaler  bound  for  the  Pacific,  and  having  visited  Chile, 
Peru,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  he  returned  from  his  cruise  at  the  age  of 
21,  with  $183  as  his  share  of  the  profits  of  3  years'  labor,     lie  stuck  to  the 


SHIPPING. 


203 


1 


sea,  learning  something  on  every  voyage,  until  he  arrived  at  San  Francisco 
in  1850,  when  he  went  to  the  mines.  The  land  was  again  ungrateful  for 
his  attentions,  and  he  returned  to  the  water,  where  he  prospered.  He  estab- 
lished a  shipping  business  in  San  Francisco,  and  it  has  steadily  grown  till 
it  is  one  of  the  permanent  features  of  the  commercial  business  of  the  coast. 
Mr.  GOODALL  was  harbor-master  from  iSGi  to  18C3,  in  municipal  adminis- 
trations elected  by  the  People's  Party,  and  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Assembly  in  1870,  when  he  met  Ghorge  C.  Perkins,  then  a  member  of 
the  Senate  from  Butte  County,  and  the  acquaintance  led  to  the  admission 
of  Mr.  Perkins  into  the  firm. 

Salling-vesssls.— Although  steamers  are  rapidly  superseding  sailing- 
vessels  f(jr  ocean  transportation,  there  is  probably  no  region  where  the  sail 
can  be  used  with  more  advantage  than  in  the  middle  of  the  temperate  zone 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  strength  and  constancy  of  the  breezes  between 
our  coast  from  the  Strait  of  Fuca  to  Santa  Barbara  and  the  Asiatic  Coast, 
from  Saghalicn  to  Canton,  .secures  to  sailing-vessels  regular  and  quick 
passages. 

In  the  maritime  commerce  of  San  Francisco,  the  sail  still  preponderates 
largely  over  the  steam-boiler  as  a  source  of  propelling  power.  Out  of  1,080,- 
000  tons  from  foreign  countries  and  from  American  ports  on  the  Atlantic 
less  than  one  third  belong  to  steamers.  The  arrivals  from  foreign  ports 
measured  in  the  aggregate  980,000  tons,  while  those  from  American  ports 
on  the  Atlantic  amounted  to  less  than  loo.ooo. 

Of  356  vessels  laden  with  flour,  wheat,  and  barley  for  exportation  from 
the  Golden  Gate  in  1880-81,  the  last  crop  year  for  which  we  have  full  re- 
turns, 191  were  British,  123  American,  22  German,  14  French,  3  Norwegian, 
2  Italian,  and  one  Dutch.  Of  the  cargoes,  173  were  sent  to  Queenstown, 
92  to  Liverpool,  64  to  Cork,  12  to  Antwerp,  6  to  Dublin,  3  each  to  Falmouth 
and  Havre,  2  to  New  York,  and  one  to  London.  The  vessels  bound  to 
Queenstown  and  Cork  were  not  to  discharge  there  but  to  touch  there  for 
further  orders.  The  number  of  wheat  and  flour  cargoes  exported  by  the 
different  shipping  houses  of  San  Fra-ici.sco  were  8i  by  G.  W.  McXk.VR,  55 
by  Robert  Siieeiiv,  40  by  Baleour,  Guthrie  &  Co.,  30  by  Starr  & 
Co.,  29  by  \Vm.  Dresisacii,  28  by  Parrott  &  Co.,  27  by  Rogers,  Meyer 
&  Co.,  24  by  Degener  &  Co.,  12  by  H.  J.  GLENN,  12  by  M.  VV.VIERMAN 
&  Co.,  5  by  J.  W.  Grace  &  Co.,  2  by  Ei-PINGER  &  Co.,  and  11  by  1 1  other 
houses.  Of  the  wheat  and  flour  ships  of  1880-81,  103  wcie  loaded  at  San 
Francisco,  07  at  Vaiicjo,  84  at  Port  Costa,  33  at  Oakland,  31  at  Benicia, 
and  one  at  Martinez.  The  freight  to  Europe  averaged  $15.75  per  ton,  and 
amounted  to  $9,590,000  in  the  aggregate  for  the  year  on  wheat  and  flour 
se;it  from  the  Golden  Gate. 


^ 


204 


COMMKKCE,    ETC. 


I    1 


G.  W.  McNear. — Amonq  the  houses  cxtcnsivclj'  cnc^agcd  in  shipping 
wheat  iVoin  San  I'rancisco  to  ports  on  the  Xorlli  .Atlantic,  that  of  G.  \V. 
^IcNkar  occupies  a  prominent  place,  having  shipped  more  than  any  other 
in  the  5  years  ending  June  30,  1882;  in  which  period  he  sent  away  335 
cargoes.  In  the  crop  year  of  1 88 1-82  he  loaded  120  vessels  with  about 
250,000  tons,  or  more  than  2,200  tons  to  the  average  cargo.  His  position 
as  a  wheat-shipper  is  intimately  associated  with  Port  Costa,  which  owes 
its  existence  and  importance  to  his  bold  investments  and  judicious  plans. 
Page  24  gives  some  account  of  its  situation.  He  has  erected  there  a  wharf 
2,000  feet  long,  fronting  on  water  from  25  to  30  feet  deep,  warehouses  capa- 
ble of  storing  50,000  tons  of  grain,  and  water-works  to  su[)pl\-  the  houses 
and  shipping  with  water.  Eight  large  ships  can  lie  there  and  load  at  the 
same  time,  and  the  arrangements  are  such  that  the  grain  can  be  moved 
from  the  car  to  the  ship  with  the  least  possible  amount  of  human  labor. 
The  transportation  of  wheat  from  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys 
costs  50  cents  lesson  the  ton  to  Tort  Costa,  than  to  San  I'rancisco;  and 
there  is  a  saving  in  the  handling  that  varies  from  15  to  50  cent.s,  making  a 
total  saxing  that  ranges  from  80  cents  to  $1.05  a  ton,  as  compared  with 
San  Francisco.  Of  course,  the  greater  part  of  this  saving  of  expense 
accrues  to  the  benefit  of  the  fanner.  The  extra  expense  (or  25  miles  of 
towage  is  counterbalanced  by  free  wharfage  and  quick  dispatch.  The 
facilities  for  loading  at  Port  Costa  are  such  that  2,000  tons  of  wheat 
ha\e  repeatedly  been  loaded  into  the  ship  from  the  warehouses  in  12 
hours;  but  usuallv  they  receive  their  cargoes  from  cars  and  barges  in  4  or 
5  days,  a  brief  ])eriod  as  compareil  with  the  time  reqmred  at  most  other 
shipping  places.  The  ships  do  not  rest  on  the  mud  at  low  tiilc,  as  at  many 
of  the  wiicat-shipping  whar\es,  Theie  is  little  wiiul,  anil  vessels  aiul  their 
cables  do  not  sulTcr  b_\-  chafing.  The  barnacles  which  collect  on  iron  hulls 
in  the  sea  are  killed  in  the  fresh  water.  Besides,  the  Sih'er  Gate  is  the  nat- 
ural focus  for  the  concentration  of  the  railroads  and  navigable  ch.innels 
connecting  the  great  interior  valleys  with  the  hliores  of  .San  I'rancisco;  and 
the  facts,  that  the  car  and  ship  meet  there  most  convenientl)-,  and  that 
gr.iin  could  there  be  transferreil  from  the  car  to  the  ship  most  economically, 
were  controlling  inlluences  in  the  selection  of  Pf)rt  Costa  as  a  [jroper  site  for 
great  warehouses  and  shippitig  facilities.  The  importance  of  Port  Costa 
will  be  increa.scd  greatly  when  Mr.  McNlC.AU  completes  his  projected  flour- 
mill,  which  is  to  be  the  largest  on  the  coast. 

(i.  W.  iMcXE.VU  was  born  in  Maine  in  1837.  At  the  age  of  15  he  went 
to  sea;  at  18  he  was  master  of  a  vessel;  at  19  he  took  command  of  a 
steamer  plying  between  New  Orleans  and  Pascagoula,  and  remained  in  that 
position  4  years.     In  i860  he  came  to  California,  and  entered  into  a  part- 


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1       ! 


SHIPPING. 


205 


nership  with  his  brother,  John  A.  McNear,  as  grain-commission  mer- 
chants. The  largest  warehouse  of  California  was  one  which,  they  built  in 
1864  at  Petaiuma.  In  1865  they  built  the  steamer  Josie  McNcar,  to  ply 
between  San  Francisco  and  Petaiuma,  and  reduced  the  fare  from  $3  to  $1  ; 
and  the  price  was  not  raisetl  again  till  the  railroad  was  completed.  In 
1874  G.  W.  McNear  succeeded  to  the  firm  business,  and  soon  after  com- 
menced the  shipment  of  wheat,  which  he  has  since  conducted  alone,  with 
increasing  success.  Although  Mr.  iMcNKAR  owns  all  the  wharves  and 
warehouses  at  Port  Cost.i,  he  offers  their  use  to  other  shippers  at  reason- 
able rates,  so  that  they  share  in  its  advantages. 

John  Rosenfeld.  —Among  the  shipping  and  commission  merchants  of  San 
Francisco  John  Rosenfeld  holds  a  prominent  place.  The  commercial  sta- 
tistics of  1 88 1  show  that  in  that  year  he  was  the  consignee  of  43  vessels  from 
New  York,  bringing  1 18,000  tons  of  general  merchandise,  in  the  aggregate, 
and  earning  as  freights  on  these  cargoes  $784,000.  Most  of  these  ships  car- 
ried wheat  to  Europe,  but  Mr.  Ro.SENFELD  loaded  for  New  York  6  vessels 
with  13,000  tons,  in  the  aggregate,  of  general  merchandise,  including  3,700 
tons  of  wool,  2,900  of  lead,  1,500  of  rock  iron  ore,  700  of  dycwood,  600  of 
mustard-seed,  600  of  bone-dust,  600  of  redwood,  500  of  canned  goods,  400 
of  wine,  300  of  copper  ore,  200  of  borax,  and  150  of  rags.  The  freight  by 
Cape  Horn  is  only  about  half  as  much  as  by  rail.  Mr.  RCSENEELI)  came 
to  California  in  1850,  and  after  a  brief  experience  in  .sheep-raising,  .settled 
in  San  Francisco,  and  in  1856  took  the  agency  of  The  Vancouver  Coal 
AND  Land  Company  of.  Nanaimo,  B.  C,  and  he  still  holds  the  same  posi- 
tion. In  1875  he  invested  largely  in  The  Pacific  Coast  Steamship 
Company,  and  is  now  its  Vice-President.  In  1S80  he  succeeded  to  the  ship- 
ping and  Commission  business  of  GEORGE  HoWES  &  Co.,  a  firm  notable  in 
the  business  of  San  Franci-sco  since  185 1.  JABEZ  HoWES,  one  of  the  part- 
ners of  the  old  firm,  remains  as  manager  of  the  shipping  business,  with  Mr. 
ROSENFELL,  who  owns  a  line  of  vessels  plying  between  San  Francisco  and 
New  York.  Besides  attending  to  his  commercial  business,  Mr.  RosENFELD 
has  taken  part  in  public  affairs,  with  credit  to  himself,  having  been  President 
of  the  Board  of  City  F'irc  Commissioners,  and  member  of  the  Board  of 
State  Harbor  Commissioners. 


Williams,  Dimond  &  Co.— Williams,  Dimond  &  Co.,  agents  of  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company,  are  also  the  agents  of  the  California  line 
of  sailing-vessels  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco,  and  the  Boston 
line  between  Boston  and  San  Francisco.  These  lines,  established  by  C. 
COMSTOCK,  and  represented  in  Boston  by  Van  Vleck  &  Co.,  have  also 


! 


2o6 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


ifelf 


been  represented  in  New  York  by  the  same  firm  for  the  last  2  years.  Wil- 
liams, DiMOND  &  Co.,  and  their  predecessors,  WILLIAMS,  Blanchard  & 
Co.,  have  been  the  agents  in  San  Franci.sco  for  g  years.  Owing  to  the 
changes  made  in  the  Eastern  ends  of  these  lines,  fewer  vessels  than  usual 
were  dispatched  in  1 88 1,  but  the  freight  list  in  that  year  amounted  to  $200,- 
ooo.  In  coimcction  with  their  other  lines,  V.VN  Vl.lXK  &  Co.  are  loading 
\  esscls  direct  for  Portland,  Oregon,  and  will  dispatch  2  vessels  from  New 
York  and  one  from  Boston  every  month  for  San  Francisco  the  coming  year. 

Slbson,  Church  &  Co.— Sibson,  Church  &  Co.,  the  agents  of  The 
Sai.KM  Flouki.NG  Mills,  at  the  corner  of  Front  and  Ash  streets,  Port- 
land, have  existed  as  a  firm  only  3  yeans,  but  have  already  taken  a  leading 
place  in  the  exportation  of  wheat  and  flour,  and  in  the  commission  business 
of  Oregon's  metropolis.  In  the  shipping  .season  of  1880-81,  they  handled 
one  quarter  of  the  wheat  and  flour  product  of  the  State ;  and  in  the  season 
of  1881-82  they  maintain  the  same  relative  position,  though  the  exports 
have  more  than  doubled  in  quantity  over  the  previous  year. 

Welch,  Rithet  &  Co. — Among  the  leading  mercantile  firms  of  Victoria 
is  that  of  Welch,  Rithet  &  Co.,  established  since  1 87 1,  as  commission 
merchants,  and  shipping  and  insurance  agents.  They  are  agents  for  the 
entire  pack  of  the  salmon  canneries  of  TlHC  Dr.LT.\  CANNING  COM- 
PANY ("Maple  Leaf"  brand),  Laidlaw  &  Co.  ("Dominion"  brand),  and 
Adair  &  Co.  ("  Eagle"  brand),  on  the  Eraser  River.  They  arc  largely 
interested  in  shipping,  have  a  line  of  6  sailing-vessels  plying  between 
Liverpool  and  British  Columbia,  and  are  agents  for  THE  PACIFIC  Co.AST 
Ste.VMSHIP  Co.MP.vny's  boats,  plying  between  San  Francisco  and  Puget 
Sound  by  way  of  Victoria.  The  I.mperial  Fiue  Insurance  Co.m- 
PANY,  of  London,  and  the  M.vuiTiME  MARINE  Insurance  Company, 
and  the  Reli.\.nce  M.vrine  and  New  Zealand  insurance  companies, 
intrust  their  Victoria  business  to  Welch,  Rithet  &  Co.,  who  are  also 
agents  for  the  Moodyville  Sawmill  at  Burrard  Inlet,  one  of  the  largest 
establishments  of  its  kind  on  the  coast.  Further  mention  of  it  is  made 
under  the  head  of  sawmills.  Mr.  Robert  PATTERSON  Rithet  is  resi- 
dent manager  in  Victoria,  and  the  firm  is  represented  in  Liverpool  by  R. 
D.  Welch  &  Co.,  Tower  Chambers.  WELCH,  RiTHET  &  Co.,  for  their 
commercial  business,  occupy  a  building,  30  by  80  feet,  on  Wharf  Street, 
and  besides  have  a  wharf  160  by  500  feet,  and  large  warehouses  adjoining. 


MERCHANDISING. 


207 


CHAPTER  XII.— MERCHANDISING. 


Importations. — San  Francisco  is  the  only  American  seaport,  except  New 
York,  that  imports  regularly  from  France  and  China,  and  the  consumption 
of  French  and  Chinese  products  is  much  larger  on  our  coast,  in  proportion 
to  population,  than  in  cny  other  part  of  the  Union.  Since  the  opening  of 
the  Central-Union  Pacific  Railroad,  there  has  been  a  considerable  decline  in 
importations  by  sea;  and  the  improvement  in  the  facilities  for  transporta- 
tion tends  rather  to  the  increase  of  speed  and  reduction  of  freights  by  land, 
than  by  sea.  Important  results  arc  expected  from  the  completion  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific,  Northern  Pacific,  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  Southern  Pacific, 
Tehuantepec,  and  other  railroads  that  will  make  new  steam  connections 
across  our  continent. 

Regarding  our  slope  in  its  geographical,  rather  than  in  its  political  rela- 
tions, we  treat  as  imports  all  merchandise  brought  to  us  from  cither  the 
Atlantic  Slope  of  our  Republic  or  from  Europe;  and  a  shipment  to  New 
York  is,  for  our  purpose,  as  much  an  exportation  as  one  to  London. 

The  San  Francisco  Journal  of  Commerce  in  its  annual  review  for  1881, 
estimated  the  value  of  dry-goods  sold  in  San  Francisco  during  that  year  at 
$9,SCK),ooo,  of  furnishing-goods  at  $6,000,000,  of  clothing  at  $4,500,000,  of 
bags  and  bagging  at  $3,000,000,  of  carpets  at  $3,000,000,  making  a  total  of 
$26,000,000  for  the  chief  productions  of  textile  fabrics  against  $24,250,000 
in  1880  and  $20,200,000  in  1879.  The  sales  of  groceries  and  other  pro- 
visions were  estimated  at  $32,854,000;  of  metals,  hardware,  and  agricul- 
tural implements,  at  $17,810,000;  of  wines,  spirits,  and  malt  liquors,  at 
$8,700,000;  of  drugs  and  chemicals,  at  $6,310,000;  and  of  boots  and  shoes, 
at  $5,000,000. 

The  value  of  woolen  goods  made  up  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  forwarded 
annually  to  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  estimated  at  from 
$5,000,000  to  $6,000,000.  The  quantity  imported  from  foreign  countries  is 
very  inconsiderable.  The  consumption  of  articles  known  under  the  general 
title  of  furnishing-goods  (apart  from  woolens)  is  not  short  of  $7,000,000, 
and  one  fourth  of  the  supply  is  manufactured  on  this  coast,  though  the 
stamp  on  them  is  often  that  of  an  Eastern  or  foreign  factory. 

The  imports  of  merchandise  of  all  descriptions  (apart  from  treasure)  at 
San  Francisco  were  estimated  for  188 1,  at  $67,61 5,000;  of  which  $16,400,000 


i 


208 


(COMMERCE,   ETC. 


worth  came  overland  by  rail;  $i2,cxx5,ooo  from  *bc  Eastern  States  by  sailinjr- 
vcsscl;  $560,000  worth  of  Eastern  merchandise  by  the  Panama  steamers; 
and  $38,655,000  from  foreign  countries  by  steamer  and  sailinj^-vcssel.  Of 
the  furciL,ni  imports  for  the  jx-ar  $11,000,000  were  crcthted  to  China  and 
Singapore;  $6,868,000  to  Japan;  $6,407,000  to  the  Hawaiian  Ishinds;  $3,860,- 
000  to  ICngland;  $1,883,000  to  Central  America;  $1,708,000  to  the  East 
Indies;  $1,104,000  to  Australia;  $1,065,000  to  British  Columbia;  $840,000 
to  France;  and  $4,084,000  to  other  countries.  The  custom  duties  on  foreign 
imports,  for  1S81,  amounted  to  $7,446,000,  against  $5,942,000  for  1880,  and 
$5,528,000  for  1879. 

With  the  exception  of  linens,  the  dry  goods  consumed  on  the  Pacific 
coast  are  mostly  manufactured  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  Atlantic  States, 
and,  not  being  subject  to  import  duty,  th..r  character,  quality,  and  value 
arc  not  recorded.     The  importation  of  dry  goods  from  Europe  to  this  coast 
is  rapidly  decreasing,  partly  because  the  people  arc  becoming  more  eco- 
nomicil,  but  principally  because  the  American  factories  arc  producing  finer 
goods  every  j'car,  and  thus  competing  with  France,  England,  Ireland,  and 
Germany  in  branches  new  to  American  industry.     It  may  be  stated  in  gen- 
eral terms,  that  the  finer  the  class  of  the  article,  tl.T  greater  its  value  in 
proportion  to  the  cost  of  raw  material,  and  the  more  complex  the  ma- 
chinery required  for  its  production,  the  larger  the  proportion  of  the  impor- 
tation from  Europe.     Thus  in   silks,  the  importation  of  which,  including 
satins  and  ribbons,  amount';  to  $1, 000,000  annually,  90  per  cent,  of  the 
fancy  dress  silks,  80  pel'  cent,  of  the  black  dress  silks,  50  per  cent,  of  the 
tailoring  silks,  and  25  per  cent,  of  the  ribbons  are  fji^uj  Europe.     The  .satins 
are  all  from  Europe;  one  third  of  them  coming  from  Germany,  and  two 
thirds  from  Swiss  and  French  looms.     The  European  silks  pay  an  import 
duty  of  6o  per  cent.,  and  in   many  instances,  pro  nt   better  in  quality  than 
those  of  American  manufacture.     The  European  silks,  satins,  and  ribbons 
purchased  annually  on  our  coast  cost  $725,000;  including  .$400,000  shipped 
directly  from  France  to  San  Francisco,  and  $325,000  brought  by  way  of 
Xcw  York.     The  American  silks  sold  here  are  worth  $275,000.     Nearly 
one  third  of  our  silk  supply  passes  through  auction  hou.ses;  the  stock  being 
sent  from  New  York,  with  instructions  to  dispose  of  them  to  the  highest 
bidder.     Half  of  the  retail  houses  that  deal  in  silks  on  the  Pacific  coast,  lay 
in  their  stocks  at  the  San  iM'ancisco  auction  houses.     In  no  other  branch  of 
business  does  the  importation,  for  sale  by  auction,  approach  that  of  silk 
goods  in  relative  magnitude.     The  imports  of  silks  manufactured  in  China 
amount  in  value  to  about  $150,000  a  year,  and  consist  mostly  of  handker- 
chiefs.    A  considerable  portion  of  them  arc  sent  to  the  Atlantic  slope  by 
rail. 


!i'(l 


MERCHANDISING. 


209 


The  value  of  ready-made  clothing,  made  up  in  tlic  Atlantic  States  and 
forwarded  annually  to  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  esti- 
mated at  $6,000,000.  None  comes  from  forcij^n  countries.  The  consump- 
tion of  articles  known  under  the  general  title  of  "  furnishinj.;  Rtjods"  is 
about  etjual  in  value  to  that  of  clothiiiLj,  and  one  fourth  of  the  supply 
comes  from  I'acific  Coa  t  factories,  thouL;h  the  stamp  on  them  is  often  that 
of  an  Eastern  or  forcij^n  factory.  The  weaving  of  flannels  in  the  mills  of 
California  and  Orc;i;on,  and  the  possibility  of  making  up  the  flannel  cloth 
intf'  underwear,  by  the  aid  of  Chinese  labor,  at  a  cost  of  8  or  lo  |)er  cent, 
of  the  value  of  the  fabric,  gives  chances  for  a  profit  in  the  local  production 
of  woolen  underclothing. 

The  silk  and  felt  hats  used  on  this  coast,  to  the  value  of  .$1,500,000 
anually,  are  all  made  in  Europe  or  the  Atlantic  .States,  but  the  silk  hats  are 
shaped  and  trimmed  here.  China  supplies  us  every  year  with  "cork"  hats 
worth  $100,000,  most  of  them  to  be  sent  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

Sheet-iron  comes  from  England  and  Pennsylvania;  tin-plate  from  Eng- 
land; block-tin  from  Australia;  brass,  zinc,  solder,  stoves,  and  [jumps  from 
the  ]'!astern  Slates.  Of  locks,  tools,  cutlery,  and  builders'  hardware,  one 
tenth  may  come  from  England  and  the  remainder  from  the  East. 

Importers.— Among  the  San  Francisco  importers  for  the  wholesale  trade 
are  MuRpiiY,  Gr.vnt  &  Co.,  M.  Heller  &  Brothers,  B.vchm.vn  PjRotii- 
ERS,  Sachs,  Heller  &  Co.,  Levi  Strauss  it  Cf).,  and  Kaiin  I3kotih:rs  &. 
Co.,  in  dry  goods;  VV.  J.  Steinhart  &  Co.,  Fechheimer,  Goodkixd  &  Co., 
A.  B.  Eleelt  &  Co.,  Brown  Brothers  &  Co.,  J.  Baum  &  Co.,  Colman 
Buotheks,  and  Banner  Brothers,  in  clothing;  Greenebaum,  Sachs  & 
Freeman,  Schweitzer,  S.vchs  &  Co.,  and  Neustadter  Brothers,  in  fur- 
nishinggoods;FRiEDLANDERBROTiiER.s,  Louis  Kline,  KLIXE&  Co.,  ;\Iever 
Brothers,  and  Triest  &  Co.,  in  hats  and  caps;  Holbrook,  Merrill  & 
Stetson,  G.  H.  Tav  &  Co.,  W.  W.  Montague  &  Co.,  and  J.  De  La 
MoNTANVA,  in  house-furnishing  hardware;  Thomas  II.  Selby  &  Co., 
Geo.  \V.  Gibbs  &  Co.,  and  I.  S.  Van  Winkle  &  Co.,  in  iron  and  steel; 
Dunham,  Carrigan  &  Co.,  Baker  &  Hamil;on,  Huntington,  Hop- 
kins &  Co.,  M.  C.  Hawlev  &  Co.,  Carolan,  Cory  &  Co.,  The  Gordon 
Hardware  Company,  and  VV.  W  Montague  &  Co.,  in  hardware;  Red- 

INGTON    &    Co.,    LANGLEY    &    MICHAELS,   J.    J.    MACK   &   CO.,   and    C.    I'. 

Richards  &  Co.,  in  drugs;  and  L.  Feldman  &  Co.  in  woodenwarc. 
Among  the  importing  grocers  are  CASTLE  Bros.  &  LouPE,  Albet  M.\U 
&  Co.,  VVr.LLMAN,  Peck  &  Co.,  F.  Daneri  &  Co.,  Haas  Broiiier.s, 
Taber,  Harker  &  Co.,  Newton  Brothers  &  Co.,  Tillman  &  Bendel, 
W.  W.  Dodge  &  Co.,  Rountree  &  McClure,  Lohman  &  Coghill, 
»7 


2IO 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


Jones  &  Co.,  Hym.\n  Brothers,  Kruse  &  Euler,  M.  &  C.  Mangels, 
Ti[OM..\s  Jennings,  Root  &  .Sanderson,  and  A.  E.  Sabatie  &  Co. 

The  list  of  carpet  importers  includes  the  houses  of  W.  &  J.  Slo.vne  & 
Co.,  D.  X.  &  K.  Walter,  C.  M.  Plum  &  Co.,  J.  Fredericks  &  Co.,  and 

l-I.  11 KVN I.MAN  &  Co. 

.M.\i\  &  Winchester,  J.  C.  Johnson  &  Co,  and  Heciit  Brothers 
rnc  Icadin;,'  importers  of  leather;  H.  P.  GREGORY,  Tatum  &  BOWEN, 
P.\KKE  &  Lacy,  and  J.  Hendy  of  machinery;  John  Taylor  &  Co.,  R. 
A.  Swain  &  Co.,  Wangenheim,  Sternheim  &  Co.,  O.  Lawton  &  Co., 
J.  Cere  &  Co.,  B.  N.\than  &  Co.,  and  Strauss,  Kohnstamm  &  Co.,  of 
crorkery  and  glassware;  MAIN  &  WINCHESTER,  J.  C.  JoilNSON  &  Co., 
John  O'Kane,  R.  Stone,  and  O.  F.  Willey  &  Co.,  of  harness  and  sad- 
dlery; Blake,  RonniNs  &  Co.,  II.  S.  Crocker  &  Co.,  A.  L.  Bancroet 
&  Co.,  Cunningham,  Curtis  &  Welch,  Payot,  Upham  &  Co.,  and  Le 
CouNi'  liROTliERS,  of  paper  and  stationery;  and  George  W.  Clark,  F. 
G.  Edwards,  Gumpertz  &  Brooks,  and  D.  N.  &  E.  Walter,  of  paper- 
hangings. 

Most  of  the  above  importing  houses  dc\otc  themselves  exclusively  to 
wholesale  business;  many  others  import  for  sale  by  retail,  and  some  of  the 
latter  arc  very  extensive  establishments,  rivaling  the  wholesale  houses  in 
the  aggregate  of  their  business.  Other  houses  do  an  extensive  wholesale 
business  in  the  ])roducc  of  our  slope  v.ithout  being  importers. 

Among  the  leading  business  houses  in  Los  Angeles  arc  EuGENE  MEYER 
in  dry-goods;  H.  Newmark  and  Hellman,  Hass  &  Co.  in  groceries; 
Brown  &  IMatthews  and  C.  Ducommon  in  hardware;  M.  W.  Childs 
and  I  I.\Ri'ER,  Reynolds  &  Co.  in  stoves  and  house  hardware ;  H. 
Heinscii  and  S. C.  FoY  in  harness;  Levy  &  Co.  and  E,  Martin  &  Co. 
in  wholesale  liquors;  L.  J.  ROSE,  KoHLER  &  Frohling,  and  B.  DREY- 
FUS in  wines;  J.  Lankershim  &  Co.  and  Deming,  I'.\lmer  &  Co.  in 
flour  milling;  and  PERRY,  WOODWORTH  &  Co.  and  J.  JVI.  Grifhtu  in 
building  materials. 

'ijie  wholesale  houses  prominent  in  the  business  of  Portland  are  WHITE, 
Goldsmith  &  Co.  in  dry-goods;  Fleischner,  Mayer  &  Co.  in  dry- 
goods  and  furnishing  goods;  Wadhams  &  12LLIOTI,  Du  Bois,  King  & 
Co.,  Klostkrman  Brother.s,  CoRiuTT  &  Macleav,  Allen  &  Lewes, 
and  J.  McCraken  in  groceries;  D.  J.  Mal.vrkey  &  Co.  in  groceries,  pro- 
visions, and  country  produce;  J.  K.  GiLL  &  Co.  in  books  and  stationery; 
Fleckenstelm  &  Mayer,  K.  Seelig  &  Co.,  Marx  &  Jorgensen,  A.  P. 
Hotaling  &  Co.,  K.  Martin  &  Qo.,  A.  L.  Grand,  Scheuman  &  Bote- 
FUHR,  Van  Schuyver  &  Co.,  and  C.  A.  Burciiard  in  liquors; 
Charles  H.  Dodd  &  Co.,  Frank   Brothers,  Newhurg,  Hawthorn 


.       l(!     .    .'" 


m 


MERCHANDISING. 


!1  I 


&  Co.,  SKYMni'R,  Sarin  &  Co.,  D.  M.  Osrorx  &  Co.,  J.  J.  Case  &  Co., 
and  KnatI',  Burreli.  &  Co.  in  asriciiltuial  implements,  etc.;  CORRITT, 
Failing  &  Co.,  Thompson,  De  Hart  &  Co.,  and  Foster  &  Rorert- 
SON  in  hardware;  Davton,  IIai.i,  &  LA^^lER.•-o^'  in  liarduare  and 
powder;  II.  I'.  Gri:gorv  &  Co.  in  machinery  and  rubber  j^oods;  IIl.XTER 
&  Mav  ill  .stove.s  and  tinware;  MoUGE,  DAVIS  &  Co.  in  drugs;  WaI.I'ER 
Brothers  in  carpets,  etc.;  J.  A.  STROWliRiDGl-,  in  leather  and  shoe  find- 
ini^s;  Kveruing  &  Farrell  in  general  produce;  JaCuRS  Brothers  in 
clothing;  SiHXDi.ER  &  Co.,  The  Oregon  Furniture  Manueactur- 
I.VG  Comtaxv,  and  F.  S.  CllADliOURNE  &  Co.  in  furniture;  GEORGE  L. 
IIiiiiiARD  &  Co.,  F.  A.  Akin,  George  H.  Carin  &  Co.,  and  Hecht. 
Martin  &  Co.  ir  ...oots  and  shoes. 


%-i 


i]  i 


General  Exports. — The  most  remarkable  feature  in  the  business  of  this 
coast  during  1881,  was  the  great  increase  in  the  volume  of  exports,  which, 
including  merchandise  and  treasure  forwarded  East  from  the  interior,  may 
be  estimated  for  the  entire  Pacific  Slope  at  little  short  of  $  I  50,000,000.  Ex- 
ports of  treasure  and  the  leading  articles  of  merchandise  from  San  I'rancisco 
alone  were  $106,200,000,  against  $80,854,000  in  1880;  a  gain  of  more  than 
30  per  cent,  in  a  single  year.  Of  the  total  amount,  $48,000,000  rei^resents 
the  value  of  goods  .sent  abroad  to  foreign  countries;  $40,350,000,  that  of 
merchandise  .sent  ]'2ast  by  water;  and  $1  1,850,000  was  the  amount  of  treas- 
ure forwarded  to  various  destinations.  The  value  of  merchandise  shipped 
East  by  rail  includes  that  of  tea,  coffee,  silk,  and  other  commodities,  which 
passed  tlirough  San  Francisco  in  transit. 

JCxports  of  all  commoditic  .  from  California  may  be  estimated  at  over  $1 30 
for  each  of  her  inhabitants;  and,  in  common  with  those  of  other  poti(jns 
of  our  coast,  belong  mainly  to  the  class  of  raw  materials.  The  commercial 
records  tell  us  that  during  1881  .shipments  by  sea  and  rail  from  San  Fran- 
cisco included,  among  other  items,  wheat,  worth  $30,800,000;  wool,  worth 
$7,000,000;  lliiur,  $3,600,000;  lead  and  base  bullion,  $1,050,000;  c]uicksil\er, 
$1,030,000;  wine,  $825,000;  canned  and  pickled  salmon,  $670,000;  barley, 
$550,000;  lumber,  $400,000;  borax,  .$350,000;  refined  sugar,  $326,000;  pow- 
der, $205,000;  brandy,  $137,000;  leather,  $1 17,000;  and  bread,  $107,000. 

The  goods  shipjietl  b\'  rail  from  San  Francisco,  during  1881,  had  a  gross 
weight  of  89,400  tons,  including  13,800  tons  of  wool,  12,700  tons  of  barley, 
8,300  tons  of  canned  and  1,100  tons  of  pickled  salmon,  8,000  tons  of  tea  (in 
transit  from  China  and  Japan ),  5,000  tons  of  beans,  4,950  tons  of  wine,  4,400 
tons  of  canned  goods  other  than  fisii^nd  fruit,  2,950  tons  of  sugar,  1,450 
tons  of  lumber,  1,350  tons  of  coffee,  1,260  tons  of  hides,  1,180  tons  of  silk, 
1,120  tons  of  canned  fruit,  980  tons  of  borax,  890  tons  of  hops,  840  tons  of 


MHi 


■;    I 


1   i 

i 


w 


w^ ' 


212 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


rice,  770  tons  of  furs,  750  tons  of  leather,  and   17,610  tons  of  other  com- 
motlilies. 

The  goods  shipped  from  Sacramento  weighed  14,000  tons,  and  consisted 
mainly  (if  fruit,  vegetables,  canned  salmon,  wool  and  wine;  San  Jose  dis- 
patched about  9,900  tons,  chiefly  of  barley,  fruit,  and  canned  goods;  Oak- 
land, 4,500  tons,  principally  of  fruit  and  canned  goods ;  Stockton,  1,500  tons, 
priiici|ially  of  barley;  Marysville,  1,300  tons,  mostly  of  flour  and  wool;  and 
Los  Angeles,  about  1,  lOO  tons  of  barley,  flour,  fiiiit,  wool,  hides,  nuts,  raisins, 
honey,  wine,  brandy,  and  other  commodities. 

Wheat  and  Flour  Exports.— The  most  important  article  of  export, 
considered  from  a  commercial  point  of  view,  is  wheat,  the  shipments  of 
which  from  San  Francisco,  including  flour  expressed  as  wheat,  amounted 
for  i8<Si  to  880,000  tons.  It  has  often  happeneil,  of  late  years,  that  the 
high  freights  caused  by  a  scarcity  of  shipping  have  coptriisuted  much  to 
diminish  the  jirofits  of  wheat-growing  in  California.  A  large  portion  of  the 
harvest  of  1881,  estimated  according  to  the  best  authorities  at  750,000  tons, 
was  left  over  for  lack  of  tonnage. 

It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  flour  could  not  be  exported  instead  of  wheat, 
one  third  of  which  is  con\ertctl  into  miildlings,  shorts,  and  bran,  articles 
much  inferior  in  value  to  fine  flour.  A  ton  of  wheat  produces,  besides  fine 
flour,  430  pounds  of  bran,  worth  $2.65  in  San  I'rancisco  and  $4  in  Li\er- 
pool,  and  215  pounds  of  middlings  and  shorts,  worth  $1.90  in  .San  Fran- 
cisco and  .$5  in  Li\erpool.  The  bran,  middlings,  and  shorts  together  weigii 
645  pounds,  or  nearly  one  third  of  the  ton  of  wheat,  and  at  $15,  cost  $4.84 
■V.r  transportation,  while  the  excess  of  their  market  value  in  Liverpool  over 
that  in  .San  l-'rancisco  is  $4.45.  To  grind  a  ton  of  wheat  costs  about  .$l 
less  in  England  than  in  California.  I'lour  is  more  likely  to  spoil  on 
the  voyage;  though  it  is  less  injured  than  wheat  by  immersion  in  water, 
as  when  a  ship  springs  a  leak.  The  production  of  flour  promises  to  assume 
much  larger  proportions  in  the  future.  Receipts  in  .San  I'"rancisco  between 
July  I,  1881,  and  April  15,  1S82,  were  65,200  tons,  against  45,450  tons  be- 
tween July  I,  1880,  and  April  15,  1881,  a  gain  of  more  than  43  [Jer  cent. 

Great  Hritain  and  Ireland  took  from  us  in  1881  844,300  tons  of  Californian 
wheat,  and  only  35,700  tons  of  Californian  flour;  while  China  i.ook  about 
25,600  tons  of  flour,  and  only  14  tons  of  wheat.  l''or  lack  of  better  freight, 
steainirs  frequently  carry  flour  to  1  long-Kong  at  extremely  low  rates; 
sometimes  as  low  as  25  cents  ;i  barrel.     It  is  probable  that,  at  no  \erv  dis- 


tant day,  Asia  will  consume  largely  of  our  wheat  and  flour.     In  time  the 


Hindo( 
to  rice. 


Ch 


uiamyn  wil 


abt. 


learn  to  use  bread,  if  not  to  prefer  it 


MERCHANDISING. 


!I3 


i 


The  opcnincj  of  the  Soiithciii  Pacific  Railroad  \vrou,c;ht  an  immediate 
benefit  to  all  branches  of  commerce,  and  to  none  more  than  to  the  export 
trade  in  wheatand  Hour.  The  railroad  company  carries  wheat  to  New  Orleans 
or  Galveston  at  $13  a  ton.  It  is  not  expected  that  when  the  cost  of  freight 
from  those  jjoints  to  ICurope  is  added,  there  will  often  be  much  margin  in 
favor  of  shippers  by  the  o\erland  route,  but  in  other  respects  the  railroad 
may  be  of  great  advantage.  The  fluctuations  to  which  the  prices  of  wheat 
and  charters  are  liable,  and  the  delay  in  loading  a  vessel  for  Liverpool, 
coupled  with  the  length  of  the  voyage  round  the  Morn,  are  great  draw- 
backs. By  establishing  uniform  rates  of  freight,  by  shortening  the  time 
needed  to  lay  down  wheat  and  flour  in  luu'opean  ports,  by  opening  a  mar- 
ket in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and,  perhaps,  in  some  of  the  Gulf  States,  the 
railroad  company  may  deprive  the  business  of  much  of  its  speculative  cle- 
ment, and  open  new  outlets  for  our  surplus  stock. 

Treasure. ^Shipments  of  treasure  from  San  Francisco  on  mercantile  ac- 
count, through  the  Custom-house  to  foreign  ports,  and  ovedand  by  express 
to  Eastern  destina^'.ms,  amounted  for  1881  only  to  $11,874,000,  being  the 
smallest  ever  known,  antl  only  $1,381,000  in  excess  of  treasure  imports. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  amount  forwarded  through  the  .San  I'rancisco  post- 
office  was  unusually  large,  amounting  to  nearly  $0,900,000,  and  niaking  a 
total  on  mercantile  account  of  $18,854,000.  0(  this  sum  $12,442,000  con- 
sisted of  gold  coin,  $34,000  of  gold  dust,  $3,539,000  of  silver  bullion, 
$2,415,000  of  American  and  foreign  silver  coin,  and  $424,000  of  currency. 
Most  of  the  gokl  coin  and  all  the  currency  were  sent  to  New  York,  and 
most  of  tlie  silver  bullion  and  foreign  silver  coin  to  I  long-Kong. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were  the  best  of  our  foreign  customers,  taking 
from  us,  during  1881,  produce  and  merchandise  to  the  value  of  about  $2S,- 
640,000,  including  wheat  and  flour,  estimated  at  $28,217,000,  barley  at 
$71,000,  canned  and  pickletl  siUmon  at  $280,000,  manufactured  wood  at 
$67,500,  ready-made  clothing  a'.  $3,500,  and  Californian  wine  at  $1,000. 
China  took  from  us  $530,000  of  merchandise,  chiefly  flour,  and  $3,755,000 
of  treasure.  The  Hawaiian  Kingdom  purchased  from  us  to  the  extent  of 
$2,640,000,  including  considerable  quantities  of  camied  fish,  flour,  and  other 
provisions,  but  consisting  mainly  of  manufactured  iron,  wood,  leather,  and 
duck  and  denim  goods  of  d)'cd  Eastern  cotton,  made  up  into  overalls  and 
suits  in  San  Fnuicisco.  Mexico  took  $2,450,000,  chiefly  of  iiuicksilvcr  and 
mining  machinery;  Belgium,  $2,425,000,  and  France,  $1,978,000,  chiefly  of 
^\he;lt;  British  Columbia,  $1,130,000  of  jM-ovisions  and  manufactures; 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  about  $1,000,000,  principally  of  canned  fish 
and  manufactured  wood  and  iron  ;    Central  America,  $760,000,  chiefly  of 


i 


214 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


flour;  Japan,  $485,000  of  provisions  and  manufactured  goods;  and  other 
countries,  about  $i,icS9,ooo  worth  of  various  articles  of  merchandise. 

Business  Failures. — TI  •  number  of  failures  in  California,  Oregon, 
Nevada,  and   Washington       .  was  reported   by  J.\Y   LUGSDIX,  the 

San  Francisco  manager  of  J.  \  &  Co.'s  mercantile  agency,  at  444; 

the  amount  of  liabilities  at  $3,>'  000;  of  assets  at  $1,933,000.  In  San 
Francisco  the  number  of  failures  was  129,  with  $1,131,000  of  liabilities, 
against  $509,000  of  assets.  The  average  of  liabilities  on  this  coast  is  much 
smaller  than  in  other  portions  of  the  United  States.  For  1881  the  average 
on  the  Pacific  Slope  was  about  $8,200;  in  the  United  States  it  was  $14,500. 

Southern  California. —San  Diego  (the  only  port  of  entry  in  California, 
with  the  exception  of  San  Francisco),  and  Wilmington,  about  100  miles 
north  of  San  Diego,  on  the  bay  of  San  Pedro,  are  coming  into  prominence 
as  commercial  seaports.  During  iSSi  the  foreign  imports  of  San  Diego 
amounted  to  $351,000,  including  $259,000  worth  of  steel  rails  and  other 
materials  for  railroad  construction.  Exports  for  the  year  amounted  to 
$234,000.  The  arrivals  at  Wilmington  included  (for  1881)  35  foreign  ves- 
sels i'rom  different  ports  in  Europe,  British  Columbia,  and  Australia;  and 
among  them  was  The  Three  Brothers,  one  of  the  largest  sailing-ships  en- 
gaged in  the  California  trade.  Their  cargoes  included  5,200  tons  of  steel 
rails  and  1,800  tons  of  coal.  Ten  of  these  ves.sels  reloaded  there  with  car- 
goes of  j)roducc  for  I'.uropc,  and  9  were  dispatched  to  San  Francisco  and 
one  to  .San  Diego  for  the  same  purpose.  Exports  included  17,000  tons  of 
wheat,  T})  tons  of  flour,  and  78  tons  of  honey.  It  is  probable  that  Wil- 
mington w  ill  soon  be  declared  a  jiort  of  entry. 

Trade  with  Australia. — The  trade  between  California  and  the  British 
colonics  of  .Australia  and  New  Zealand  must,  for  several  reasons,  become 
active  anil  large  at  no  distant  time  in  the  future.  Our  coast  has  many  prod- 
ucts which  the  insular  continent  of  the  South  Pacific  can  not  obtain  so 
cheaply  from  any  (jther  market.  The  traffic  has  already  assumed  impor- 
tance, and  has  been  greatly  aided  by  the  subsidy  given  by  the  colonies  of 
New  .South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  to  the  Pacific  Mail  line.  I'^xports  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand  amounted,  iox  1881,  to  about  $1,000,000,  and 
includeil  $327,000  worth  of  canned  fish,  $53,000  of  hops,  $68,000  of  refined 
sugar,  $40,000  of  quichsilver,  .$148,000  of  manufactured  wood,  and  $174,000 
of  manufactured  iron.  That  we  should  ship  raw  produce  to  Australia  is  not 
remarkable,  but  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  we  should  e.\'port  so  largel)-  of 
manufactures,  in  which  we  have  to  compete  for  the  Australian  trade  with 
the  factories  of  Great  Ih-itain  and  the  Eastern  States. 


MERCHANDISING. 


2i  : 


Oregon's  Trade.— The  first  chapter  of  this  book  contain.s  a  statement  of 
the  amount  of  business  done  in  various  departments  of  wholesale  mer- 
chandisinfi  by  Portland,  which  is  the  commercial  metropolis  of  an  extensive 
region,  including  portions  of  Washington  and  Idaho,  in  addition  to  Ore- 
gon. The  city  has  6  banks,  22  real  estate  agencies,  26  insurance  agencies, 
besides  local  life  and  local  fire  insurance  companies,  29  periodical  publica- 
tions, including  several  good  daily  newspapers,  29  hotels,  and  about  60 
wholesale  mercantile  houses.  Among  these  are  7  dealing  in  groceries,  and 
as  many  in  hardware,  10  in  liquors,  and  6  in  tobacco,  3  each  in  boots,  cloth- 
ing, hats,  dr>--goods,  jewelry,  and  crockery,  2  each  in  paper  and  in  books, 
and  one  in  drugs. 

In  addition  to  her  traffic  with  portions  of  the  United  States,  Oregon  has 
already  a  considerable  commerce  with  foreign  countries,  mainly  with  Eng- 
land, Ireland,  and  British  Columbia,  but  to  a  smaller  extent  with  France, 
Belgium,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Australia,  and  China.  During  1 88 1,  the 
exports  of  Oregon  amounted  to  $8,049,000,  against  $4,318,500,  in  1S80,  a 
gain  of  89  per  cent,  in  a  single  year.  Portland  exported  to  foreign 
countries  $5,324,000  worth  of  commodities,  including  $3,765,000  worth  of 
wheat,  $1484,000  of  flour,  and  $75,000  of  other  merchandise.  Wheat  to 
the  value  of  $3,741,000  was  shipped  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  floiu' 
to  the  %'aluc  of  $1,453,000  to  England.  In  carrying  this  amount  of  y  '■•, 
there  were  employed  140  vcsssl.s,  of  which  116  were  liritish,  20  American 
(including  19  sailing-vessels  and  one  steamer),  2  were  French,  one  was 
Spanish,  and  one  German.  Eighty-one  of  the  cargoes  were  for  Oueenstown 
(for  orders),  38  for  Liverpool,  3  fur  Cork  (for  orders),  3  for  I  long-Kong,  one 
each  for  Victoria  (British  Columbia),  Fleetwood,  Bordeaux,  Honolulu,  and 
Melbourne,  and  8  for  destinations  which  have  not  been  ascertained. 

Washington  and  British  Columbia. — The  commerce  and  commercial 
prospects  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia  have  already  been  stated  in 
the  first  chapter  of  this  book.  To  a  considerable  extent,  Washington  Ter- 
ritorj-,  in  common  with  Oregon  and  British  Columbia,  is  still  commercially 
deix;ndent  on  San  Franci.sco;  but  year  by  year  the  north-west  is  gradually 
asserting  its  commercial  independence,  and,  at  no  distant  time,  will  have  a 
large  import  and  export  trade.  During  1880  considerable  shipments  of 
flour  were  made  from  Walla  Walla  to  Liverpool,  and  160,000  cases  of  sal- 
mon were  shipped  to  foreign  countries  from  the  Washington  side  of  the 
Columbia  River.  About  170,000,000  feet  of  lumber  were  shipped  to  San 
Francisco,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  Australia ;  and  200,000  tons  of  coal 
were  shipped  to  various  destinations.  The  population  of  the  Territory  has 
doubled  within  2  or  3  years,  and  the  lowest  estimate  of  the  value  of  its 
property  is  $35,000,000. 


216 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


Utah's  Trade. — The  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  Utah  Territoiy 
was  csliinatcti,  for  1881,  at  $16,000,000,  and  the  frcii^ht  traffic  of  tlic  Utah 
Central  Railmacl  at  222,000  tons,  aj^ainst  149,000  tons  in  1880.  The  traffic 
in  1881  was  49  percent,  lart^crthan  in  1880,  and  the  traffic  in  1880  was  con- 
siderably jjreater  than  for  any  preceding  year,  with  the  exception  of  1877, 
when  it  was  of  equal  amount.  It  is  claimed  that  since  the  completion  of  the 
Overland  Railroad,  the  volume  of  imports  and  exports  has  increased  in  a 
tenfold  ratio.  About  one  third  of  the  imports  consists  of  machinery  and 
supplies  for  u.sc  in  the  mines.  TllE  ZiON's  Co-OI'ER.VTIVE  MERCANTILE 
Institution,  founded  at  Salt  Lake  City  in  1881,  with  branches  at  Ogden 
and  Logan,  with  800  stockholders  and  a  paid-up  capital  of  $750,000,  im- 
ports about  one  third  of  all  the  goods  brought  into  the  Territory.  During 
the  first  4  years  of  its  existence,  the  institution  paid  cash  dividends  of  78 
per  cent,  and  stock  dividends  of  52  per  cent.  There  are  similar  establish- 
ments on  a  smaller  scale  in  every  important  .settlement  in  Utah,  and  many 
of  them  purchase  their  goods  of  the  establishment  in  Salt  Lake  City,  fre- 
quently making  payment  in  produce.  The  entire  cooperative  system 
includes  about  10,000  stockholders,  out  of  an  adult  male  population  not 
exceeding  30,000. 

By  shipping  in  through  cars,  direct  from  the  Eastern  States  or  from  Cali- 
fornia without  break  or  change  of  bulk,  the  leading  grocers  and  dry-goods 
merchants  arc  enabled  to  sell  at  such  low  rates  that  the  smaller  dealers  in 
Utah  and  in  Lastcrn  Nevada,  Idaho,  Arizona,  and  Western  Wyoming  can 
purchase  of  them  to  better  advantage  than  by  importing  their  own  stocks. 

W.  T.  Coleman. — If  any  old  resident  of  San  Francisco  were  asked  to  give 
the  name  of  the  leading  merchant  of  the  city,  he  would  probably  mention 
WiLLl.XM  T.  COLEM.VN.  Perhaps  others  have  done  as  much  business,  and 
have  as  much  capacity  and  experience,  but  no  other  has  been  made  so 
prominent  by  a  succession  of  circumstances.  Mr.  COLEMAN,  a  Kentuckiaa 
by  birth,  arrived  in  California  in  1849,  at  the  age  of  25.  Having  been  a 
merchant's  clerk  in  St.  Louis,  he  opened  a  store  at  I'lacerville,  and  in  1850 
he  established  him.sclf  as  a  merchant  in  San  Francisco.  Business  prospered 
and  he  gained  many  friends.  I  le  had  a  prepossessing  appearance,  a  good 
address,  could  talk  well,  and  took  much  interest  in  public  affairs.  Such  a 
man  could  not  long  remain  in  the  background  in  a  city  where  public  meet- 
ings were  so  numerous,  and  had  busin(>ss  so  important  as  in  San  Francisco. 
When  the  Vigilance  Committee  of  1851  was  organized,  Mr.  CoLE.MAN 
was  one  of  the  leaders,  and  member  of  the  Executive  Coinmittec.  He 
participated  actively  in  its  labors  to  [lunish  crime,  and  at  the  same  time 
to   .shield    the   innocent.     That   Committee   had    been    so   efficient,   and 


11, 


MERCHANDISING. 


217 


so  prudent  in  protecting  the  cause  of  justice,  that  when  there  was  a 
general  demand  in  I<S56  for  the  organization  of  a  similar  committee,  Mr. 
COLIC.MAN  was  called  to  preside  over  it,  and  again  by  a  system  of  man- 
agement for  which  there  is  no  parallel  elsewhere,  the  people,  in  disregard  of 
the  forms  of  law,  drove  rogues  from  office,  e.vccuted  and  banished  criminals, 
protected  .society,  and  purified  the  munici])al  administration.  The  result  was 
so  satisfactory  that  for  nearly  20  years,  the  people  continued  to  elect  local 
officers  as  representatives  of  wh.it  was  called  the  Vigilance  Committee  Party, 
though  the  Committee  itself  had  been  dissolved  after  a  few  months  of  exist- 
ence. In  1856  Mr.  Coleman  established  a  line  of  clipper  .ships  between 
San  Francisco  and  Now  York,  and  for  a  long  time  it  occupied  a  consider- 
able place  in  the  shipping  of  the  port.  Mr.  COLEM.AN,  at  57,  is  a  man  of 
very  active  habits,  and  will  probably  be  prominent  in  business  for  many 
j'ears  to  come. 

W.  P.  Babcock.— William  F.  Badcock,  a  native  of  Massachu.sctts, 
became  clerk  in  a  mercantile  house  of  New  York  at  the  age  of  16,  and  stuck 
to  his  place  9  years,  until  the  firm  sent  him  at  the  age  of  25  to  take  charge 
of  a  branch  establishment  in  New  Orleans.  In  1852  he  came  to  San  Fran- 
cisco as  agent  of  D.wis,  BROOKS  &  Co.,  the  firm  which  had  given  their  fall 
confidence  to  him  for  years.  In  1854,  when  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Com- 
pany found  that  it  was  to  have  a  troublesome  competitor  in  the  Nicaragua 
route,  under  the  management  of  Vanderisilt  and  GARRISON,  it  selected  Mr. 
BAliCOCK  to  be  its  agent  in  association  with  A.  B.  FORIJES,  and  for  8  years 
he  had  that  difficult  and  responsible  position.  TllE  STRING  VALLEY  WATER 
Company  elected  him  to  its  prcsitlency  in  1S64,  when  its  water  supply  was 
600,000  gallons  a  day;  and  he  retained  the  place  for  upwards  of  10  years, 
retiring  after  the  company  could  furnish  12,000,000  a  d.ay.  Under  his  presi- 
dency it  was  necessary  to  construct  a  durable  conduit  12  miles  long,  to  bring 
water  from  the  San  Andreas  reservoir  to  San  I'rancisco,  with  capacity  to 
bear  a  pressure  of  300  feet.  Mr.  BabcociC  sent  Mr.  SCHUSSLER,  the  engineer, 
to  examine  the  wrought-iron  pipes  used  in  the  hydraulic  mines,  and  against 
angry  protest  and  confident  predictions  of  failure,  it  was  decided  to  adopt 
wrought-iron  pipe,  which  hail  at  that  time  never  been  used  for  such  a  length 
or  for  the  supply  of  a  town.  After  .some  discour.aging  breaks,  which  were 
mere  trifles  as  compared  with  the  general  result,  the  pipe  was  a  success,  and 
it  made  a  new  epoch  in  the  water  sup[ily  of  towns.  In  1866  Mr.  Babcock 
entered  the  firm  of  Als()I>  &  Co.,  as  manager  of  the  house  in  San  Fr.m- 
cisco,  and  when  the  partnership  ex[jired  by  limitation  in  1870,  it  was  suc- 
ceeeded  by  Parrott  &  Co.,  in  which  Mr.  BABCOCK  and  TiBURCIO  Parrott 

were  general  partners,  and  JOHN  Parrott  a  special  partner.     The  present 
28 


f 


If;:  i 


2l8 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


firm  consists  of  W.  F.  n.VBCOCK,  W.  Babcock,  and  LOUIS  B.  Parrott.  In 
the  wide  nmge  of  their  transactions,  the  firm  of  Parrott  &  Co.  are  not  sur- 
passed by  any  commercial  house  of  San  Francisco.  W.  F.  B.VRCOCK  was 
President  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  1874,  re-elected  in  1875,  and  has 
been  its  president  for  the  last  3  years. 

J.  S.  Taber. — The  firm  of  Taber,  Harkek  &  Co.,  prominent  in  the 
wholesale  grocery  trade  of  our  coast,  is  the  successor  of  the  houses  of  PniL- 
Mps,  Taber  &  Co.,  Irvine,  Marker  it  Co.,  and  George  McMillan  & 
Co.  The  senior  partner,  JACOB  S.  Taber,  who  has  been  engaged  in  the 
s.imc  line  of  business  in  San  Francisco  since  1852,  has  been  president  of 
the  San  Francisco  Board  of  Trade  for  the  last  5  years,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders,  as  he  is  now  one  of  the  active  members,  of  THE  IMMIGRATION 
Association  of  California. 

Wellman,  Peck  &  Co. — The  importing  and  wholesale  grocery-house  of 
\\'ellm.\.N,  Pecr  i*^  Co.  had  its  foundation  in  San  Francisco  in  1849,  when 
the  senior  partner  started  business  on  Kearny  Street.  Having  been  burned 
out  in  i85i,he  resumed  business  on  Front  Street.  In  i860  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  P.  Vr.nrL.WCK,  who  was  succeeded  in  1S63  by  J.  M. 
Peck,  and  for  the  last  20  years  the  firm  name  has  been  WeI-LMAN,  Peck 
&  Co.  Tiie  house  imports  teas,  coffees,  and  groceries  generally,  .sells 
largely  to  all  parts  of  our  slope,  and  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  leading 
mercantile  establishments  of  San  Francisco,  doing  a  business  of  about  $2,- 
000,000  annuall)-.     Mr.  Weli.M.vn  is  a  native  of  Massachusetts. 

P.  Daneri  &  Co. — Among  the  commercial  hou.ses  founded  in  California 
by  Italians,  that  of  F.  D.VNERI  &  Co.,  importers  and  wholesale  grocers, 
occupies  a  leading  place.  Tlie  Italians  are  a  numerous  and  industrious 
class  in  California,  and  have  a  prominent  place  in  its  business.  They  pre- 
serve a  taste  for  the  wine,  the  oil,  the  macaroni,  the  cheese,  \'arious  fruits, 
and  man)'  other  products  of  their  native  land — products  which  are  also  de- 
manded by  other  inhabitants  of  our  coast;  and  I*".  UANERl  &  Co.  import 
the  supplies,  and  also  import  French  wines  and  Central  American  sugar  and 
coffee.  They  are  agents  for  this  coast  of  the  Casa  Maritima,  of  Genoa, 
anil  (if  the  Registro  Italiano.  The  senior  partner  is  in  Italy;  the  junior 
partner,  llENRV  Casanova,  is  resident  manager  in  San  Francisco.  The 
firm  began  business  in  i860  on  Jackson  Street,  moved  to  Front  Street,  and 
thence  to  their  present  site,  at  27  and  29  California  Street,  where  they  oc- 
cujiy  a  building  4  stories  high. 

Welch  &  Co.— Andrew  Welch,  doing  business  under  the  firm  name  of 
Welch  &  Co.,  at  109  California  Street,  has  been  an  importer,  and  shipping 


MKKCHAXDISING. 


219 


h 


and  commission  merchant  in  San  Francisco  since  1866.  lie  commenced  busi- 
ness on  a  small  scale,  but  has  gradually  enlarged  it  until  now  he  lias  extensive 
mercantile  relations  with  Great  Britain,  British  Columbia,  the  Australasian 
Colonies,  China,  Japan,  and  the  Philippine  and  Hawaiian  islands.  He  is 
largely  interested  in  sugar  cultivation  in  the  latter  group,  being  a  part 
owner  in  several  plantations;  and  the  products  of  10  plantations  arc  con- 
signed, through  the  house  of  C.  Brewer  &  Co..  in  Honolulu,  to  Welch 
&  Co.  He  is  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Welch,  Rithet  &  Co.,  in 
Victoria,  who  are  the  agents  for  the  leading  canneries  of  TlIE  Delt.V 
Cannlng  Company  ("Maple  Leaf"  brand),  Laidl.WV  &  Co.  ("Dominion" 
brand),  and  Ad.\IR  &  Co.  ("  Eagle"  brand),  on  the  Fraser  River.  He  is 
also  a  large  shareholder  in  The  Moodyville  S.v\v^HLL  Co^^'ANY 
(limited),  of  Burrard  Inlet,  B.  C,  and  is  its  chairman.  WELCH,  RiTHET 
&  Co.,  in  Victoria,  and  WELCH  &  Co.,  in  San  Francisco,  are  the  sole 
agents  of  the  mill.  WELCH  &  Co.  are  also  agents  of  the  Planter's  Line 
of  packets  plying  between  Honolulu  and  San  Francisco.  They  are  repre- 
sented in  Liverpool,  England,  by  R.  D.  WELCH  &  Co.,  Tower  Chambers. 


D.  N.  and  E.  Walter  &  Co.— D.  N.  and  E.  Walter  &  Co.  are  known 
principally  as  a  carpet-house,  and  sell  to  the  trade  only.  Besides  carpets, 
they  import  upholstery  goods,  such  as  coverings  for  furniture,  curtain 
materials,  paper-hangings  of  all  descriptions,  oil-cloths  for  tables  and  floors, 
American  lincoleum.s,  China  mattings,  which  latter  they  import  direct  from 
China,  and  handle  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  any  other  house  on  this 
coast.  Their  establishment,  dating  from  1857,  is  the  oldest  in  its  depart- 
ment in  California  and  the  most  complete  in  the  wholesale  business  of  San 
Francisco.  It  occupies  a  building,  owned  by  the  firm,  4  stories  and  a  base- 
ment, situated  on  the  corner  of  Market  and  Battery  streets,  and  has  a  front- 
age of  48  feet  on  the  former  and  24  feet  on  the  latter  street,  with  a  dcjnh 
of  ^37/i  ^^^^>  «il'  "f  which  is  used  for  the  display  of  their  stock.  They 
have  a  branch  house  in  Portland,  Oregon,  started  in  1861,  and  one  in  New 
York,  both  under  the  name  of  Walter  BROTHERS.  D.  N.  Walter,  the 
founder  of  the  house,  who  came  to  California  in  1852,  resides  at  Frankfort, 
Germany,  and  attends  to  the  purchases  of  English,  French,  and  German 
carpets  and  furniture-coverings  for  the  3  houses;  H.  N.  and  J.  N.  Walter 
reside  in  San  Francisco,  and  E.  and  M.  WALTER  give  their  attention  to  the 
New  York  business.  Their  interests  are  permanently  attached  to  San 
Francisco  and  the  Pacific  Coast  by  a  prosperous  business  that  has  lasted 
over  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  by  investments  in  the  real  estate  of  the 
city  and  State. 


ik  i. 


220  COMMKRCE,    ETC. 

Baker  &  Hamilton, — The  ftim  of  15aki;k  i^-  IIamh.tox  have  occupied  a 
prominent  place  in  the  business  of  California,  for  a  quarter  of  a  centurj-,  as 
dealers  in  hardware  and  a,L;ricultural  implements,  which  latter  the)-  have 
manufactured  on  a  laria;e  scale,  as  ma)'  be  seen  by  reference  to  tiie  mention 
of  Till-:  ]5k\icia  A(;riculi'L'RA1.  Works  in  the  chapter  on  iron.  They 
Iiave  a  large  capital,  antl  their  annual  sales  junount  to  about  $J,000,ooo. 
liiLA-  occujjy  part  of  McCrearv's  new  stone,  brick,  and  iron  building, 
on  the  corner  of  Pine  and  Davis  streets,  1373^'  feet  long  b}-  100  wiile, 
w  ilh  4  stories  and  a  basement,  one  of  the  fmest  wholesale  stores  in  San 
J'rancisco.  They  deal  in  all  kinds  of  agricultural  implements  and 
hardware,  and  supply  all  portions  of  the  coast.  They  have  a  branch 
liouse  in  Sacramento  City,  wiiere  they  occupy  48,000  square  feet  of 
tloor  room,  with  frontages  on  J,  Second,  and  I'"ront  streets,  all  connected 
by  a  bridge  over  a  narrow  street.  The  members  of  the  firm  are  L.  L. 
J^AKEK  and  R.  M.  1  Ia.MILTOX,  the  former  a  native  of  Portland,  Maine,  and 
the  latter  of  Scotland.  15oth  came  to  California  in  1S49,  and  spent  several 
years  as  miners  and  clerks  for  mercantile  houses.  In  1854  they  formed 
their  partnership  in  Sacramento,  and  beginning  with  a  small  capital,  built 
up  their  business  to  its  present  magnificent  proportions. 

Gordon  Hardware  Company.— Tin-:  GoKDOX  1I.\r1)\vari-;  Co.mpanv 
at  250  and  252  Market  Street  and  12  and  14  P'ront  Street,  San  I'rancisco, 
Vias  incorporated  July  i,  1880,  to  do  a  hardware,  jobbing,  and  commission 
business,  and  to  maiuifacture  an)'  or  all  articles  [)ertaining  tiiereto,  being 
the  first  jobbing-house  on  this  coast  to  aiiopt  the  incorporated  plan  of 
doing  business,  which  hail  hitherto  been  confinetl  e\clusi\ely  to  manufac- 
turing concerns.  'Phe)'  succeeded  to  the  business  of  J.VMES  K.  GORDOX  & 
Co.,  established  in  1875  as  J.VMi;s  Iv  (ioRDoN,  when  the  latter  succeeded 
by  purchase  to  the  business  of  Marsii,  Pll.suURV  &  Co.  (a  brancli  of  ^P\V 
&  Co.,  Boston^;,  established  in  1863.  The)' are  the  f)nl)' house  on  this  coast 
who  make  a  specialty  of  representing  ICastern  manufacturers;  anil  they 
hantUe  as  agents  the  products  of  over  40  leading  hardware  factories  on  the 
Atlantic  .Slope,  selling  at  wholesale  onl)',  to  the  local  anil  coast  trade,  also 
to  British  Columbia,  i\ustralia.  Sandwich  Islands,  ^Mexico,  anil  Central 
America.  The)-  aim  to  carr)-  a  general  stock  of  hardware,  but  their  spe- 
cialt)'  is  what  is  known  to  the  trade  as  shelf-harduare,  in  which  they 
occup)'  a  leading  place.  The)'  luiblish  a  monthly  paper  known  as  the 
llai\h\.<arc  So/csinan,  the  onl)'  ])ublication  on  this  coast  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  the  hardware  business.  It  has  a  large  anil  rapidly  increasing 
circulation. 


HI 


GORDON  HAllUWARE  COMPANY,  SAN  FEANCISCO. 


!i 


A 


m' 


MERCHANDISING. 


22  I 


Dunham,  Carrlgan  &  Co.— Tlic  firm  nf  Dunham,  Carrigan  &  Co. 
commenced  business  in  Janii.irv,  1S75,  by  piircliasinti  tlu-  stock  of  the 
pioneer  house  of  CoNRov,  O'CoN'NOR  &  Co.,  and  have  .since  continued 
the  iron  anil  hardware  trade  at  the  old  stand,  Nos.  107,  109,  and  1 1 1  I'rotit 
Street,  c.xtendinjj  tluou^di  tf)  Xos.  lO.S,  1 10,  and  112  I'inc  Street.  Their 
stock  of  merchandise  is  among  tlie  larpjcst  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  their 
line  of  trade,  and  their  annual  sales  arc  corrcspondinijly  large,  ha\inLj 
.steadily  increased  from  year  to  year  since  the  establishment  of  the  house 
under  its  present  management.  Their  premises  cover  a  ground  area  of 
over  I5,cxx)  square  feet,  in  addition  to  which  they  occupy  for  storage  pur- 
poses a  warehou.sc,  in  another  part  of  t'lc  city,  covering  over  6,000  square 
feet.  They  deal  in  all  the  varieties  nl  bar  anil  ])late  iron,  steel,  and  other 
metals,  hardware  in  all  its  branches,  comprising  tools  and  supplies  for 
machinists,  c-  gincer.s,  blacksmiths,  plumbers,  steam-fitters,  carpenters, 
miners,  railroad  and  ship  builders,  etc.  Their  large  stock  of  iron-pipe,  of 
all  sizes,  for  water,  gas,  and  steam,  is  a  prominent  feature  of  their  business; 
and  they  are  .sole  agents  on  this  coast  for  the  well-known  "  Black  Diamond" 
American  steel,  which  in  point  of  quality  is  now  regarded  as  not  inferior 
to  the  best  English  brands.  An  agency  for  the  purchase  of  their  supplies 
is  maintained  in  New  York,  under  the  management  of  R  Hayden,  one  of 
the  partners.  The  members  of  the  firm  residing  in  San  Franci.sco  are  15. 
Frank.  Dunham,  W.  L.  McCormick,  Andrew  Carrigan,  and  E.  W. 
Playter. 


I! 


|! 


t!  I 


George  H.  Tay  &  Co. — The  San  Francisco  house  of  George  II. 
Tay  &  Co.,  importers  of  metals,  and  importers  and  manufacturers  of 
stoves,  ranges,  and  house-furnishing  hardware,  was  founded  in  1848  by 
S.\MUEL  SANIiORN,  who  camc  to  California  with  Stevenson's  regiment. 
O.  J.  BacIvU.S  and  C.  J.  Fox  were  admitted  as  partners  in  1849,  and  after 
the  firm  name,  having  been  O.  J.  Backus  &  Co.,  then  Gordon,  Brook.s, 
Backus  &  Tay,  finally  in  1873  took  its  present  form  of  GEORGE  H.  Tay 
&  Co.  The  partners  now  are  GEORGE  II.  Tay,  O.  J.  Backus,  II.  B. 
Brooks,  and  G.  L.  Goud.  Mr.  Backus  made  the  first  deep-pressed  tin- 
ware, and  the  firm  now  use  3  deep-tinware  presses  of  his  invention,  and 
expect  to  erect  new  presses  soon.  Mr.  Backus  is  the  inventor  of  a  water 
motor  valuable  for  driving  dentists'  machinery,  sewing-machines,  church 
organs,  lathes,  etc.;  and  has  taken  out  several  other  valuable  patents.  In 
their  San  Francisco  factory  they  have  a  tinshop,  3  special  rooms  for  can- 
work,  room  for  steam-presses,  a  machine-shop,  a  japanning-room,  and  a 
stamping  and  engine-room.  In  their  different  departments  they  give  em- 
ployment to  125  men.     The  firm  have  a  .stove  foundry  at  Alvarado  (men- 


m 

!■■!  '■ 

m  'i 


I*  t 


!  ^ 


222  (.•QMMERCI::,    KTC. 

tioncd  in  Chapter  XX\I\'.i  under  the  management  of  G.  L.  GOUD.  Their 
maiuifacturin;^  establishment  in  San  I'rancisco  is  at  614  to  618  Battery 
Street,  antl  tlieir  store  at  105  and  107  California  Street. 

J.  De  La  Montanya.— James  Dk  La  Montawa,  importer  of  stoves 
and  metals,  and  manufacturer  of  tinware,  at  214  to  220  Jackson  Street  and 
606  and  608  Battery  Street,  has  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  mercan- 
tile liouscs  of  San  Francisco,  and  is  a  ])ioncer  in  his  hnc  of  business.  He 
has  occupied  his  present  site  since  1850,  and  he  erected  the  building  3 
stories  c)f  brick,  fronting  75  feet  on  Jackson  and  46  on  Battery,  with  a 
(lcj)th  of  140  feet.  Mr.  De  La  MontaNYA  keeps  a  large  stock  of  ranges, 
stoves,  and  pressed  ware  of  all  kinds,  and  most  of  the  articles  which  lie  re- 
ceives from  the  East  come  from  the  leadinc;  New  York  house  of  PllELPS, 
Dodge  &  Co. 

Linforlh,  Rice  &  Co. —  The  firm  nf  Lixeorth,  Rice  &  Co.,  composed 
of  Ja.mks  Lixi(jirrii,  \V.  A.  Rice,  and  Iuiwaru  W.  Linfortii,  importers 
of  hardware,  ai^ricultm-al  and  minin;.y  tools,  iron  anil  steel,  suL^ar  machinery, 
stcam-enLi'ines,  bells,  etc.,  is  well  known  all  over  the  Pacific  Coast;  the  senior 
member  haxini;-  been  also  the  senior  in  the  firm  of  LlNl'OR.i"il,  Kia.LOGU 
&  Co.,  until  the  dissolution,  in  1877,  of  tiiat  firm,  whicli  enjo_\-cd  not  only  a 
lartje  domesiic  trade,  but  sold  larcjelv  to  Mexico,  Centr.il  America,  etc.  It 
was  the  first  firm  here  to  make  a  consigmn^.it  of  agricultural  implements 
and  wagons  to  Australia  at  the  time  when  commercial  relations  were  begin- 
ning to  be  established  with  that  British  Colony.  The  jjrcsent  firm  are  the 
special  representatives  on  this  coast  of  the  Black  Diamond  File  Works,  of 
Philadelphia;  TiiE  Bev.mver  Manue.vcturing  Co.mpaxy,  of  Cincinnati ; 
The  Chester  &  Harris  ;\Ianue.\ctl'ring  Company,  of  St.  Louis;  and 
the  Cannon  Steel  Works,  of  Shcffiekl.  The  Black  Diamond  I'ile  Works,  one 
of  the  largest  factories  in  the  world,  turns  out  nearly  1,000  dozen  files  a  day. 
This  enterprise  was  commenced  when  it  was  difficult  to  sell  an)'  but  the  best 
F.nglish  brands,  yet  now  the  American  make  has  almost  triumphed  over  its 
Fnglish  ri\als,  and  to  none  is  the  credit  of  this  change  more  justly  due  than 
to  G.  and  M.  Barnett,  the  manufitcturers  of  the  l?lack  Diunu)nil  files,  who 
have  conscientiously  and  persistentl\-  labored  on  until  their  goods  not  only 
lia\e  a  national  reputation,  but  arc  shipped  to  Russia,  German)',  Spain,  and 
other  !"i;;w,;'in  countries,  the  Canadas,  i\ustralia,  and  even  distant  China. 
The  Bl.YMYEK  I\L\m;e.\CTUR1N'G  Company,  are  largely  eng.iged  in  the 
manufacture  of  steam-engines,  sugar  machiner)-,  bells,  etc.  In  sugar  ma- 
chinery they  have  the  largest  and  most  complete  line  in.ide  in  the  world. 
It  was  awarded  a  medal  at  the  Centennial  I'^.xpo~,ition.      Besides  the  demand 


I 


ill 


1M 


MERCHAXDISIXG. 


223 


from  ali  parts  of  this  continent  where  sugar-cane  and  sorgo  arc  grown, 
orders  have  been  rccei\'cd  from  Hawaii,  New  Zealand,  AustraUa,  France, 
Austria,  India,  anil  AlVica.  The)'  publish  an  annual  called  T//l-  Sorj^o 
Ilaiid-lxwk,  which  is  the  aulluirity  on  Chinese  and  African  sugar-canes. 
I.IM-ciRTlf,  Rick  &  Co.  have  this  pamphlet  for  distribution  to  parties  inter- 
ested, and  it  isof  great  ser\ice  to  the  many  who  arc  now  turning  their  atten- 
tion to  the  growing  of  canes  on  this  coast  and  in  Mexico.  LlNKOK  I'll, 
Rici';  &  Co,  arc  the  first  to  provide  here  for  the  wants  fif  this  new  Pacific 
Coast  enter])rise.  This  factor)' also  manufactin"cs  a  superior  church  and  fire 
bell — the  Blym\cr  Hell,  of  which  LiXI'ORTII,  Ricii  &  Co.  have  sold  nearly 
joo  in  4  years  Till-:  CllE.STER  &  HARRIS  Manufacturixc;  COMrANY 
turn  out  more  ax,  pick,  and  sledge  handles  than  an)-  other  similar  factory 
in  the  United  States.  LlNKORTU,  RiCE  &  Co.  have  the  mining  and  other 
steels  of  the  Cannon  Steel  Works,  of  Sheffield,  ICngland. 

The  senior  member  of  this  firm,  jAME.s  LiXEORTil,  now  one  of  the 
oldest  merchants  in  this  city,  is  an  Englishman,  anil  came  to  this  State  in 
1857,  having,  with  his  family,  "crossed  the  plains"  and  participated  in  more 
than  the  usual  hard.ships  of  many  of  the  "pioneers,"  having  been  caught  in 
the  snows  of  the  mountains  and  without  provisions  for  the  completion  of 
the  journey.  After  a  few  months  sojourn  at  Salt  Lake  the  journey  to  San 
Francisco  was  completed  via  the  southern  route  and  Los  Angeles.  Several 
>„^ars  were  spent  in  the  employ  of  others,  and  then  he  commenced  as  a 
commission  merchant,  and  had  a  very  lucrative  business  until  i<S68.  He 
then  embarked  in  the  hardware  business,  the  firm  succeeding  the  old  and 
well-known  firm  of  L.  B.  BeN'CHLEY  &  Co.,  which  line  of  business  has  en- 
gaged his  attention  ever  since.  Mr.  LiNEORTII  carl)-  began  to  take  a  deep 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  his  adopted  State,  although  never  actively  in  poli- 
tics. I  le  has  been,  for  many  years,  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
served  as  one  of  its  trustees,  and  in  1873  was  appointed,  in  companx-  with 
the  late  Jame.S  Otis,  ;i  delegate  to  I'v;  National  Board  of  Trade.  lie  was 
one  of  the  original  projectors  and  suckholders  in  the  New  Merchants'  Ex- 
change building  on  California  '.Lrcet;  president  of  the  old  Commercial 
Association  for  some  years  until  it  went  out  of  existence;  and  a  director  in 
the  old  California  Immigrant  Union;  for  many  years  he  has  been  one  of 
the  trustees  of  the  California  Prison  Commission  and  of  the  Sari  Francisco 
Lying-in  Hospital  and  Foundling  Asylum.  He  is  a  member  of  the  l".piscoi)al 
Church,  was  long  one  of  the  wardens  of  St.  John's,  and  for  )ears  has  served 
as  a  trustee  of  St.  Augustine's  College,  one  of  the  church's  educational 
establishments.  These,  with  a  number  of  other  duties,  have  shared  with  his 
business  the  time  of  an  active  life  since  his  arrival  in  San  Francisco. 

The  other  members  of   the  firm,  E.  W.   LiNKORllI,  a    son   of  James 


ni 


Mi 
II 


! 


i 


,!    1 


224 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


LlNFORTir,  is  also  a  nati\c  of  Enji^lancl,  and  W.  A.-  RiCK,  a  native  of 
lioslon,  Alassachusctts,  liut  both  ha\(.'  been  raised  in  California,  and  in  the 
line  of  business  in  which  they  are  now  engaged. 

Richards  &  Snow. — .V  leading  house  on  our  slope  in  the  sale  of  iron 
pilJC  and  plumbers'  stock,  all  impprted  from  the  East,  is  that  of  Ricil.VRD.s 
&  S\0\V,  who  have  been  established  in  San  Francisco  for  8  years,  and  have 
branch  establishments  at  Portland  and  Los  Angeles,  as  well  as  a  rep- 
resentative in  New  York  City.  Their  trade  extends  not  only  to  every  town 
on  the  coast  supplied  with  gas  or  with  water  through  pipes,  but  also  to 
China,  Jajian,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  For  the  information  of  the 
plumbing  trade  they  publish  monthly,  The  California  Plumber.  They  are 
agents  for  TiiE  Americ.vn  Tack  Comi'.vny  and  The  Y.vlic  Lock  Max- 
I'.VCTURlN'd  Company,  and  keep  in  stock  50  tons  of  tacks,  including  700 
(.lifferent  kinds,  for  the  use  of  carpenters,  bo.\-makers,  trunk-makers,  up- 
holsterers, shoemakers,  etc.  The  Yale  Companj'  makes  Yale  locks — the  best 
for  outer  doors  and  closets  containing  valuables — standard  locks  for  room- 
doors,  post-office-bo.x  locks,  post-office  bo.xes,  bank  locks,  bronze  locks, 
sash-fasteners,  drawer-pulls,  bell-pulls,  hinges,  differential  jjuUcy-blocks, 
and  double-lift  hoists.  It  seems  singular  that  post-ofPcc  bo.xes  should  not 
be  made  in  the  town  where  used,  yet  Europe,  Japan,  Australia,  Mexico, 
Central  i\merica,  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  have  paid  tribute  to 
the  mechanical  ingenuity  of  Connecticut  by  obtaining  post-office  boxes 
and  locks  from  the  Yale  Company. 

A.  I.  Hall  &  Son.— A.  I.  Hali.  &  Son,  528  and  530  Market  and  27  and 

29  Sutter  streets,  San  I'rancisco,  (  ommission  merchants  and  manufacturers' 
agents,  are  engaged  in  handling  the  products  of  half  a  dozen  large  Eastern 
factories,  which  ha\e  a  capital  of  several  millions.  They  export  extensively, 
and  in  their  dealings  on  this  coast  sell  exclusively  to  wholesale  houses.  A 
large  business  has  been  done  in  c.x|)orting  American  manufactures  to  Asia 
antl  Australia  in  IJritish  ships  by  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  and  Messrs  IIaLL  & 
Son  have  made  it  their  aim  to  bring  this  trade  through  San  Francisco,  so 
that  American  merchants  and  American  shipowners  shall  obtain  the  direct 
and  indirect  profits  of  the  transportation.  Their  efforts  have  not  been  with- 
out influence,  and  they  have  received  orders  from  China,  Japan,  and  Aus- 
tralia, but  the  rates  of  freight  by  way  of  San  Francisco  are  so  high  that 
most  of  their  shipments  are  still  made  by  other  routes.  They  arc  confident, 
however,  that  the  day  is  not  very  far  distant  when  San  Francisco  will  under- 
bid London  for  freights  between  New  York  and  Hong-Kong.  IIai.i.  & 
Son  represent  Tuic  VVaterbury  Clock  Company  and  The  Waierbury 


,tiL 


m 


Si 


MERCHANDISING. 


225 


Watch  Company,  large  institutions  employing  many  hundreds  of  hands 
and  turning  nut  3,000  clocks  and  900  watches  daily.  The  watch  known 
throughout  the  world  as  "The  Watcrbury"  is  the  chea[)est  article  of 
its  kind,  and  besides  is  a  reliable  timepiece.  The  VV'aterbury  clocks  are 
found  in  all  quarters  of  the  world,  and  as  far  in  the  interior  of  China  as  any 
American  has  traveled.  IlAi.L  &  Sox  represent  SiMl'sox,  IIall,  Mu-I.KK 
&  Co.,  manufacturers  of  silver-plated  hollow-ware,  and  who  have  as.sociated 
with  them  \Vm.  RoGliRS,  the  only  surviving  member  of  the  old  firm  of 
Rogers  Bkotiiers.  They  manufacture  the  most  extensive  line  of  silver- 
plated  spoons,  forks,  knives,  etc.,  manufactured  in  the  United  States,  and 
the  brand,  W.M.  ROGERS,  stamped  on  each  article,  guarantees  its  excellence. 
Hall  &  Sox  also  control  for  this  coast  The  Vale  Clgck  Comp.vxv's 
novelty  clocks,  the  pocket-knives  and  steel  pens  of  Till".  IMlI.LER  BROTHERS 
Cutlery  Co.MPANY,  and  the  solid  nickel  silver  goods  of  Hall,  Eltox  & 
Co.  The  senior  member  of  the  firm,  A.  I.  Hall,  came  to  California  in 
1849,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  firm  of  Newhall  &  H.\LL,  which 
was  succeeded  b)-  H.  M.  Nkwhall  &  C'  >.  He  now  conducts  the  New 
York  office  at  52  Walker  Street,  while  the  ."^aii  I'Vancisco  house  is  in  charge 
of  his  son,  E.  A.  I  I.\LL. 


a 


1 


Fairbanks  &  Hutchinson.— 'I  i..  h.. use  of  F.MRH.WKS  &  Ilt'TCHlN- 
SOX  in  San  Francisco,  under  the  maua^'iJient  of  III  \KN'  L.  HUTCHINSON, 
resident  partner,  is  a  branch  of  a  great  luaiinfa^  iring  .uul  commercial  rs- 
tablishmcnt,  which  has  16  branch  houses  in  tin-  United  States,  and  one  in 
London,  and  .sells  merchandise  to  the  amount  of  milidns  annu;>l  They 
are  the  agents  for  the  sale  of  the  I-'airbanks'  Standard  .Sc.iles,  invented  and 
l)atented  in  1830,  by  TllADDEUS  Fairbaxks,  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Verni  !it, 
where  the  factory  is  situated,  and  where  the  inventor  still  rc^-ides.  Thnty 
tons  of  pig-iron  arc  used  every  day  in  makitig  castings  to  upply  the  im- 
mense demand,  not  only  from  the  United  States,  but  also  from  Europe  and 
other  part.s  of  the  world,  and  this  demand  continues  to  increase,  for  these 
scales  are  still  accepted  as  the  standard,  and  are  unsurpassed  for  cneral 
mercantile  u.se.  In  18S1  the  factory,  besides  manufacturiiv  ■•  \  thou- 
sands of  other  scales  of  300  different  sizes  and  patterns,  1  300  rail- 
road-track scales,  capable  of  weighing  from  30  to  100  tons  each.  The 
San  F'rancisco  house  has  the  agencj-  of  the  Fairbanks'  scales  for  all 
the  territor)'  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  also  has  the  agencies  of 
The  Sanderson  Brothers'  Steel  Comi'axy,  of  Sheffield,  l^igland, 
and  of  The  Sweet's  Manufacturing  Company,  of  S\-racuse,  N.  Y., 
and  deals  in  store  and  warehou.sc  trucks,  grocers'  supplies,  steel  harrow- 
29 


226 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


mil 


teeth,  steel  crowbars,  etc.     The  firm  have  been  established  in  San  Francisco 
since  iS(')5,and  lia\c  their  office  at  4CI  Market  Street. 

Japanese  Art  Exhibition. —  I?y  rea.son  of  her  geographical  situation,  San 
J'rancisco  is  the  natural  American  entry-port  for  importations  from  Japan  and 
Chin.i,  and  for  many  )-ears  has  been  looked  on  b)'  tourists  as  the  mart  in 
which  to  buj'  the  manufactures  of  those  Oriental  countries.  The  Chinese  have 
oiicned  stores  in  the  Pacific  metropolis  of  our  continent,  as  have  the  people 
of  other  nationalities,  mostly  foreign,  for  the  sale  of  Asiatic  curios;  but  in 
most  ca.ses,  the)'  have  adopted  the  pennj'-wise  policy  of  depending  for  their 
])rofits  on  selling  at  an  enormous  advance  over  the  cost  price,  thus  repelling 
])inchascrs,  decreasing  the  amount  of  business,  and  causing  peisons  of  lim- 
ited means  to  regard  their  signs  as  bugbears  of  extravagance.  In  1880 
.SiiATiTCK  &  Fletcher,  pioneer  manufacturers  of  jointers'  inks  in  San 
I'rancisco,  while  making  large  shipments  to  China  and  Japan  of  material 
with  which  to  record  the  progress  of  a  new  civilization  there,  received  a  few 
invoices  (jf  gener.il  merchandise  in  return,  by  way  of  reciprocal  trade. 
They  altemptetl  to  dispose  of  these  invoices  to  the  retailers,  but  found  that 
the  prexalcnt  metlK)ds  were  unjust  to  the  business;  and  in\ited  their 
friends  to  inspect  the  goods  displayed  in  a  sample-room  over  their  office,  in 
Commercial  .Street.  The  visitors  were  delighted,  and  told  their  friends, 
who  thronged  to  the  narrow  thoroughfare,  which  was  bkjcked  with  jieople 
alicr  the  arri\al  of  e\ery  steamer  with  a  new  consignment  from  Asi.i. 
What  was  intended  for  a  sam()le-rooni  became  a  store  with  ,1  rapid  increase 
of  business,  compelling  the  proprietors  to  move  again  and  again,  until  now 
their  e.stablishment,  known  as  the  "  Ichi  Ban,"  at  22  and  24  Geary  Street, 
San  Francisco,  occupies  more  than  10,000  scjuare  feet  of  floor  room,  and  is 
the  grandest  free-sale  exhibition  of  Oriental  gooils  nn  ihe  continent. 


H.  Briokwedel. — One  of  the  t)ld  and  well-known  merchants  of  .San 
Francisco  is  1Ii:nrv  Hrickwehei,,  a  native  of  Germany,  who  came  to  the 
United  .States  in  1841,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  Californi.i  in 
1852.  In  1858  he  established  the  house  of  IlKNRV  Hrickwkoei,  &  Co., 
importers  and  jobbers  in  wines  and  liquors,  and  they  have  been  14  years 
in  the  building  which  the)'  now  occupy  at  208  and  210  l-"ront  .Street.  Mr. 
Brickweuel  is  otherwise  a  prominent  man  in  the  busine.ss  of  .San  Fran- 
cisco, being  a  shareholder  in  the  California  Sugar  Refinery  and  rilic  [F.\- 
\V.\II.\N  C(3MMERCI.VL  Comp.VNV,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  TlIE  Gl.WT 
Powder  ComI'.VNY,  of  which  he  was  manager  for  years,  and  is  .still  a 
trustee,  His  couise  ,is  city  supervisor  in  1877  added  to  his  repuiation;  and 
in  1880  he  was  elected  city  auditor,  ihe  most  responsible  office  in  the  finan- 


MF.RCHANDlSrXG. 


227 


cial  department  of  the  municipal  government,  and  one  for  which  men  of 
excellent  reputation  arc  generally  selected. 

A.  P.  Hotaling  &  Co.— A.  P.  Hot.vling  &  Co.,  importers  and  whole- 
sale dealers  in  wines  and  liquors,  at  431  Jack.son  Street,  San  Francisco,  have 
one  of  the  largest  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  and  not 
inferior  to  any  other  on  our  coast.  Their  hou.se  is  also  one  of  the  oldest  in 
the  State,  having  stood  for  30  years  without  change  in  the  firm  name.  They 
occupy  a  brick  building  3  stories  high  above  the  basement,  50  feet  front  by 
ICXD  deep,  and  besides  have  a  storehouse  of  equal  size  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  street  They  import  sherries  from  Spain,  ales  and  porters  from  Kngland 
and  Scotland,  and  whiskies  from  Kentucky,  being  general  agents  for  the 
Pacific  Coast  of  the  great  hou.se  of  MOOR.M.VN  &  Co.,  Louisville.  They 
have  a  branch  house  in  Portland,  Oregon.  Mr.  HurALINU  is  extensively 
engaged  in  other  business,  being  part  owner  in  the  Clipper  Gap  Iron  Mine 
(the  town  there  is  named  after  him),  owner  of  real  estate,  and  leading  share- 
holder in  a  bank  at  San  Rafael,  and  proprietor  of  a  ranch  near  Gov.  Stan- 
FOKU's  at  Menio  I'ark. 

IiivlngBton  &  Co. — The  firm  of  Livingston  &  Co.  are  successors  of 
Livingmon  &  IlK:Kr,V,  founded  in  1864,  and  occupy  the  same  place  at 
222  California  Street,  San  Francisco,  as  importers  and  wholesale  dealers  in 
wines  and  liquors.  They  import  sherry  from  Spain,  port  from  Portugal, 
wines  from  I-'rancc  and  Germany,  rum  from  the  West  Indies  and  Boston, 
and  other  liquors  from  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Ohio,  and  Ken- 
tucky, in  which  last  State  they  have  a  branch  house  on  the  corner  of  Front 
and  Scott  strect.s.  Covington.  They  also  have  bianch  hou.sc.'--  on  this  coast 
in  Los  Angeles  and  Portland.  For  the  convenience  of  handling  their  large 
stock  they  have  3  elevators  in  their  San  Francisco  house.  In  1866  Mr. 
HiCKEV  sold  out  his  interest  to  IsAAC  LEVY,  and  in  i8;3  A.  P.  WILLIAMS, 
and  in  1S75  JosKi-ii  May,  were  admitted  into  the  firm. 

Lilienthal  &  Co. — Lii.ienhiai.  &  Co.,  prominent  as  wholesale  liquor 
merchants  in  San  PVancisco,  have  a  hou.se  under  :hc  same  n.ime  in  Cin- 
cinnati, and  another  under  the  name  of  LiLIENTllAL  RROTdERs  in  New 
York  City.  They  arc  the  owners  of  the  noted  CiRUS  NOBLE  Distillery, 
of  Lynchburg,  Ohio;  and  of  the  Hoone  Count)-  Distillery,  of  Petersburg, 
Kcntuckj-.  The  San  F"rancisco  house,  which  wa;  established  in  1870,  for 
the  purpose  of  maintaining  a  leading  agency  for  tl.e  productions  of  those 
tlistilieries  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  has  also  agencies  of  W.  &  A.  GlLliEY, 
London;  Daniel  Vi.sser  Zonen,  Schiedam;  and  TiiE  Conuau  Seipp 
Hrewing  Co.MPANV,  Chicago.     Besides  their  liquor  tiide  they  do  an  ex- 


si 


m 


228 


CONrMKKCi:,    KTC. 


tonsi\c'  coinmissioti  lousiness  in  Califurnian  .it^riciiltural  products,  and  have 
tal<cn  till.-  lead  in  shipjiiiiL;  barley  and  hops  U>  the  lar^^e  breucries  cast  of 
the  Rocky  Mouiilains.  They  ha\e  exported  as  much  as  1,500  carloads  of 
barli')-  in  a  season,  and  h.ive  been  the  pioneers  in  sendini;  wheat  throui^ii  to 
New  York  City.  They  ship  all  kinds  of  Californian  products  demanded 
by  the  New  York  market  to  their  liousc  there.  Tlie  prosperity  of  their 
firm  tinds  a  refle.x  in  the  remarkably  hand.somc  finisii  and  furniture  of  their 
counting-rooms  at  100  antl  102  I'ront  Street. 

A.  Vignier. — A.  VldNll'.R,  importer  of  wines,  liquors,  brandies,  sweet  oil, 
|)reser\es,  and  j'rench  and  .Swiss  i^oods,  at  429  Battery  Street,  has  been  a 
resident  of  California  since  1S51,  and  is  the  successor  of  the  house  of  lil). 
Hi;  {•{I  rii;,  long  prominent  in  the  trade  of  San  Francisco,  lie  is  proprie- 
tor of  a  factory,  which  produces  12  tons  of  cream  of  tartar  monthly,  at 
96S  ami  970  Uryant  .Street.  Me  is  al.so  part  owner  in  a  distillery,  which 
turns  out  100  barrels  of  spirits  a  week,  at  Co\inL;ton,  Kentucky. 

Corbitt  &  Maeleay.— CoRiiiTi-  i^-  M.\cli:.\\-,  establishctl  in  i,S66,  are 
cxtensi\e  ini])orlers  and  wholesale  dealers  in  t;roceries,  and  e.xnort  wheat, 
flour,  timber,  s.ilmon,  and  wool.  Their  trade  extends  to  Alaska,  British 
Columbia,  \\'ashin:j;tiin  Territory,  Idaho,  and  a  portion  of  Montana.  1  he 
firm  carries  on  a  branch  commission  house  in  .San  T'rancisco.  They  do  not 
confine  themsekes  to  nierch.indisin;.;;  but  are  also  proilucers  upon  a  larije 
scale,  being  the  jiroprietors  of  TllK  Axci.o-Amkkk  AN  T.XCKl.xc  C(i.Ml'.\XV 
of  Astoria,  Oregon,  and  of  Till.  Ji;i  TKRSON'  Cirv  T'l.orKiNi:  Mii.ls,  at 
Jefferson,  Oregon,  extensive  establisjiments  mentioned  in  other  chapters  of 
this  work.  Messrs.  Ci'iKlHl  T  &  !\T\('i.i:.\v  are  also  agi'iits  f<ir  canneries  and 
mills,  ,ind  do  a  Large  and  increasing  commission  business.  In  connection 
with  their  mercantile  business,  the_\'  are  general  agents  for  Oregon,  Wash- 
ington, antl  hlaho,  of  4  of  the  largest  Mnglish  fire  insurruice  companies,  \iz., 
the  "  Iinperi.il,"  "  London,"  "  Northern,"  and  "  (jueen,"  .and  besides  doing  ;i 
large  business  in  I'ortland,  direct  the  o[)erations  of  the  numerous  subagent.s 
uiukr  their  control. 

Charman  &  Son. — One  of  tlic  notable  mercantile  houses  in  Oregon  is 
that  of  T.  Cll.\l<M.\N  &  Son,  at  Oregon  City.  Mr.  ClI.\kM.^N  arrived  in 
tile  State  in  if^5.v  and  b_\'  dc\()ting  himself  to  business,  inaile  an  en\iablc 
success  in  gaining  the  respect  and  patronage  of  his  neighbors,  lie  has 
been  elected  mayor  of  jiis  town  several  times,  anil  now  holds  that  position; 
and  besitles  is  presidep.t  of  the  Bank  of  Oregon  Cit)'.  The  business  done 
In-  his  mercantile  house  has  been  estimated  to  amount  to  $foo,000  annuallv. 


IF ' 


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11 


MliKCUANUlSlNG.  229 

J.  K.  Gill  &  Co. — The  lending  house  in  the  book  and  stationery  busi- 
ness is  that  of  J.  K.  and  Joiix  GiLL  (J.  K.  GiLL  &  Co.),  who  opened  their 
cstabhshment  in  1871,  and  have  gradually  increased  their  sales  and  credit 
until  they  have  surpassed  all  local  competition.  Much  of  their  success  is 
doubtless  due  to  their  thorough  knowledge  of  their  merchandise,  to  which  the 
senior  partner  has  devoted  his  attention  since  he  left  school.  A  native  of 
ICngland,  educated  in  Massachu.sctt.s,  now  40  years  of  age,  he  settled  in 
Oregon  in  1866,  and  has  been  a  resident  of  Portland  since  1867. 

Fleokenstein  &  Mayer.— Flkckenstein  &  M.WER,  at  24  and  26  Front 
Street,  Portland,  are  generally  recognized  as  the  leading  importers  and 
whole.sale  dealers  in  wines  and  liquors,  in  Oregon,  and  they  also  deal  in 
cigars.  They  import  their  wines  and  liquors  directly  from  the  I'^astcrn 
States  and  Europe,  and  get  most  of  their  native  wines  from  the  vineyards 
direct  The  senior  partner,  Mr.  Hkn'RV  Fleckenstein,  has  been  promi- 
nent in  the  business  of  Portland  since  1865,  and  the  firm  was  established 
in  1876. 

K.  Seelig  &  Co.— K.  Seelig  &  Co.  (K.  Seelig  and  E.  Zeiteuchs), 
at  163  Second  .Street,  Portland,  are  among  the  prominent  wholesale  liquor 
stores  on  the  coast,  and  have  an  e.Ktensive  custom  in  the  adjacent  terri- 
tories, as  well  as  in  their  own  State.  They  are  exclusive  agents  in  Oregon 
of  the  J.  W.  D.XNTs  Old  Bourbon,  a  brand  which  finds  much  favor  in  the 
Willamette  Valley,  especially  among  the  descendants  of  Kentuckians. 
They  import  directly  from  distilleries  on  the  Atlantic  Slope,  and  from  lead- 
ing wine-houses  in  California,  and  invariably  pay  cash  for  their  purchases, 
so  as  to  be  able  to  sell  again  at  the  lowest  figures.  This  house  was  estab- 
lished in  1873. 

S.  W.  Percival. — One  of  the  pioneer  residents  and  merchants  of  Olympia 
is  S.V.MUEL  W.  Perciv.\L,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  59  years  of  age  in  1882. 
After  receiving  a  common-school  education  and  doing  some  clerking,  he 
went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  19,  visited  many  foreign  ports,  and  .soon  became  a 
master  mariner.  Me  arrived  at  San  Francisco  in  1849,  and  stuck  to  the  sea 
on  this  coast  until  1853,  when  he  visited  Puget  Sound,  and  attracted  by  the 
wonderful  advantages  for  inland  commerce,  sought  a  place  to  make  a  home, 
and  selected  a  donation  claim  of  320  acres  at  Olympia.  His  judgment  was 
soon  afterwards  approved  by  the  action  of  the  Government  in  selecting 
Olympia  for  the  capital  of  Washington.  The  territory  grew  slowly,  but  it 
prospered  steadily.  Mr.  PERCIVAL  had  faith  in  the  future.  He  built  a 
wharf,  warehou.se,  and  store;  reared  a  family  residence  that  did  credit  to 
him  and  the  community,  and  is  now  a  member  of  the  firm  of  T.  N.  FoRD  & 


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Co.,  one  of  the  IcadiiiLj  incrcantilc  houses  in  Washington.  Mis  c.vtcnsive 
obseivation  and  pioneer  experience  give  weight  to  his  opinion  that  the  basin 
of  I'uget  Sound  is  to-day  one  of  the  best  places  on  our  continent  for  ambi- 
tious young  men  with  small  capital,  seeking  an  opportunity  to  grow  up  with 
a  new  communit)-  and  share  its  prosperity  and  business  expansion. 

Sch'wabacher  Brothers  &  Co. — Among  the  mercantile  firms  of  Western 
Washington,  that  of  SeiiWAi!.\cilER  Brotiii:us  &  Co.,  established  in 
Seattle  since  1869,  occupies  a  leading  position.  They  deal  in  general  mer- 
chandise at  wholesale  and  retail,  import  their  main  stock  directly  from 
Atlantic  cities,  and  with  an  average  stock  of  $150,000,  .sell  to  the  amount  of 
about  $400,000  annually. 

M.  V.  B.  Stacy. — M.  V.  V>.  Stacv,  dealer  in  real  estate,  and  owner  of 
much  water-front  in  Seattle,  is  one  of  the  leading  business  men  of  Wash- 
ington Territory. 

Henry  Saunders. — One  of  the  leading  business  men  of  Victoria  is 
Hi;nky  S.MNDKRS,  who  established  himself  there  in  i<S6o  as  an  importer 
and  dealer  in  groceries,  provisions,  and  liquors.  He  is  part  owner  of  TlIE 
Windsor  Canninc;  Company,  and  agent  for  the  sale  of  its  pack;  agent 
of  the  steamer  Gmpplcr  and  tug-boat  Piiof,  and  part  owner  and  agent  of 
the  steamer  pl)ing  between  Victoria  and  Wrangel. 

Thomas  Shotbolt. — Among  the  successful  business  men  of  Hritish 
Columbia,  TuoMAS  SllOTBOLT,  importing  druggist  and  manufacturing 
chemist,  deserves  mention.  He  has  been  established  in  Victoria  since  1862, 
and  has  a  branch  house  in  Yale.  Mr.  SllOTBOLT  is  also  part  owner  of  the 
salmon  cannery  at  Ow'eekaynoo,  on  one  of  the  Queen  Charlotte's  Islands. 

Turner,  Eeeton  &  Co.— Turner,  Beeton  &  Co.,  merchants  of  Victoria, 
are  engaged  in  a  general  commission  busines.s,  are  agents  for  fire  and  ma- 
rine insurance  companies,  and  are  importers  of  hardware  and  liquors.  They 
are  agents  for  the  Duncan  Metlahkah  Cannery,  and  are  represented  in 
London  by  the  associate  house  of  H.  C.  Beeton  &  Co.  Mr.  TURNER  has 
been  mayor  of  Victoria  for  3  years, 


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IIORTICULTURK. 


231 


DIVISION  III.-AGRICULTURE. 


CHAPTER   XIII.— HORTICULTURE. 


\" 


Fruit-trees. — Among  the  industries  of  our  slope,  horticulture  has  a 
peculiar  prominence.  The  opportunities  offered  by  genial  climates  and 
fertile  soil  in  California  and  Oregon  were  promptly  seized  by  enterprising 
people,  who  within  a  few  years  had  large  areas  of  orchard  and  vineyard 
planted  with  the  best  varieties,  and  cultivated  with  high  skill.  California 
excels  in  its  grapes,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  prunes,  apricots,  nectarines, 
cherries,  figs,  olives,  oranges,  and  lemons;  Oregon  in  its  apples  and  plums. 
There  are  about  2,400,000  apple-trees  in  California,  and  1,300,000  in  Ore- 
gon; 800,000  peach-trees  in  California,  and  44,000  in  Oregon;  and  350,000 
pear,  260,000  plum  and  prune,  130,000  cherry,  250,000  apricot,  50,000  fig, 
1,000,000  orange,  and  140,000  lemon  trees  set  out  in  orchards  in  California. 
The  total  orchard  products  of  Oregon,  according  to  the  national  census  of 
1880,  were  worth  $547,000  in  that  year;  the  corresponding  figure  for  Cali- 
fornia has  not  been  published,  but  it  is  probably  not  less  than  $3,000,000. 
California  has  6,000,000  fruit-trees,  or  more  than  6  on  an  average  for  every 
inhabitant,  and  20  for  every  adult  male ;  and  60  cents  is  a  low  estimate  for  the 
average  net  value  of  the  crop  of  each  tree.  A  mature  tree  of  good  variety, 
in  a  propitious  soil  and  situation,  should  yield  loo  pounds  of  fruit  on  an 
average  annually  ;  but  if  we  assume  that  the  crop  is  only  half  so  much,  we 
have  about  a  pound  of  fruit  every  day  in  the  year  for  every  inhabitant  of 
the  State.  The  trees  of  Oregon  bear  2,000,000  bushels  of  apples,  peaches, 
plums,  and  pears  annually,  enough  to  supply  every  inhabitant  with  2  pounds 
of  those  fruits  for  every  week  day  in'  the  year. 

The  temperate  fruit-trees,  including  the  apple,  pear,  peach,  plum,  prune, 
apricot,  nectarine,  and  cherry,  grow  rapidly,  and  bear  early  and  abundantly  in 
California,  and  are  cultivated  in  great  number  on  the  Pacific  Coast  The  peo- 
ple demand  the  handsomest  and  best  varieties,  and  arc  willing  and  able  to  pay 
the  highest  prices.  The  early  bearing  has  facilitated  the  improvement  of 
the  orchard.s ;  when  a  tree  did  not  prove  a  success,  it  was  dug  up  or  grafted 


I-   f 


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23J  AGRICULTURK. 

with  somcthiiiLj  Ijcttcr.  Thi."  apples  arc  rcmarlcabic  (nr  large  size  and  brill- 
iant colors,  but  since  1^77,  like  tlie  pears,  many  have  been  damaged  by  the 
codling  worm,  which  has  greatly  injured,  and  threatens  to  dcstro)-,  the  value 
(jf  nian>-  orchards.  The  apples  grown  in  the  Californian  valleys  arc  not  so 
juic)'  or  well  na\ored,  and  do  not  keep  so  well  as  those  grown  in  the  dis- 
tricts where  the  winicrs  are  cold.  The  best  varieties  of  apples,  if  not 
troubleil  by  the  moth,  are  expected  to  viekl  $100  net  an  acre  annualK',  in 
situations  con\'enient  for  cheaj)  shipment  to  San  Francisco. 

The  climate  and  soil  of  California  are  peculiarly  favorable  to  the  pear,  and 
some  of  the  old  trees,  planted  long  before  the  American  conquest,  bear-more 
than  a  ton  each  in  an  .average  \ear.  The  IJartlett  pears  have  been  the  most 
profitable,  ami  have  yielded  $^00  net  to  the  acre. 

The  .ipricot,  which  is  almost  imknown  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  our  conti- 
nent, is  produced  in  large  quantity  by  California.  The  delicious  flavor  of 
the  fruit  makes  it  a  great  fa\orite  for  eating  fresh,  and  for  canning  and  dry- 
ing, .ind  as  it  bears  abundantly  and  commands  a  good  jiricc,  it  has  yielded 
some  fine  profits.  An  orchartl  near  Ilaywards,  in  1879,  bore  155  tons  (  n  12 
.acres,  aiul  u  hen  the  fruit  ri])cned,  the  wholes.ile  price  for  it  was  5  cents  a 
pound,  making  ,$1,200  an  acre  R)r  the  gross  receipts.  .-Vs  a  fruit  for  canning, 
the  apricot  is  unsurpassed,  unless  by  the  nectarine,  one  variety  of  which  is 
most  delicious. 

The  banks  of  the  S.icramcnto  River,  about  20  miles  below  Sacramento 
City,  liave  numerous  profitable  peach  orchards  whicli,  in  good  years,  j-ield 
1,200  baskets  {2^  pounds  net  in  each),  or  27,600  pounds  of  fruit  from  each 
.acre.  In  iX.Si  the  average  price  was  75  cents  .1  basket,  making  a  money 
j'ield  of  $900  gross,  and  $600  net  to  the  acre. 

The  western  portions  of  Washington  and  Hntish  Columbia  h.avc  a  climate 
like  that  of  Western  ( )regon,  and  will  produce  apples  and  plums  with  equal 
abundance,  excellence,  and  regularity.  Xevad.a,  Idaho,  Utaii,  ICastcrn  Ore- 
gon, anil  Eastern  Washington  iia\ e  se\cre  frosts  late  in  the  spring  occasion- 
ally, .so  that  the  fruit  crop  will  sometimes  be  nipped  in  the  bud;  but  the 
flavor  of  the  apples,  jieaches,  pears,  and  other  tree  fruits  is  hue,  and  the 
yield  is  often  large.  Arizona  has  few  orchards,  but  it  can  produce  the  tem- 
perate fruits  in  the  mountains,  and  the  subtropical  fruits  in  its  valleys. 
Mexico  and  Central  America  have  tropical  and  subtropical  fruits,  including 
the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  chirimo)'a  or  cust.ird-applc,  zapotc,  turta  or  prickly 
|)ear,  and  aguacate  or  .dlig.itor  [)ear. 

One  of  the  important  adv.intagc;^  of  the  Californian  horticulturist  is  the 
length  of  the  season  for  the  ripening  of  fruits.  Cherries  are  in  the  market 
from  M;i\-  15th  till  October  30th.  In  the  v.aUeys,  as  far  north  as  latitude 
40  ,  the  apple  and  pear  are  very  seldom  if  ever  injured  by  frost  before  Decem- 


■.m 


'!_' 


IIOKTICLLTURE. 


233 


ber,  and  it  is  not  until  that  month  that  the  orange  ripens.  That  fruit  is  so 
protected  by  its  thick  rind  and  tlie  dcnsit\-  of  the  fohagc,  that  it  has  less 
danger  from  cold  than  the  apple.  As  the  various  products  of  the  citrus 
trees  ripen  from  November  to  April,  and  will  remain  in  good  condition  on 
the  tree  for  9  months  or  more  after  maturity,  the  season  for  picking  fruit 
never  ends  in  California. 

The  citrus  orchards  are  nearly  all  south  of  parallel  35';  and  north  of 
that  line  the  time  for  gathering  the  bulk  of  the  fruit  crop  closes  in  Octo- 
ber. Since  there  is  no  jjlace  where  fruit  keeps  so  well,  or  can  be  kept  so 
cheaply  as  on  the  tree,  it  is  a  great  help  to  the  Californian  orchardist  that 
he  can  leave  it  there  till  near  the  beginning  of  winter,  in  case  he  should  not 
see  more  profit  from  an  early  sale. 

Perhaps  a  still  greater  advantage  is  in  the  larger  number  of  species 
which  he  can  cultivate  with  success.  Among  his  most  productive  fruits 
are  the  apricot,  nectarine,  olive,  and  fig,  which  do  not  thrive,  or  at  least  are 
not  grown  in  large  quantity  elsewhere  on  the  continent.  They  are  among 
the  most  valuable  products  of  horticultural  industry  and,  on  account  of 
their  rarity  elsewhere,  arc  of  great  commercial  value  for  e.xjjortation.  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  share,  with  California,  the  e.vemiHion  from  the  curcu- 
lio,  enabling  them  to  grow  the  plum  and  prune  in  great  abundance,  and  of 
exc'llcnt  (juality. 

Besides  the  ad\antages  of  the  longer  season  and  greater  variety  of  fruits, 
the  horticulture  of  our  co.ast  has  a  greater  area  of  orchard,  in  proportion  to 
popuLition,  a  more  intelligent  and  enterprising  class  of  orchardists,  includ- 
ing men  i)ossessing  the  skill  of  all  civilized  l.inds,  and  a  climate  favoring 
early  bearing,  so  that  varieties  can  soon  be  clianged  when  found  unprofit- 
able after  a  brief  trial. 

The  curculio,  the  great  enemy  of  the  cherries,  jjlums,  prunes,  and  kindred 
fruits,  has  not  made  its  appearance  in  California  or  Oregon.  Cherries  com- 
ing in  early  have  frequently  paid  more  than  $i,C)00  an  acre.  Prunes  and 
plums  have  paid  $400.  The  dried  prunes  of  California  compare  fa\orably 
in  ajjpearance  and  flavor  with  those  of  liurope,  and  command  as  good  a 
price,  except  the  best  of  France  packed  in  glass. 

Fruit-drying. —  The  great  surjilus  of  fruit  has  induced  the  Califijrnians 
to  (le\c)te  much  .-iMx-ntion  to  drying;  ai-d  as  the  dr)-ing  in  the  sun  exposes 
the  fruit  to  dust  and  in.sects,  and  is  especially  objectionable  for  apples, 
])ears,  peaches,  and  .ipricots,  wiiich  must  be  cut  to  get  them  into  pieces 
small  enough,  \arious  patterns  of  kilns  li.ive  been  tried,  and  ,it  least  a  dozen 
are  in  u.sc.  The  orchardists  arc  not  agreed  which  is  the  best,  and  probabl)' 
years  will  elapse  before  they  all  accept  the  same  kiln. 
J" 


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?34 


A(iRICUI,lURi:. 


The  hot  summer  sun  and  the  dry  atmosphere  of  the  fruit  and  grape  dis- 
tricts of  California  are  peculiarly  favorable  to  sun-drying,  which  is  used 
almost  exclusively  in  drying  raisin  grapes,  figs,  and  prunes.  The  j)roduct 
<jf  these  fruits  for  dr}'ing  is  alrcad\'  large,  and  promises  to  rapidly  increase. 

Fresh  Fruit  Shipment. — The  shi])mcnt  of  fresli  fruit  by  rail  to  the  At- 
lantic .Slope  is  an  important  business  in  California,  and  promises  to  increase 
in  magnitude.  The  European  grape  (especialh-  the  White  Muscat  and  the 
I'lame  Tokay  waricties),  the  pear,  and  the  plum  have  been  sent  in  large, 
raid  the  peach,  apricot,  nectarine,  and  orange,  in  small  quantities.  The 
])rofit  ilepentls  mainly  on  the  judgment  in  the  selection  of  the  fruit, 
the  time  and  care  of  ])icking  and  ])acking,  and  the  management  on  the 
road.  The  weather  and  the  coiulition  of  the  market  are  subordinate  inllu- 
ences.  .Some  shijipers  always  get  their  fruit  through  in  marketable  condi- 
tion, and  never  fail  to  make  a  profit.  I'rom  the  beginning  of  July  to  the 
end  of  .September  the  jirices  are  Inw  in  Californian  and  high  in  the  Eastern 
cities,  and  any  one  whn  knows  how  to  make  the  connection  between  the  two, 
can  pocket  a  consitlerable  ])ercentage.  Much  has  been  lost  by  injudicious 
vo'itures,  but  much  has  also  been  gained;  and  the  business  continues  to  in- 
crease, from  4  to  lo  cars  lea\ing  Sacr.imento  every  summer  da)'  with  fruit  to 
cross  the  mountains.  There  ;uv  2  methods  <>(  conveyance:  one  is  by  iVeight 
train,  whicji  reaches  New  York  usually  in  i^,  but  in  21  days  at  the  latest, 
from  San  iM'.ancisco,  at  a  charge  of  $514  a  carload,  or  .$2.57  for  100  pounds. 
The  other  is  by  the  passenger  train,  which  makes  the  trip  within  S  days, 
and  charges  $1,028  a  carload,  or  .$5. 14  for  100  pounds.  Lemons,  oranges, 
apiiles,  tpiinces,  and  a  few  \aricties  of  late  gr;ii)es  and  late  jiears,  can  go  by 
freight  trains ;  but  cherries,  early  pears,  early  grapes,  and  peaches,  must  go  by 
fast  freigiit  or  passenger  trains,  if  they  are  to  go  througii  in  gootl  condition. 

The  fresh  fruit  shipments  from  California  to  points  beyond  the  .Sierra 
Ncvadii,  most  of  them  to  points  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  amounted 
to  1,690  tons  in  1871;  1,070,  in  1872;  i,.|00,  in  1873;  2,500,  in  1874;  1,440, 
jn  1875;  ,?,3'JO,  in  1876;  2,690,  in  1877;  2,400,  in  1H78;  3,590,  in  1879; 
1,560,  in  1880;  and  5,000,  in  1881;  making  a  total  of  21,750  tons  in  10 
)-ear.s.  Of  this  aggregate,  Sacramento  supplied  10,000  tons,  San  Jose  9,500, 
Stockton  1,000,  .San  Francisco  500,  and  Marysville  1,740  in  nnmd  numbers. 
Those  were  the  points  at  which  cailoads  were  made  up,  some  of  the  fruit 
having  been  grown  at  considerable  distances.  The  shipments  extend  from 
February  to  November  inclusive,  being  most  abundant  in  July,  August,  and 
.September.  In  1881  the  shipment  was  5,000  tons,  the  freight  charges  on 
which  were  more  than  $300,000. 


i'ma>  I 


u 


HORTICULTURE. 


235 


Nut  Trees.— California  has  i  lo.ocx)  English  walnut  trees,  and  the  crop 
for  1 88 1  was  estimated  to  be  less  than  500  tons,  or  about  10  pounds  on  the 
average  to  the  tree.  It  does  not  come  into  full  bearing  until  15  or  20  years 
old,  is  subject  to  blight,  and  few  trees  have  been  set  out  within  the  last  5 
years. 

The  almond  has  been  cultivated  more  extensively  than  the  w.alnut,  and 
has  proved  very  unprofitable.  The  trees  arc  healthy  and  bloom  with  great 
luxuriance,  but  in  most  places  there  is  no  crop;  and  some  of  the  largest 
orchards  have  not  paid  the  current  expense  of  cultivation. 

Oranges. — From  i?70  to.  1880  Southern  California  was  pervaded  by  a 
mania  for  plant' "g  orange  orchards.  Oranges  sometimes  sold  for  $40  a 
1,000,  and  never  for  less  than  $20;  and  it  was  supposed  that  the  price 
would  never  fall  below  the  latter  figure,  unless  during  a  few  weeks  of  ex- 
ceptional glut.  The  best  orchards  when  5  years  old,  produce  200  oranges 
*o  the  tree;  when  10  years  old,  1,000.  There  are  lOO  trees  to  the  acre  in 
many  orchards ;  at  200  oranges  to  the  tree,  20,000,  or  .$400  to  the  acre. 
All  expenses,  including  boxes  and  interest  on  the  investment,  do  not 
exceed  $100,  leaving  $300  net  for  each  acre.  That  was  certainly  an 
encouraging  prospect  to  the  man  who  could  manage  to  get  10  acres 
of  orange  orchard ;  much  more  encouraging  to  him  who  could  get  20  or 
50  acres.  The  trees  for  planting  an  acre  cost  about  $100;  the  planting  and 
cultivating  about  $20  an  acre  for  each  year  for  5  years;  land  with  water 
about  $100 an  acre;  and  interest  and  incidentals  for  5  years  on  entire  invest- 
ment $150  an  acre,  making  the  cost  $450  an  acre  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  year. 

The  orange  at  San  Gabriel  has  paid,  in  many  cases,  $500  an  acre  net  an- 
nually. The  number  of  Californian  orange-trees  in  bearing  in  the  spring  of 
1880,  was  about  200,000,  according  to  the  figures  given  in  the  report  of  the 
Surveyor-General  for  that  year,  including  192,900  in  Los  Angeles,  9,050  in 
San  Bernardino,  3,000  in  Sonoma,  2,517  in  San  Diego,  2,287  '"  Santa  Clara, 
1,038  in  Placer,  315  in  Santa  Barbara,  and  150  in  Ventura.  The  number  of 
trees  set  out  in  orchard  is  probably  5  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  bearing 
trees.  The  chief  orange  center  is  San  Gabriel,  which  has  probably  more 
bearing  trees  than  all  the  remainder  of  the  State  together.  Next  in  impor- 
tance is  Riverside,  which  has  the  cleanest  trees  and  the  handsomest  fruit, 
though  most  of  the  orchards  are  not  yet  in  bearing.  The  town  has  in 
orchard  209,000  orange-trees,  of  which  28,000  are  in  bearing;  20,ocx5  lemon - 
trees,  and  8,000  lime-trees.  In  1881-82  the  crop  included  9,550  bo.xes  of 
oranges,  3,800  of  lemons,  and  5,000  of  limes.  Pasadena,  Anaheim,  Santa 
Ana,  Tustin  Cit\-,  Orange,  Westminster,  San  Bernardino,  San  Diego,  Santa 
Barbara,  and  Santa  Paula  have  .set  out  numerous  orchard.s. 


'  !| 


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236 


ACRICULTUKK. 


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I      ii 


The  cnip  for  1S81-S2,  ripening  from  December  till  Ai)ril,  numbered  about 
20,000,000  oranges;  and  there  will  jirobabl)'  be  a  large  increase  e\cry  j'car 
for  the  next  10  )  ears. 

Among  the  notalile  orange  orchards  of  California  are  those  of  !•".  J. 
Baldwin,  200  acres;  The  Mutual  Orcharh  L\)MI'ANV,  200  acres; 
Wilson  &  Slioun,  105  acres;  L.  J.  Rosi:,  100  acres;  A.  B.  Chai'Man.  60 
acres;  La/aki)  1"i;i:r1".s,  60  acres;  and  L.  IT  TlTUS,  in  San  Gabriel 
N'allcy;  J.  \V.  WuLisKiLL,  110  acres;  and  Mrs.  Di;  ClCLLs,  72  acres,  at 
Los  Angeles  City;  CoM.ST(JCK  &  lIUMINdTOX,  120  acres,  at  Orange; 
and  II.  K.  Snow,  60  acres,  at  Santa  .\na.  The  cultivation  of  the  orange 
is  not  confined  to  Southern  California,  but  tiie  tree  thri\cs  in  the  valleys  as 
far  north  as  the  northern  end  of  the  Sacramento  \'ailc}-.  In  the  fofithills 
of  the  Sierra  N'exada,  at  an  elewition  of  1,000  feet  abo\e  the  sea,  the 
orange  ri])ens  earlier  than  in  Los  iVngele.s,  and  several  (orchards  ha\c  been 
set  out  with  it  in  IMacer  County. 

An  arrangement  has  been  made  fcjr  sending  the  surplus  oranges  of  the 
crop  of  icS82  to  the  Mississippi  V'alle\',  from  Los  Angeles,  at  a  charge 
of  $300  by  the  carload. 

Olive,  etc. —  The  oli\-e  is  thrifty  and  prolific  in  California,  which  has  a 
large  area  of  dr)-  hill  land,  unfit  for  tillage,  and  of  little  \  alue  for  pasturage, 
well  ad.ipted  to  it.  The  tree  does  not  come  into  bearing  fur  10  j-ears,  and 
that  is  the  main  reason  «  hy  it  has  not  been  cultivated  more  extensively.  It 
has  yielded  $500  profit  per  acre,  to  several  (jf  those  who  have  trees  in  bear- 
ing; .md  the  Cidifornian  pickled  olives  are  preferred  by  man)' i)crsons  to 
the  Spanish.  The  .State  has  13,000  trees  in  orcharil.  California  has  as 
much  lantl  suited  to  the  olive  as  Italy,  which  has  an  annual  oil  ero])  worth 
$30,000,000. 

The  fig  is  healthy  and  ])rolific  in  California,  ,ind  the  State  has  50,000 
trees,  including  the  best  varieties.  ;\Iost  of  the  fruit  ilried  hitherto  is  the 
Black  Turkc)-,  not  so  large  or  handsome  as  the  Smjrn.i,  but  palatable. 

Kitchen  Vegetables. —  The  cultivatiiin  of  kitchen  vegetables  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  has  m;in_\-  interesting  features,  but  we  have  not  the  .space  for 
a  full  discussion  of  them.  No  market  is  supplied  with  larger  vegetables  or 
a  greater  varict)'  than  that  of  .San  I'rarjcisco.  The  garileners  arc  mostly 
Genoese,  Portuguese,  and  Chhiese,  and  their  gardens  are  lillctl  with  care  and 
skill.  The  windmills  useil  for  iirigation  are  promir.ent  objects  in  the  sub- 
urb.m  landscape.  The  Californian  potatoes  are  inmiense  in  si/e,  but  in 
flavor  are  inferior  to  those  of  Utah,  ( )regon,  and  Washington,  anil  in  several 
districts  they  have  been  subject  todis.isirous  blights,  which  have  not  troubled 
the  States  and  Territories  on  the  Pacilic  with  less  genial  climates.    The  cijun- 


I     1 


>  i    I 


HoKTKTI.TrRK.  237 

tics  foocin!?  on  the  ocean,  from  Humboldt  to  Monterey,  have  taken  the  lead 
in  California  in  j^rowiiiL;-  llic  pntato,  cabbai^rc,  and  caulinowcr;  the  sweet 
potato  omcsfrom  the  banks  of  the  L.ower  Sacramento,  and  the  Lima  be.in 
is  a  specialty  of  Carpenteria,  in  Santa  ]!arbara  Count)-. 

Tlie  strawberr)'  and  blackberr)- are  cultivated  extensi\ely.  San  Jose  has 
300  acres  of  strawberry  fields  to  supjil)-  the  San  l-'rancisco  market.  The 
land  is  irrigated,  and  the  tillage  is  usually  done  by  Chinamen  on  shares. 
In  1869  Mr.  Hoots,  of  Santa  Clara  Valley,  obtained  100  tons  of  straw- 
berries from  34  acres. 

Orchardists. — Among  the  orchardists  of  California,  the  names  of  JOHN 
Li:\vi;li.ix<;,  Willi.vm  Mekk,  L.  J.  Rosi;,  W'illi.vm  WolI'SKIll,  and 
G.  G.  Bkiggs  deserve  special  mention  in  so  brief  a  space  as  can  be  granted 
to  horticulture.  In  1847  IIknderson  LkwIlLI.INC,  a  native  of  North 
Carolina,  crossed  tlie  Rock)'  Mountains  to  Oregon  with  a  wagon  lo.'d  of 
well-selected  fruit-trees  p.ickcd  in  soil  and  carefully  attended,  so  that  thc\' 
should  not  die  on  the  long  journey.  That  was  the  first  stock  of  fine 
varieties  of  temj)erate  fruits  on  the  Pacific  Slope;  and  it  led  to  the  planting 
of  a  great  num'ser  of  valuable  orchards.  JollX  Li;\Vi;i,l,lN(;,  a  brother  of 
Henderson,  came  overland  to  California  in  1S51  ;  and  having  satisfied  him- 
self that  he  iiad  found  a  gootl  place  for  fruit,  he  went  to  Oregon  for  a  sup- 
j)!y  i){  young  trees,  with  which  he  started  a  niu'sery  and  orchard  on  50 
acres  of  land  lca.scd  from  !•",.  L.  Hk.vkd.  Two  years  later  he  moved  to  San 
Lorenzo,  where  lie  made  specialties  of  cherries  and  currants,  botli  of  which 
proved  verj- productive  and  i)rofitable.  He  was  a  skillful  orchardist,  and 
made  the  business  a  success  from  the  start.  Me  now  resides,  an  old 
gentleman  of  70,  with  a  son,  at  St.  Helena,  while  another  son  man- 
ages the  .San  Lorenzo  orchard.  VVoi.FSKll.L  was  the  leader  in  planting 
oranges  in  Los  Angeles  Count)-.  When  he  had  passed  middle  age  he  set 
out  the  first  orange-trees  in  the  t(jwn  of  Los  Angeles.  His  neighbors 
ridiculed  him  for  setting  out  trees  which  w-ould  not  coinc  into  bearing  until 
after  his  death ;  but  he  lived  to  enjo)-  his  oranges  foi-  20  )-ears,  and  many 
of  those  who  laughed  at  his  supposed  folly  lived  to  fee  him  get  $1,000  an 
acre  from  his  land,  while  the)-  thought  the)'  were  lui;ky  to  get  $100  from 
the  most  productise  of  theirs.  L,  J.  Rosi;,  ,1  native  of  Germany,  came  as  a 
poor  man  to  California,  and  b)-  econont)-,  [jersistcnce,  prudence,  hard  w-ork, 
and  strict  attention  to  business,  took  the  lead  in  the  planting  of  orange- 
trees  about  15  years  ago,  until  his  fruit  crop  was  the  largest  and  most 
profitable  in  the  State.  G.  G.  Hkic.C.s  has  been  especially  notable  as  a  cul- 
tivator of  the  peach,  the  apricot,  the  prune,  and  the  raisin  grape. 


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238 


AGRICULTURE. 


Subtropical  Imports. — The  vVmcrican  Republic  obtains  from  Southern 
Europe  many  .subtropical  agricultural  products,  which  California  can  supply 
in  .L;rcat  abundance.  The  foliowinfj  list  of  imports  in  1879  is  compiled 
from  the  national  commercial  statistics: 


Impnrts. 

Quantities. 

Value. 

Duty. 

Still  Wiiic-s,  gallons 

.'Sparkling  Wines,  cases 

lirantlv,  uallons 

4,000,000 

140,000 

500,000 

19  000 

1,500 

8,500 

14,000 

300,000 

1,300 

33 
380 

3 

$3,000,000 

1,600,000 

1,000,000 

2,000,000 

250,000 

520,000 

1,200,000 

430,000 

370,000 

105,000 

47,000 

3,800 

300,000 

40  cents  V  gallon. 
$6  V  case. 
.$2  "('gallon. 
$50  V  ton. 
$50  V  ton. 
$20  V  ton. 
$20  V  ton. 
25  cents  -(J  gallon. 

Raisin.s.  tons 

l^'igs,  tons 

/ante  Currants,  tons 

IViincs,  tons   

Olive  Oil,  L;.illon.s 

Almonds,  tons 

Oanarv  Seed,  tons 

10  cents  Vlli. 

I'Vuit-i,  ])reserved 

In  addition  to  the  .irticlcs  mentioned  in  the  above  list,  the  importation.s 
of  that  year  included  240,000,000  oranges,  without  counting  uo.ooo.ooo 
spoiled  on  the  way,  and  31 5,000,000  lemons,  exclusive  of  1 1 3,000,000  thrown 
o\erboard  at  sea.  The  total  value  of  these  subtropicil  products  of  luiropc 
imported  into  the  United  States  in  one  year,  and  that  presumablj-  an  aver- 
age year,  was  about  $14,000,000,  and  probably  50  per  cent,  must  be  added 
to  the  declared  value  for  duties,  freight,  insurance,  commissions,  and  allow- 
ances for  undervaluation,  making  the  total  cost  to  the  importers  about 
$20,000,000. 

Fruit-canning. — One  result  of  the  abundance,  excellence,  and  cheapness 
of  fruits  ,ind  kitchen  vegetables  in  California,  h.is  been  that  the)-  are  canned 
on  a  large  scale  for  use  at  distant  times  and  places.  The  process  of  canning, 
one  of  the  important  industrird  discoveries  of  our  century,  preserves  the 
flavor  and  nutritious  iiuality  of  edible  fiber  from  the  tendencies  to  decom- 
position, and  enables  man  to  keep  for  years,  what  in  the  ordinary  c<3Ursc  of 
natiue,  would  go  to  decay  in  a  few  da)-s.  Thus  the  perishable  becomes 
]jractic.ill\'  imperishable,  and  the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  can  be  enjoyed 
in  their  delicious  juices  amidst  the  ice  of  the  Arctic  or  the  santls  of  the 
Sahara. 

The  {|ualit\'  of  the  Californian  canned  fruits  stands  high.  As  competition 
among  canncrs  bectjmes  close,  there  is  a  temptation  to  defraud  the  customer 
by  the  less  careful  selection  of  fruit,  the  use  of  glucose  instead  of  cane  sugar. 


HORTICULTURE. 


2.39 


by  not  giving  good  weight,  and  by  using  inferior  tin.  Our  Californian  can- 
ncrs  all  claim — and  \vc  believe  with  justice — that  they  have  not  yielded  to 
anj'  of  these  temptations.  They  u.se  the  best  refined  sugar — of  which  the 
standard  allowance  is  from  5  to  5J<^  pounds  to  the  case — and  give  full 
weight  in  each  can.  Their  jams  and  jellies,  also,  contain  nothing  but  the 
juice  of  the  fruit  and  pure  cane  sugar.  No  gelatine  or  other  similar  substance 
is  u.sed.  So  long  as  they  maintain  this  standard,  and  retain  the  advantage 
of  the  large  size,  handsome  color,  freedom  from  insects,  and  delightful  flavor 
which  our  fruits  now  possess,  we  sec  no  reason  why  they  may  not  find  mar- 
ket for  all  the  fruit  which  the  slope  can  produce. 

We  can  undersell  Southern  Europe  in  everything  save  apricots  and  nec- 
tarines, or  at  least  those  are  the  only  canned  fruits  in  which  we  are  under- 
sold in  tlie  London  market,  our  competitors  in  tho.se  being  the  French  and 
Portuguese. 

Amount  Canned. — The  quantitj'  of  fruit  canned  fluctuates  from  )ear  to 
year  with  the  crops  and  prices,  but  there  has  been  a  rapid  increase  in  the 
capacity  of  the  canneries  and  in  the  production  of  the  orchards  which  ob- 
tain a  considerable  part  of  their  rcvenuq  from  the  canneries.  It  has  been 
cstimated^for  there  are  no  official  statistics — that  in  1H75  California  packed 
4,500,000  cans  (2  pounds  in  each)  of  fruit  and  vegetables;  in  1876,  6,500,- 
000;  in  1877,  4,900,000;  in  1878,  6,000,000;  in  1879,  7,ooo,'0OO;  in  1880, 
6,(')00,ooo;  and  in  1881,  11,400,000.  The  last  figure  includes 6,000,000  cans 
of  tree  fruits  and  berries,  700,000  of  jams  and  jellies,  and  4,700,000  of 
kitchen  vegetables,  including  3,000,000  of  tomatoes  and  500,000  of  peas. 
Of  the  1 1,400,000  cans  in  iSSi,  .San  i'Vancisco  is  credited  with  nearly  8,000,- 
000,  San  Jose  with  nearly  2,000,000,  and  other  places  with  the  remainder. 
Among  the  tree  fruits  canned  in  the  larg'cst  quantities  are  peaches,  pears, 
apricots,  and  plums.  The  most  profitable  fruit  for  orchardists  who  wish  to 
supply  canneries  is  the  apricot,  in  situations  well  adapted  for  its  growth. 
Tlie  best  peaches  and  apricots  received  in  San  Francisco  for  canning  come 
from  the  banks  of  the  .Sacramento  River,  and  from  Pleasant  and  Vaca  val- 
leys; the  best  plums  from  Napa  and  Sonoma,  and  the  best  cherries  from 
Alameda.  , 

The  prices  in  large  lots  in  1S81  were  from  $1.85  to  $2.50  for  tabic  fruit 
by  the  dozen  cans  of  2',4  pounds  each;  pie  fruits,  $1.40  to  $1.60,  2j,j 
pounds  in  a  can;  and  tomatoes,  85  cents  tf)  $1.10,  in  cans  of  2^2  pounds. 
The  prices  jjaid  by  the  canneries  for  fruits  in  1880,  an  a\crage  )-ear,  were 
from  .$40  to  $50  a  ton  for  pears;  $40  to  .|6o  for  plums  and  peaches;  $70  to 
$80  for  apricots;  $100  to  $120  for  cherries. 

The  fruits  canned  most  cxtcnsivel)-  ;ue  peaches,  pears,  plums,  apricots, 
and  cherries.     Tl^e  Atlantic  States  grow  [leaches  abundantly,  and  in  ordi- 


III 


ii 

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•  1 

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J40 


AGRICULTURE. 


dinary  seasons  can  enough  to  supply  all  their  local  demand.  In  the  other 
fruits  mentioned,  California  has  so  little  competition,  that  the  consumption 
is  almost  world-wide,  and  may  be  said  to  be  limited  onl}-  by  the  inability  of 
the  |)cop!c  to  purchase,  or  by  their  ignorance  of  the  qualit)'  of  our  products. 
W'e  can  also,  but  less  extensively,  nectarines,  apples,  Muscat  grapes,  straw- 
berries, blackberries,  and  raspberries.  The  apples,  peaches,  and  berries  arc 
caiinetl  only  for  the  local  market,  unless  when  a  short  crop  on  the  Atlantic 
Slope  makes  an  exceptional  demand  there.  The  vegetables  canned  are 
tomatoes,  corn,  peas,  string-beans,  and  asparagus;  the  sale  of  which  is 
mostly  confined  to  the  local  market,  as  the  prices  at  which  consumers  will 
take  them  will  not  justify  extensive  shipments  at  high  freights. 

Till".  Cutting  Packixc;  CoMr.VNV,  who  have  the  oldest  fruit  cannery  on 
this  coast,  at  17  Main  -Street,  .San  T'rancisco,  have  another  fruit  cannery  at 
Santa  Rosa,  and  salmon  canneries  on  the  Columbia  and  Kel  rivers,  anil  at 
.Sitka,  and  ha\e  branch  houses  for  the  sale  of  their  products  in  St.  Louis, 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  New  York,  and  London.  In  the  bu.sy  half  of  the  j-ear 
they  emplo)- 600  persons,  and  in  the  other  half  200.  In  18.S1  they  used 
1,650  tons  of  fresh  fruits  and  i,ioo  tons  of  vegetables.  In  1880  the  pack  of 
all  their  canneries,  inckuled  85,000  cases  of  salmon,  51,000  of  fruit,  20,000 
of  vegetables,  I  5,000  of  preserves,  jams,  and  jellies,  and  7,500  of  meat,  mak- 
ing ;i  total  of  iSS.ooo  cases,  more  than  4,000,000  cans,  equivalent  to  4,500 
tons.  They  also  made  20,000  casks  and  kegs  of  pickles,  and  1  5,000  quarts 
of  champagne  cider,  and  after  e.Ktracting  165  tons  of  honey  from  the  comb, 
put  it  in  jars  for  the  market. 

The  cannerj'  of  Kixc;,  Mouse  &  Co.,  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Sansome  streets,  San  Francisco,  packs  about  100,000  cases  annually  of  fruits, 
\egctables,  and  salmon,  and  employs  from  400  to  600  persons  in  the  bu.sy 
season.  The  establishment  was  conducted  for  10  years  by  C.  JAMES  KiNG 
OF  W'.M.,  under  the  firm  name  of  C.  jAMES  King  ov  Wm.  &  Co.,  until  the 
])resent  partnership  was  organized  in  1S81. 

A.  LUSK  &  Co.  have  a  cannery  with  a  capacity  of  150,000  cases  in  San 
Francisco. 

The  cannery  of  TllE  BANNER  PACKING  COMPANY  (M.  Banni:r  and  F. 
Tori.ITZ)  lias  a  capacity  of  1 50,000  cases, 

Sol.  \\'.\NGi;niii:im  &  Co.  have  a  cannery  in  San  Francisco  with  a 
branch  on  the  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River.  They  can  about  100,000 
cases  annually  in  the  aggregate. 

CoOi;,  k'.LI'IXUT  &  Co.,  office  at  314  Washington  .Street,  San  I-Vancisco, 
jKicked  1,250,000  cans  in  1881. 

The  Standard  P.\.ckin(;  Company  (Henry  Sciiammel,  W.  L.  Botte, 
;uid  I'".  B.  I^l'.VNOLDS)  can  from  50,000  to  I00,000  cases  annually. 


^L. 


HORTICULTURE. 


241 


The  cannery  of  TiiD  Spafi-ord  PACKING  COMPANY,  in  San  Francisco, 
employs  about  225  persons  in  tiic  busy  season. 

All  the  canneries  mentioned  above  are  in  San  Francisco,  and  others  in 
the  same  place  are  those  of  TlIlC  Ri;i)  Cro.ss  COMPANY  and  N.  GoKTJEN. 

Tin;  J.  Li;.sR  Canning  Company,  of  which  Jo.siaii  Lu.'^k  is  president, 
has  its  cannery  at  Tcmescal,  near  Oakland,  and  has  a  capacity  to  pack 
200,000  cases  (4,800  tons)  in  a  season,  and  in  1 88 1  jjackcd  i  50,000  cases, 
including  60,000  cases  of  tomatoes.  The  company  occupy  about  400  acres 
in  the  vicinity  of  their  cannery  for  growing,'  their  own  vegetables. 

In  1 88 1  The  San  Jos£  Packing  Company  packed  1,200,000  cans  at 
San  Jos(5,  and  250,000  cans  at  Colton. 

Tin-;  Da\v.son  Packing  Company  has  a  large  cannery  at  San  Jose. 

James,  Pariser  &  Co.  have  a  factory  at  608  Seventh  Street,  San  Fran- 
cisco, in  which  they  make  10,000  pounds  annually  of  candied  fruits  (the 
French  call  them  ff/aa'),  1,000  pounds  of  candied  citron,  lemon,  and  orange 
rind,  25,000  pounds  of  jellies,  and  20,000  pounds  of  mince  meat.  They 
complain  that  the  rind  of  the  Californian  lemons  generally  has  little  value 
for  their  process  of  candying. 

Grapes. — California  has  80,000  acres  in  grape-vines,  with  an  average  of 
800  vines  to  the  acre,  making  a  total  of  64,000,000  vines.  Of  these,  prob- 
ably 35,000,000  are  not  in  bearing,  and  5,000,000  of  those  in  bearing  arc 
troubled  by  the  phylloxera,  so  as  to  reduce  their  production,  arc  of  poor 
varieties,  or  are  not  cultivated,  and  therefore  yield  little  or  nothing.  After 
making  these  deductions,  34,000,000  vines  in  good  bearing  condition  remain, 
perhaps  half  of  the  Mission,  and  the  others  of  the  varieties  classed  as 
European,  including  principally  Alc.xanilrian  Muscat,  Zinfandel,  Golden 
Chassclas  or  Gutedel,  Riesling,  Berger,  Black  Malvoisic,  and  Flame  Tokay. 
These  varieties  are  all  prolific  in  bearing,  and  their  average  yield  is  prob- 
ably 7  pounds  to  the  vine,  equivalent  to  1 19,000  tons  for  the  average  crop. 
Allowing  60,000  tons  to  be  used  in  making  wine,  2,000  tons  to  be  .sent  fresh  to 
the  Atlantic  Slope,  and  5,000  tons  to  be  made  into  raisins,  there  would  re- 
main 52,000  tons,  or  more  than  100  pounds  of  grapes  for  each  resident  of 
California,  including  children,  to  be  consumed  fresh  or  wasted.  The  leading 
counties  in  grape  cultivation  are  Sonoma,  Napa,  Los  Angeles,  Santa  Clara, 
Solano,  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  El  Dorado,  Yolo,  and  San  Bernardino. 
The  principal  centers  of  wine  manufacture  are  Los  Angeles,  St.  Helena, 
Sonoma,  San  Gabriel,  Anaheim,  S;'n  Jose,  Santa  Rosa,  and  Vountville. 
The  places  most  noted  for  the  production  of  raisins  arc  Pleasant  Valley, 
Davisville,  Woodland,  Fresno,  and  Riverside;  and  Pleasant  Valley  is  prom- 
inent in  the  production  of  early  table  grapes. 
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AGRICULTURE. 


Since  1879  a  new  grape  fever  has  raged  in  California,  and  has,  perhaps, 
not  yet  culminated.  It  is  estimated  that  10,000  acres  of  new  vineyards  were 
set  out  in  the  winter  and  spring  of  iSSo-Si,  and  20,000  in  1 88 1-2.  In  the 
latter  season,  Xai)a  County  claimed  to  h.ivc  planted  4,000  acres,  and  I'resno 
3,000.  The  new  vineyards  arc  mostly  set  out  with  the  European  varieties 
most  prized  for  wine  and  raisins. 

Man)-  features  of  the  Californian  methods  of  training  and  cultivating  the 
vine  and  making  wine  and  raisins,  are  the  original  outgrowths  of  peculiar 
circumstances.  Most  of  our  vineyards  are  on  level  land,  because  it  is  easier 
to  cultivate  and  irrigate.  The  vines  are  trained  low,  the  stalks  being  usuall)' 
about  18  inches  high.  They  arc  set  8  feet  apart  so  as  to  leave  room  for 
plowing,  which  is  the  cheapest  method  of  cultivation.  Instead  of  digging 
a  pit  with  the  spade  for  the  cutting,  it  is  usually  put  down  into  a  hole 
punched  with  a  crowbar.  The  vineyards  arc  intersected  at  short  distances 
by  wagon  roads,  so  that  the  grapes  shall  he  carried  only  .short  distances  by 
men  ;  the  wagons  are  drawn  by  lively  horses ;  the  grapes  arc  cru.shed  by 
machincr)',  and  at  every  step,  from  laying  out  the  vineyard  to  .sending  the 
wine  to  market,  human  muscle  is  spared  whenever  horses,  steam-power,  and 
the  best  of  tools  and  machinery  can  be  used  with  economy. 

The  main  drawbacks  to  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  in  California  are  the 
phylloxera,  the  mildew,  and  the  thrip  or  grape  fly.  The  last  is  checked  by 
turning  sheep  into  the  vineyaid  after  the  crop  is  gathered  and  letting  thera 
eat  the  leaves  to  which  the  eggs  of  the  fly  are  attached.  The  mildew  i ; 
arrested  bj' shaking  flowers  of  sulphur  o\er  the  vine,  about  50  pounds  to  the 
acre.  The  phylloxera  exists  in  Sonoma,  Xapa,  Solano,  Yolo,  Sacramento, 
Santa  Clara,  Placer,  El  Dorado,  and  San  Joaquin  ccnmties.  The  area  de- 
stroyed is  1,000  acres;  that  infected  i)robabl)-  10,000  acres.  Elooding  vine- 
yards, the  cheapest  antl  most  convenient  remedy  in  !■" ranee,  is  applicable  to 
many  of  the  Californian  \ineyards;  and  perhaps  one  reason  why  the  jiest 
has  not  been  observed  in  Southern  California  is  that  the  \ines  there  are 
generally  irrigated. 

The  peculiar  fitness  of  California  for  the  grape  is  indicated  by  the  large 
size  often  reached  by  the  vines.  There  jirc  now  half  a  dozen  vines  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  State,  each  with  trunks  a  foot  in  tliametcr,  and  with  branches 
sufficient  to  cover  an  arbor  80  feet  squ.ire,  and  producing  a  ton  or  more  of 
gra[)i's  in  an  average  season.  Montecito,  Stockton,  Coloma,  San  Ikiena- 
ventura,  Blakcs  in  Napa  Count)-,  and  the  Cajon  Valley  in  San  Diego  County, 
ha\ e  samples  of  the  great  \ines  of  California. 

It  has  been  estimateil  that  a  vine3'ard  in  the  fourth  year  will  ])roducc  2 
tons  to  the  acre;  2^2  in  the  fifth;  t,'/^  in  the  sixth;  and  4  in  the  seventh. 
Many  vineyards  have  yielded  10  tons  to  the  acre  for  year  after  year.     The 


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HORTICULTURE. 


243 


grapes  arc  usually  sold  by  the  vineyardists  to  he  wine-makers,  and  the 
common  prices,  in  18S0,  were  $::o  a  ton  for  M.^sion,  and  $22  to  $30  for 
the  forciijn.  In  1S81,  the  foreign  grapes  commanded  from  $25  to  $32. 
There  is  an  upward  tendency  now  in  the  price:,  of  grapes;  five  y(  irs  ago 
the  price  was  40  per  cent.  less.  AcceiJting  the  yield  as  stated  above,  the 
gross  money  yield  of  the  acre  will  be  $60  in  the  fourth  year  for  foreign 
grapes;  $75  in  the  fifth  year;  $105  in  the  sixth,  and  $120  in  the  seventh. 
The  table  grapes  often  command  10  cents  a  pound  wholesale,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  season  in  San  I'Vancisco,  and  from  3  to  5  for  months.  The  cost 
of  a  vineyard  4  years  old,  when  it  becomes  a  source  of  profit,  may  be  esti- 
mated at  $60  per  acre,  e.xclusi\e  of  the  land ;  and  the  annual  expense  of 
cultivation,  picking,  and  hauling  may  be  $25. 

The  first  vines  of  California  were  planted  about  1772  at  San  Gabriel,  and 
are  of  a  Spanish  variety  known  here  as  the  Mission,  because  they  were  cul- 
tivated at  all  the  missions,  and  the  only  kind  in  1'  Mi.,sion  \ineyards.  It 
is  hardy,  early  in  bearing,  prolific,  and  well  adaptui  to  the  system  of  short 
pruning.  The  grape  is  dark  reel  or  black,  though  it  often  has  a  light  bluish 
bloom  or  down  on  the  untouched  surface;  the  skin  is  thin,  and  the  pulp  rich 
in  a  juice  that  has  much  sweetness,  but  little  other  flavor  or  IxiUij  .  t.  The 
grapes  brought  to  San  Francisco  in  1850  and  185 1  sold  for  50  and  73  cents 
a  pound,  paying  large  profits  to  the  owners  of  the  few  vineyards,  and  as  late 
as  1856  the  common  retail  price  was  37  cents,  most  of  the  grapes  being 
brought  from  Los  Angeles  packed  in  sawdust.  The  Lc)>  .Angeles  vine- 
yards were  the  most  productive  property  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
and  their  area  began  to  cxu  nd.  A  grape  fever  started  in  a  mild  form  there, 
and  soon  affected  the  reporters  and  editors  of  tlie  metropolitan  press.  The 
most  glowing  statements  were  made  of  the  superior  advantages  of  Califor- 
nia, as  compared  with  I'rance,  for  the  production  of  the  finest  wines.  The 
organization  of  the  German  company  which  supplied  Anaheim  with  water, 
planted  it  and  colonized  it,  ga\c  a  great  impulse  to  the  fever,  and  in  1858 
the  planting  of  vineyards  began  extensively  in  Los  Angeles,  Sonoma,  Santa 
Clara,  Napa,  Solano,  Sacramento,  and  the  placer  region  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, using  the  Mission  grap*;. 

Until  that  lime  nearly  all  the  vines  set  out  were  of  the  Mission  variety, 
although  the  French  horticulturists  at  San  Jose,  and  perhaps  others,  had 
obtained  cuttings  from  IVance.  Mr.  Delm.VS  began  in  1854  to  import 
vines,  and  he  introduced  the  Black  Malvoisieand  the  Charbonneau  or  Char- 
bono.  At  a  later  ilate  Cll.VULES  Le  I'-R.VNC  was  the  first  to  obtain  the 
Mataro,  Grenache,  and  Sauvignon  Vertc.  In  subsequent  paragraplis,  mention 
will  be  made  of  other  men  who  have  been  prominently  associated  with  the 
grape  industry  of  California. 


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AGRICULTURE. 


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Varieties. — The  yield  varies  in  the  different  varieties  and  di.stricts;  the 
Zinfandel,  Bcrger,  Alexandrian  Muscat,  Mission,  White  St.  Peter's,  Mal- 
Voisic,  Charbonncau  or  Charbono,  and  Seedless  Sultana  beincj  among  the 
most  prolific.  The  early  fjrapes,  appearing  in  July,  arc  the  White  St. 
Tctcr's,  Madeleine  Blanche,  Black  July,  Sweetwater,  Early  (Ilatif)  Chasse- 
las,  and  Fontaincbleau ;  and  those  abundant  in  the  market  from  October 
till  December,  inclusive,  are  the  Alexandrian  Muscat,  Muscatel,  White 
iMalat;a,  Rose  of  Peru,  Red  Tokay,  and  Cornichon.  The  Cornichon,  shaped 
like  a  little  cucumber,  ripening  late,  and  keeping  well,  is  the  last  in  the 
market,  but  has  a  poor  flavor.  A  score  of  other  varieties  arc  commonly 
sold  for  table  u.sc  from  August  to  October,  inclusive,  while  an  equal  number 
not  well  suited  for  marketing  fresh  are  reserved  for  wine.  The  Riesling  is 
insipid  when  eaten,  but  makes  a  delicate  wine.  All  the  grapes  most  prized 
for  the  table,  for  wine,  and  for  raisins  arc  European  varieties;  and  the  term 
European,  as  generally  used  in  California,  excludes  the  Mission,  which  is  ul 
European  origin.  The  American  vines,  including  the  Catawba,  Isabella, 
and  Concord,  are  rare  in  mo.st  of  the  Californian  wine  districts,  and  do  not 
occupy  one  per  cent,  of  the  vineyard  area.  They  are  disliked  because 
they  are  considered  unfit  for  making  fine  wine,  and  long  pruning  is  neces- 
sary, making  the  training  expensive,  and  the  yield  is  inferior  to  that  of  the 
European  grape.  About  1860,  MARTIN  Aliioit  planted  a  large  vineyard 
with  Catawba  grapes,  near  Coloma,  but  the  investment  was  not  profitable. 
The  American  grapes,  the  Vt/is  Riparia,  and  ALstivalis  are  attracting  atten- 
tion as  grafting  stocks  not  injured  by  the  phylloxera. 

Large  Vineyards. — The  largest  vineyards  in  California  and  presumably 
on  the  globe,  were  planted  in  the  winter  of  1881-S2.  That  of  Leland 
ST.\NFORr)  at  Vina,  in  Tehama  County,  occupies  1,000  acres,  and  the  vines 
arc  nearly  all  of  the  Zinfandel,  Charbornncau,  Berger,  Black  Malvoisic,  and 
Blaue  Elben  varieties.  The  rancho  has  an  area  of  9,100  acres,  and  the 
owner  expects  to  set  out  1,000  acres  in  fruit-trees  soon,  and  according  to 
rumor  is  considering  whether  he  shall  plant  another  1,000  acres  of  vines  in 
1882-83.  At  his  country  residence  near  Belmont,  and  his  farm  near  the 
Mission  San  Jose,  Mr.  STANFORD  has  several  hundred  acres  more  of  vines 
The  vineyard  of  R.  Nadeau  near  Florence,  set  out  in  1 88 1-82,  has  about 
1,300  acres.  G.  G.  13RIGGS  has  nearly  i,ooo  acres  in  laisin  vineyards  near 
Davisvillc,  Woodland,  and  other  places.  Before  1881,  the  largest  vineyard 
in  the  State  was  that  of  L.  J.  Ro.SE,  containing  560  acres,  at  San  Gabriel. 
He  set  out  240  acres  additional  in  1881-S2. 

R.  Barton  has  380  acres  in  vines  at  Fresno;  H.  J.  Glenn  has  300  at 
Jacinto;  Mrs.  BoURN,  265  acres  at  St.  Helena;  B.  DREYFUS  &  Co.,  240 
acres  at  Anaheim,  and  260  at  Cucamonga;  J.  GUNDLACH  &  Co.,  240  acres 


MOUTICUI/rURE. 


245 


at  Sonoma.  The  Fresno  Vinevakd  Company  at  Fresno,  and  G. 
Gkoezinger  at  Yountvillc,  have  each  330  acres;  II.  \V.  CliAlili  at  St. 
Helena,  The  Calh-ornia  Raisin  Company  at  Rocklin,  and  SiioRii  and 
\VlL.soN  at  San  Gabriel,  have  each  225  acres;  F.  T.  ElsEN  has  240 
acres  at  Fresno;  and  J.  F.  CkANiC  at  Pasadena,  G.  H.  Eggers  at 
Fresno,  1'.  McDougal  at  Santa  Rosa,  W.  Scheffler  at  St.  Helena,  and 
E.  J.  Baemwin  and  George  Sioneman  at  San  Gabriel,  have  each  200 
acres.  Among  the  vineyards  of  more  than  100  and  less  than  200  acres, 
are  tho.sc  of  Atk.in.son  &  Co.,  Charles  Krug,  John  Benson,  J.  C. 
Davis,  S.  C.  Hastings,  J.  Lewelling,  and  J.  D.  Fry,  in  Napa  Coui>:y; 
those  of  KoHLER  &  Frohling  and  N.  Carriger,  in  Sonoma  County; 
of  Keller,  Rowland,  and  Brici:\valler,  in  Los  Angeles  County; 
of  G.  II.  Eggers,  A.  B.  Butler,  and  M.  T.  Kearnv,  in  Fresno 
County;  of  J.  L.  Be.VRD,  in  Alameda  County;  of  ClL\RLES  Le  Franc 
and  of  DOVLE  and  Wh.LIAMS,  in  Santa  Clara  County;  and  of  RoliERT 
Chalmers,  in  El  Dorado  County.  The  vineyards  between  50  and  100 
acres  include  those  of  L.  H.  Werder,  John  P.  Zeyn,  William  Allen, 
A.  Bridgen,  J.  E.  IIollenbeck,  J.  Kahn,  F.  Sabrichi,  \V.  II.  Work- 
man, John  Wilson,  Kewen's  Estate,  M.  J.  Wicks,  F.  IIartung,  A. 
LangENBERGER,  and  J.  Dalton,  in  Los  Angeles  County;  C.  P.  Adamson, 
Amsbury  &  Davis,  John  BATE^L\^,  C.  CRocn.vr  &  Co.,  S.  Ewer,  G. 
K.  Gluvas,  John  Green,  W.  IIarker  &  Son,  T.  H.  Ink,  C.  LE^^ME,  L. 
Sanuer,  J.  Stecker,  T.  Van  Vleet,  M.  Van,  J.  C.  Weinberger,  and 
E.  I\l.  Falk,  in  Napa  County;  J.  C.  Palmer  and  L.  Stanford,  in  Ala- 
meda County;  J.  N.  Bailhache,  and  A.  F.  IIara.szthv,  in  Sonoma 
County;  Dr.  J.  D.  B.  Stillman,  Dr.  BARTON,  and  S.  C.  EVANS,  in  San  Ber- 
nardino County;  T.  VacHE,  in  San  Benito  County;  and  J.  B.  J.  PORTAL, 
of  Santa  Clara  County.  R.  B.  Blowers  has  a  large  vineyard  in  Yolo 
County,  and  there  arc  many  other  considerable  vineyard''  from  which  there 
is  no  recent  precise  report  within  reach.  L.VCII.MAN  &  Jacobi  are  inter- 
ested largely  in  vineyards  in  Sonoma,  Napa,  and  Fresno  counties.  The 
Buena  Vista  vineyard,  containing  450  ;icres,  for  many  years  the  largest  in 
the  State,  has  been  surpassed  in  size  by  several  others;  and  being  seriously 
damaged  by  the  phylloxera,  has  lost  the  prominence  which  it  long  held  in 
the  wine  industry. 

Agoston  Haraszthy. — One  of  the  most  prominent  men  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Californian  viticulture  was  the  late  Colonel  Agoston  HaR- 
ASZTHY,  who  arrived  in  California  in  November,  1849,  and  settled  at  San 
Luis  Rey,  where  he  planted  a  garden  and  set  out  fruit-trees  in  February  of 
the  ne.\t  year.     Having  been  elected  sheriff,  he  made  his  residence  in  the 


!       I 


240 


AGRirrLTTTlK. 


city  of  San    l^icgo,  wlicrc  lie  tlevoted   his  hours  of  leisure  to  horticulture, 
and  in  I'^cbruary,  1851,  hi'  fuiishcd  the  planting  of  a  wine  vinyard,  garden, 
and  an  orchard,  on    160-acre  lot   No.  3  of  Poole's  survey,  tiic  plantinLr  of 
which   w.is  l)c;_nni   in  the  ])rcvious  March.     His  election  to  the  Assembly 
in    I  S3.:  look   iiini  away  fnjni  that  enterprise,  and  the  orchard  .md  vine- 
\-ard  were  neglected.      Hut  he  ditl  not  lose  sight  of  his  favorite  occupa- 
tion,     in  that  same  year  he  took  possession  of  a  considerable  tract  of  land 
near  Crystal  .Spring.s,  30  miles  from  San  Francisco,  securing  the  title  with 
school  warrants,  and  in  1853  set  out  a  strawberry-patch,  an  orchard,  and  a 
large  number  1  il  \-ines  obtained  for  him  from  the  Fastern  States  .and  luirope 
through  t  lener.il  L.  Mi:sz.\R()S,  one  of  his  Hungarian  compatriots.     He  put 
many  of  hi.s  trees  and   vines  in  nurser\-,  and  obtained  a  good  prolit   from 
tiieir  sale.     .'Viiiong  the  foreign  vines  which  he  imported  in  that  )-ear  was 
.B&E  ZinfamteL  Aen  first   introduced    into  California.      He   appreciated   its 
;tm;rris,  and   l-t^kt   after  recommended   it  as    the  best  grape  for  wine.      In 
i|]:-;5  he  mUidr  jaa  otTer  for  the  Kelsey  or  Huena  Vista  vineyard  in  Sonoma 
V.alley,  asKl  tte    next    year    he    succeeded    in  buying    it.      This  was    the 
oilalest   vintasaarit  and  then  the  largest  north  of  San    Pablo   Hay,  anil  its 
pnwse9iii«3n    matiiie    him    one   of    the    m(Wt    prominent    vineyardists   in    the 
Statfc.     At  tfaar  time,  however,  general    opinion   looked   to   Los   Angeles 
a.--    tin:    only    ciamntj-   where    the   grapt    ccjuld    be    cultivated    extensively, 
btJcaaiBse  It  aJowsi iiatl  aan  abundance  f)f  water  lor  irrigation,  which  was  con- 
sidered mdispBasaWe-     Colonel  HARASZTm",  immediately  after  buying  at 
Sowooaa,  began  30  transfer  vines  and  trees  from  Crystal  Springs,  and  his 
vines  planted   in  tloat  ycir  numbered  80,000.     This  was  the  most  extensi\'e 
single  plantatinn  of  the  kind  ever  made  in  the  State  up  to  that  time.     He 
clarmcd  that  ntrigation  inas  not  necessary  for  the  jjroduction  of  the  grape 
in  any  part  ul    Califojcma ;   and  for  Sonoma  Valley  he  jiroved  it  by  the 
thrifty  growth  and  fccomdity  of  vine.'^  which  he  set  out  there  on  land  not 
susceptible  of  irrigatnoira.      .Soon    after   establishing    himself  there,  he  in- 
duced a  score  of  his  personal  friends  to  follow  him,  and  get  vineyards,  some 
of  which  he  planted  for  them.     ]5etv,ecn  1856 and  1864  lie  had  planted  H04 
acres  with   vines  for    himself  and    others.     Colonel    Haka.sztMV  did   not 
content  himself  with  working  and  talking,  but  wrote  for  the  daily  press,  and 
he  contributetl   to  the   report  of  the  .State  Agricultural   .Society  for  1858,  a 
valuable  paper  giving  pr.ictical  instruction  in  the  proper  methods  of  ])lant- 
ing  and  cultivating  the  \ine,  and  making  wine  and  brandy.     His  example, 
coinersation,  and   \\ritings  liatl   much   inlluence   to  attract   general   atten- 
tion to  the  grape,  and  to  stimulate  the  i)lanting  of  vineyards,  which  from 
that  }eai-  began  to  multiply  with  great  rajjidity.      Recognizing  the  defects 
of  the  Mission  grape  he  obtained  an  appointment  from  the  Gnernor  in 


L 


lIORTIiri.TUKK. 


247 


1S60,  as  one  of  a.  hoard  of  coiiiinis.siotiors  authorized  to  l;o  to  ICuropc  to 
study  ihc  cultivation  of  tlv  vine  there.  He  went  in  1S61,  i)ayin^  all  the 
expenses  out  of  his  own  pocket,  traveled  through  all  the  leadinj;  wine 
countries,  and  returned  with  200,000  cuttinL;s  and  rooted  vines  of  487 
different  varieties,  including  the  best  wine  grapes  of  iMancc,  Germany, 
1  lungary,  Italy,  Spain,  and  Portugal.  Besides  bringing  the  vines  he  wrote 
an  elaborate  report  which  Hakpkr  &  BROTHERS  published  in  an  octavo 
\olimu;  of  about  500  pages.  These  vines  were  distributetl  throughout  the 
State,  and  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  most  important  plantations  of  im- 
ported vines  we  now  possess.  Colonel  IIai-  .  -. 'lY  has  been  called  the 
father  of  the  vine  in  California,  and  certainly  '  <ne  had  more  confidence 
in  the  future  of  Californian  wine,  or  expressc..  it  with  more  enthusiasm, 
or  did  more  to  promote  its  interests.     lie  died  in  Nicaragua  in  1869. 

Wine  Product. — The  annual  wine  yield  of  California  is  variously  esti- 
mated from  7,000,000  to  10,000,000  gallons.  Ari'.ah  ITarasziiiy,  I'rcsi- 
dent  of  the  State  Board  of  Viticultural  Commissioners,  in  hi-,  official  report 
for  18S0,  estimated  the  wine  yickl  of  that  year  at  1  200 ooojgallons ;  and 
the  newspapers  generally  made  similar  estimates  for  the  yield  of  each  of 
the  4  or  5  preceding  years.  In  this  total,  tlie  wine  converted  into  br.mdy 
is  included.  The  annual  brandy  product  is  300,000  gallcms,  and  it  is  made 
from  1,5000,00  gallons  of  wine,  or  5  gallons  to  one.  Of  the  wine  re- 
(.f'ived  at  San  FVancisco  about  one  fourth  comes  from  Napa,  as  much  frorn 
Soniima,  a  fifth  tVom  Southern  California,  and  the  remainder  from  other 
parts  of  the  State. 

The  wine  received  in  San  Francisco  was  4,885,000  gallons  in  1881; 
^,737,000  in  1880;  3,337,000  in  1877;  and  smaller  figures  in  previou-  ycar.s. 
L.vcilM.VN  &  Jacoiu,  who  deal  e.\tensively  in  Californian  wines,  thnik  that 
60  per  cent,  of  the  product  comes  to  San  I'^rancisco;  and  if  that  estimate 
be  correct,  the  annual  wine  yield  is  about  8,100,000  gallons,  exclusive  of  the 
quantity  converted  into  brandy.  The  latter  quantity  should  not  be  in- 
cluded, as  it  is  used,  and  in  many  cases  is  designed,  from  the  first  for  a  differ- 
ent production.  Ihc  amount  exported  by  sea  in  1881  was  1,500,000  gallon.s, 
and  1,650,000  gallons  were  .shipped  by  rail.  Of  the  wine  sent  by  rail,  San 
Francisco  supplied  1.260,000  gallons,  .Sacramento  nearly  300,000,  and  Los 
Angeles  about  40,000.  Of  the  3,150,000  gallons  exported,  more  than  98 
per  cent,  went  through  San  Francisco. 

A  good  )ield  is  4  tons  of  grapes  to  the  acre,  abftut  10  [jounds  to  the 
vine;  but  old  vineyards  have  borne  twice  as  much  year  after  year  without 
apparent  injury,  and  even  iC  tons  of  grapes  have  often  been  gathered  from 
an  acre,  equivalent  to  2,000  gallons  of  wine.     The  amount  of  clarified  wine 


^M| 


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■HMMHI 


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248 


A(;K)(  ri.Tl'RK. 


from  .1  ton  of  grapes  is  usually  estimated  to  be  130  gallons,  or  one  gallon 
IV(iin  15   pounds. 

On  the  basis  of  3  ^'2  tons  of  yrapes  to  the  acre,  and  15  pounds  of  grapes 
to  the  j4allon  of  wine,  each  acre  will  \'icld  on  an  average  466  gallons;  and 
at  thalj-atio,  the  60,000  acres  of  vineyard  could  make  28,000,000  gallons  of 
wine  annually;  a  large  amount  for  a  State  only  30  years  old,  but  small 
as  compared  with  I'rance,  which,  before  the  days  of  the  phylloxera,  pro- 
duced 2,000,000,000  gallons,  worth  $400,000,000,  annually,  and  sustained 
5,000,000  people  with  iier  grape  industry. 

According  to  Mr.  I f AUAS/. ^ll^■,  of  the  10,200,000  gallons  made  in  18S0, 
700,000  (less  than  7  per  cent.)  were  sweet  wines,  worth,  on  the  average,  60 
cents  a  gallon,  and  9,500,000  dr}'  wines,  worth  25  cents,  making  a  total  of 
$2,795,000  as  the  price  paid  to  the  producers  for  the  wine. 

The  ])rice  of  25  cents  a  gallon,  mentioned  by  Mr.  HakASZTIIV,  is  the  figure 
which  the  producer  recei\es  from  the  wine  merchant,  who  usually  hu\s 
within  10  months  after  the  \intage,  most  of  the  lees  having  settled  by  tiiat 
time.  At  25  cents  a  gallon,  without  the  cask,  grapes  containing  130  gallon.s 
to  the  ton  arc  worth  $32.50  by  the  ton,  without  allowance  for  the  cost  of 
making  the  wine,  inclutling  the  labor,  attention,  interest,  and  wear  of 
cellar,  casks,  etc.  The  common  price  paid  for  grapes  delivered  in  iS.Si  was 
$25  a  ton,  leax'ing  $7.50  for  the  exjienses,  of  making  the  wine  after  the  re- 
ception of  the  grapes  at  the  press,  and  the  protits,  A  large  [xirtion  of  the 
grape  crop  is  now  sold  to  prolessional  wine-makers,  some  L)f  whom  are  also 
w  hdlesale  '..ine-dealcrs.  The  price  of  the  wine  as  .sold  b_\-  the  wholesalers  is 
prnbaLl)-  50  cents  a  gallon  on  the  average,  a  ccjusidcrable  part  of  the  ad- 
vance being  necessar)'  to  pay  for  casks,  freights,  storage,  leakage,  interest, 
handlin'f,  etc. 


C,  Kohler. — ClIARLr..S  Koni.lCR,  a  native  of  Germany  and  a  violinist, 
arrixetl  in  .S,in  i'rancisco,  in  1853,  when  he  was  22  years  of  age.  He  played 
in  orchcstr.is  and  bands,  managed  concerts,  and  took  an  active  part  in  or- 
ganizing various  German  musical  and  other  societies,  which  flourished  and 
becairie  permanent  features  of  the  social  life  of  the  cit)'.  II is  intelligence, 
acti\it)-,  enterprise,  tact,  and  i)ublic  spirit  soon  secured  fur  him  general 
recognition  as  ,in  inlluential  citizen.  In  1854  he  conceived  or  adopted 
the  idea  that  the  \ine  was  ilestincd  to  be  a  success  in  California,  and 
formed  a  parinershii)  with  .1  brother  musician,  John  I'"l<()lll.l.\<i,  to  bu\'  a 
\  inejaiil  at  l,os  Angeles,  and  maintain  a  cellar  for  the  sale  of  the  w  ine  in  .San 
l'"rancisco,  I'KOIII.lNC.  bought  a  vineyard  at  Los  .Angeles  in  1854,  and  de- 
\oteel  himself  to  its  cultivation,  while  Koill.t:R  managed  the  cellar,  which 
was  opened  in  1855;  but  as  the  undertaking  was  beset  with  many  difficulties. 


L 


IIOKTICUI.TrRK. 


249 


and  proved  unprofitable,  for  a  time  lie  continued  to  ply  the  bow  in  the  c\en- 

inrrs.  lie  talked  up  the  ^rape  and  the  wine  to  all  who  would  listen,  anil 
I'lad  a  considerable  part  in  i^ettini;  up  the  u'ne  fever  which,  in  1S5.S,  be^an 
U>  pervade  the  State,  anil  led  to  the  planting;  nf  numerous  vineyards.  The 
house  of  K()lll,i:i<  &  ]'"Rt)lll.l\(i  preserves  its  original  name,  and  sells  from 
700,000  to  i,iX)0,000  ^'allons  nf  wine  annually. 

Sparkling  California. — About  15,000  cases  of  sparklinL,^  wine  are  i)ro- 
duced  in  California  annuall\-  bs'  the  natural  process  (in  which  all  the  effer- 
vescing gas  is  (.leveloped  b)- fernient.ition)  as  distinc,'uislicd  from  the  artificial 
process  in  which  the  gas,  made  from  marble  dust  and  sulphuric  acid,  is 
forced  into  the  wine  by  machinerj-.  This  entire  pnjtluct  comes  from  the 
house  of  Aki'.M)  I[.\k.\.s/.iiiv  &  Co 

About  1837,  Don  I'l.'liko  ,S.\.\si:\'.\in',  a  nati\e  of  france.  an  early  pio- 
neer of  Calif(_>rnia,  who  had  married  into  ,1  .Spanish  I'amil)-,  arid  whose 
Christian  name  had  been  changctl,  by  custom,  to  the  .Spanish  form,  under- 
took to  make  s[)arkling  California  from  Los  Angeles  wine,  which  had  a 
ground  taste,  and  besides  was  so  rich  in  sugar  that  it  broke  a  huge  propor- 
tion of  his  bottles.  After  bringing  Mr.  Ui:ii.\N.\l:;,  a  skillful  cellar-master 
from  France,  and  sulfering  severe  jicruniary  losses,  he  was  compelled  to 
abandon  the  business. 

While  S.\\.si;v.\lN  was  still  struggling  with  the  difficulties  of  pro- 
ducing a  beverage  similar  to  sparklmg  champagne  from  the  Mfssion 
grapes  grown  on  the  low  lands  of  Los  Angeles,  Colonel  Agoston  IL\U- 
ASZTIIV  made  some  experiments  with  .Sonoma  wine,  and  lie  directed  his 
son  ArI'.M),  then  in  Kurope  for  his  education,  to  learn  the  art  of  making 
sparkling  wines  beft)re  returning.  With  much  difficulty  the  young  man 
obtained  admission  into  ,1  first-class  champagne-cellar  at  Kpernay,  paying 
the  proprietor  well  for  the  privilege,  and  then  making  a  seconil  liberal  pay- 
ment to  the  cellar-master  for  instruction,  for  which  he  had  been  i)repared 
b)-  the  stud)'  of  agricultural  chemistry.  i\fter  his  memory  and  note-books 
had  been  filled  with  the  knowledge  there  obtainable,  b)-  2  years  of  assiduous 
labor,  he  returned  to  California,  confident  that  he  couUl  make  good  spark- 
ling wine,  lie  immetliatelj' entered  his  father's  cellar  at  .Sonoma  .and  made 
a  lot  of  100  bottles.  They  all  sparkled  .uid  had  a  good  fiaMir;  anil  the  re- 
sult was  considered  a  success.  ,\nother  lot  of  JOO  bottles  turned  out  equally 
well.  Shortly  alter  the  second  e\[)eriment,  the  I'.uen.i  Vista  Compan)', 
which  had  m  the  mean  tim>"  |)urchased  his  father's  \ine)'ard  anti  cellar, 
emi)loycd  him,  and  he  bottle, I  1 ,000  ilozen  bottles  of  Sonoma  wine.  Un- 
fortunately not  a  Ixittle  of  it  sjiarkled.  The  result  was  a  loss  of  $5,000, 
which  his  father  paid.     .(\k1'.\1>  could  not  understand  the  cause  of  the  failure, 

J2 


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AGRICUI/n'Ri:. 


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n.sir^ricd,  and   in  1863,  bcc;imc  senior  partner  in  a  Sonoma  house,  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  still  wines  and  brandies. 

The  Jiiiena  Vista  Company  einployeil  Mr.  Di;ii.\.\M;,  who  put  up  30,000 
bottles  of  sparkliiiL,'  wine  in  1.S64,  and  only  3,000  sparkled.  Tiie  ne.xt  year 
the)'  put  up  00,000,  anil  lost  two  thirds  by  breakage,  the  gas  being  too 
strong  lor  the  bottles.  (3ut  of  40,000  bottles  in  1.SG6,  only  5,000  sparkled. 
.Mr.  Dlh.VNN]-;  made  antnher  attempt  in  1867,  and  left  the  company's  serv- 
ice. They  then  prociu-eil  a  new  cellar-master  from  ICurope,  and  sub-^c- 
(]uently,  .sc\eral  others,  until  they  had  tried  6  in  all,  including  I'rench, 
(lermans,  and  .Swiss.  .Sometimes  they  made  passable  wine,  but  the  e.\- 
jjcnse  of  the  sparkling  wine  department  exceeded  its  income  by  $100,000 
in  the  16  years  of  its  maintenance,  witii  some  interruptions. 

Arpad  Haraszthy  &  Co.— In  1865  Arp.'.d  H.\r.vsztiiy  became  a  part- 
ner in  the  llrm  of  ].  L.\ND.SU1:rgi:u  &  Co.,  dealer  in  Etill  wines  in  San 
Francisco.  lie  had  confidence  that  he  could  make  a  good  sparkling  wine; 
but  he  had  found  that  man\-  experiments  would  be  recjuired  to  learn  iiow 
to  .secure  the  regularity  of  sparkle  and  the  desirable  flavor.  The  Mission 
whic  pure,  was  not  adapted  to  the  purpose,  and  suitable  varieties  were  not 
easil)-  obtainable.  But  he  would  not  abandon  or  neglect  his  hope;  fc:)r 
years  he  worked  at  it,  and  converted  his  home  into  a  laboratory,  and  his 
kitchen  walls  were  lined  \\  ith  racks  to  hold  champagne-bottles. 

At  last,  in  1869,  he  felt  confident  that  he  had  overcome  the  difficulties, 
and  he  proposed  to  put  up  a  Icjt  of  s[)arkling  wine  for  the  market.  Mr. 
l.VNDSUERGER  objected,  but  fmall\-,  to  get  rid  of  importunit)-,  as  he  .said, 
eonseiiled  that  one  cask  of  wine  should  be  wasted.  It  was  made  in  Mr. 
1  l.\K.\s/,Tllv's  parlor — the  carpet  having  been  taken  up — and  was  a  success. 
The)-  then  engaged  in  the  business  permanently.  W.  C.  R.\LSTON'  heard 
of  it,  and  being  a  stockholder  in  the  Ikiena  Vista  Companj-  and  familiar 
with  its  losses,  sent  for  Mr.  LAN'r).siii;Ri;i:R  and  told  him  that  •'"  h"  intended 
III  manufacture  sparkling  wine,  his  credit  in  the  Hank  of  California  'ould 
be  withdrawn.  It  was  withdrawn;  and  as  their  capital  was  small,  the  Ii.'mi 
had  many  diftkulties  to  encounter  on  that  account,  but  they  persevered, 
and  the  wine  continued  to  iiiii)ro\-e  in  (|ualit)-  and  credit. 

in  the  manufacture  of  the  finest  brands  of  French  champagne,  it  is  the 
custom  of  the  cellar-masters  to  add  brandy,  tannin,  and  alum  to  the  grape 
juice,  and  also  to  add  fla\ors  made  from  pineapple,  ijuince,  |)ear,  and  other 
fruits,  each  lirand  ha\ing  its  peculiar  mixtm-e  and  lla\-or,  which,  in  many 
cases,  are  concealetl  from  the  public,  though  their  general  cliarac  ter  is  known 
in  the  trade.  The  quantities  thus  added  are  small,  but  the  effect  is  to  give 
a  taste  which  does  not  come  from  the  grape.     In  consequence  of  the  colder 


vm\  ' 


IIOUTICUI/n'RE. 


251 


autumn  in  the  champagne  district  and  the  incomplete  or  irregular  ripenintj 
of  the  grapo,  the  ;■  additions  may  be  needful  there.  Mr.  II.\R.\s/ rii\'  for 
years  imitated  liis  teachers;  but  gradually  he  has  abandoned  brand)-,  tan- 
nin, alum,  and  all  flavors,  save  that  of  the  grape  itself;  and  he  is  confident 
that  the  connoisseurs,  wlieii  they  fully  understand  the  cjuestion,  will  agree 
with  him  that  in  sparkling,  as  in  .still  wines,  the  natural  flavor  of  a  delicate 
variety  of  grape  can  not  be  improved  by  adding  to  it  the  juice  of  an)- other 
fruit 

The  process  of  champagne  making,  as  conducted  by  II.\!<.\s/Tnv  & 
Co.,  and  which,  with  the  exceptions  noted,  is  substanti.ill)-  the  process  of 
the  great  champagne  establishments  of  France,  is  excecdingl)-  interesting. 
The  still  wine,  for  the  purpose,  is  purcha.sed  in  all  ])arls  of  the  .State.  The 
varieties  mostly  used  arc  Riesling,  Borgcr,  fiuledcl,  Muscatel,  and  Zin- 
fandcl.  They  are  purchased  from  the  vineyards,  when  the  second  fermen- 
tation is  complete,  and  shipped  tf)  San  Francisco.  WIkmi  ready  for  making 
into  champagne  they  are  aUait  a  year  old.  The  firm  being  anion;;  the 
largest  dealers  in  still  wines  on  the  coast,  ]ia\e  excellent  opportunities  to 
become  acquainted  with  the  qualities  of  wines  throughout  the  State.  ICach 
wine  is  selected  on  ount  of  some  peculiar  quality  which  it  possesses, 
and  from  all  the  wines  purchased  by  the  house,  those  having  the  most  ex- 
quisite flavor  and  aroma  are  carefully  selected  and  combined  with  others 
which  possess  the  requisite  fermenting  qualities,  strength,  and  body.  The 
fact  that  neither  drug  nor  flavoring  m.-iterial  is,  under  any  circumstances, 
to  be  added,  makes  tlie  task  of  selection  doubl>-  difficult,  but  the  result, 
when  pcrlcct,  much  more  satisfactory.  Ijy  the  use  of  flavoring  materials 
the  absence  of  good,  or  the  presence  of  evil  qualities  may  be  overcome. 
Unfortunately,  however,  they  also  may  overpower  the  most  delicate  per- 
fumes of  t!ie  wine  itself  The  flavor  and  iiouquct  produced  by  the  proper 
blending  of  pure  wine  alone  is  much  munc  delicate,  and  to  the  educated 
taste,  more  agreeable  than  that  produced  by  any  extraneous  flavor. 
Besides,  the  fla\ored  champagnes  cloy  upon  the  palate  and  distnrb  the 
sensitive  stomach,  which  those  put  up  without  flavoring  will  not  do.  .'f  AR- 
A.SZTHY  &  Co.  make  3  brands  of  champagne  (jr  sparkling  Caht-  niia: 
liclipsc,  for  which  the  most  delicate  and  costly  wines  are  selected  ;  the 
Grand  Prize,  .second  in  quality  and  price;  and  Sillery  Mousscux,  third. 
The  Eclipse  is  either  dry  or  extra  dry,  to  suit  the  taste  of  the  purchasers, 
the  extra  dry  ha\ing  a  smaller  proportion  of  syrup.  The  wines  have 
generally  been  sold  before  bciny  a  year  in  Me  bottle,  but  the)  have 
ample  means  now  to  keep  a  si...  k  on  hand  until  it  reaches  4  )ears,  which  is 
the  age  of  the  best  I'ltnch  bran.>  when  put  upon  the  market;  iind  they 
expect   to  adopt  the  same   rule      Although  sparkling  California  is  their 


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AGKICULTURK. 


specialty,  they  de.'il  cxtensivei)-  in  native  still  wines  and  brandies.  Their 
oflice  is  at  530  \Vasliin.L;Lon  Street,  and  their  vaults  occupy  a  large  part 
of  the  block.  'Sir.  L.\.\i>.siji;r(;i,k  has  withdrawn  from  the  business,  and 
.Mr.  n.\K.\szrilv's  unly  partner  is  IIeN'KY   Kl'STEI.V 

Raisins.— The  production  of  Californian  raisins  for  the  market  began 
about  1S72.  In  1875  the  crop  was  1 8,000  bo.xes  (20  pounds  each);  in  1876,  33,' 
ooo;  in  1S77,  27,000;  in  1878,  44,000;  in  1879,  64,000;  in  1880,  65,000;  and 
in  1 88 1,  160,000.  Large  vineyards  planted  out  with  the  raisin  grapes  have 
not  yet  come  into  bearing,  and  a  great  increase  in  the  near  future  is  to  be 
expected.  The  consumption  of  our  coast  is  about  60,000  boxes,  leaving  the 
surplus  for  shipment  to  the  Atlantic  Slope.  The  net  annual  )ield  in  a  good 
raisin  vineyard  is  from  ,$200  to  $300  an  acre.  The  crop  from  a  vineyard  of 
6  acres  in  Riverside  yielded  1,190  bo.xes  in  1881,  worth  $2,275,  •'"'J  t'^*^ 
c.\pen.scs  were,  for  picking,  $120;  handling,  hauling,  and  incidental  cxpen.scs, 
$200;  boxes,  $164;  paper,  labels,  and  packing,  $221 ;  total,  $775.  The  net 
)ield  was  $1,500  for  6  acres,  and  $250  for  each  acre.  The  wiiite  Muscat  is 
generally  preferred  for  raisins,  but  many  other  varieties  are  used.  The  Cali- 
fornian raisins  are  dried  in  the  sun,  but  instead  of  being  kept  on  the  ground  or 
on  an  earthen  or  stone  bed  ])reparetl  .'.pecially  lor  the  purpose,  the)'  are  placed 
on  light  wooden  trays  3  feet  long  and  2  wide.  After  10  days,  2  men  come 
along  with  a  tra)',  lay  it  on  lop  of  the  grapes,  lift  up  the  tra\"s,  turn  them 
over  quickly,  la>'  the  untler  tray  with  its  grapes  on  the  ground,  and  thu.'s 
pass  through  the  vineyartl,  turning  them  all.  In  2  weeks  they  are  ready  to 
go  into  sweat-bo.xes,  and  then  for  packing. 

It  seems  ))robable  that  an  area  of  at  least  20,000  square  miles  in  Califor- 
nia is  perfectly  atlapteil  to  the  raisin.  The  two  raisin  centers  of  DavisviUe 
and  Riverside  are  400  miles  ajjarl,  and  Fresno,  another  center,  is  half  way 
between  them.  The  chief  raisin  ilistrict  of  Spain,  that  of  Malaga,  with  an 
an.'a  of  450  square  miles,  fronting  75  miles  (in  the  Mediterranean,  and  ex- 
teniling  inland  6  miles,  produces  about  20,000  tons  of  raisins  iumuall)',  and 
{)(  these  10,000  usually  come  to  the  Utiited  States.  Unless  the  phylloxera 
should  make  unexpected  progress  in  California,  our  State  will  be  able  to 
sui)p'\-  the  entire  vVmerican  demand  at  no  distant  time.  Among  the  notable 
men  in  the  raisin  business  are  R.  15.  Hl.OWKUS  of  Woodland,  who  was  the 
fust  to  make  a  success  on  a  large  scale,  and  G.  G.  Briggs  of  DavisviUe, 
v.ho  has  about  1,000  acres  in  raisin  vineyards  at  different  places,  most  of  his 
vines  being  young. 

California  has  also  made  a  few  Zante  currants  ("currant"  in  that  .sense  is 
a  corruption  of  Corinth,  the  name  of  a  small  grape)  of  superior  quality. 
The  seedless  white  Sultana  is  the  best  grape  for  that  use.     The  Ionian 


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iioRTicui/rrKic. 


'53 


Islands  produce  90,000  tons  of  Zaiitc  currant';  aninialK',  and  (.'alifornia  may 
come  into  coin[)C'titiin  wifli  tlu'in. 

Brandy.  —Nearly  f\cr\-  larL;*'  winc-ocllar  in  the  ^rapc  districts  has  a  dis- 
tiller)' connected  uilh  it,  but  {\:\v  h.i\e  trained  a  reputalinn  for  th;it  prmhict, 
and  man)-  uf  the  distillers  haw  iicitiier  the  skill,  the  appliances,  the  capital, 
nor  the  hi;j;h  re^'artl  for  ultimate  success,  re(|uisite  in  the  manufactiu'e  of  the 
best  braniU'  lie^ides,  theri'  has  also  hi-en  a  scarcity  of  material.  1  lie 
Mission  ^n';i])e  is  rich  in  su;..,'ar,  but  it  lacks  the  bouquet  and  tlclicacy  of  tlavor 
which  arc  as  necessary  for  the  fmer  ([ualitit:s  of  brand}'  as  of  wine;  and  tlic 
prices  paid  for  forei{^n  j^rapes  by  the  u  ine-makers  weie  so  lii^h  tlial  the 
di.stillcrs  "Tcnerally  considered  it  misafe  to  outbid  them,  and  contented  titcm- 
sclvcs  with  the  Mission  and  other  grapes  not  in  demantl  for  other  piuposcs. 
Those  who  adopted  the  more  costly  plan  of  selecting  the  best  grapes,  em- 
ploying .skillful  distillers,  buying  new  casks,  making  a  gooti  wine  before 
distillation,  and  keeping  their  brandy  luitil  it  c(juld  ri|)en  with  time,  have 
produced  a  superior  article. 

The  distillation  of  Californian  br.uidy  began  in  a  crude  way  an<l  on  a 
small  scale  in  the  last  century,  and  ciintinued  to  be  an  obscure  brancli  of  local 
industry  until  1857,  when  it  shared  the  attention  then  given  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  grape.  There  was  a  prospect  that  it  would  .soon  ri.se  to  much 
importance  when  it  was  struck  down  by  the  internal  re\enue  ta\  of  $2  on 
every  gallon  produced,  and  the  business  has  not  jc't  recovered  from  the  de- 
pression, though  the  ta.\  has  been  reduced  to  90  cents.  One  effect  of  this 
burden,  however,  has  been  to  discourage  the  production  of  an  inferior 
brandy,  such  as  was  made  in  early  da>-s  from  pomace,  jjiquet,  unsalable  wine, 
and  other  refuse.  The  better  the  brandy,  the  less,  relativel}-,  is  the  tax.  The 
quantit}'  of  brandy  distilled  in  1S80  was  about  450,000  gallons,  estimateil 
to  be  worth  $1.15  a  gallon. 

Among  the  leading  producers  of  Californian  brandy  are  11.  AI.  X.\(;i,i:k, 
at  San  Jo.s4  E.  J.  Baldwin,  at  Santa  Anita,  L.J.  Rose,  at  San  Gabriel,  and 
the  JOMXSOX  Distillery,  at  Sacramento.  The  only  person  who  has  made 
brandy  his  chief  specialty  is  General  NagLEK.  He  produces  6,000  gallons 
annually  and  keeps  it  7  years.  The  JollN.so.V  Di.stillery  in  1S80  made  37,- 
000  gallons  of  brandy,  besides  60,000  of  wine.  The  Brighton  Distillery, 
near  Sacramento,  crushed  J 50  tons  of  grapes  in  iiS8o,  and  made  10,000 
gallons  of  brandy,  cmplojing  7  men.     The  owners  are  J.  I.  Felti;u  &  to. 

Some  additional  matter  about  horticulture  will  be  found  in  the  a[)pendi.\. 


'-  r'i 

1 

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254 


AGRICULTURE. 


■1  '^i 


I    I 


CHAPTER   XIV.— DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 

Abundant  Herds. — The  mildness  of  the  winters  west  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada and  Cascade  Mountains  is  favorable  to  the  growth,  health,  and  early 
maturity  of  farm  animals;  and  they  do  not  anywhere  multiply  more 
rapidly  without  shelter  or  cultivated  food  than  in  the  valleys  of  California. 

Our  coast  nortii  of  Mexico  has  about  11,000,000  farm  animals  of  the 
fiuadrupcd  class,  including  sheep,  neat  cattle,  horses,  swine,  and  goats. 
They  furnish  every  year  4,500,000  lambs,  30,000  tons  of  wool,  500,000 
calves,  200,000  colts,  1,000,000  pigs,  and  50,000  kids;  and  these  animals,  as 
they  are  brought  into  use  with  their  wool,  butter,  and  cheese,  are  worth 
$40,000,000  a  year. 

The  number  of  domestic  animals  is  very  large  on  our  coast  as  compared 
with  that  of  the  population.  For  each  100  inhabitants  Great  Britain  has 
40  cows,  France  has  16,  Prussia  has  20,  the  yVmcrican  Union  has  75,  and 
our  slope  has  130.  For  100  inhabitants  Great  Britain,  France,  and  the 
United  States  have  each  100  sheep,  and  our  coast  has  600.  We  have  rela- 
tively 4  times  as  many  swine  as  France  and  6  times  as  many  as  Great 
Britain.  If  wc  admit  that  our  domestic  animals  arc  inferior  to  those  of 
Europe  in  some  important  respects,  the  facts  still  remain  that  most  of  them 
arc  of  good  blood,  well  adapted  to  the  conditions  in  which  they  arc  kept ; 
and  that  we  have  relatively  a  much  larger  supply  of  butchers'  meat,  wool, 
and  draught  animals  than  Europe  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Sheep. — The  number  of  sheep  on  our  coast,  north  of  Mexico,  is  presuma- 
ably  about  10,000,000,  including  6,500,000  in  California,  and  1,500,000  in  Ore- 
gon. Of  the  total,  one  half  are  cwcs,  which  under  favorable  circumstances 
should  rear  4,500,000  lambs  every  season.  Many  are  slaughtered,  many 
lost  in  the  mountains  and  deserts,  eaten  by  carnivorous  animals,  and  killed 
by  cold  and  starvation.  There  is  no  room  for  more  in  California,  under 
the  present  circumstances,  but  the  net  increase  in  other  portions  of  the 
coast  is,  probabl}',  not  less  than  1,000,000  annually.  The  dry  climate  and 
open  valleys  of  California,  like  those  of  Spain,  arc  well  adapted  to  the 
sheep,  especially  the  Spanish  merino  variety,  which  does  much  better  than 
the  heavier  French  and  iMiglish  breeds.  When  irrigation  and  horticulture 
supersede  the  present  system  of  wheat-farming  on  dry  soils  in   California, 


l;s-  I 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


255 


the  long  wool  sheep  will  come  into  more  favor.  It  is  the  custom  in  Cali- 
fornia to  shear  twice  a  >'ear,  the  spriiit,'  fleece  avera;,nnLj  4,  and  the  fall  lleccc 
3  pounds  "in  the  tjrcase;"  and  scouriiiLj  makes  a  reihiction  of  6j  per  cent, 
in  the  sprin;j;,  and  69  jier  cent,  in  the  fall  clip.  The  Oreijon  annual  fleece 
weij;hs  6  pounds,  and  loses  60  per  cent,  in  scourinj^.  The  Oregon  wool  lias 
a  lonpjer  staple  than  the  Californian,  but  is  not  so  fine,  anti  both  are  steatlilv 
improving',  or  at  least  the  wool  of  l'',astern  Ore^^on  is  ^^rowini^'  fuK.'r  in  liber, 
while  that  of  Western  Oregon  is  growing  coarser,  and,  probabl}-,  also  longer. 
A  \ery  serious  drawback  to  the  Californian  wool  is  the  bur,  which  detracts 
10  per  cent,  from  its  value. 

The  general  estimate  is  that  5  Spanish  merino  sheep  will  li\e  on  the 
land  required  for  one  cow;  that  2  acres  of  an  average  shec[)  ranch  on  the 
.southern  coast  of  California  are  enough  for  a  sheep;  anil  that  an  acre  of 
alfalfa,  properly  managed,  will  support  1 2. sheep.  The  coast  of  keeping  a 
sheep  is  $1.25  a  year;  its  wool  sells  for  $1.50;  and  for  each  100  there  are 
45  lambs,  worth  75  cents  each.  The  [)rofit,  therefore,  on  eacji  sheep  is 
nearly  50  cents,  on  the  average,  annuall}-.  The  fluctuations  of  the  wool 
market,  the  occurrence  of  droughts,  which  have  killed  off  more  than  i,OCmd,- 
000  sheep  in  a  year,  and  mistakes  in  the  .selection  of  shepherds  or  sheei) 
ranges  may,  in  a  few  months,  counterbalance  the  anticipated  profits  of 
years.  Notwithstanding  occasional  losses,  however,  no  other  branch  of 
agriculture  has  been  so  profitable  to  most  of  those  engaged  in  it  for  a  suc- 
cession of  year.s.  The  sheep  increased  with  great  rapidity  from  iiS53,  when 
\V.  W.  HoLLl.sTKR  made  the  first  experiment  in  Californian  wool-growing 
after  the  gold  discovery,  until  1876,  when  the  number  began  to  exceed  the 
capacity  of  the  wild  pasture  to  support  them.  According  to  the  tables 
kept  by  liMlLE  Gris.M<,  the  highest  authority,  the  production  of  Califor- 
nian wool  was  150  tons  in  1855,  1,500  in  1860,4,470  in  1S65,  10,000  in  1870, 
21,700  in  1875,  28,000  in  1876,  26,500  in  1877,  20,400  in  1878,  23,000  in 
1879,  23,000  in  1880,  and  21,500  in  1881.  The  average  price  was  14  cents 
a  pound  in  1870,  zG]/,  in  1871,  29  in  1872,  18  in  1873,  19^;^  in  1874,  18  in 
1875,  14^  in  1876,  I7'<  in  1877,  16  in  1878,  17  in  1879,  and  22  in  1880; 
the  a\crage  of  the  I  I  years  being  \c)]^  cents.  The  aggregate  value  of  the 
wool  [iroduct  of  California,  for  the   1 1  years,  was  $78,652,830. 

Oregon  produces  about  3,000  tons  of  wool  annually.  The  expenses  of 
sheep  kept  on  national  land  are  about  35  cents  a  head,  and  as  there  is  a 
great  tleinand  for  ewe  lambs,  the  profits  have  amounted  to  more  than  $2 
for  each  ewe  in  recent  j'ears. 

Wool-growing  receives  very  little  attention  in  Pacific  Mexico. 

W.  W.  Hollister. — Among  the  w  ool-growers  of  California,  the  first  place 
unquestionably  belongs  to  WiLLIA.M  WELLS  Holli.stek,  a  native  of  Ohio, 


f  r 


i      i. 


1 1 


256 


AGRICULTURE. 


vnw  63  \-c,us  nf  aL^c,  niul  a  descendant  of  a  I'untan  family  long  established 
in  Connccliciii,  lie  came  to  California  in  1S5:;,  and  liavinL[  satisfied  him- 
self that  it  was  a  j^'ood  State  for  wool,  he  returned  to  Ohifi  and  started  in 
IMay  of  the  next  jear  with  6,000  sheep  across  the  continent.  After  an 
ardiKius  jiiiirm  V,  in  the  course  of  which  4,000  sheep  were  lust,  he  arrived  by 
wa\'  of  .Salt  Lake,  .San  Hernardino,  Los  y\nf,^eles,  .ind  Santa  liirh.ira,  in 
the  valley  of  .San  Benito,  wiiicii  he  selected  for  his  home.  Tliere  he  tlevoted 
himself  to  the  care  of  his  herd.  Mis  debts  exceeded  the  value  of  all  his 
property-,  but  he  had  faith  in  his  sheep,  and  he  stuck  to  them.  Me  boucjht 
land  for  i)astura<,fe ;  his  herds  incre.nsed  rajiidly;  he  bought  more  land,  and 
the  wool  ami  the  land  combined  to  make  a  inillionaire  of  him.  v\t  one 
time  he  owned  150,000  acres  of  land  and  So,000  sheep,  and  his  jjross 
ainuial  income  from  his  hertls  w.is  $100,000.  He  was  the  first  person  to 
breed  sheep  for  their  wool  in  California  after  the  gold  discovery,  and  his 
.success  led  others  to  follow  his  example  until  the  Califomian  wool  crop  of 
I.S76,  23  years  after  he  dro\e  his  sheep  across  the  mountains  and  deserts, 
amounted  to  28,000  tons. 

The  growth  of  tlie  State  and  the  spread  of  cultivation  made  his  land  in 
the  valley  of  .San  Benito  more  valuable  for  tillage  than  for  ]5asturage,  so  he 
sold  out  his  rancho  there  to  a  comp;my,  which  ]iaid  him  more  than  $500,- 
000,  including  $370,000  of  principal  and  the  remainder  of  interest,  made  a 
large  profit  on  the  purcha.se,  and  laid  off  the  town  of  Ilollister  on  the  land. 
Me  ;ifterw;M'ds  sold  the  tract  on  wliicli  the  town  fif  Lompoc  was  built. 
From  .San  Benito  he  moved,  in  1869,  to  Santa  Barbina,  where  he  bought 
part  of  the  Dk\  rancho.  He  s])ent  $425,000  in  planting  orchards,  erect- 
ing buildings  and  fences,  and  otherwise  impro\ing  the  land;  ;ind,  besides, 
he  undertook  to  build  up  .Santa  Barb.ira,  bring  it  into  notice,  and  make 
it  attracti\e  as  a  health  resort.  It  needed  a  fine  hotel,  a  wharf  a  daiU' 
[jajK'r,  and  college:  and  he  furnished  most  of  the  money  for  .all  these 
things.  Mis  example  induced  El, \\i  )()D  CoOPlCK  to  ])urchase  the  adjacent 
tract  of  about  2,ooo  acres  from  the  l)i;\  estate,  and  to  expend  ,$150,000  in 
])lanting  extensive  orchards  of  walnuts,  almonds,  ;md  olives,  and  a  grove  a( 
eucal\-i)tus.  W.  \\'.  Siowi-.  fiillowetl  HdM.ISTKR  and  Cool'tCK,  bu)ing  an 
extensi\e  tract  near  b}-,  and  expi'iiding,  perhaps,  $100,000.  The  in\est- 
nients  brought  to  Santa  i5arbara,  directl)-  and  imlirectl)',  b)-  Mi  )I,i,isii;k, 
and  the  improvements  which  owed  their  inception  and  comijletion  to  him, 
g;ue  prominence  and  attractiveness  to  the  town,  ilrew  thousands  of  visitors 
to  it  e\ery  \'ear,  trebled  its  populatio.i,  and  ciuadru])led  the  v.aluc  of  its 
property. 

Mr.  Hoi,Llsri:R  will  occupy  a  permanent  and  prominent  place  in  the  in- 
dustrial history  of  our  slope.      Mis  pioneership  in  bringing  the  first  large 


'^*-m  L    ', 


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I 


noMlsril     AMMM.S. 


2^7 


stock  of  incriiKK's  across  the  continent,  anil  in  lnvi'ilini;  slu'c|)  lor  fine  wool 
in  the  Ciolilcn  Slate,  contrii)iiteil  niatiri.iilv  to  the  (ie\elo|)nient  of  its  a^'ri- 
ciillural  resources.  His  luisincss  called  his  atteiilion  to  the  conllictini; 
interests  of  |),istura,L;e  anil  culti\.ition.  Ili'  fouinl  that  the  tiller  of  the  -.oil 
hail  no  ri|^hts  which  the  cattle-owner  was  bounil  to  res|)cct.  J  he  owner  ol 
the  whcat-fielil  could  recover  no  ilaniaj^es  for  injury  done  him  b)-  trespass- 
ing cattle.  1  le  must  maintain  a  strontt  fence  or  suffer  the  conseiiuences. 
1  IciI.I.lsi  i:r  demaniled  a  trespass  law,  making  the  owner  of  the  cattle  re- 
.sponsible.  The  sujierior  im])ortance  of  tillage  and  the  high  cost  of  fencing 
furnished  preponderating  evidences  and  arguments  for  his  side;  but  for 
)ears  evidence  and  argument  were  unable  to  overcome  the  stronghokls  of 
cu.stoin,  prejudice,  and  large  adverse  pri\ate  interests,  lie  diil  not  content 
hiinsclf  with  one  expression  of  opinion,  or  give  up  the  (luestion  with  one 
defeat.  lie  agitated;  he  published  letters  .ind  jiamphlets;  he  urged  the 
editors  to  kee|)  the  matter  before  the  ])eople;  anil  he  brought  the  subject 
before  the  legislatin-i;,  which,  after  long  hesitation,  made  an  experiment  with 
a  small  district.  Land  rose  in  value,  because  crops  could  be  grown  without 
fences;  anil  gradiiall)'  the  area  was  extended,  until  now  the  whole  agricul- 
tural portion  of  the  Stat«.  or  nearly  all  of  it,  has  this  beneficent  trespass  I.iw. 

Shropshires. — As  California  becomes  morethickl)-  settled,  there  is  an  in- 
creasing demand  for  the  longer  fleece,  the  more  sa\or)'  mutton,  and  w  hat 
may  be  called  the  more  ilomestic  habits  of  the  luiglish  sheep.  The 
best  varietj'  of  these  for  crossing  u  ith  the  Spanish  merino,  in  the  opinion  of 
some  well-informed  persons,  is  the  Shrop.shire,  a  hardy  animal  w  liich  matures 
early,  and  |)roduces  a  cross  yielding  a  hcav)'  fleece,  commanding  a  high 
price  anil  a  ready  sale  in  the  San  I'rancisco  market,  and  tin  local  woolen- 
mills.  The  leading  breeder  of  the  Shropshires  on  the-  Pacific  Slope  is  J.  H. 
HuVT,  of  Suisun.  In  1X73  he  selected  his  .Shropshires  in  I'jigl.inil,  aiul  his 
henl,  after  S  years  in  California,  is  in  excellent  condition,  the  ])ure  bloods 
born  here  showing  the  peculiar  points  of  the  Shri)[)shires  as  strongly  as  do 
the  imported  animals,  thus  indicating  the  adaptation  of  the  climate  to  the 
variet)-.  Mr.  Ilovr's  herd  contains  200  Shropshires  of  pure  blootl,  yielding 
from  7  to  14  pounds  of  wool  each,  annually,  and  worth  $40  a  head,  besides 
C50  head  of  ewes  crossed  with  the  Spanish  merino.  At  the  California  State 
Fair  of  1881,  he  showed  26  shceji,  12  pure  Shropshires,  and  14  cross-brcds 
from  Spanish  merino  ewes  by  Shropshire  ram.s,  and  his  exhibit  attracted 
special  attention,  and  received  ]5rcmiunis  for  excellence. 

Strobridge's  Merinoes.— The  Spanish  merino,  which  has  been  the  most 
profitable  in  California  of  all  the  wool  producers,  is  the  oldest  of  what  may 
be    calleil    the    high-bred    varieties  of    the  domestic    animals.       It   is,  un- 
33 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WfBSTM.N.Y.  MStO 

(716)  •72-4503 


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rt'iKicri.TruK. 


iloiibtcillj',  the  s.imc  breed  tliat  was  prized  for  the  su])criority  of  its  wool  in 
Spain  before  the  Cliristian  era.  When  Ci.AtDirs  was  l-'mpcror,  CoL- 
lMi;i.I.A,  one  of  the  distin;^'uislied  Roman  ap;ricultiirists,  devoted  liiniseif  to 
the  wo(j1  husir.ess  in  the  Spaiiisli  peninsula,  and  tooU  special  pride  in  the 
improvement  of  his  flocks.  The  eoiKpiest  of  Spain  by  the  Vandals,  the 
(ioths,  and  the  Arabs,  {rreatly  reduced  the  number  of  sheep:  but  the  Moors 
appreciated  their  value,  bred  them  with  care,  ami  spun,  \\<i\e,  and  d)ed  the 
wool  with  skill  long  uncqualeil  in  any  other  i)art  of  lunojie,  deriving  a 
large  revenue  from  their  manufacturing  industry.  In  the  thirteenth  century 
the  cit)'  of  .Seville  had  16,000  looms  emi)lo)ed  in  weaving  woolen  cloth. 
The  Castilian  conquerors  of  the  last  Moorish  kingdom  were  not  blind  to 
the  merits  of  the  merino,  and  they  gave  wool-gmwing  superior  privileges, 
which  have  seriously  interfered  with  other  br.inches  of  agricultural  in- 
tlustr)-.  Certain  it  is  that  no  otlier  countr)-  h.is  shown  such  a  ilependence 
on  one  breed  of  domestic  animals,  or  cherished  it  so  generally,  and  for  such 
a  long  succession  of  centuries.  The  fust  .Spanish  inerinoes  were  brought  to 
the  L'nited  St.Ues  about  the  beginning  of  this  century,  and  most  of  those 
imported  were  t;ikcn  to  X'ermont,  which  t'len  became  the  chief  seat  of  the 
best  merino  blood  in  North  America,  .uiil  it  h.is  mer  since  niiiintained  ils 
position.  'I'hough  other  .\mericaii  .Slates  h.ive  l.irger  numbers  of  pure- 
blood  merino  sheep,  .and  produce  far  more  merino  wool,  in  no  other  have 
such  skill,  judgment,  thought,  anil  cue  been  given  to  the  preservation  and 
improvement  of  the  merino  stocks,  ;uul  consequently  all  the  best  merino 
flocks  on  the  continent  trace  their  origin  to  X'ermont. 

Perhaps  tlu'  largest  flock  on  our  coast  of  pure  .Spanish  merino  sheep, 
bred  with  special  care  fiom  the  best  blood  for  stock  purposes,  is  that  of  J. 
II.  SlKCiItKlDCt,  at  lla)-w;u(ls,  t'.ilifornia.  In  1S70  he  brought  100  ewes 
from  /\(klison  (Jountv,  X'ermont,  ;ind  though  he  has  sold  man>'  in  the  mean 
time,  his  flock  now  numbers  1,000  sheep,  including  400  breeding  ewes,  wiiich 
compare  favorably  with  the  best  in  the  (ireen  MoiuUain  State,  or  in  an)- 
part  of  the  world,  in  size  and  forin,  in  absence  of  wrinkles,  and  in  white- 
ness, length,  evenness,  densit)-,  and  weight  of  fleece.  The  average  weight 
of  his  annual  fleece  unwasiied  is  reported  by  him  to  be  20  pounds.  The 
flock  is  known  by  re|)ute  from  Arizon.i  to  Hritish  C."oluinbia,  and  there  is 
such  a  demand  for  its  increase  that  the  sales  in  iS.Si  amounted  to  $12,000, 
an  average  of  ;ji^o  for  each  breeiling  ewe. 

Neat  Cattle.  — In  1.S70,  acirording  to  the  national  census,  the  Aincrican 
States  and  Territories  on  our  sk)pe  had  1,300,000  neat  cattle,  including 
669,000  in  California,  190,000  in  Utah,  150,000  in  Oregon,  52,000  in  VV'ash- 
ington,  60,000  in  Idaho,  and  41,000  in  N'evada.    In  1880  Oregon  had  435,000, 


DOMESTIC    AMMALS. 


259 


and  the  number  hati  probably  increased  in  the  Territories  enoii.c;h  to  brinj; 
the  total,  for  the  coast  north  of  Mexico,  up  to  2,000,000,  wortii  $40,000,000. 
I'acific  Mexico  and  Central  America  may  have  as  many  more,  but  this  is 
mere  matter  of  surmise.  The  herds  north  of  latitude  ^2°  arc  generally 
"  American,"  a  stock  good  for  beef,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese,  and  decidctlly 
better  for  the  ordinary  pasture  than  the  Durham  and  Jersey,  though  much 
inferior  to  either  for  .special  purposes,  in  places  where  there  i.s  an  abundant 
and  constant  supply  of  fresh  grass. 

Jesse  D.  Carr. — Jes.se  D.  Carr,  for  many  years  prominent  in  California 
as  an  official,  contractor,  farmer,  breeder  of  fine  cattle,  land-owner,  banker, 
and  successful  pioneer,  is  a  native  of  Tennessee,  where  he  received  a  com- 
mercial training  and  made  a  start  in  business.  He  was  a  merchant  for  6 
years  in  Memphis;  anc'  the  first  brick  hou.sc  in  that  city  was  built  by  him. 
After  6  years  in  New  Orleans,  he  left  June  10,  1849,  for  California,  and 
landed  August  iSth  in  San  Francisco,  where  he  immediately  became  dep- 
uty collector  of  the  port  under  ]L  II.  M.VRRISON,  military  collector,  who 
left  the  management  of  the  unorganized  custom-house  to  Mr.  C.VRR.  The 
latter  had  to  sy.stematize  every  department.  The  first  civilian  collector, 
J.v.Mi;.'^  Collier,  arrived  in  October,  1S49,  and  having  never  been  in  a  cus- 
tom-house, was  glad  to  retain  his  predecessor's  deputy,  and  intrust  the 
administration  to  him.  yVfter  the  lapse  of  15  months,  Mr.  Carr  left  the 
revenue  service  and  was  elected  member  of  the  State  As.scmbly.  He  was 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Commerce,  and  acting  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Ways  and  Means  for  most  of  the  .session.  lie  introduced  and  passed 
the  first  San  Francisco  funding  Act,  which  proved  to  be  a  most  beneficent 
measure,  and  created  the  only  municipal  department  that  was  always  ad- 
ministered in  a  creditable  manner,  making  a  remarkable  contrast  to  other 
porti(jns  of  the  city  government  from  1852  to  1856.  Mr.  C.VRR  al.so  intro- 
duced the  bill  which,  with  the  aid  of  his  friend,  Judge  FlELU,  became  the 
first  divorce  law  of  California.  In  the  fall  of  icS52,  Mr.  Carr  moved  to 
the  I'ulgas  rancho,  in  what  is  now  San  Mateo  County,  and  devoted  him- 
.sclf  to  farming  and  stock-breeding,  which  have  been  his  favorite  and  con- 
stant, though  not  exclusive  occujiations,  ever  since.  His  knowledge  of 
horses  and  UK-n  enabled  him  to  take  mail  contracts  with  profit;  anil  he  did 
so  from  1866  to  1872,  being  for  a  time  the  le.-iiling  mail  contractor  on  the 
I'acific  Slope.  His  routes  included  those  from  Oroville  to  Portland,  and 
from  Virginia  City  to  Boise  City.  He  discovered  the  frauds  under  the  so- 
calleil  "star  routes,"  and  in  1878  called  the  attention  of  the  I'ostmaster- 
(iencral,  Kev,  to  the  matter,  but  that  gentleman  undervalued  the  informa- 
tion, and  the  Government  lost  $10,000,000  by  his  mistake.     In    1872  Mr. 


26o 


AcRicri.TrRr;. 


K 


Cakk  imported  frnm  Kentucky  a  carload  of  pure-blood  shorthorns  anil  a 
fine  stallion  from  the  stable  of  the  famous  Dr.  Hkkk;  and  since  then  he 
ha^  made  frequent  importations,  includinj^  a  carload  of  pure-blood  neat 
cattle  from  Minnesota,  another  from  the  herds  of  the  lion.  M.  II.  Cm  II- 
K.W,  of  Canada,  3  carloads  of  pure  Spanish  mcrinocs  from  the  herds  of 
Mr.  II.VMMiiM),  of  Middleburj-,  Vt.,  and  many  smaller  lots,  always  takinj^ 
care  to  purchase  animals  of  the  ])urcst  race  and  finest  (|uality.  Mr.  C.ARU 
has  3  ranchos:  The  Gabilan  rancho,  in  Monterey  and  San  Henito  counties, 
contains  about  47,000  acres,  and  is  his  home.  His  Aromas  rancho,  in  .San 
Henito,  has  about  4,000  acres.  His  rancho  near  Clear  and  Rhett  lakes  in 
Modoc  County,  has  i  5,000  acres  of  patented  land,  and  is  so  situated  with 
reference  to  water  that  his  herd,  have  the  e.vctusive  pasturajjc  of  150,000 
acres  more.  His  live  stock  includes  30,000  heail  of  ^'raded  merino  sheep, 
2,000  ])ure  Spanish  merinoes,  3,000  f^raded  neat  cattle,  60  pure  Dcvons,  100 
thor()UL,fhbred  horses,  and  several  thousand  other  farm  animals.  Since  its 
ort;ani/ation,  in  1S73,  Mr.  C.\I<1<  has  been  president  and  a  leatlins.^  stock- 
holder of  the  .Salinas  City  Hank,  which  has  a  capital  of  .$200,000,  a  reserve 
fund  of  $50,000,  and  an  excellent,  if  not  a  very  prominent  i)osition,  amoni,' 
the  financial  institutions  of  the  Pacific  Slojie.  The  Californian  pioneers 
have  been  distintjuished  for  business  activity  and  versatility,  but  few  have 
been  so  continuousK-  successful  in  .so  man>-  varieil  occupations  as  Mr.  CvKH. 

COLKM.W  YoUNCKU,  of  San  Jose,  has  80  Durhams,  and  has  occujjied 
a  leading'  position  in  imiiortint;  and  breedint;  Hurhams  on  our  coast  for  23 
years.  ^Another  noted  owner  of  Durham  stock  is  Joil.N  HlDWlCM,,  of 
Chico.  Gi:uK(;k  Hkmiat,  of  Redwood  City,  has  32  Ayrshires.  Pi;ti:k 
CoiTTS,  of  Mayfielil,  has  .Xjrshires  and  llolsteins.  The  estate  of  M. 
Hkvtk  has  .\yrshires  and  Durhams  in  V'olo  County.  P.  J.  SlI.M  IKU,  of 
Olcma,  and  R.  NnKi.i.,  of  Grass  Valley,  have  Jerseys.  P.  A.  1'"|.\N'K;AN,  of 
I'ruit  Vale,  has  Jerseys  and  fine  horses, 

I'or  I  I  )ears,  PlCTKK  .S.WiC  has  matie  it  his  business  to  bring  domestic 
animals  of  pure  blootl  from  the  celebrated  stock  farms  in  Kentuck)-,  (or 
sale  to  breeders  in  California.  His  leading;  siiecialtics  ha\e  been  Herkshire.s, 
Cotswokls,  and  .Shorthorns,  of  which  last  he  has  broULjht  962  head  across 
till' continent.  He  luis  sold  extensively  to  Japan,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Mexico,  and  Central  America. 


Dairy. — The  farmers  of  our  slope  have  not  ncfjlcctcd  the  enviable  re- 
wards offered,  in  the  most  hij^hl)-  civilized  countries,  for  skillful  dairy  man- 
aj,'ement.  The  experience  of  ICnj^land,  Switzerland,  llollaiul,  Sweden, 
Italy,  and  New  York  in  the  production  of  butter  and  cheese,  as  well  as 
the  cows  which  {,M\e  the  richest  milk  and  the  most  of  it,  the  Jerseys,  Hoi- 


DOMESTll     ANIMALS. 


201 


steins,  Diirhams,  and  Americans,  arc  ti>  be  found  here.  California  makes 
7,ooo  tons  of  butter,  and  1,500  tons  of  cheese,  at  present,  annually,  and 
other  portions  of  the  coast  north  (>(  iMexico  probably  half  as  much  butter, 
and  one  eighth  :is  much  cheese.  Most  of  our  cheese  is  good;  much  of  the 
butter  excellent.  There  is  no  important  novelty  in  the  j)roccsses  used  by 
our  dairymen ;  but  some  of  the  features  of  dairy  management  are  peculiar 
in  consequence  of  the  quality  and  situations  of  our  pastures.  California 
has  some  exceptionally  large  dairies;  those  within  2  hours  of  San  I-'ran- 
cisco  produce  milk;  those  farther,  but  within  a  day's  travel,  butter;  those 
still  farther,  cheese. 

The  relatively  small  area  of  land  moist  through  the  year,  the  high 
value  of  such  soil  for  the  cultivation  of  fruits  and  kitchen  vegetables,  and 
the  difficulty,  and  in  many  places  the  impossibility,  of  getting  a  continu- 
ous growth  of  green  and  nutritious  grass  in  the  summer  and  fall  from  the 
dr)'  fields,  have  induced  the  Californian  dairymen,  generally,  to  depend 
entirely  on  the  indigenous  pasture  for  feeding  their  cows.  The  fall  and 
early  winter  are  a  period  of  greatly  diminished  production.  The  condition 
of  the  wild  grasses  has  .so  much  influence  on  the  supply  of  milk  that  good 
butter,  which  usually  sells  for  24  cents  a  pound,  from  April  to  June,  at  San 
Francisco,  is  in  demand,  from  October  to  December,  inclusive,  at  40  cents, 
an  increase  of  66  per  cent.  Many  of  the  milk  and  butter  dairies  near  the 
cities  have  fields  of  maize,  to  be  cut  and  fed  green,  and  cultivated  gra.s.ses, 
besides  hay,  beets,  and  bran,  for  feeding  in  stables  in  the  winter. 

Among  the  large  dairies  which  supply  milk  to  San  Franci.sco  are  those 
of  R.  AsniiCRXKK,  Sami'ki,  Goodhue,  and  D.  O.  Mills,  all  in  San 
Mateo  County.     The  last  has  400  cows. 


Jersey  Farm. — The  greater  part  of  the  milk  consumed  in  San  Fran- 
cisco is  supplied  by  cows  kept  in  and  near  the  city,  and  fed  mainly  with 
exhausted  malt,  which  has  been  used  to  make  beer,  and  thus  deprived  of 
its  starch  and  soluble  salts,  the  chief  materials  valuable  for  nutrition  in  the 
barley.  The  brewery  rcfu.se,  when  fed  to  the  cows,  is  in  the  vinous  stage  of 
fermentation,  and  similar,  in  general  character,  to  distillery  swill,  which 
seems  to  have  the  effect  of  stimulating  the  .secretion  of  milk,  and,  being 
much  cheaper  than  either  gras.s,  grain,  or  hay,  is  preferred  by  those  dairy- 
men, whose  customers  look  to  the  quantity  and  price  of  the  milk  without 
regard  to  its  quality.  The  cows  fed  on  brewers'  grains  and  distillery  slops 
do  not  live  so  long  as  country  cows,  on  account  of  their  unwholesome  diet, 
and  generally  go  to  the  butcher  after  a  few  years  of  service. 

The  most  notable  milk  rancho  of  California  is  the  Jersey  Farm  Dairy,  of 
K.  G.  Sneath,  at  San  Bruno,  14  miles  south  of  San  Francisco.     It  has  an 


ii  , 


Mk 


262  AC.KIcri.TURK. 

area  of  2,700  acres,  extending  across  the  peninsula  from  the  ocean  to  the  bay. 
Its  herd  (if  nc.il  cattie  numbers  about  1,000,  and  from  500  to  600  cows  arc 
milkeit  liaily.  It  lias  about  20  bulls  and  50  cows  of  pure  Jersey  blood,  and 
about  I  50  lialf-breed  Jerseys,  and  50  three-quarter  bred.  None  but  pure 
Jersc)- bulls  are  used  on  the  place.  The  milk  ])roduct  of  1880  and  1S81, 
amounted  to  400,000  gallons  for  each  )ear,  of  which  about  380,000  gallons 
were  sold  jcarly  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  remainder  used  in  rearing  calves. 
This,  so  far  as  we  know,  is  the  largest  fresh-milk  dairy  on  the  globe.  I'3ach 
cow  gi\es  milk  for  about  7  months,  and  comes  in  on  an  average  at  interxals 
of  10  to  16  month.s.  In.  order  to  have  a  continuous  and  uniform  supply  of 
milk  during  each  month  of  the  j-car,  of  ncarl)-  the  same  quality,  great  care 
and  constant  attention  are  required.  Two  thous;md  acres  of  land  are  now 
in  cultivated  grasses,  mo.stly  rye  grass  and  orchard  grass,  both  of  which 
are  considered  jireferablc  to  alfalfa.  The  main  reliance,  however,  is  grain 
and  hay,  and  about  1,500  tons  of  each  arc  fed  yearl)-.  The  grain  is  ground 
upon  the  place,  and  consists  of  corn,  barley,  and  wheat;  and  each  cow  gets 
from  6  to  14  pounds  of  fine  grain  meal,  and  from  10  to  16  pounds  of  hay, 
daily,  which,  with  good  grass,  makes  a  sound,  heavy-bodied  milk,  with  an 
c.scellcnt  na\'or,  and  rich  in  cream.  The  Jcr.scy  cow  gives  from  3  to  6 
gallons  of  milk  daily,  and  the  half  and  three-quarter  breeds  rather  more, 
but  not  so  rich,  although  the  (juantity  and  cpiality  depend  largely  on  the 
quantit}'  and  quality  fif  the  fo(xl  given. 

The  milk  is  sent  to  the  city  in  large  thoroughbracc  wagons,  containing 
200  cans  of  3  gallons  each,  and  drawn  by  6  large  mules.  The  14  miles  is 
made  in  2'j  hours,  twice  dail\-;  and  about  100  men,  and  as  many  horses 
and  mules,  find  almost  constant  em])lo)'ment. 

Mr.  SxKATii  makes  the  business  a  matter  of  pride,  and  spares  no  ex- 
pense in  securing  the  most  wholesome  purity  and  uniform  richness  of  milk, 
and  thus  expects  in  time  to  establish  a  character  and  reputation  for  his 
milk  that  will  make  it  unrivaled  and  anxiouslj-  sought  for.  In  fact,  his 
supply  at  ])rescnt  is  not  equal  to  the  demand.  lie  has  a  large  milk  depot 
at  837  Howard  Street,  from  which  his  milk  is  distributed  by  his  own  small 
wagons  to  consumers  in  all  parts  of  the  city.  At  the  dejiot  butter  is  made 
daily;  and  butter,  buttermilk,  cream  and  milk  arc  alwa)-s  on  hand  for 
sale.  Hundreds  of  people  call  there  daily  to  purchase;  and  the  superior- 
ity of  the  milk  has  attracted  the  attention  of  many  leading  physicians  of 
the  city,  who  prescribe  it,  in  many  cases,  when  no  other  remedy  is  effective. 

R.  G.  Sneath.— RicUAUD  G.  Snkath,  a  native  of  Maryland  and  now . 
56  years  (jld,  arrived  in  California  in  1850.     He  established  a  store  in  Dry- 
town,  Amador  County,  afterwards  another  in  Sacramento  in  1852  under  the 


DOMKSTK     ANIMALS. 


2C,^ 


name  of  SN'KATII,  ArnoM)  &  Co.,  one  in  Rod  Bluff  under  the  name  of 
SnkaTII,  UoARMAN  &  Co.,  one  in  San  I'ranci.sco  under  the  name  of 
SXKATII  &  Arnold,  and  others  in  Portland,  Salt  Lake  City,  and  Virf^inia 
Citj- — all  beiiiL,'  wholesale  grocer)-  houses. 

He  has  al\va>s  been  one  of  the  foremost  men  in  the  State,  but  never 
politically.  Me  was  in  the  City  Council  from  1<S56  to  1S59,  dircctl)^  after 
the  V'ijjilance  Committee,  and  the  first  under  the  Consolidation  Act;  and 
beinf,'  on  the  Mnance  and  Judiciarj'  committees,  and  speciall)'  author- 
ized to  examine  into  the  financial  affairs  of  the  city  and  her  officers,  it  be- 
came his  duty  to  pass  on  the  bot^us  claims  aiul  warrants  that  p;rew  out  of 
the  corrupt  <^overnment  of  ante-Vif^ilancc  days,  and  clean  out  the  Auj^ean 
stables,  which  was  well  and  thoroufjhly  done.  During  that  period  the  ])o- 
sition  of  mayor  of  the  city  was  repeatedly  offered  to  him  by  the  People's 
I'arty,  which  was  equivalent  to  an  election;  but  on  account  of  his  e.\tcnsi\e 
personal  business  he  had  to  decline  the  honor.  He  was  the  treasurer  of  the 
U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission,  and  one  of  its  most  acti\e  i^romoters  from 
the  first;  and  under  the  {guidance  and  magnetic  influence  of  Tllo.NLVS 
Sl\RR  KlNC,  assisted  materially  in  forminij;  the  patriotic  Union  sentiment 
that  existed  in  California  durinf^  the  war.  Twice  he  was  elccteil  president 
of  the  San  I'rancisco  Chamber  of  Commerce;  antl  it  was  maiid}-  owint;  to 
his  efforts  that  the  Merchants'  Exchange  buildinj^  on  California  Street  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $400,000,  to  accommodate  the  mercantile  wants  of  the 
city.  Before  the  construction  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  the  trade  be- 
tween Salt  Lake  City  and  San  I'rancisco  was  greatly  hampered  by  the 
high  cost  of  transportation;  and  there  was  a  decided  improvement  after 
Mr.  SN'K.\T1I  shipped  his  goods  by  water  to  Callville,  and  thence  sent  them 
b\'  wagons  to  the  capital  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints.  His  was  the  first  ex- 
tensive and  successful  venture  by  a  San  Francisco  merchant  on  that  route. 
In  1869  he  was  compelled  to  give  up  his  commercial  business  on  account 
of  his  health;  but  after  a  few  years  of  travel  anil  open-air  employment,  he 
regained  his  health,  and  then  assisted  as  manager  in  establishing  the 
Anglo-Californian  Bank,  of  San  P'ranci.sco,  a  .solid  institution.  In  1875 
he  opened  the  Jersey  Dairy  Farm,  and  in  the  same  j-ear  was  called  upon 
to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange  Bank,  As  the  business 
was  not  profitable,  under  his  advice  the  bank  was  closed ;  and  as  it  was  in- 
cumbered with  mines,  timber-lands,  and  other  ])roperty,  which  could  not  be 
sold  at  short  notice  without  great  sacrifice,  he  has  been  employed  for  )-ears 
in  saving  as  much  as  possible  from  the  wreck,  and  managi.'ig  the  large 
jjropertics  belonging  to  it^pmperties  on  which  .several  hundred  men  are 
constantly  employed,  Mr,  Snka'I'II  lives  on  his  farm  and  gi\es  it  his 
attention  morning  and  evening,  but  devotes  business  hours  to  other  matters. 


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ai;kii  ii.rrKi:. 


Butter. — 'Most  of  the  ilaiiits  of  California  arc  cngagcil  in  the  proiluction 
of  butler,  and  the  leadinjj  butter  districts  are  in  Marin,  Santa  Cruz,  Santa 
Clara,  and  liuniboldt  counties,  and  on  tlie  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nexaila. 

Man\-  of  the  dairx'incn  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys  leave 
their  homes  when  the  f^rass  has  turned  yellow  in  the  miildle  of  May,  anil 
inoM',  with  or  without  their  wives  and  children,  to  the  hij^di  .Sierra,  6.000  or 
7,000  feet  abo\e  the  sea,  where  they  n-main  till  September  or  October, 
when  they  return.  Hy  this  system  of  mi^'ration,  the}-  enable  their  cows  to 
enjoy  [j;reen  pasture  thnui-^h  9  months  of  the  )-ear,  whereas  they  woulil  not 
liaxe  luore  than  5  months  of  it  in  the  low  laml.  The  milk  is  all  made  into 
butter,  which  is  p.-icked  in  salt,  to  be  sold  w  hen  prices  are  hij,dH-st,  in  the 
early  winter.  .M;in\-  alfalfa  fields,  supplied  with  an  abunilance  of  w.ater  by 
irriL^ation  at  all  seasons  of  the  _\e;ir,  are  used  for  dairy  puriK)ses  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  San  Jo.uiuin  X'alley. 

The  larjifc  butter  ilairies  ne.ir  San  I'rancisco  pjcnerally  use  Am.KN's 
s(|uare-box  churn  to  make  the  butler,  Al.l.K.v's  table  to  work  it,  antl 
.\|.I.i;n's  mold  to  shape  it  for  the  market — all  invented  by  Ol.lvr.K  Ali.KN, 
of  M.uin  County. 

The  lar;.;est  Californi.in  dairy  propert)'  used  in  the  production  of  butter, 
is  th.it  of  J()si;ril  Rfss.  who  h.is  i^.^yj  acres  of  l.md  .md  :2,\C>J  cows  in 
21  (laiiv  farms  in  Humboldt  Count)'.  One  of  tliesc  farms  he  mana^'es  in 
person;  tiie  others  are  leased  with  buiklinL;s,  dair\-  fi.xtures,  ;md  cows  for 
r.iles  wiryin.L;  from  ^iJ  to  $15  for  each  cow.  These  farms  are  all  conti,L;- 
uoMs.  and  make  u])  a  lar,L,'e  tract  on  both  sides  of  Bear  Ri\er.  The  cows, 
\\hich  are  of  the  Durh.im  st./ck,  receive  no  ciilti\ateil  food,  and  depend  en- 
tirely on  the  w  ilil  jiasture,  which  remains  j^neen  .ibout  9  months  in  the  year. 
The  a\er;i;.;e  annual  product  of  butter  is  130  ixiumls  from  each  cow,  and 
the  L^ross  money  yield  to  each  cow  in  that  region  is  about  $44.  In  iS.Si 
Humboldt  County  made  about  500  tons  of  butter,  worth  $275,000. 

.XmoiiLj  the  notable  dairies  of  Santa  Cruz  Count)-  are  those  of  BALDWIN 
W'll.liiK,  who  has  260  cows  and  4,000  acres  of  land  ;  and  Mr.  Laiku,  who 
has  200  cows  .uid  2,200  acres. 

Joseph  RusB. — .AmouLj  the  many  Californians  who  have  achieved  an 
honorable  triumph  in  the  battle  of  life,  JosKI'lI  Rl  ss,  of  I'erndale,  deserves 
to  be  counted.  His  birthda>-  was  December  19,  1825,  and  his  native  State 
Maine,  where  he  remained  till  his  iSth  )car.  When  the  time  came  that  he 
must  earn  his  livinij;,  he  went  to  Mass.-ichusctts,  where  he  became  teamster, 
trader,  and  partner  in  a  sawmill  and  grocery,  trj-inj;  his  fortune  successive'y 
in   3  towns,  as  well  as  in  different  occupations.      In    1849  the  gold  fe\er 


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DkMI-  lit     ANIMALS. 


2<-A 


seized  him,  and  after  a  V()\'ai;e  nf  5  iiidiUIis  hy  \\:\.y  cif  Cape  Ilnrn.  lie 
laiidixl  in  San  I'rancisco  Marcli  i ;,  i,S5o.  His  first  wnrk  in  Califurnia  uas 
the  niaiiagenieiit  of  a  steam  sawmill  in  I'.l  Dorado  Count)-.  Ihen  he  t>e-  ■ 
eame  successively  contractor  for  the  first  l)ridj,'e  across  the  .American  Kiver; 
l)uilder  of  a  l)rid^'e  across  the  Cosuinnes;  ])artner  in  a  store  at  N'olcano,  un- 
profitable because  it  j,'a\e  too  much  trust;  owner  of  a  drove  of  lx;ef  cattle, 
which  he  sold  in  the  Vuba  Mines;  ■.  miner  there;  owner  of  a  hay-yarti  at 
Colusa;  and  frei-^diter  with  his  own  waj^ons  and  teams  to  .Shasta,  until  the 
fall  of  1S52,  when  he  took  a  drove  of  cattle  to  llumboklt  Ha\-.  Ha\in^' 
disposed  of  them,  he  explored  Kcl  River,  and  spent  the  next  winter  in  its 
vallc}-.  The  ne.\t  sjirin^,  with  a  partner,  he  broui,'ht  another  drove  of  cattle 
from  the  .Sacramento  Valley,  and  openixl  a  meat  market  in  I-Lurek.i.  After 
several  years  in  that  business,  he  went  to  Salmon  River,  in  what  is  now 
Siski\-ou  Count)-,  and  was  a  miner  there  for  t,  years.  Le:i\inf^  the  mines, 
he  went  to  ()rej,'on,  bout^ht  a  herd  of  stock  cattle,  dro\e  them  to  llumlxildt 
Count)',  and  there  settled  down  with  the  multifarious  occujiations  of 
farmer,  cattle-breeder,  butclier,  dairyman,  woc)l-j,'r()\\cr,  <-md  lumberman. 
At  the  age  of  ^C)  we  find  him  the  ow-ner  of  50,000  acres  of  land,  including 
10,000  of  timber  (mostly  redwt)od),  of  2,000  dairy  cow-s,  which  retpiire 
14,000  acres  of  land  for  their  pasturage,  of  large  herds  of  sheep  and  beef 
cattle,  of  a  controlling  interest  in  the  large  sawmill  of  Rl'.ss  &  Co.,  and 
of  an  extensive  lumber-)-ard  in  San  iJiego.  He  gives  em])lo)-mcnt  to  about 
350  men.  The  educational  and  religious  institutions  of  his  county,  csjie- 
cially  the  Congregational  Church,  whicli  his  family  attends,  recognize  liim 
as  a  generous  fricnil;  and  when  San  Uiego  needed  a  new-  school-hou'-e,  he 
supplieil  lumlxir  to  the  value  of  $4,000.  While  he  was  in  the  Salmon 
Mines,  he  w-as  elected  Justice  of  the  Peace;  and  when  his  legal  learning 
was  insuPFicicnt,  sound  judgment  and  quick  perception  helped  him  out  in 
his  decisions.  Genial  in  his  manners,  trusted  in  character,  and  successful 
in  his  busincs.s,  his  neighbors  have  repeatedly  called  on  him  to  take 
part  in  the  management  of  public  affairs.  [himboldt  sent  him  to  the 
As.scmbly  in  1S73  and  1877,  and  tried  to  elect  him  to  the  Senate  in  1875, 
but  was  defeated  by  the  Democratic  preponderance  in  the  associate  county 
of  Mendocino.  Mr.  Rrss  is  an  ardent  Republican,  and  was  one  of  the  dele- 
gates from  California  in  the  National  Convention  which  nominated  Jami;s 
A.  Gaukikli).  In  excellent  health,  of  active  liabits,  with  a  business  ex- 
panding rather  than  contracting,  and  a  family  of  10  living  children  around 
him,  Mr.  Rus.s  can  look  upon  the  future  as  well  as  t!;c  past  with  satisfaction. 

Point  Reyes. —  The  I'oint  Reyes  district,  between  Tomalcs  IJay  and  the 
ocean,  near  latitude  38°,  about  50  miles  north-west  from  San  Franci.sco,  is 
34 


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AcKit  ii.n  Ki:, 


iiotcil  for  it-i  !ar;To  butter  raticlios.  The  distance  from  tlic  ^it)'  is  too  jjrcat 
at  present  to  iieriiiit  semliiiL;  the  milk  to  market,  ami  I-uiter  is  more  profit- 
able tlian  cheese.  TIk'  amuial  rainfall  averat;es,  peril. ips.  V^  inches, , mil  the 
foLjs  are  alnmilant  anil  lie,i\\-,  -io  that  the  wild  p.isture  continues  ^'reen 
imtil  late  in  the  summer.  In  n.itural  titness  for  ilair\  i)urposcs,  tl'-'  situa- 
tion is  tiic  best  in  C'alifornia.  A  few  years  since  a  rancho  of  54,cx>3  acres, 
cxti'ivliiiu,'  from  Toniales  Point,  JO  miles  south-e.istwaril,  was  held  by  the 
.silAi  ii:k  HkuTIllKs  and  Ciiaki.i.s  \\i.i;i;  IIhWAUH.  in  undivided  owner- 
ship under  one  mana,L;ement.  as  dair>-  i)ropert\-.  Thi:-  lati'l  has  since  Ix;en 
divided  into  6  tracts.  Ja.MKS  M.  Sii.M  ri;K  has  a  tract  of  I  ^,fi6o  acres, 
coniprising  /  tenant  farms,  with  1,000  dairy  cow.s,  and  a  tract  i.>f  5,^57  .icrcs, 
comprising  3  farms,  with  300  cow.s.  The  estate  of  the  late  O.  L.  SlI.M'TF.K 
has  a  tract  of  11,135  acres,  coniprisinjj  7  farms,  with  1,360  cov\s,  and  the 
Uolinas  tract  of  6,712  acre.s,  with  2  farms  antl  250  cows.  Mr.  IIowakd 
has  the  Olema  tract  of  7,~^()  acres,  with  5  farms  and  525  cows,  anil  the 
I'oint  Reyes  tract  of  9,S49  acres,  with  7  farms  and  1,350  cows. 

The  total  area  of  the  6  dairy  tracts  is  54,250  acres,  comprisinij  31  tenant 
farms,  with  4,7^5  dairj'  cows,  an  averatje  of  about  1 1  acres  to  a  cow. 
Five  acres  of.wild  cjrass  are  sufficient  for  a  cow,  and  in  some  portions  of  the 
I'oint  Reyes  district  2  acres;  but  a  considerable  portion  of  the  land  con- 
sists of  timber,  chajjarral,  steep  cans'on,  anil  rocky  hill.  .\ll  these  farms 
are  leased  on  the  same  ijfencral  'System.  The  cows  belonf^  to  the  land,  and 
the  tenant  jjays  from  ^20  to  $25  for  each  cow  annuall\'.  'I'he  pro]Mietor 
su])plics  the  build  in  j,'s;  the  tenant  must  have  his  own  liorses,  wa^'ons,  and 
im])lcnienls,  but  is  not  allowed  to  keep  any  domestic  animals  on  the  land, 
save  j)i|.,'s  and  his  work-horses;  anil  is  not  allowed  to  sell  anythin;4  from  the 
land  sa\e  |>iy;s,  calves,  and  dairy  produce,  lie  must  rear  one  tenth  of  the 
cahes,  and  deliver  them  to  the  i)ropri;"tor ;  tlic  other  calves  he  can  .sell. 
lleLjels  nearly  200  ])ounils  of  butter  from  each  cow  in  a  season,  and  he 
sells  at  prices  ran^in^,  of  Lite  \-ears,  from  20  to  40  cents  a  pound,  mak- 
i.i;;  from  $40  to  $50  from  each  cow.  His  calves  brint;  him  about  $3,  and 
his  |)i_L;s  $4  for  each  cow,  on  the  a\eraije.  His  ;.;rf)ss  reccii)ts  may  be  $50  or 
$C)0,  his  running' expenses  are  $15  or  $20,  and  his  !iet  receipts  from  $5  to 
$15  per  cow.  It  takes  from  18  to  25  i)ounds  of  milk,  averaj^inLj  22,  to 
make  a  pound  of  butter,  leavint;  21  ]jouiiils  of  buttermilk  for  each  pound 
of  butter,  to  be  used  in  fattenin;,'  ])i},fs.  The  calves  are  usually  sent  to 
market  when  not  more  than  a  month  old,  as  there  is  less  profit  in  them 
than  in  the  butler  or  pi^s.  The  milk  is  allowed  to  stand  from  36  to  48 
hours,  at  a  temperature  of  63  ,  before  skiminin;^,  and  the  cream  is  clmrned 
.separately  in  a  square  box-churn,  without  a  dasher,  turned  by  horse-power. 
So  lonfj  as  there  arc  )-oi'.ny  calves,  they  ^'et  some  of  the  skim-milk;  the 


rMiMl>TI(     ANIMALS. 


267 


rcmaitukT  .iiul  the  hiitturmilU  ^o  to  the  i)if,'s.  These  figures  p.rc  obtained 
IVomW.  II.  Alilii)  IT,  superintendent  for  eilARLKS  \Vi;iili  Id  >\vaki>,  and  arc 
doubtless  tnistw  <  )rthy. 

Nearly  all  the  feed  is  wild  Ki^''^^  I'lit  alioiit  S  acres  are  |)lante('  with 
maize  atul  beets,  and  \<>  with  oats  '.r  barlev  tbi  li  1  for  100  cows,  the  tnai/c 
bein;,'  cut  anil  fed  1,'reen  for  fodder.  The  cows  h  x  if  the  common  Ameri- 
can stock  mi.xed  with  Durham.  It  is  e.xpect  d  that  at  the  end  of  each 
(lair)-  year,  in  .September,  about  10  in  100  '  the  c  nvs  will  be  rejected  by 
the  tenant  and  sold  by  the  proprietor  f  jeef,  s<j  that  the  averaj^'e  dairy 
life  ol  the  cow  is  10  j'cars,  though  there  arc  cases  .n  wluch  thej-  have  been 
ver)'  good  milkers  for  18  years. 

Cheese. — The  cheese  production  of  our  coa' t  has  few  ]ieculiar  features. 
Most  of  the  cheese-makers  arc  in  San  Luis  Obispo,  Monterey,  I„ikc, 
I^Iendocino,  Sonoma,  and  Santa  Clara  counties,  in  situations  not  well 
adapted  to  the  ])roduction  of  butter.  Most  of  the  Californian  ch'-f^'^c  is 
made  by  the  owners  of  the  cows,  and  is  jjroduccd  without  skimming  the 
milk.  It  is  sold  while  new,  usually  for  more  tlian  14.  but  often  as  low  as 
10  cents  a  jMjuiul  at  wholesale.  There  are  a  few  factories  which  take  the 
milk  from  a  number  of  farmers  in  the  vicinity  and  m.ikc  it  into  cheese  for 
them;  but  many  of  the  cheese  dair)-mcn  ha\e  so  many  cows  that  they  jjro- 
ducc  as  much  as  does  an  avcr.ige  factory.  Good  imitations  of  Limberger 
and  Swiss  cheese  arc  made  in  Sonoma  Count\-  Oregon,  Wasiiington, 
and  Utah  make  cheese,  but  offer  little  mar  ...ii  for  remark.  The  largest 
cheese  dairy  on  our  coast,  and  perhaps  an_\-where,  is  that  of  the  Stkhlic 
Brothers  in  San  Luis  Obispo;  but  efforts  to  obtain  a  recent  report  about 
the  number  of  its  cows,  and  the  amount  of  its  production  have  been  fruit- 
less. It  is  said  that  they  milk  i,5CXD  cows  which,  with  3,000  other  neat 
cattle,  are  pastured  on  45,000  acres  of  land. 

Beef. — A  large  business  is  done  by  most  of  the  Pacific  American  States 
and  Territories  in  breeding  neat  cattle  for  beef  exclusively.  They  arc  not 
tamed,  feil  with  cultivated  food,  nor  kept  in  fields.  The  cows  arc  never 
milked.  Roaming  over  the  open  country,  the  different  herds  mingle,  and 
the  owners  recognize  their  property  by  brands  and  earmark.s.  Lvery  fall 
the  herdsmen  have  rodeos  to  mark  the  calves,  each  calf  being  presumed  to 
belong  to  the  cow  which  ii.  ""ollows.  Nevada  has  about  250,000  head  ^f 
neat  cattle  nearly  all  bred  in  this  manner,  most  of  them  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State;  and  Oregon  has  ab"^  'f-  as  many  more,  besides  nearly 
200,000  kept  on  the  farms  of  Western  Oregon  as  "domestic  animal.s,"  a 
title  that  can  scarcely  be  given  with  propriety  to  the  half-wild  beef  herds  of 
Eastern  Oregon. 


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268 


ACKIll.LTl'Ki:. 


In  the  fertile  valleys  near  the  ocean  5  acres  of  indigenous  grass  will  sup- 
port a  cow;  but  the  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  Salinas,  and  Santa  Ana 
valleys,  taken  on  the  average,  will  not  support  inore  than  one  c<jw  on  lo 
acres.  The  re]iorl  of  the  National  Land  Commissioner,  lor  i88o,  says  that 
Elko  County,  Nevada,  has  5  head  of  cattle  to  the  square  mile,  and  can  not 
su])port  more.  Idaho  can  sustain  5  times,  and  Oregon  and  Washington  10 
times  as  main-.  It  is  estimated  that  a  family  ilependcnt  on  the  breeding  of 
beef  cattle  in  Nevada  must  have  uoi  fewer  than  200  cows  to  make  both 
ends  meet,  anil  at  5  cows  to  the  square  mile,  each  family  should  own  40 
square  miles.  The  white  sage  of  the  Nevada  deserts  is  good  pasture,  in 
the  winter,  for  neat  cattle. 

Of  the  meat  slaughtered  for  consumption  on  the  Pacific  Coast  we  have 
no  definite  statistics,  sa\'e  from  San  Franci.sco,  which  consumes  annu- 
ally 96,000  beeves  averaging  575  ^"ounds  of  clean  weight,  24,000  calves  av- 
eraging 150  pounds,  440,000  sheep  averaging  50  pounds,  225,000  lambs 
a\eraging  2S  pounds,  and  150,000  hogs  averaging  .40  pounds.  This  fur- 
nishes 65,200,000  pounds  of  beef,  3,600,000  pounds  of  veal,  22,000,000 
pounds  of  mutton,  6,300,000  pounds  of  lamb,  and  21,000,000  pounds  of 
pork,  making  a  total  of  I  iS,  100,000  pounds  of  meat,  or  490  pounds  for 
each  of  the  240,000  inhabitants.  Perhaps  18,000,000  pounds  are  jiacked 
for  exportation;  but  San  Francisco  purchases  considerable  ciuantities  of 
hams,  bacons,  and  canned  meats  brought  from  the  Atlantic.  In  addition 
to  this,  the  city  consumes  large  quantities  of  fish,  shellfish,  poultry,  ami 
game;  so  it  docs  not  seem  that  her  citizens  have  much  reason  to  complain 
of  the  scarcit)-  of  animal  food. 

The  steers  slaughtered  in  San  I'rancisco  arc  generally  3  years  old,  and 
if  of  Durham  blood,  weigh  800  pounds;  of  American  blood,  700;  of  half 
Spanish  and  half  Durham,  625.;  and  of  pure  Spanish,  525.  Most  of  the 
neat  cattle  bred  for  beef  in  California  never  receive  any  cultix'ated  food, 
and  the)-  fatten  from  March  to  July  inclusive,  and  lose  in  weight  from  Au- 
gust t(j  I'ebruary  in  the  average  seasons,  sometimes  dying  of  starvation  in 
the  winter.  The  business  of  breeding  beef  for  the  market  is  jjrofitable  to 
but  few  of  the  farmers  in  the  valleys  of  California,  the  high  price  of  land 
and  the  small  crops  of  wild  pasture  being  unfavorable  to  the  business.  ' 

As  breeders  of  beef  cattle  of  common  stock,  the  firm  of  Mii,i,i;k  &  Lux 
have,  ])robabl)-,  no  equals  anywhere.  These  remarkable  men  began  life 
as  butcher  boys,  and  both  are  natives  of  Germany.  CllAKLES  Lux  says 
he  owes  his  fortune  to  an  antipathy  for  the  traile  of  the  wheelwright.  His 
father  followed  that  f)Ccupation  in  an  Alsatian  village,  and  put  Charles  to 
work  in  his  shop.  The  boy  disliked  the  spokeshavc,  and  aspired  to  handle 
a  bulchcr-knife;  but  he  could  not  gratify  his  ambition  till  he  landed  at  the 


IJOMICSTIC    ANIMALS. 


369 


acfc  of  iG  in  New  York,  where  ho  soon  found  a  place  as  an  apprentice 
at  $6  a  montli.  He  was  strfMiL,',  active,  zealous,  attentive,  and  taenia!.  Me 
stuck  to  his  work,  learned  his  business,  and  made  friends.  Mis  cini)loyer 
put  him  in  charjjc  of  a  shop  for  the  sale  of  butchers'  meat  in  the  aristo- 
cratic (juarter  of  tlie  city.  Me  saved  money,  (Gained  confidence  in  himself, 
and  came  to  San  I'"rancisco,  where  he  soon  found  employment,  and,  after  ;i 
brief  delay,  had  a  shop  of  his  own.  Then  he  established  a  slaughter-house, 
and  to  obtain  supplies  for  it,  v.ent  out  into  the  country  buying  cattle. 
His  purcha.ses  i)ro\'e<l  profitable,  and  he  enlarged  his  business.  In  1S56  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  IIliNRV  MiLLKK,  who  had  had  a  somewhat  sim 
ilar  career;  and  the  firm  has  now  existed  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  They 
boucht  ranchos  fijr  their  herds  and  improved  the  land.  MiLLKR  took 
charge  of  the  country  property  and  Lux  of  the  city  business.  They  made 
it  their  rule  to  watch  the  details  as  closely  as  possible,  for  the  purpose  of 
avoiding  waste.  If  there  was  any  offal  suitable  for  feeding  hogs  on  a  farm, 
the  hogs  must  be  kept  there.  If,  after  the  neat  cattle  had  pastured  down  a 
field,  there  was  anything  left  that  sheep  would  cat,  then  sheep  must  be 
driven  to  it.  If  the  men  employed  in  taking  care  of  the  herds  had  any 
surplus  time,  they  must  give  it  to  farming.  If  any  department  failed  to 
pay  a  profit,  an  examination  was  made  to  find  whether  the  land,  the  sys- 
tem, or  the  manager  was  to  blame.  Men  were  selected  with  care  and  held 
to  a  strict  discipline;  ranchos  were  bought  after  careful  consideration  of 
their  capabilities.  luerything  like  wild  speculation  was  avoided;  but  after 
a  success  the  partners  were  never  afraid  to  take  other  steps  in  the  same 
direction.  They  devoted  themselves  to  their  business,  and  contiiuied  to 
enlarge  it  with  rapid  strides.  They  lived  economically;  they  m.ide  no  os- 
tentation, and  showed  no  anxiety  to  be  countenanced  by  any  fashionable 
circle.  Respecting  themselves  and  respected  by  others,  they  are  content 
that  everybody  should  know  that  thi.-y  began  life  as  butcher  boys.  They 
are  the  leading  cattle  princes  of  California;  and  if  they  have  been  sur- 
passed in  the  race  for  wealth  by  the  railroad  and  silver-mine  princes  of  San 
Franci.sco,  they  can  claim  that  there  was  no  Government  subsid)-,  no  lucky 
stumbling  on  a  bonanza  that  enriched  them.  There  is  no  public  and 
authentic  record  of  their  possessions;  but  it  is  said  by  those  who  pretend 
to  know  something  of  the  matter,  that  they  own  700,000  acres  of  land 
(including  2  cattle  ranches  and  8  main  farms,  with  6,000  acres  of  irrigated 
alfalfa,  and  14,000  acres  cultivated  in  grain  with  the  help  of  irrigation), 
95,000  sheep,  60,000  neat  cattle,  5,000  pigs,  and  2,000  horses.  They  own 
all  the  land  on  the  west  bank  of  the  San  Jo.iquin  River  for  50  miles,  and 
nearly  all  on  the  opposite  side.  The  men  in  their  employ  number  450, 
of  whom  20  are  engaged  at  the  slaughtcr-hou.sc  in  San  iMancisco.     In  1S81 


AGRICULTURE. 


1  I 


! 


I  1 


tlicy  slaughtered  83,332  animals  for  the  San  Francisco  market,  including 
i2,.Si.S  steers,  2,682  cows,  6,564  calves,  32,435  sheep,  21,202  lambs,  and 
7,63 1  hogs.     The  aggregate  value  was  probably  nearly  $70x3,000. 

Wm.  Dunphy. — \VlLLl.\M  DUNI'IIV,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  California, 
came  to  this  .State  from  Brownsville,  Te.xas,  in  the  year  1 1^49,  crossing 
through  .Mexico  to  ]\Iazatlan,  and  thence  by  .sailing-vessel  to  San  Francisco. 
1  le  went  direct  to  the  gold  mines  in  Tuolumne  County,  where  he  engaged 
in  business  as  a  merchant  for  about  3  years;  he  then  removed  to  San  Fran- 
cisco .md  to  Los  Angeles,  but  soon  returned  to  Tuolunme  County,  and  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  cattle  dealer.  '  le  remained  there  about  5  years  more, 
until  the  year  icS,",  when  he  again  removed  to,  and  became  a  permanent 
resident  of,  San  Francisco.  In  1855  he  formed  a  partnership  with  TlIOMAS 
lIii.DUlCTlI,  both  being  at  that  time  in  the  cattle  business.  For  a  quarter  of 
a  century  the  firm  of  DUNPIIV  &  IIlLURKTU  were  known,  throughout  Cal- 
ifornia and  Nevada,  as  one  of  the  principal  cattle  firms  of  our  coast.  In 
1881  Mr.  DuxPllY  bought  out  his  partner's  interest,  and  now  continues  the 
business  alone.  Like  many  of  the  energetic  pioneers  who  helped  to  build 
uj)  California,  Mr.  DUM'IIV  has  accumulated  a  handsome  fortune.  He 
owns,  in  San  Francisco,  numerous  pieces  of  valuable  city  property;  and 
in  Nevada,  large  and  well-improved  stock  ranches,  comprising  about  40,- 
000  acres  of  land,  sfi  situated  in  the  3  adjoining  counties  of  Lander, 
Fureka,  ami  IClko,  that  the)-  control  the  pasturage  of  very  extensive  stock 
ranges,  upon  which  graze  his  20,000  neat  cattle,  and  a  large  herd  of  horses. 
I'rom  these  ranches  he  ships  his  beef  cattle,  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad, 
ilirect  to  his  slaughter-houses  in  South  San  Francisco,  or  to  his  ranch  in 
Monterey  Count)-,  California,  where  he  has  12,000  acres  under  fence,  and 
w  here  the  cattle  are  placed  in  the  fall,  on  reserved  feed,  to  await  the  spring 
market  for  early  beef  He  slaughters,  in  San  Francisco,  and  sells  to  the 
retail  markets,  about  1,000  cattle  per  month. 

Qoodaore  &  Dooley.— The  Qur.KN'.s  MarkK'I',  situated  on  Government 
Street,  corner  of  Johnson,  is  the  oldest  establisheil  meat  market  in  Victoria; 
founded  in  1S58  by  TllO.s.  1 1.VRUIS,  anil  at  present  the  [iroperty  of  Mkssrs. 
GooDAfur:  &  Dooliiv.  The  ciuantity  of  meats  consumed  in  Victoria — 
considering  the  population — is  enormous,  this  firm  alone  estimating  their 
annual  consumjjtion  at  1,100  bullocks,  5,000  sheep,  400  calves,  and  500  hogs. 
To  carr)-  on  successfull)- this  large  establishment,  nearly  2,000  acres  of  land, 
for  pastur.ige  and  crops,  are  required;  25  horses  and  14  men  are  constantly 
emplo)ed,  and  in  the  jjacking  season  double  the  number.  This  firm  arc, 
and  long  have  been,  the  contractors  by  ai)i)oiiitment  for  all  supplies  of  fresh 
and  salt  meats,  vegetables,  etc.,  required  by  the  Ikitish  Navy  on  this  sta- 


L 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  27  I 

tion.  The  merchant  shipping,  also,  is  a  large  feature  of  their  trade,  the 
quality  and  cheapness  of  GOODACRE  &  DoOLEY's  salt  meats  being  well 
known  to  captains  and  owners  of  vessels  plying  in  the  British  Columbia 
trade.  Over  i.coo  barrels  of  salt  beef  were  disposed  of  in  i8cSl,and  prcp- 
ar.itions  are  being  made  for  curing  twice  this  quantity  in  1882.  All  .salt 
meats  prepared  by  this  firm  are  guaranteed  to  keep  2  years  in  any  climate. 

Van  Volkenburg  &.  Co. — Thi.  climate  of  British  Columbia  has  so  little 
snow  and  sc\crc  cold  that  farm  animals  can  be  kept  through  the  winter 
there  unsheltered,  with  little  loss  or  expense.  It  is  estimated  that  the  main- 
land has  50,000  head  of  neat  cattle,  of  which  Tll.VDDEU.s  IlAKl'ER,  who 
has  27,000  acres  of  land  at  the  mouth  of  Bonaparte  River,  and  in  Frascr 
Valle>'  has  4,000  head;  H.VVNES  &  LoWE,  2,500;  TllOMAS  Ellis,  C.  Beak, 
and  L.  AxTOlNE,  2,000  each;  and  Van  Volki'.xburg  Brothers,  1,200, 
besides  4,000  sheep.  Mr.  Ii.\RPER  also  has  a  large  stock  of  sheep,  and  his 
experience  is  that  the  average  loss  in  a  winter  does  not  exceed  3,  though 
in  exceptional  seasons  it  has  run  up  to  lo  per  cent.  He  is  associated  in 
business  with  the  Van  Volkenburgs,  and  for  the  purpo.se  of  disposing 
advantageously  of  their  slock,  VAN  V'OLKENIiURG  &  Co.  have  a  wholesale 
and  retail  meat  market  in  the  Alhambra  building,  corner  of  Government 
and  Yates  .streets,  ^  iria,  for  which  they  slaughter  70  beef  cattle,  60 
calves,  400  sheep,  ai.  in  hogs,  monthly.  The  j-early  amount  of  their 
sales  of  meat  to  the  Canadian  I'acific  Railroad  is  $90,000,  and  for  the  Cari- 
boo mines,  $[5,000.  The  Van  Volkenuurg  BROTHERS  own  7,036  acres, 
which  as  well  as  adjacent  tracts  of  public  land  arc  used  for  pasturing  their 
meat  cattle  and  sheep. 

Horses. — Our  sk.o'^  nn;th  of  Mexico  has  about  700,000  horses,  and  their 
average  value  may  be  about  $35.  Thoroughbreds  arc  numerous,  and 
California  is  making  strenuous  efforts  to  excel  k^ngland  and  Kentucky  in 
breeding  fast  horses.  The  warm  winters  are  e.xtrcmcly  favorable  to  the 
continuous  growth  and  training  of  the  horse,  and  these  arc  of  much  .serv- 
ice in  developing  speed  as  tested  under  the  rules  of  the  turf.  While  the 
trotters  and  thoroughbreds  are  in  special  favor,  the  Norman  and  Clydes- 
tlalc  horses,  needed  to  obtain  a  stock  of  large  and  active  horses,  serviceable 
for  heavy  draught,  have  not  been  neglected.  The  most  noteil  horse  farms 
arc  Palo  Alto,  to  be  mentioned  hereafter,  and  those  of  L.  J.  Rose,  who  has 
about  200  fine  animals,  at  San  Gabriel ;  Wm.  CoRliElT,  of  San  Mateo,  who 
has  300;  Theodore  WTnteus,  of  Yolo,  who  has  100;  Coi;ni'  Valen- 
sii.N,  of  Sacramento,  who  has  200;  HENRY  Seales,  of  Mayfield,  who  has 
150;  1'.  A.  FiNNlGAN,  of  Alameda,  who  has  150;  I'ETER  CoUTTS,  of 
Menlo  I'ark,  who  has  100;  and  E.  J.  BALDWIN,  who  has  100  near  San 
Gabriel. 


I 


I 


!    I 


i               i' 

1  i! 

8 

'  i 

-   * 

■ 
■ 

1   '' 

272  AGRICULTURC. 

Palo  Alto.— TIic  Palo  Alto  farm  of  Leland  Stanford,  at  Mcnlo 
Park,  j2  miles  south  of  San  Francisco,  where  he  has  his  country  residence, 
is  in  some  respects  the  most  notable  estate  on  the  globe  for  the  breeding 
and  training  of  fast  horses.  It  has  the  largest  number  of  fine  trotters  and 
thoroughbreds,  and  has  been  distinguished  by  remarkable  enterprise  and 
judgment  in  its  management,  and  also  by  wonderful  success  in  developing 
spued  within  a  brief  experience.  It  is  apparently  the  object  of  the  owner's 
ambition  to  beat  England  and  Kentucky  on  their  own  ground,  to  take  from 
them  their  preeminence  of  reputation  for  possessing  the  best  blood  and  the 
best  trainers,  and  to  share  the  vast  profits  which  they  have  drawn  from  the 
superior  speed  of  their  horses. 

So  soon  as  the  plan  was  adopted,  preparations  were  made  to  provide  the 
best  accommodations  for  them.  Commodious  stables  were  built,  and  there 
are  now  box-stalls  for  300  horses,  si'-gle  -(alls  for  150  more,  and  sheds  for 
the  remainder.  Three  hundred  acres  wno  fenced  off  into  paddocks  vary- 
ing in  area  from  a  quarter  of  an  acre  to  2  acres,  for  the  brood  mare.s,  so 
that  they  should  not  be  crowded.  These  paddocks  abound  with  alfalfa, 
which  is  considered  the  best  pasture  for  dams  with  colts.  Trainers  of  ex- 
perience in  trotting  and  running  horses  were  found,  and  now  "5  men  arc 
employed  to  attend  to  the  horses ;  one  man  being  required  to  take  special 
care  of  2  of  the  most  valuable  animals.  Each  trainer  for  the  general  stock 
trains  lo  horses  a  day;  and  55  horses  are  trained  daily  in  the  saddle  or 
harness.  These  horses  subjected  to  daily  training,  include  4  3-ycar-old  and 
5  2-year-old  thoroughbreds;  and  5  4-year-old,  11  3-year-old,  and  30  2-year- 
old  trotters.  The  preponderance  of  very  young  horses  is  caused  by  the  new- 
ness of  the  farm,  and  also  by  Mr.  Staxi'ORU's  theory  that  the  horse  should 
be  subjected  to  training  while  still  very  young.  Besides  the  55  that  must 
go  under  the  saddle  or  in  harness  every  day,  1 5  thoroughbred  and  70  trotter 
yearlings  are  practiced  every  day  in  the  training  paddock,  which  was  first 
devised  and  used  on  the  Palo  Alto  farin.  Of  such  paddocks,  Mr.  Stan- 
1-ORD  has  2:  in  one  the  circuit  is  the  sixteenth,  in  the  other  the  tenth  of  a 
mile  long,  and  of  an  oval  shape,  with  an  inner  fence  to  keep  the  colt  on  the 
track  lie  is  turned  in  loose,  and  trainers  stand  inside  of  the  inner  circuit 
to  drive  him  around  the  paddock  at  his  best  speed  until  he  is  tired,  for  per- 
haps 2  or  3  minutes.  If  the  paddock  practice  of  the  yearlings  is  counted 
as  training,  then  44  thoroughbreds  and   1 16  trotters  arc  trained  every  day. 

Mr.  Stanford  has  the  pecuniary  means  to  accomplish  much,  and  he  did 
not  stint  the  supplies  of  his  horse  farm.  He  set  aside  1,400  acres  for  its 
use,  including  900  acres  of  fertile  valley  land,  of  which  750  are  irrigated,  so 
thill  there  shall  be  an  abundant  supply  of  green  grass.  Carrots  are  culti- 
\ale(i   on   40  acres;  and   a  boiler  steams  ground  oats  every  da)'  for  tlie 


EtOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


273 


young  colts,  which  begin  to  receive  such  feed  at  the  age  of  4  months,  and 
are  accustomed  to  it  when  they  are  weaned  at  5  or  6  months ;  so  that  they  do 
not  lose  flesh  on  green  grass.  Having  determined  to  do  his  work  on  a 
grand  scale,  he  needed  a  first-rate  manager,  thorouglily  familiar  with  the 
breeding  and  training  of  race-horses,  and  for  that  purpose,  .selected  PI.  R. 
COVKY,  who  seems  so  far  to  have  justified  the  choice.  The  plan  was 
adopted  in  1877,  and  the  farm  is  very  new;  but  already  it  has  500  horses, 
all  of  the  finest  blood,  including  the  best  representatives  obtainable  of 
every  strain  most  esteemed  in  England  and  Kentucky,  either  for  running 
or  trotting.  Two  of  his  horses  cost  him  $25,000  each;  and  probably  many 
$5,000  each.  He  has  bought  at  every  good  opportunity  and  has  .sold  noth- 
ing. Of  his  500  horses,  85  are  thoroughbreds,  including  45  brood  marcs; 
and  415  trotters,  including  119  brood  marcs.  The  number  of  colts  born  or 
to  be  born  in  1882  is  100 ;  so  that  there  will  be  a  rapid  increase  until  the 
policy  of  selling  is  adopted. 

For  the  horses  trained  under  the  saddle  or  in  harness  there  are  2  tracks, 
one  a' mile  and  the  other  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long.  There  is  also  a 
sandy  lane  called  the  winter  track,  where  the  horses  can  be  driven  within  a 
few  minutes  after  the  heaviest  rain.  The  tracks  are  graded  and  prepared 
with  great  care,  and  are  harrowed  every  day  so  that  they  shall  be  in  the 
best  possible  condition.  The  common  training  system,  of  driving  the  horse 
at  a  slow  gait  for  an  hour  or  two  and  then  pushing  him  for  a  mile,  has  been 
abandoned  here,  at  least  for  the  younger  horses;  and  instead,  they  are 
driven  at  their  best  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  soon  after  reaching  the  track, 
and  after  resting  a  little,  put  through  another  quarter 

The  peculiar  features  of  the  Palo  Alto  farm  arc,  first,  its  large  size;  .second, 
'its  system  of  paddock  practice,  so  that  the  colt  shall  try  his  speed  every 
da)',  except-  during  rain,  after  he  is  6  months  old ;  third,  its  "  short  work"  in 
training  ;  fourth,  the  .system  of  feeding  steamed  grain  to  the  colts;  and  fifth, 
the  great  care  taken  of  the  brood  mares,  including  the  paddock  by  day  and 
the  stall  by  night. 

It  would  perhaps  be  unreasonable  to  expect  any  noteworthy  results  even 
under  the  best  management,  from  a  training  farm  only  5  years  old— that  is, 
the  results  mainly  of  the  training— but  there  have  been  notewortliy  results 
here.  The  best  Eastern  record  for  a  2-year  old  trotter  is  2:31 ;  but  Stan- 
roUD's  Wildfloivcr  has  made  her  mile  in  2:21,  Bonita  in  2:24^^,  and 
Fred.  Crocker  in  2:25  ;<(.  A  reduction  of  10  seconds  in  the  record  is  a  great 
event  in  the  hi.storj'  of  the  turf  Again  the  best  Eastern  record  for  a  j'car- 
ling  was  2\lCi)\,  and  Stanford'.s  Hinda  Rose  has  trotted  in  2:36^^,  mak- 
hig  a  reduction  of  20  seconds.  These  are  young  horses,  but  the  farm  is 
not  old  enough  to  have  trained  old  horses.  Encouraged  by  these  results,  Mr 
35 


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274 


AGRICULTURE. 


StankoUI)  will  give  his  horses  opportunities  in  1882  to  show  their  speed 
at  New  York,  Lexington,  .ind  Louisville,  as  well  as  in  California.  Si.xty 
will  take  part  in  the  races  of  the  season,  including  4  thoroughbred  and  10 
trotter  3-ycar-olds;  5  thoroughbred  and  20  trotter  2-ycar-olds;  and  8 
trotter  yearling-  in  California;  and  6  3-ycar-old  and  7  2-ycar-old  trotters 
cast  of  the  Rucky  Mountains. 

Svrine  and  Goats. — While  California  has  one  eighth  of  the  sheep,  she 
has  only  one  fiftieth  of  the  swine  in  the  United  States.  Her  winters  arc 
too  warm  for  packing  pork  without  great  danger  of  spoiling;  her  pastures 
are  dry  and  soil  hard  for  much  of  the  year;  and  maize  is  not  abundant. 
On  account  of  these  circumstances  she  will  probably  never  excel  in  the 
production  of  pork.  The  temperature  is  favorable  to  the  growth  of  swine, 
but  some  varieties  mentioned  in  Chapter  XXX  L  thrive  better  than  others. 
The  northern  coast  will  probably  do  better  than  California  with  swine. 

The  mountains  and  the  chaparral  of  California  are  better  suited  to  the 
goat  than  to  any  other  domestic  animal.  The  Angora  goat  has  been  im- 
ported direct  from  Asia  Minor,  and  the  coast  has  probably  2,cxx)  of  pure 
blood ;  but  after  20  years  of  experience  with  them,  the  opinion  prevails 
generally  that  there  is  no  profit  in  breeding  them  for  the  fleece.  The  lead- 
ing man  in  the  breeding  of  Angora  goats  on  our  slope  is  C.  P.  IJAILKV, 
who  has  a  herd  of  7,000  near  Wadsworth,  Nevada. 

Poultry. — The  breeding  of  poultry  has  no  peculiar  features  on  our  coast, 
and  it  is  not  conducted  in  very  extensive  establishments.  The  most  nota- 
ble is  that  of  VV.M.  Sharon,  at  his  country  residence,  near  Belmont.  He 
has  30  acres  set  apart  for  his  chickens,  of  which  he  has  many  varieties, 
each  in  a  .separate  j-ard.  The  farm  sends  1,200  dozen  eggs  monthly  to  his 
Palace  Hotel,  which,  in  the  spring  of  1882,  consumed  4,000  dozens  a  month. 
He  has  artificial  incubators  to  hatch  the  eggs,  and  artificial  mothers  to 
kee])  them  warm. 

TllK  Pacikic  Poultry  Company  has  an  artificial  hatching  establish- 
ment ;it  the  corner  of  Folsom  and  Eighteenth  streets,  South  San  Francisco, 
in  a  building  formerly  used  as  a  woolen-mill.  About  March,  1882,  2,500 
chickens  were  hatched  monthly,  but  the  capacity  is  to  be  increased  to  6,000 
a  month.     Oakland  has  also  an  establishment  of  a  similar  character. 

Eees. — Much  of  California  resembles  Greece,  the  classic  land  of  the  bee, 
and  some  of  the  honey  made  on  our  coast  mountains  has,  it  is  said,  the 
same  peculiar  flavor  as  that  of  Hymett.  s,  considered  the  best  of  Greece. 
The  number  of  hives  or  stands  in  California  is  about  75,000,  and  the  honey 
yield  ranges  from  400  to  2,000  tons.     The  expenses  of  one  "  bee  ranch"  for 


M 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


275 


a  year  arc  thus  stated,  viz.:  400  patent  stands,  $800;  550  boxes  for  honey, 
$165;  wages  and  board  equal  to  one  man  for  18  months,  $630;  hauling 
hives  and  honey,  $195;  packing-ca.ses,  $165;  sundries,  $45;  total,  $2,000. 
The  receipts  were  $4,950  from  comb-honey;  $550  from  strained  honey  and 
wax ;  and  400  new  hives,  worth  $6,000 ;  leaving  a  profit  of  $7,500  for  the  year. 
Apiaries  are  found  in  Oregon,  Utah,  Washington  Territory,  and  Mexico, 
but  present  no  features  of  special  interest. 

Silk'vironns. — Silkworms  have  been  bred  in  California  for  2 1  years,  the 
first  lot  of  worms  having  been  hatched  in  1861  by  Louis  Prevost,  a 
French  nnrseryman  of  San  Josd,  who  had  pecuniary  aid  from  HENRY 
Hent.sch,  a  Swiss  banker  of  San  Francisco.  Ignorance,  enthusiasm,  and 
some  foolish  prizes  offered  by  the  Legislature  led  to  a  mania,  which  re- 
sulted in  a  loss  of  $500,000.  More  than  50  cocooneries  have  been  maintained, 
at  various  times,  in  the  State,  and  not  $100  have  ever  been  obtained  from 
the  sale  of  raw  silk,  and  probably  not  $500  from  eggs  sold  out  of  the 
State.  Such  profits  as  were  made  came  from  the  purchase  of  eggs  and 
cuttings  for  use  in  California.  The  principal  breeder  of  silkworms  is  J.  A. 
Garuarini,  of  Jackson,  Amador  County.  It  is  the  general  opinion  of 
those  who  have  carefully  considered  both  sides,  that  the  business  can  not 
amount  to  much  on  our  coast  until  wages  shall  be  considerably  lower  than 
at  present. 


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276 


AGRICULTURE. 


CHAPTER  XV.— FARMING. 

Agricultural  Production. — Pacific  North  America  has  territory  in  all 
the  zones ;  in  all  altitudes  up  to  the  level  of  perpetual  snow ;  in  extensive 
regions  where  the  annual  rainfall  measures  8  feet,  and  in  others  where  it 
docs  not  measure  2  inches;  in  dense  forests,  in  grass-covered  valleys,  and 
in  deserts  that  have  been  desolate  from  a  remote  geological  period.  There 
is  scarcely  a  climate  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe  without  its  parallel  here. 
The  annual  agrici  !tural  products  of  the  Pacific  side  of  our  continent,  north 
of  Mexico,  arc  worth  about  $100,000,000,  including  $50,000,000  from  cereals, 
$40,000,000  from  domestic  animals,  and  $10,000,000  from  horticulture. 
These  figures  are  intended  to  represent  the  average  of  the  present  area 
under  cultivation,  about  10,000,000  acres,  and  the  number  of  persons  now 
employed  in  agriculture  in  1881,  about  100,000.  The  last  figure  is  an 
estimate  subject  to  much  plausible  objection,  and  beyond  the  reach  of 
demonstration,  but,  perhaps,  as  near  the  actual  fact  as  are  the  average  of 
carefully  prepared  official  statistics  on  such  points.  If  it  be  correct,  then  it 
follows,  the  average  annual  production  for  each  person  is  $1,000,  and  for 
each  acre  $10,  the  latter  figure  being  much  smaller,  and  the  former  much 
larger  than  would  be  obtained  from  the  agricultural  statistics  of  any  Euro- 
pean country. 

Our  coast  may  justly  claim  to  do  more  work,  in  proportion  to  the  men 
employed,  than  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  We  ha\'c  100  per  cent,  more 
horses  than  England,  and  50  per  cent,  more  than  New  York.  In  1S71 
England  (including  Wales)  had  1,560,000  agricultural  laborers,  14,616,000 
acres  in  crops  and  fallow  land,  and  1,200,000  acres  in  permanent  cultivated 
pasture.  If  we  base  our  calculation  only  on  the  land  worked  every  year, 
we  have  about  9  acres  to  the  person  ;  while  in  1870,  California  had  3,000,- 
000  acres  under  similar  cultivation,  and  48,000  laborers  employed  in  culti- 
vation, or  one  person  to  62  acres.  From  the  figures  of  "  improved  land,"  and 
the  number  of  agricultural  laborers  given  in  the  American  census  of  1870, 
we  learn  that  there  were  in  that  year  130  acres  to  the  laborer  in  Califortiia, 
85  in  Oregon,  60  in  Washington,  46  in  Nevada,  20  in  Idaho,  14  in  Arizona, 
and  12  in  Utah;  and  a  calculation,  made  in  a  similar  manner,  gives  32  in 
the  United  States,  15  in  England,  and  55-^  in  France.  In  other  words,  the 
Californian  farmer  is  expected  to  gather  the  crops  from  24  times  more  land 


FARMING.  277 

than  the  Frenchman,  8  times  more  than  the  Englishman,  and  4  times  more 
than  the  New  Yorker.  The  following  table,  from  the  national  census  of 
1870,  the  latest  official  table  of  the  kind  now  obtainable,  .shows  the  number 
of  "acres  improved"  in  farms  in  that  year,  the  average  number  of  acres  in 
a  farm,  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  agriculture  in  the  American 
States  and  Territories  wholly  belonging  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  the  aver- 
age number  of  acres  to  the  agricultural  laborer,  deduced  from  the  census 

figures: 

_  Acres  Average  Acres    Agricultural         Acres  to 

States,  etc  Improved.  to  Karm.  Laborers.  Person. 

California 6,218,133  482  47.863  130 

Oregon 1,116,290  315  13.248  85 

Washington 192,016  208  3,771  60 

Utah I  i8,75S  30  10,428  12 

Nevada 92,644  201  2,070  46 

Idaho 26,603  186  1,462  20 

Arizona 14.585  127  1,285  14 

Total 7,779,026  80, 1 27 

There  has  been  a  large  increase  in  the  number  of  acres  improved,  and  of 
agricultural  laborers,  since  1870,  but  the  proportion  between  the  2  has  not 
changed  much. 

California  has  6,000,000  acres  under  cultivation,  including  about  3,000,000 
•in  wheat,  700,000  in  barley,  120,000  in  maize,  72,000  in  oat.s,  70,000  in  vine- 
yard, and  4S,ooo  in  orchard.  She  has  6,000,000  sheep,  700,000  neat  cattle, 
300,000  horses,  and  86,000  wagon.s.  Among  her  annual  productions  are 
10,000,000  gallons  of  wine  and  450,000  of  brandy ;  and  7,000  tons  of  butter, 
1,500  of  chee.sc,  350  of  honey,  1,500,000  of  grain,  200,000  of  grapes,  and 
80,000  of  tree  fruits.  There  are  50  grapevines,  5  fruit-trees,  and  5  sheep 
for  every  person  residing  within  its  limits.  In  the  proportion  of  agricultu- 
ral propertj'  and  production  to  farming  population,  she  stands  high. 

Oregon  is  rich  in  varied  agricultural  resources,  and  in  an  industrious  and 
intelligent  farming  population,  most  of  whom  arc  established  on  their  own 
land.  It  is  the  only  portion  of  the  American  territory  from  which  we  have 
the  agricultural  statistics,  gathered  by  the  National  Census  of  1880.  In 
that  year  Oregon  had  16,466  farms,  of  which  14,050  were  cultivated  by  the 
owners,  and  2,416  by  renters.  The  total  value  of  the  farm  products  was 
$12,800,000.  The  number  of  acres  tilled  was  1,229,000,  including  440,000 
in  wheat,  150,000  in  oats,  and  5,500  in  maize.  The  apple  trees  number 
1,300,000,  the  peach  44,000,  and  the  orchard  products  in  1879  were  v»-orth 
$547,000.     The  State  had    1,260,000  sheep,  435,000  neat  cattle,    124,000 


'-I 


I 


fW 


27S 


AGRICULTURE. 


horses,  and  made  1,300  tons  of  butter,  and  84  of  cheese  in  the  prcccdinfj 
year. 

Utah  cultivates  223,000  acres,  including  72,000  in  wheat,  19,000  in  oats, 
16,000  in  maize,  14,000  in  barley,  10,000  in  potatoes,  3,600  in  alfalfa,  1,400 
in  su^ar-canc,  200  in  broom-corn,  and  113  in  cotton.  The  total  value  of 
the  annual  crop,  exclusive  of  fruit,  is  $7,500,000.  The  number  of  acres  in 
orchard  and  \ineyard  is  7,920  including  3,935  in  apples,  2,687  in  peaches, 
and  544  in  grapes ;  and  the  fruit  crop  is  valued  at  $1,000,000.  The  Territory 
had  303,000  sheep  in  1879,  107,000  neat  cattle,  and  45,206  horses  and 
mules;  and  the  total  value  of  the  domestic  animals  was  $6,500,000.  The 
sheep  are  increasing  at  the  rate  of  about  20  jjcr  cent,  annually.  Utah  is 
rich  in  the  industry,  economy,  and  mutual  helpfulness  of  its  people,  but 
poor  in  agricultural  property  and  production.  The  Mormons  fled  io  the 
desert,  and  though  they  have  made  it  blossom  like  the  rose,  it  has  been  at 
great  cxpen.se.  In  proportion  to  population,  they  have  less  than  half  the 
cultivated  area,  crops,  and  herds  of  Oregon. 

Agricultural  Progress. — The  M<iya  and  Nahua  nations,  who  occupied 

the  regions  now  known  as  Mexico  and  Central  America,  before  the  days  of 
Columbus,  had  a  system  of  agriculture  that  seems  to  have  been  the  indige- 
nous product  of  the  country.  It  was  far  superior  to  the  agricultural  indus- 
try of  the  aborigines  to  the  northward,  and  different  in  many  respects  from 
that  practiced  under  the  Incas.  Maize  was  their  chief  article  of  diet  and 
cultivation,  and  next  in  importance  to  it  came  the  bean  and  the  sweet  po-' 
tato.  The  red-pe[)iier  and  vanilla  bean— the  latter  obtained  from  wild  as 
well  as  from  cultivated  plants — were  favorite  flavors  then,  as  now.  The 
plantain,  pine-apple,  zapotc,  and  various  other  tropical  fruit.s,  were  .set  out, 
tilled,  and  carefully  guarded  by  watchmen  in  some  places,  and  protected  by 
fences  in  others.  The  root  of  the  agave  was  used  extensively  for  food. 
The  cocoa  furni.shed  chocolate  and  other  warm  drinks  at  a  time  when  the 
Europeans  took  their  table  beverages  cold.  The  juice  of  the  agave  and 
infusions  of  maize  prepared  in  different  methods,  were  fermented  to  supply 
exhilarating  or  intoxicating  drinks.  I  loney  was  obtained  from  bees  kept 
in  hives.  The  wild  turkey,  goose,  duck,  and  rabbit  of  the  country  had  been 
domesticated,  and  were  bred  in  large  numbers.  The  dog  was  fattened  for 
the  table,  and  considered  a  delicacy.  Cotton  was  cultivated  extensively 
for  purposes  of  clothing.  The  leaves  of  the  agave  furnished  material  for  a 
kind  of  paper.  Irrigating  ditches  carried  water  to  fields  that  were  too  dry 
by  nature.  The  chief  implement  of  tillage  was  a  sharpened  stick,  used  for 
loosening  the  soil. 

The  Spaniards  introduced  into  Mexico  the  horse,  the  cow,  and  the  sheep; 


lARMINC. 


^70 


the  wafTfin,  harness,  and  yoke;  tlic  iilow,  hoc,  and  steel  tf>()ls;  the  wheat, 
barley,  rye,  and  flax ;  the  apple,  pear,  peach,  apricot,  plum,  and  {,'rapc ;  the 
cabbajjc,  pea,  onion,  sugar-cane,  and  coffee,  thus  doing  much  to  counter- 
balance the  ilestructivc  influence  of  the  conquest  on  Aztec  art  and  industry. 
The  conquerors,  however,  were  primarily  soldiers,  and  considered  it  beneath 
their  dignity  to  devote  themselves  to  manual  labor,  and  cspcciallj'  to  toil  in 
the  field.  Their  plows  and  wagons  were  made  on  patterns  similar  to  those 
used  in  Asia  2,0(X)  years  ago;  they  had  no  dairy,  no  fine  breeds  of  horses, 
neat  cattle,  or  sheep;  no  valuable  varieties  of  fruit;  no  light  wagons  or 
skillful  teamsters ;  no  progressive  agricultural  industry. 

The  American  conquest  cau.scd  an  agricultural  revtjlution  in  California, 
almost  as  great  as  that  made  in  Mexico  by  the  Spanish  conquest.  It  was 
the  opinion  of  the  pioneer  gold  hunters,  when  they  came  down  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  their  journey  across  the  continent,  or  when, 
after  rounding  Cape  Horn,  they  crossed  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
valleys  on  their  way  from  the  Golden  Gate  to  the  gold  diggings,  that  the 
country  generally  was  unfit  for  tillage.  The  dry  soil  and  brown  landscape 
looked,  to  those  accustomed  to  the  moi.st  climate,  and  verdant  .summer,  and 
autumn  prairies  and  pastures  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  continent,  as  if 
condemned  to  perpetual  desolation. 

The  very  high  prices  paid  for  potatoes,  onions,  cabbages,  carrots,  and 
other  kitchen  vegetables  gave  a  great  .stimulus  to  gardening  in  1.S50,  and  5 
or  10  acres  well  cultivated  in  that  year,  or  the  next,  near  San  Francisco 
were  sufficient  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  nice  fortune.  "  ne  luxuriance  of 
the  growth,  when  an  abundant  supply  of  water  was  applied  judiciously  on 
a  good  soil,  was  surprising.  From  every  valley,  where  the  land  \va.s  culti- 
vated, reports  came  of  wonderfully  large  crops.  Wheat,  barley,  potatoes, 
tomatoes,  cabbages,  cucumbcr.s,  carrots,  pears,  and  grapes  were  extremely 
prolific.  While  many  persons  failed  for  lack  of  experience,  others  proved 
the  j)ossibilities  of  general  success.  Frenchmen,  Italians,  Hungarians, 
German.s,  Englishmen,  and  Americans  contributed  their  knowledge,  skill, 
and  enterpri.se.  The  finest  varieties  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  ornamental 
plants  were  imported,  after  a  few  years,  from  the  Atlantic  States  and  Eu- 
rope, and,  in  a  congenial  clime,  they  prospered  and  multiplied,  until  Cali- 
fornia bids  fair  to  take,  if  it  has  not  already  taken,  a  leading  place  in  horti- 
culture. 


-liJ 


Callfbmian  Wheat. — Wheat  is  the  leading  product  of  California,  occu- 
pying, in  1881,  3,000,000  acres,  and  producing  1,500,000  tons,  worth 
about  $32,000,000.  The  yield  amounts  to  more  than  a  ton  and  a  half  to 
each    inhabitant,  and    as   the   average  consumption   of  each  is  3  centals 


2  So 


AGRICULTURE. 


1 


i 


P,       1 


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•1 

1 


ULii. 


(equivalent  to  a  barrel  of  flour),  and  the  sccdinfj  requires  70  pounds  an 
acre,  the  surplus  for  exportation  is  about  a  ton  and  a  quarter  for  each  Cal- 
ifornian.  The  amount  exported  has,  however,  never  been  so  much  in  any 
one  )-ear,  parti)'  because  portion  of  the  crop,  not  fit  for  shipment,  is  used 
for  distillation,  or  ground  up  into  horse  feed.  The  amount  unfit  for  ship- 
ment depends  on  the  season,  sometimes  rising  to  25  per  cent.,  but  not  avcr- 
.iging  more  than  10  per  cent.  When  jirices  are  low,  the  ijuantity  taken  for 
distillation  increases,  and  ma)'  rise  to  50,000  tons  in  a  year. 

The  wheat  of  California  is  usually  harvested  with  a  header,  which  cuts 
off  so  little  of  the  straw  that  it  is  imjiossible  to  bind  the  wlicat  into 
shca\es.  I'rom  the  header  the  grain  is  carried  by  a  moving  apron  cither 
to  a  header-wagon,  which  deposits  it  in  a  loo.se  stack,  or  to  a  threshing- 
machine.  It  rcc|uircs  5  header-wagons,  or  one  small  threshing-machine,  for 
an  ordinary  header,  cutting  12  feet  wide,  with  which  swath  it  will  cut  20 
acres  a  day,  or  4  acres  to  each  man  employed.  But  there  are  larger 
heatlers  cutting  16,  24,  and  even  34  feet;  and  the  prevailing  impression  is 
that  the  wider  swaths  are  better  and  cheaper  on  level  land.  The  34-foot 
header  sweeps  over  60  acres  in  a  day.  Not  content  with  this,  some  of  the 
farmers  have  double  shifts  of  men,  and  work  at  night  with  the  calcium 
light. 

As  there  is  no  fear  of  rain  from  July  to  September  inclusive,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  cut  the  grain  .so  soon  as  it  is  ripe,  and  on  account  of 
the  immense  areas  to  be  harvested,  and  the  small  number  of  men  em- 
ployed, the  headers  are  often  at  work  for  more  than  2,  and  sometimes  for  3 
months  steadily,  so  that  much  of  the  grain  is  exposed,  in  an  overripe  con- 
dition, for  weeks,  if  not  month.s,  to  high  winds.  The  berries  are  thus 
beaten  out,  and  many  of  them  are  shaken  out  by  the  header.  The  short 
stalks  and  low  heads  escape  the  sickle.  The  loss  of  grain  is  considerable. 
Georgk  D.WIDSOX  took  the  trouble  to  measure  off  a  square  yard  in  a 
Yolo  stubble-ficld  after  a  header  had  passed  over  it,  and  gather  up  all  the 
wheat  grains:  and  they  indicated  that  the  loose  grain,  lying  on  an  acre, 
amounted  to  118  pound.s,  worth  in  San  Francisco,  at  the  average  price, 
$2.36. 

Wheat  Profits. — In  Oregon,  Eastern  Washington,  and  Utah,  the  yield 
of  wheat  is  more  regular  than  in  California,  where,  on  the  other  hand,  there 
is  a  higher  profit  in  exceptionally  favorable  years.  After  making  allow- 
ance for  the  labor,  at  the  average  market  rates,  the  average  annual  net  in- 
come from  the  wheat-fields  in  the  Golden  State  will  not  exceed  4  per  cent. 
Relatively  few  of  the  men  who  have  devoted  themselves  to  wheat  have 
grown  rich,  and  much  of  the  land  which  was  planted  with  it  every  year, 


FAKMlNfJ. 


281 


from  i860  to  1870,  is  now  used  for  other  purposes.  The  le;ulinjj  wlicat 
county  in  1881  was  Stanislaus,  wliicli  liarvcstcd  18,000  tons,  or  more  tluin 
20  for  each  iniiabitant,  while  Tehama  h.id  9,  and  Colusa  7. 

.  Volunteer  Wheat.— One  of  the  peculiar  features  of  Californian  ajjri- 
culture  is  the  extensive  reliance  of  some  districts  on  volunteer  crops  The 
wheat  and  barley  are  so  dr)-  when  cut  that  much  of  the  grain  falls  to  the 
ground,  which,  in  certain  cla.s.ses  of  soils,  abounds  \  ith  cracks  too  narrow 
and  deep  for  mice  and  birds  to  reach  the  bottorr.  In  these  the  berry 
remains  until  the  winter  rains  begin,  and  then  it  sprouts  anti  makes  a  crop. 
If  the  .soil  has  no  cracks,  the  farmer  may  scratch  his  fields  with  a  hairow, 
or  scrape  off  an  inch  of  the  surface  with  a  chisel  c;;iiivator,  so  that  the  grain 
is  covered,  and  thus  prepared  to  get  a  start  when  the  moisture  comes. 
The  entire  cost  of  putting  in  a  \oluntecr  crop  with  the  harrow,  is  50  cents 
an  acre;  and  one  field  near  Dixon,  Solano  County,  bore  4  successive 
volunteer  crops  of  barley  in  every  season  from  1877  to  18S0  inclusive.  The 
yield  in  the  last  year  was  30  bushels  to  the  acre.  Such  success,  however,  is 
very  rare;  the  general  result  with  volunteering  is  a  verj'  small  profit. 

H.  J.  Olenn. — The  first  place  among  the  wheat-growers  of  California 
belongs  incontestably  to  Dr.  1 1  ton  J.  GLENN,  who  in  person  superintends 
and  manages  the  cultivation  of  50,000  acres  of  his  own  rancho,  which  con- 
tains 5S,ooo  acres,  and  fronts  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River  for 
16^^  miles  in  Colusa  County.  The  fencing  measures  150  miles,  and  divides 
the  rancho  into  7  main  fields,  the  largest  containing  12,000  acres.  In  1880 
Dr.  Glf.NN  shipped  to  England,  on  his  own  account,  27,000  tons  of  wheat 
grown  in  that  year  on  his  rancho,  and  received  not  less  than  $800,000  for 
it.  He  came  to  California  in  1849  with  very  little  money,  but  a  good  edu- 
cation and  eminent  business  capricity.  His  career  has  been  marked  by 
great  industry,  which  still  continues  though  his  fortune  places  him  among 
the  niillionaires.  Among  the  great  number  of  persons  engaged  in  wheat- 
growing  in  California,  he  is  the  only  one  generally  reputed  to  have  made  a 
large  fortune  in  that  business.  Besides  managing  his  wheat  farm.s,  he  has 
set  out  a  vineyard  of  300  acres,  half  in  wine  and  half  in  raisin  grapes.  He 
has  also  a  large  number  of  cattle  in  Nevada.  Dr.  Glenn  is  about  55  years 
of  age. 

John  Bldwell.— John  Bidwell  is  the  owner  of  one  of  the  noted  Cali- 
forniaja  wheat  ranches,  which  covers  an  area  of  22,000  acres  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Sacramento  River  in  Butte  County.  He  has  made  much  effort 
to  diversify  his  crops;  and  has  a  large  orchard,  a  vineyard,  and  herds  of 
neat  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  and  swine.  He  has  also  made  special  efforts  to 
36 


Si 


i 


^  ^.' 


283 


ACUICULTURK. 


1     " 


boautif)'  tlic  f;rnunc)s  about  his  residence,  and  has  contributed  much  to 
make  tlic  adjacent  town  of  Ciiico  one  of  the  most  homelike  and  prosperous 
of  the  Sacramento  Valley.  His  {^rain  crop  averages  about  3,000  tons  an- 
nually. Mr.  I?II)\VI;ll  was  in  the  first  party  which  cros.scd  by  land  from 
the  ;\Iis.souri  Ri\cr  directly  to  California,  in  1841  ;  and  within  a  few  years 
after  his  arrival  he  obtained  the  rancho  which  he  still  hold.s.  The  Repub- 
lican I'art)' sent  him  to  the  National  Congress  in  1864;  and  in  1875  the 
Independent  Anti-Monopoly  Party  nominated  a  full  State  ticket  with  Mr. 
J^lDWELi.  as  the  candidate  for  Governor.  lie  received  about  30,000  out  of 
1 20,000  votes.     I  Fc  is  much  respected,  and  is  still  an  active  man. 

Oregon  Wheat. — Very  soon  after  the  American  settlers  began  to  farm  in 
the  Willamette  Valley,  about  1843,  it  became  evident  to  obs  .rvant  men 
that  Oregon  would  have  a  large  surplus  of  wheat  at  no  distant  time.  The 
Oregon  Spectator  of  January  7,  1847,  estimated  the  yield  of  the  previous  year 
to  be  1 50,000  bushels  in  Champoeg  (now  Marion),  Tualatin  (now  Wa.shing- 
ton),  Yamhill,  Polk,  Clackamas,  Vancouver,  Clatsop,  and  Lewis  counties; 
and  as  not  more  than  100,500  bushels  were  needed  for  home  consumption, 
there  were  50,000  for  exportation.  The  Willamette  Valley  now  produces 
about  220,000  tons  of  wheat  annually;  and  the  grain  has  a  size,  plumpness, 
color,  and  strength  that  enable  it  to  command  the  highest  price  in  the  Liv- 
erpool market. 

Oregoii  ranks  next  to  California  now  in  tjie  exportation  of  wheat  on  our 
slope,  but  within  a  few  years  will  probably  be  equaled,  if  not  surpas.sed,  by 
Washington.  Sonora  grows  no  more  wheat  than  is  needed  for  home 
consumption,  but  it  has  the  capacity  to  produce  a  large  surplus.  Utah  is 
very  successful  with  its  wheat,  and  sends  thousands  of  ton.s  of  flour  to  the 
adjacent  Territories  annuall}-. 

Barley,  etc. — Barley  thrives  better  than  wheat  in  a  dry  climate,  and 
much  better  than  oats;  and,  as  it  is  excellent  for  horse  feed  anil  good  for 
brewing,  it  has  been  cultivated  extensively  on  our  co:i't  south  of  latitude 
42.  I^cfore  i860  California  produced  in  average  )'cars  nearly  as  much 
bark')'  as  wheat,  and,  in  some  seasons,  even  more;  but  the  price  being  less 
than  that  of  w  heat,  it  has  taken  possession  of  few  of  the  new  acres  brought 
into  cultivation  within  the  last  20  years.  It  is  estimated  that  California 
needs  210,000  tons  for  home  consumption,  including  32,500  for  brewing, 
and  the  remainder  for  horse  feed,  seed,  etc.  There  is  usually  a  small 
surplus  for  eviiortalion.  Calaveras,  Mariposa,  Modoc,  Siskiyou,  Sacra- 
mento, .Sail  Mateo,  and  .San  Bernardino  counties  grew  more  barley  than 
wheat  in  1879.  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia  produce  very 
little  barley;  Nevada,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  Mexico  none  for  exportation. 


f)K? 


'  -«'ik.... 


lAKMING. 


283 


The  oat  does  not  thrive  in  the  drier  portions  of  the  State,  and  is  culti- 
vated to  a  very  small  extent,  except  in  Humboldt,  Mendocino,  San  Mateo, 
and  Sonoma  counties. 

While  the  oat  may  have  one  per  cent,  of  the  cultivated  area  of  the  State, 
maize,  another  cereal  to  which  the  climate  and  soil  of  the  greater  part  of 
California  are  not  p.opitious,  has  one  and  a  half  per  cent.  The  leading 
counties  are  Sonoma,  Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  Alameda,  and  Sacramento. 

Doora,  or  Egyptain  corn,  promises  to  become  an  important  article  of 
cultivation  in  California,  Arizona,  and  Sonora;  but  the  farmers  gererally 
have  had  little  experience  with  it,  and  the  area  cultivated  in  it  is  small.  Its 
chief  advant.ige  is  that  it  ripens  with  less  moisture  than  wheat  or  barley; 
that  it  produces  20  or  30  per  cent,  greater  weight  of  grain  to  the  acre  than 
any  other  cereal  tried  on  our  coast;  and  that  if  cut  green  it  supplies  a  large 
quantity  of  nutritious  forage.  As  drought  is  the  chief  danger  of  the 
cereal  crops  in  California,  it  is  important  to  have  every  year,  at  least  a 
small  area  in  .some  grain  that  will  be  almost  certain  to  produce  .something. 
The  disadvantages  of  doora  are  that  it  is  not  in  demand  for  exportation, 
for  bread-making,  or  for  beer.  It  is  considered  good  for  feeding  horses 
and  cattle,  but  its  value,  as  compared  with  wheat  and  barley,  has  not  been 
fixed,  not  enough  having  been  produced  to  give  it  a  definite  place  in  the 
market.  The  white  variety  is  preferred  to  the  red  by  most  farmers  who 
have  tried  both. 

Cotton. — Cotton  was  indigenous  to  Mexico,  or  at  least  was  cultivated  by 
the  Aztecs  before  the  Spanish  conquest,  and  is  still  grown  there  exten- 
sivclj",  the  seed  being  now  of  the  same  stock  as  it  was  4  centuries  ago,  and 
the  fiber  of  good  quality.  The  plant  was  tried,  as  a  matter  of  curiosity,  by 
man)'  American  farmers  in  California  at  various  times  from  1850  to  1870, 
but  It  was  not  till  the  latter  year  that  serious  experiments  were  made  to 
grow  it  on  an  extensive  scale.  The  results  were  not  very  encouraging;  and 
the  area  devoted  to  cotton  was  less  in  1878  than  in  1873,  but  the  cultiva- 
tion is  row  increasing  a  little.  The  area  devoted  to  it  in  1879  was  242 
acres,  including  240  in  Merced,  and  2  in  Kern;  in  1880  the  area.was  larger 
in  Kern,  and  695  acres  in  Merced;  and  in  1881,  550  acres  were  planted  in 
the  latter  county.  The  Merced  crop  in  1880  was  85  tons,  or  a  ton  to  8 
acres,  and  the  quality,  as  compared  with  Southern  cotton,  was  medium, 
.selling  in  San  Franci.sco  for  1 2  cents  a  pound.  Utah  raises  from  29  to  40 
tons  of  cotton  in  average  j'cars. 

So  long  as  the  production  did  not  exceed  the  consumption  of  our  local  mills, 
the  cultivation  was  profitable;  but  when  there  was  a  surplus  over  the  local 
demand,  especially  after  the  closing  of  the  cotton-mill  in  East  Oakland,  the 


:1  :'. 

h 

■t-' 

I 

m 

i 


m     !  I  ^ 


284 


AGRICULTURE, 


land  previously  devoted  to  cotton  was  occupied  with  something  else.  With 
the  increasing  area  under  irrigation,  cotton  is  coming  into  favor  again;  and 
in  1880,  55  tons  of  baled  cotton  fiber  were  exported.  The  following  arc  re- 
ported to  be  the  expenses  of  a  field  of  Co  acres  in  Kern  Count)':  Plowing, 
$104.50;  irrigating,  $120.50;  hoeing,  $295.50;  picking,  $578;  ginning  and 
baling,  $99.61 ;  rope  and  twine,  $32.78;  burlap,  $23.05  ;  seed,  $33.48;  total, 
$1,287.42.  The  cost  per  acre  to  make  and  bale  was  $21.77,  'i"d  ^'^^  "ct 
profit  per  acre  was  $9.24.  The  expenses  of  importation  and  exportation 
are  influential  considerations  under  the  present  circumstances,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  cotton  on  our  coast  will  probably  keep  even  pace  with  the  con- 
sumption in  Pacific  mills. 

Flax. — The  industrious  Mormons  have  spun  and  woven  much  flax, 
grown  in  the  irrigated  fields  of  Utah,  and  have  made  all  the  linen  cloth 
produced  on  our  slope.  Oregon  has  a  small  twine-mill  at  Albany,  and 
several  hundred  acres  in  the  vicinity  arc  cultivated  in  flax  to  supply  the 
fiber;  but  elsewhere  on  the  coast  flax  is  grown  merely  for  the  seed,  which, 
in  favorable  seasons,  has  netted  $20  an  acre  to  farmers  in  California.  The 
leading  fla.xsced  counties  are  San  Mateo  and  San  Luis  Obispo.  The  Willa- 
mette Valley  has  the  best  climate  for  flax  on  our  slope,  and  will  probably 
produce  the  plant  in  large  quantity  within  a  few  years.  The  fiber  grown 
there  generally  exceeds  4  feet  in  length,  or  50  per  cent,  longer  than  a  good 
quality  of  Irish  flax. 

Hops. — Our  coast  produces  in  average  years,  about  17,090  bales  of  hops, 
weighing  170  pounds  each  on  the  average,  or  about  1,400  tons;  of  which, 
700  tons  are  grown  in  California,  500  in  Washington,  and  200  in  Oregon. 
The  principal  hop  districts  are  in  the  counties  of  Mendocino,  Sonoma,  and 
Santa  Clara,  California;  in  the  Puyallup  Vallej-,  Washington;  and  the 
Willamette  Valley,  Oregon.  The  Puyallup  hop-fields  arc  the  most  regu- 
larl}-  profitable  on  the  coast.  In  1S81  450  acres  wore  cultivated  there;  the 
a\cragc  jield  was  1,557  pounds  to  the  acre  in  weight  and  $342  in  money. 
One  exceptionally  favorable  season  like  that  will  console  the  farmers  for 
sc\cral  bad  years. 

Tobacco. — Tobacco  is  cultivated  in  small  patches  for  home  use  on  the 
western  slopes  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  will  doubtless  obtain  a 
permanent  foothold  in  yVrizona,  which  has  a  favorable  climate  in  some  of  its 
valleys.  Uritish  Columbia  and  western  Oregon  and  Washington  are  too 
moist  and  cold  for  the  weed ;  and  the  Mormons  arc  averse  to  its  use. 
About  200  acres  are  planted  with  tobacco  every  year  in  California,  but  it  is 
generally  regarded  by  farmers  as  an  unprofitable  crop,  although  an  excite- 


FARM  INC. 


38; 


mcnt  for  it  pervatlcd  the  State  in  1873,  when  a  wealthy  compan)'  cultivated 
1,000  acres,  and  announced  the  purpose  of  driving  Cuban  tobacco  and 
Havana  cigars  from  the  American  market.  Having  purcnased  the  ingen- 
ious Californian  patent  of  J.  D.  CULT  for  curing  the  weed  by  processes  of 
successive  drying  and  sweating  pcriod.s,  it  rushed  into  the  business  with  ex- 
cessive confidence;  and  by  inexperience  and  incompetency  in  cultivation 
and  curing,  bj'  mistakes  in  giving  credit  for  its  products,  and,  perhaps,  by 
defects  of  its  processes,  lost  $1,000,000. 

Forage. — Much  attention  has  been  given  to  the  question,  whether  some 
plant  can  not  be  found  to  produce  a  large  supply  of  succulent  and  nutri- 
tious forage  for  domestic  herbivorous  animals  in  the  dry  valleys  and  hills  of 
California,  where  the  indigenous  grasses  arc  dry  from  June  to  December. 
Among  the  plants  tried  are  teosinite  ( Reana  luxiirians),  angola  panic,  pearl 
millet,  prickiy  comfrey,  and  various  kinds  of  sorghum.  The  carob,  mul- 
berry, and  malva  trees  have  not  been  overlooked.  So  far,  no  result  gener- 
ally accepted  as  satisfactory,  has  been  reached,  though  different  persons 
have  declared  that  they  did  not  expect  to  find  anything  better  than  teosin- 
ite, panic,  or  comfrey.  Among  the  grasses  recommended  for  soils  not  very 
dry,  are  the  mcsquit  and  Bermuda. 

Alfalfa.' — Alfalfa,  lucerne,  or  Chile  clover,  as  it  is  differently  termed,  is 
the  favorite  cultivated  pasture  of  Californa;  and  in  soils  well  adapted  to  it, 
supplied  with  abundant  irrigation,  its  annual  yield  is  estimated  to  be  worth 
from  $30  to  $100  per  acre.  One  farmer,  who  had  a  field  of  16  acres,  cut 
60  tons  of  hay,  worth  $600  from  it ;  sold  3,000  pounds  of  seed  for  $.|50, 
and  had  pasturage  worth  $150,  making  a  total  of  $1,200;  and  after  deduct- 
ing all  the  expenses  of  cutting,  baling,  threshing,  and  marketing,  he  had 
$60  an  acre  of  profit.  Another  farmer  cut  5  tons  of  hay  from  an  acre,  and 
had  2  months  of  pasturage,  estimated  to  be  worth,  in  all,  $50.  The  hay 
and  green  pasturage  of  an  acre  well  supplied  with  irrigation,  are  considered 
sufficient  to  maintain  5  cows,  or  1 5  sheep.  Cattle  prefer  most  other  culti- 
vated grasses  to  alfalfa,  and  the  milk  made  from  it  has  an  unpleasant 
flavor.  I'or  mares  suckling  their  colts,  it  is  considered  excellent.  Rye 
grass  anil  orchard  grass  are  preferred  to  it  for  general  dairy  purposes  by 
Mr.  S.NKATii,  who  has  made  a  careful  trial  of  all  in  his  San  liruno  dairy. 

Sugar. — The  African  sugar-cane  is  cultivated  in  all  the  States  on  the 
western  sloi)e  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  usually  in  small  patches,  not 
for  the  production  of  sugar,  but  for  the  direct  use  of  the  cane  by  chewing. 
The  sweet  juice  is  refreshing  in  the  hot  weather,  and  pieces  of  the  fresh 
cane  are  .sold  like  fruit.     Considerable  quantities  of  the  cane  are  also  manu- 


A\ 


1 

■'li 

1 

1 

1 

3 

'i 

!i 

I 

ii 

286 


AGRICULTURE. 


facturcd  into  <i  coarse  dark  sugar  for  local  consumption ;  and  there  are  a 
few  mills  which  jjroducc  a  respectable  article  of  marketable  sut^ar.  At 
Los  Angeles,  and  other  towns  in  Southern  California,  the  cane  is  cultivated 
for  chewing;  but  its  growth  is  not  luxuriant  enough  to  justify  the  hope  that 
California  will  make  much  sugar  from  the  African  cane. 

Utah  has  made  a  little  sugar  and  much  syrup  from  amber  sorghum,  and 
California  has  also  made  .some  syrup,  but  the  experiments  have  not  been 
satisfactory  enough  to  promise  much  development  for  the  business.  The 
sorghums  are  prized  more  for  fodder  than  for  their  capacity  to  produce 
sugar  or  .syrup. 

The  sugar-beet  thrives  in  California,  and  has  been  cultivated  here  exten- 
sively for  the  purpose  of  supplying  sugar-mills  at  Alvarado,  Soqucl,  Sacra- 
ment City,  and  Isleton.  The  general  results  of  the  experiences  in  that 
manufacture  have  not  been  very  encouraging,  and  an  account  of  those  enter- 
pri.ses  will  be  found  in  Chapter  XX\I. 

Tea. — The  tea  plant  has  been  tried  unsuccessfully  in  California,  but  no 
good  account  has  been  published  of  the  reason  of  the  failures.  The  most 
notable  tea  plantation  was  made  near  Coloma,  in  i868,  by  a  German,  who 
brought  a  number  of  experienced  Japanese  tea-growers  across  the  Pacific, 
and  set  out  a  large  field,  with  high  confidence  in  the  result.  The  conditions 
of  the  country  were  novel,  cxpen.scs  were  high,  and  the  end  was  disappoint- 
ment. The  vigor  of  growth  and  the  flavor  of  the  leaves  did  not  come  up 
to  the  anticipation,  and  within  3  years  the  plants  and  planters  had  disap- 
peared. An  American  experiment  at  Calistoga  was  equally  disastrou.s. 
W'hethcr  the  main  difficulty  is  in  the  climate,  which  is  entirely  different  from 
that  of  the  Asiatic  tea  regions,  or  in  the  high  rate  of  wages,  is  a  question 
upon  which  more  light  is  needed. 

Seeds. — The  production  ol  thoroughly  matured  and  healthy  seeds  of 
kitchen  plants  is  becoming  an  important  agricultural  department,  to  which 
the  long  summers  and  mild  winters  of  California  arc  admirably  adapted. 
The  gardeners  of  P'rance,  Italy,  Germany,  Kngland,  the  Atlantic  States, 
and  China  have  here  combined  their  skill  to  produce  the  handsomest  and 
most  palatable  vegetables  for  the  abundance,  superior  size,  bright  colors,  and 
great  variety  of  which  the  San  Francisco  market  is  renowned.  To  supply 
that  demand  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  large  supply  of  trustworthy  seeds, 
carefully  grown,  so  as  to  keep  each  kind  pure,  and  to  this  business  much 
attention  has  been  given.  Californian  seed-growers  have  succeeded  in 
gaining  the  confidence  of  purchasers  abroad  as  well  as  at  hfime,  and  a  con- 
siderable business  is  done  in  shipping  to  the  Eastern  States. 


ULu^ 


FARMING. 


287 


E.  J.  Bowen. — The  leading  seed  house  on  our  coast  is  that  of  1'".  J. 
BOWEN,  at  815  and  817  Sansomc  Street,  San  Francisco.  Although  not 
directly  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  ground,  he  may  be  said  to  grow 
the  seeds  indirectly,  for  he  makes  extensive  contracts  in  advance,  and  thus 
determines  how  and  where  the  seeds  shall  be  produced.  He  imports  from 
Germany,  France,  England,  and  the  Eastern  States,  but  obtains  large 
stocks  from  the  .seed  farms  of  California,  especially  beet,  carrot,  onion, 
tomato,  celery,  cauliflower,  beans,  lima  beans,  peas,  flower  and  Canary  seed. 
Mr.  HOWEX  not  only  supplies  the  demand  of  the  entire  slope,  but  ships  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand.  The  Californian  lettuce  .seed  has  a  high 
repute  for  its  very  superior  quality.  The  principal  seed-growing  counties 
of  California  are  Alameda,  Santa  Clara,  Sonoma,  Humboldt,  Santa  Bar- 
bara, and  Los  Angeles.  Besides  the  seed  of  kitchen  vegetables  and 
flowers,  Mr.  BoWEN  deals,  also,  in  those  of  grasses,  especially  clover,  from 
Chicago,  and  alfalfa,  in  the  growth  of  which  California  has  taken  the  lead. 

Various  Plants. — Our  coast  yields  about  400  tons  of  broom-corn,  cut  in 
the  form  suitable  for  manufacture,  in  average  years.  It  is  cultiv.ted  in 
various  parts  of  California,  especially  in  Butte  and  Colusa  counties,  and  in 
Utah.     The  climate  is  too  cold  for  it  in  Western  Washington  and  Oregon. 

The  castor  bean  thrives  in  California,  and  occupies  about  500  acres 
annually.  Comparatively  few  situations  are  adapted  to  it,  and  the  demand 
for  it  is  limited  to  a  single  oil-mill,  so  there  is  no  probability  that  the  culti- 
vation will  become  important.  It  ripens  its  crop  on  land  too  drj'  for 
wheat,  and  while  it  yields  as  much,  sells  for  a  higher  price.  About  500  acres 
arc  planted  with  it  eveiy  year. 

The  Persian  flea-powder  plant  ( Pyrcthnim  cinerarcBfolium),  called  also 
buhach,  introduced  into  California  by  G.  N.  MiLCO,  a  Dalmatian,  has 
proved  a  success  in  growth,  and  the  quality  of  its  leaves.  The  powder 
made  from  these  is  fatal  to  fleas  and  other  insects,  and  the  buhach  flea- 
]K)wder  is  better  than  that  imported,  because  fresher,  as  the  strength  is  in 
a  volatile  oil.  The  production  is  not  large,  but  will  probably  increase 
rapidly. 

Ramie  has  been  cultivated  extensively  in  Californi.a,  but  has  been  in- 
jured so  much  by  the  frost  that  it  never  yielded  much  fiber,  and  if  it  had, 
would  probably  have  been  unprofitable,  as  all  the  confident  assertions  that 
machines  have  been  invented  to  prepare  the  fiber,  at  small  cost,  for  weav- 
ing, still  lack  proof. 

Coffee  is  another  of  the  Californian  failures.  A  large  plantation  of  it 
was  set  out  a  few  years  since,  in  Los  Angeles  County,  and  the  frost  dis- 
patched those  shrubs  which  had  not  been  blasted  by  the  sun. 


;sei: 


288 


AGRICULTURE. 


Among  the  Califomian  products  arc  chiccory,  peanuts,  canary  seed,  cori- 
ander, and  bamboo.  The  chiccory  root,  dried  and  prepared  for  the  market, 
is  worth  .|200  a  ton,  and  the  area  cultivated  in  it  is  3CX)  or  400  acres, 
mostly  in  San  Joaquin  County.  The  profit  has  .sometimes  risen  to  $300  an 
acre.  The  peanut  occupies  500  acres,  mostly  in  Los  Angeles  County.  It 
yields,  in  a  fair  season,  half  a  ton  from  an  acre,  and  sells  at  5  cents  a  pound 
gross.  Smyrna  sends  2,500  tons  of  canary  seed  annually  to  the  United 
States,  and  California  could,  probably,  cultivate  it  with  more  profit  than 
wheat.  • 

Timber  Cultivation. — The  question  of  the  best  tree  to  plant  for  timber, 
is  one  of  much  interest  to  California,  and  especially  in  the  valleys,  where 
fuel  and  shade  are  scarce.  The  Mexicans  planted  the  willow,  the  sycamore, 
and  Cottonwood,  which  grow  readily  from  cuttings,  large  or  small,  and  pro- 
duce a  large  amount  of  fuel  in  a  short  time  if  set  near  running  streams. 
The  wood  of  the  willow  and  Cottonwood  is  light  and  weak;  that  of  the 
sycamore  is  hard  and  heavy,  but  it  is  not  very  tough,  and  it  warps  badly. 
No  attempt  has  been  made  to  plant  the  I'lastern  white  oak  or  hickory;  or, 
at  least,  no  success  has  been  reported.  The  black  locust  does  not  thrive 
well  in  some  parts  of  the  State,  and  is  objectionable  on  account  of  the 
sprouts  that  spring  from  the  roots,  where  they  are  broken  by  plowing. 
The  Osage  orange,  the  pecan,  and  the  catalpa  have  been  recommended  as 
timber  trees,  but  have  not  been  cultivated.  The  onlj-  tree  extensively 
planted  for  its  timber  has  been  the  blue  gum  or  Eumlyplits  globulus,  which 
grows  rapidly,  makes  a  tall,  handsome  tree,  and  produces  excellent  fuel. 
The  wood  of  the  old,  indigenous  tree  in  iVustralia  is  tough,  and  is  prized 
for  tool-handles  and  wagon  lumber;  but  the  wood  of  the  Californian  blue 
gum  has  never  been  used  for  such  purposes,  perhaps  because  it  has  not  yet 
reached  a  sufficient  age.  The  first  field  of  blue  gums  planted  for  tim- 
ber was  .set  out  in  Castro  Valley,  near  Ilaywards,  in  Alameda  County,  in 
1869,  and, had  an  area  of  10  acres.  The  land  had  a  clay  soil  that  might 
have  rented  for  $5  an  acre,  certainly  not  more.  The  trees  were  set  out  .so 
thickly  that  there  were  about  1,000  to  an  acre.  In  1877  the  trees  were 
thinned  out,  leaving  100  trees  to  the  acre.  The  wood  taken  off  included 
600  telegraph-poles,  50  railroad-ties,  and  149  cords  of  fuel.  The  cordwood 
sold  for  .$6  a  cord,  and  the  expense  of  cutting,  chojiping,  and  hauling  was 
$1.10,  leaving  $4.90  as  the  net  yield  for  each  cord,  at  which  price  the  yield 
was  $920.  The  rent  of  the  land  for  cultivation  in  grain  would  not  have 
been  more  than  .$5  an  acre,  or  $350  for  the  whole  tract  for  7  years;  so  the 
blue  gums  paid  $570  in  the  7  years,  or  $8  an  acre  annually  more  than 
wheat  would  have  paid. 


: 


*--L_Wi: 


GOLD   MINING. 


289 


DIVISION  IV.-MINING. 


CHAPTER   XVI.— GOLD   MINING. 

Mineral  Wealth. — The  Pacific  side  of  North  America  is  rich  in  a 
variety  of  minerals.  From  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  to  the  shores  of  the 
Arctic,  precious  as  well  as  the  base  metals  are  found  in  nearly  every  polit- 
ical division.  Guanajuato  and  Sonora,  belonging  entirely,  and  Zacatecas, 
Durango,  and  Chihuahua  partly,  to  the  western  slope  of  Mexico,  include 
the  richest  mines  of  that  republic;  and  passing  to  the  northward  we  find 
numerous  valuable  mineral  deposits  in  Arizona,  California,  Utah,  Oregon, 
Idaho,  Washington,  and  in  the  Pacific  portions  of  British  Columbia, 
Montana,  and  New  Mexico.  In  each  of  these  political  divisions,  the  most 
valuable  mineral  products  are  the  precious  metals ;  the  metallurgical  pro- 
duction of  the  useful  metals  being  of  much  less  importance,  if  not  entirely 
neglected.  The  third  metallic  product  of  our  coast  is  quicksilver,  ex- 
tracted from  a  score  of  mines  in  the  Coast  Mountains  in  California,  most 
of  them  within  100  miles  of  the  Golden  Gate. 

Several  iron  mines  have  been,  and  others  will  soon  be,  opened.  Lead 
is  obtained  in  large  quantities  from  argentiferous  galena,  but  unless 
associated  with  a  more  precious  metal,  can  not  be  smelted  profitably. 
Antimony  has  been  produced  incidentally,  and  its  ores  have  also  been 
mined  for  their  own  sake.  Platina,  osmium,  and  iridium  have  been  ob- 
tained in  small  quantities  from  alluvial  gold  washings,  but  have  never  been 
.found  as  the  exclusive  or  predominant  metals.  Ores  of  copper,  manga- 
nese, and  chromic  iron  have  been  exported  in  large  quantity;  arid  some 
copper  has  been  extracted  from  its  ores. 

Of  the  valuable  non-metallic  minerals,  there  is  a  great  variety  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Coal-beds  have  been  found  at  many  places  near  the  ocean, 
from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Bchring's  Strait.  Among  the  most  notable  coal 
districts,  with  mines  now  productive,  are  Mount  Diablo,  Coos  Baj',  the 
Seattle,  Tacoma,  and  Nanaimo  mines.  Borax,  carbonate  of  soda,  salt, 
gypsum,  hydraulic  cement,  graphite,  diamond,  corundum,  granite,  marble, 
roofing  slate,  steatite  or  soapstone,  mineral  soap,  and  many  kinds  of  rock, 
valuable  for  building  purposes,  are  found. 
37 


n 


:9o 


mimn'l;. 


!       ! 


Gold  Yield.— Accordini;  to  the  report  of  J.  J.  ValextiN'K,  the  yield  of 
^okl  dust  and  yold  l)ulli(i!i  on  our  slope,  north  of  Mexico,  amounted  in 
iS8i  to  $21,482,454,  including  $17,166,676  from  California;  $1,456,548  from 
Idaho;  $1,140,931  from  OrcL^on  ;  $872,600  from  liritish  Columbia;  $528,- 
y2<j  from  .Arizon.i;  $110,295  fi'^'ni  Utah;  $100,963  from  Washington;  and 
$95,492  from  Xevaila.  This  gold  contains  some  silver,  which  latter  makes 
up,  perhaps,  2  per  cent,  of  the  \alue.  On  the  other  hand,  the  silver  bullion 
contains  abtjut  t,],  per  cent,  in  value  of  gold,  so  that  the  .innual  gold  yield 
of  the  entire  slope  is  nearly  $30,000,000.  Of  this  sum  more  than  a  fourth 
comes  from  Indraulic  placers;  less  than  a  fourth  frt)m  other  placers;  more 
than  a  fourth  from  silver  mines;  and  less  than  a  fourth  from  auriferous 
quartz  mines. 

The  Californian  State  Mincralogical  Mu.scum  or  Mining  Bureau  (which 
is  open  in  San  I'rancisco,  without  charge  to  visitors,  and  contains  an  ex- 
tcnsi\e  and  interesting  collection)  h.is  a  gilt  cube  measuring  4'^  feet  eacji 
u;i)-,  designed  by  I'rof  II.  (i.  II.WKS  to  represent  the  amount  of  gold  pro- 
duced b\-  the  Californian  mines  from  1848  to  1880  inclusive;  such  a  mass 
would  be  worth  $1,017,476,065,  equal  to  a  yielil  of  more  than  $30,000,000 
for  each  of  the  first  a  years  after  the  begining  of  gold-mining  on  the  west- 
ern slope  of  the  Sierra  Xevada.  The  first  placers  of  California,  those  of 
San  Francisquito,  40  miles  north  of  Lus  Angeles,  were  discovered  in  1842, 
and  for  6  )'ears  yielded  about  $2,000  annually.  The  richer  pl.icers  on  the 
western  slope  of  the  Sierr.i  Xevada,  discovered  at  Coloma  Oii  Janu.iry  19, 
1848,  .soon  became  more  productive  than  anj'  previously  known.  In  1853 
the  estimated  jicld  was  .$60,000,000,  .and  from  that  year  ijie  production 
declineil. 

The  exi)erience  of  California  and  Idaho  agrees  with  that  of  Victoria, 
New  South  Wales,  and  Xew  Zealand,  to  prove  that  when  an  Anglo-Saxon 
community  discovers  a  placer-mining  region,  ;ind  obtains  go\ernmental  con- 
trol of  it,  with  convenient  means  of  .access,  the  climax  of  proiluctiveness  will 
be  reached  within  5  j-ears,  and  will  be  followeil  by  a  ilecline  that  will  last 
for  at  least  an  equal  i)eriod,  and  after  this  will  come  a  term  nearly  station- 
ar)-.  Californi.i  and  Iilaho  are  both  in  the  stationary  condition  now;  but 
vvlicreas  not  one  tenth  of  their  yield  came  from  auriferous  quartz  in  the 
first  5  years,  now  the  former  derives  one  third,  and  the  latter  about  as 
much,  from  th.al  source. 

Although  a  placer  mine,  or  claim,  of  auriferous  alhuium,  can  be  worked 
with  greater  r.ipidity  antl  exhausted  sooner  than  a  quartz  mine,  yet  ;i  placer 
mining  district,  as  compared  with  a  region  of  auriferous  or  argentiferous 
ijuartz,  has  usuall)-  a  much  greater  extent  of  mining  ground  and  more  uni- 
form it)' in  the  richness  or  po\erty  of  its  mineral  deposits;  and,  therefore, 


COLL)  mixinh;. 


291 


will  probabl)-  not  \ary  so  much  in  its  yield  within  averatjc  |)criods  of  5  or 
10  years.  This  remark  is  true  as  observed  in  the  relation  of  the  jilacer  to 
the  quartz  of  California  and  of  Idaho;  and  to  the  relation  of  California  as 
predominantly  jjlacer  in  its  mines,  to  Nevada  almost  exclusively  cjuartz. 
The  production  of  the  Californian  placers  may  decline  to  insignificance 
within  half  a  century,  while  that  of  the  Nevada  silver  veins  may  be  as  large 
in  1930  an  in  1880;  but  it  is  not  probable  that  there  will  ever  be  a  decrease 
of  66  per  cent,  in  California's  gold  yield  within  4  years,  as  there  has  been 
in  Nevada's  yield  from  1877  to  1880. 

Hydraulic  Pipe. — Most  of  the  present  gold  yield  of  California  is  ob- 
tained by  hydraulic  washing,  a  process  invented  in  California,  and  probably 
better  adapted  to  the  deep  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
than  to  those  of  any  other  country.  Let  us  visit  one  of  the  great  hydraulic 
mines.  Mere  we  arc,  at  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet  above  the  sea,  with  a 
canyon  of  the  Yuba  River  1,000  feet  deep  at  each  side  of  the  ridge  on  which 
we  are.  The  mine  is  a  bed  of  gravel  and  bowlders  300  feet  deep,  half  a 
mile  wide,  and  a  mile  long  across  the  ridge.  A  hole  v/ith  an  area  of  sev- 
eral acres  has  been  washed  out  to  the  bedrock,  and  on  j  sides  of  us  the 
gravel  rises  in  high,  steep  banks.  From  the  top  of  one  of  these  banks  an 
iron  pipe  2  feet  in  diameter  comes  down,  and  after  various  turns,  terminates 
in  an  immense  iron  nozzle,  the  mouth  of  which,  6  inches  in  diameter,  is 
turned  a  little  above  a  horizontal  direction,  towards  the  gravel-bank,  60 
yards  distant.  Through  this,  a  stream  of  water  under  a  pressure  of  400  ver- 
tical feet,  rushes  out  against  the  bank,  which  it  tears  down  with  great 
rapidity  and  carries  off  through  a  flume,  or  artificial  channel,  6  feet  wide 
and  a  foot  deep,  paved  with  cobble-stones.  The  current  here  is  so  strong 
that  bowlders  a  foot  in  diameter  appear  to  move  as  fast  as  the  stream, 
which  is  thick  with  clay,  sa'id,  and  gravel.  Such  a  nozzle  will  discharge 
about  20,000,000  gallons  a  day,  and  will  do  more  execution  in  moving 
gravel  than  100,000  men  could  do  with  picks,  shovels,  and  wheelbarrows. 
In  some  hydraulic  mines,  the  expense  of  washing  auriferous  gravel  does 
not  exceed  10  cents  a  ton ;  and  in  many,  25  cents  leaves  a  nice  profit. 
The  expenses  vary  greatly,  however,  and  perhaps  the  average  expense  is  40 
cents.  Most  of  the  gold  is  usually  found  in  a  stratum  about  5  feet  deep, 
next  to  the  bedrock,  where  there  is  often  ^5  and  sometimes  $100  to  the 
ton.  If  the  gravel  abo\e  that  level  pays  for  the  expcn.sc  of  washing,  the 
result  is  considered  satisfactory.  The  abundant  supply  of  water  obtainable 
by  mining  ditches  on  the  top  of  auriferous  ridges,  the  position  of  the  gold- 
bearing  gravel,  midway  up  on  the  side  of  a  steep  and  high  mountain  chain, 
with  numerous  great  ravines  to  carry  away  the  vast  mass  of  refuse,  and  the 


X 


I 


MINING. 


!   ti 


extensive  beds  nf  <jra\'cl  accumulated  there  in  channels  ^oo  feet  deep  and 
half  a  mile  wide,  form  a  combination  of  circumstances  that  linve  no  par- 
allel elsewliere;  and  make  a  jicculiar  demand  for  the  hydraulic  process. 
The  ainiferous  strata  of  Australia  have  no  sucli  opportunities  for  draina^'c, 
and  not  onl\-  lack  the  thickness  of  the  Califomian  ^ra\els,  but,  unlike  the 
latter,  if  not  near  the  surface,  are  almost  invariablj-  covered  at  a  considera- 
ble ilepth  by  barren  matter,  below  the  level  of  anj-  natural  channel  in  the 
vicinity;  so  that  if  water  were  abundant  for  washini^,  and  it  is  not,  the 
hydraulic  i)rocess  could  not  be  used,  for  lack  of  an  outlet. 

Man)'  persons  ima,L,nne  that  h)\liaulic  minint,^,  if  not  checked  by  law,  is 
onh'  in  its  infancy  in  California;  but  tl'iere  are  man)'  reasons  lor  doubting 
this  statement.  The  business  is  not  increasinif  in  extent,  anil  its  profits  are 
rapiilly  decreasint,'.  Man)'  of  the  jjlaces  that  a  few  )'ears  since  had  the 
most  productive  h)draulic  mines  now  have  none.  Their  gravel  has  been 
washed  awa)',  if  not  to  the  bedrock,  then  to  strata  so  hard  that  it  is  like  a 
solid  con^clomerate  rock.  .*\11  of  the  most  ])roductive  hydraulic  mines  have 
been  on  4  deatl  rivers  or  streams  buried  in  a  remote  ijcoloi^ical  ajj^e.  The 
accessible  gravel  of  the.se  dead  rivers — some  of  it  is  buried  so  deep  un- 
der lavr.  that  the  h)'draulic  proccsss  is  not  applicable — has  been  greatly 
reduced  in  tpiantit)'.  No  new  stream  has  been  iliscovercd  within  the  last 
23  years,  nor  is  there  reason  to  expect  any  important  discovery  of  that 
kind  in  the  future.  The  reduction  in  wages  will  not  help  hydraulic  mining, 
because  human  labor  is  a  small  item  in  the  expense.  The  cheajiening 
of  water  would  aid  it,  but  there  is  not  much  probabilit)-  of  a  considerable 
diminution  in  the  ditch  charges.  Moreover,  hydraulic  washing  is  threat- 
ened b)'  litigation.  The  owners  of  farms  in  the  \'alle)s  have  brought  suit 
to  recoNcr  damages  for  injury  done  to  their  land  by  .sand  and  gravel  from 
the  h)'draulic  mines;  and  if  their  right  to  recover  damages  should  be  rec- 
ognized, the  result  might  be  equivalent  to  practically  closing  the  hydraulic 
mines. 


Gold  Quartz. — Auriferous  cjuartz  mines  )'icld,  ])erhaps,  one  third  of  the 
gokl  of  California.  The  rock  or  ore,  extracted  in  the  same  manner  as  that 
from  lodes  containing  base  metals,  is  thrown  into  a  batter)-  or  iron  bo.x,  in 
which  5  iron  stamps,  each  weighing  500  pounds,  fall  a  distance  of  a  foot  40 
times  in  a  minute.  On  the  lower  side  of  the  battery  is  a  wire  screen  that 
permits  the  fjuartz  to  pass  when  reduced  to  particles  so  small  that  150  in  a 
line  will  not  (jccupy  an  inch.  Quicksilver  in  the  batter)-  catches  some  of 
the  gold  there;  and  a  stream  of  water  pouring  into  the  battery  carries  the 
pulverized  material  from  the  screen  to  a  copper-plate  cijvered  with  i|uick- 
silver,  and  there  mf)st  of  the  gf)ld  not  caught  in  the  battery  is  arrested. 


(■OI.I)    MINING. 


293 


Tliesc  arc  the  nrdinary  features  (jf  rcduciiifj  auriferous  quartz,  though  there 
are  <;reat  cli\irsiiieN  of  detail. 

Gold  Quartz  Mines. — Mining  in  auriferous  quartz  in  Cahfornia  has  been 
a  fickle  hiisiness,  conferring'  Uirt^c  fortunes  on  a  few,  and  inflictinjj  serious 
losses  on  man)-.  The  majority  of  the  inills  have  been  unprofitable  invest- 
ments, and  most  of  the  mines  which  have  been  worked  at  various  times  since 
1851,  when  quartz  minin.t^  began  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
arc  now  abandoned.  (Jnl)'  one  prominent  (juartz  mine  in  the  State  has 
been  worked  continuously  for  25  years,  and  that  is  the  Sierra  Buttcs. 
There  are  probably  Co  or  80  gold-quartz  mines  that  arc  now  worked  with  a 
profit  in  California;  but  in  1 88 1,  only  12  belonging  to  incorporated  com- 
panies jjaid  dividends.  Of  these,  the  most  profitable  was  the  Standard 
Consolidated,  of  Bodic,  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  the  amount  distributed 
among  the  stockholders  in  the  year  being  $975,000.  In  the  3  years 
ending  l"ebruary  1.  18S2,  the  dividends  amounted  to  $2,475,000,  and 
the  gross  yield  to  $5,500,000.  Ne.\t  in  value  to  the  Standard  is 
the  Idaho,  at  Grass  Valley.  In  188 1  it  paid  $263,000  in  dividends.  The 
mine  was  opened  in  1869,  and  at  the  end  of  1881  had  yielded  about 
$6,600,000  gross  and  $3,100,000  of  dividends.  This  mine  is  working  a  pay 
chute,  which,  nearer  the  surface,  was  in  possession  of  the  Grass  Valley  Eu- 
reka Company,  which,  between  1865  and  1877,  obtained  $4,600,000.  and 
$2,134,000  net.  This  ore  body  has,  therefore,  in  17  years,  paid  $1 1,000,000 
gross  and  $5,200,000  net.  These  figures  are  obtained  from  responsible 
sources;  in  many  other  cases  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain  what  the  entire  yield 
of  mines  or  ore  bodies  has  been.  It  is  said  that  the  Haj-ward  ^linc,  at 
Sutter  Creek,  produced  $11,000,000  gross;  the  Massachusetts,  of  Nevada 
City,  $5,600,000;  the  Gold  Hill,  of  Nevada  City,  $4,000,000;  the  Keystone, 
of  Sutter  Creek,  $2jooo,ooo;  and  the  Oneida,  of  Sutter  Creek,  $1,500,000. 
The  Sierra  Buttcs  paid  $78,100  and  the  Plumas  Eureka  $60,000  of  divi- 
dends in  1881.  The  Black  Bear  Mine,  in  Siskiyou  County,  in  9  years 
previous  to  September  1,  1881,  yielded  $1,676,684  gross  and  paid  $832,147 
of  dividends. 

The  auriferous  lodes  are  numerous  in  California,  and  are  the  main  hope 
for  the  gold  production  of  California,  Arizona,  Oregon,  Idaho,  and  British 
Columbia.  The  reduction  in  miners'  wages  to  come  with  time,  will  aid 
their  development;  and  they  will,  perhaps,  owe  still  more  to  wise  legisla- 
tion removing  the  clouds  that  now  cover  many  of  the  titles,  and  prevent 
prospectors  from  examining  veins. 

Our  coast  north  of  Mexico  has  about  800  mills,  with  9,000  stamps,  for  the 
reduction  of  gold  and  silver  bearing  quartz,  erected  at  a  co.st  of  about  $12,000,- 


M 


294 


MINING. 


ooo.  Of  these  mills,  California  lias  about  half;  Nevada  less  than  a  fourth, 
thr)u;j;h  a  lai;.,a'r  iimporticui  of  stamps;  Xri/ona  comes  next,  then  Iilaho, 
folic )\\L(.l  b\'  Ut.ili,  I'acific  Montana,  and  British  Columbia.  The  product  of 
the  different  divisions  is  not  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  mills,  many  of 
Avhich  are  lyinjj  idle. 

British  Columbian  Placers. — The  placers  of  British  Columbia  produce 
abcnit  $1,000,000  annually;  ;uid,  thou;,,d»  the  districts  from  which  most 
of  the  jjold  is  now  obtained,  will  jirobably  sink  into  insijjnificancc  at 
no  ilistant  time,  there  is  good  reascsn  to  e.xpect  that  new  districts  will  be 
oiicncd  with  profit;  so  that  the  relative  yield  from  the  alluvial  deposits 
will  be  better  in  the  ne.\t  century  than  in  any  other  placer  region  on  our 
coast.  The  dense  timber,  the  deep  strata  of  .soil  and  barren  gravel  over- 
lying the  auriferous  deposits,  the  great  cxpen.sc  of  transportation,  and  the 
severe  cold  during  half  the  year,  obstruct  exploration  and  prevent  the 
opening  of  mines  in  many  places  where  good  "prospects"  have  been  ob- 
tained. Gold  is  found  in  most  of  the  streams  west  of  the  .summit  of  the 
Rt)ck-y  .Mountains  on  the  mainland,  and  this  is  equivalent  to  a  promise  that 
considerable  areas  as  )-et  untouched  will  yield  their  treasures  to  the  future. 
The  mo.st-  producti\e  district.  Cariboo,  in  latitude  53°,  has  an  elevation  of 
5,000  feet  abo\e  the  sea;  and  much  of  its  gold  has  been  supplied  b}-  an  old 
bed  of  Lightning  Creek,  from  50  to  150  feet  beneath  the  present  .surface  of 
the  ground.  This  "  dead  river"  has  been  drifted  out  for  a  length  of  3  miles 
and  a  width  of  250  feet.  Ca,->siar,  next  to  Cariboo  in  its  yield,  is  in  lati- 
tude 59°,  and  a  few  feet  below  the  surface  the  giK..und  remains  frozen 
through  the  }ear.  The  total  gold  yield  of  British  C  'h.im'  ia,  from  1858  to 
1882,  has  been  estimated  ofFiciall)'  at  $46,000,000,  but  \.hr  amount  reported 
in  the  export  statistics  is  about  $36,000,000.  Thf  righest  yield  was  in 
1864,  when  there  were  4,400  miners,  and  the  reported  exportation  was 
$2, So  1, 000.     The  number  of  miners  at  present  may  be  1,600. 

Mexican  Placers. — In  northern  Sonora,  near  Altar  and  Caborca,  there  are 
placers,  which  were  very  productive  for  a  few  years  about  lialf  a  century 
since;  though  the  supply  of  water  was  always  scanty,  and  for  that  rea- 
son much  of  the  ground  supposed  to  be  rich  was  never  washed.  .Several 
American  companies  have  attempted  since  1870  to  get  capital  to  construct 
ditches,  but  without  success.  Tradition  says  that  in  one  year  these  Sonora 
placers  yielded  $5,000,000.  It  was  there  that  the  natives  of  Sonora  learned 
the  business  of  gold  washing;  so  that  when  they  came  to  California  in 
1848,  1849,  and  1850,  they  were  among  the  most  successful  prospectors  and 
miners.  The  placers  of  northern  Sonora  have  never  been  entirely  aban- 
doned, but  arc  still  worked  in  a  small  way. 


^^Ui  ■ 


sii.vicK  minim; 


2'j5 


CHAPTER   XVII— SIl.VKR    MINING. 

Silvf-'  Production.— In  icS.Si,  accordinj,'  to  J.  J.  Y.\i.i;\T[N'i:,  Nevada 
produced  $7,^55,574,  Arizona  $6,278,895,  Utah  $3,565,610,  California  $548,- 
582,  Idaho  $370,540,  and  Oregon  $48,684  in  .silver  bullion,  making  a  total  of 
$20,665,885.  Montana  produced  $2,305,723,  but  of  thi.s  not  more  than  half 
belonged  to  our  slope.  Of  ores  and  base  bullion,  Nevada  produced  $3,896,- 
498,  Utah  $3,637,383,  Arizona  $1,390,942,  Idaho  $1,007,386,  and  California 
$305,421,  making  a  total  of  $10,237,630,  of  which  silver  bullion  may  sup- 
pi)-  $6,000,000  in  value,  increasing  the  amount  to  $27,000,000.  Silver 
bullion,  however,  in  many  cases  includes  a  considerable  share  of  gold. 
Thus,  the  bullion  of  the  Comstock  lode  contained  47  per  cent.,  and  the 
precious  metal  in  the  base  bullion  of  Nevada  had  44  per  cent,  in  value  of 
gold  in  1881.  The  value  of  the  silver  may  ha\e  been  $18,000,000;  and  if 
we  allow  $10,000,000  as  the  yield  of  the  western  portion  of  Mexico,  we 
have  $28,000,000  as  the  total  annual  production  of  silver  on  our  slope. 

Silver  Mines. — Silver  mines  are  divided  into  2  main  classes  as  tlieir 
ores  are  reduced  by  milling — that  is,  by  grinding  and  amalgamating,  or  by 
smelting.  The  milling  (jres  arc  the  large  majority,  including  those  of  the 
Comstock,  Tombstone,  Guanajuato,  Zacatecas,  Pioche,  and  White  Pine 
districts.  Those  ores  which  will  not  yield  up  their  silver  to  amalgamation 
until  after  the)- have  been  roasted,  are  called  rebellious;  the  others  are  free- 
milling.  In  roasting,  the  ore,  finely  pulverized,  is  exposed  to  a  high  heat 
for  several  hours  to  drive  off  the  sulpluir  and  oxidize  some  of  the  base 
metals;  and  salt  is  added  to  convert  the  silver  into  a  chloride,  which  is 
easily  reducible.  One  of  the  best  furnaces  for  roasting  silver  ores  is  that 
of  Mr.  Stetekeldt,  invented  and  first  used  in  Nevada.  The  free-milling 
ores  after  being  pulverized,  and  rebellious  milling  ores  after  being  roasted, 
are  put  into  cast-iron  pans  5  feet  in  diameter  and  2  deep,  and  a  charge  of 
perhaps  a  quarter  or  a  half  ton  is  ground  in  the  form  of  a  thin  paste  with 
common  .salt,  and  sometimes  other  minerals,  until  read}'  for  amalgamatio;,, 
when  the  quicksihcr  is  added,  and  after  2  or  3  hours  of  rapid  stirring,  the 
silver  is  supposed  to  be  amalgamated;  and  the  pulp  passes  from  the  pan  to 
a  settling-tub,  in  which  it  is  mixed  with  5  or  10  times  as  much  water,  and, 


'  >  J 
] 


1^  Ji 


i    1 

U 


11 


IT 


! 


I!-  t 


296 


MINING. 


after  rcmainintj  in  a  state  of  quiescence  for  several  hours,  the  water  and 
lighter  material  are  dnr.vn  off,  lea\ing  the  amalgam  at  the  bottom.  The 
cost  of  extracting  the  ore  is  usually  from  $2  to  $4  per  ton,  and  of  reduc- 
tion in  the  large  mills,  from  $14  to  $20.  It  is  the  general  opinion  in  Ne- 
vada that  free-milling  ores  must  yield  at  least  $20  to  pay  expenses,  and 
rebellious  milling,  perhaps  $10  more. 

Comstock  Lode. — The  Comstock  lode,  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  Sierra  \e\ada  at  an  elevation  of  6,500  feet  above  the  .sea,  is  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  argentiferous  deposits  on  the  globe,  comparing  favorably 
in  magnitude  ;ind  )-iclil  with  the  great  veins  Guanajuato  and  Cerro  I'asco. 
It  is  a  fissure  \ein,  and  has  been  distinctly  traced  for  a  distance  of  nearly  3 
miles  horizontally,  and  followed  down  to  a  depth  of  more  than  3,000  feet. 
In  some  places  the  distance  between  its  outer  walls  is  more  than  300  feet, 
and  its  average  width  is  probably  about  40  feet.  Perhaps  2  per  cent,  of  the 
vein-stone  is  ore,  paying  $20  or  more  a  ton,  while  the  remainder  of  the 
gangue  is  considered  worthless  at  present,  though  possibly  another  2  per 
cent,  will  be  e.vtracted  and  reduced  with  a  profit  within  the  next  20  years. 
1  he  ore  is  a  black  sulphurct,  containing  in  many  places  free  gold  enougli 
to  surpass  the  sih'er  in  \alue.  The  country  rock  on  the  west  foot-wall  is 
syenite  or  diorite;  the  hanging  wall  on  the  east  is  propylite. 

Mines  or  mining  claims  on  metalliferous  veins,  are  measured  longitudi- 
nall)'  on  the  \ein.  Those  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  with  their  respective 
lengths,  commencing  at  the  north  end  are:  Utah,  1,000  feet;  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, 3,325  feet;  Union,  575  feet;  Mexican,  6oo  feet;  Ophir,  675  feet; 
California,  Goo  feet;  Consolidated  Virginia,  710  feet;  IJest  &  Helcher,  536 
feet;  Gould  &  Curr\',  617  feet;  .Savage,  771  feet;  Male  &  Norcross,  400 
feet;  Chollar,  1,400  feet ;  Ikillion,  943  feet ;  E.xchcquer,  400  feet ;  Alpha,  306 
feet;  Imperial,  685  feet;  Yellow  Jacket,  957  feet;  Kentucky,  93  feet; 
Crown  Point,  541  feet;  and  Belcher,  1,008  feet. 

The  Alta,  600  feet  long,  and  the  Justice,  about  half  a  mile  south  of  the 
Helcher,  are  supposed  to  be  on  the  main  line  or  a  branch  of  the  Comstock. 

Bonanzas. — In  general  terms  it  may  be  said  that  the  Comstock  Lode 
has  had  3  bonanzas.  The  most  northern  of  these,  within  the  limits  of  the 
lircsent  Ophir,  California,  and  Consolidated  Virginia  mines,  had  2  ore 
bodies.  The  (irst  ore  bod)-  found  at  the  surface  extended  down  500  feet, 
and  produced  $22,000,000  from  1 12,000  tons  of  ore.  The  average  width  of 
the  ore  boily  was  15  feet,  and  in  sh.ipe  it  was  a  triangle,  the  ufjper  side 
being  about  300  feet  long.  At  .i  distance  of  800  feet  from  that  ore  body, 
la>'  another  triangle  of  rich  ore,  about  700  feet  deep  by  1,300  feet  long,  its 


SILVKR    MINING. 


297 


iippcr  point  being  in  the  Consolidated  Virginia,  and  its  base  extending 
tliroiigli  that  mine  and  the  Cahfornia  into  the  Ophii'.  The  average  width 
of  this  mass  was,  perhaps,  40  feet,  and  its  gross  yield  has  been  about  $115,- 
000,000;  so  that  the  2  ore  bodies  of  this  most  nortliern  of  the  3  bonanzas 
ha\e  produced  in  all  about  $137,000,000.  Its  dividends  amounted  to  about 
$75,000,000. 

The  .second  bonanza  included  3  ore  bodies  in  the  Gould  &  Curry,  the 
Savage,  the  Hale  &  Norcross,  and  the  Chollar-l'otosi  mines,  the  last  now 
being  known  as  the  Chollar.  These  ore  bodies  were  shaped  somewhat  like 
beans,  with  a  length  of  600  feet,  a  breadth  of  200,  antl  a  thickness  across 
the  vein  of  about  20  feet,  ''  ')f  the  beans  standing  vertically,  and  the  third  at 
an  angle  of  45  degrees  to  the  horizon.  The  gross  yield  was  about  $55,000,- 
000,  and  the  dividends  $12,800,000. 

The  third,  or  Gokl  Hill  bonanza,  extended  from  the  Imperial  through  the 
Yellow  Jacket,  Kcntuck,  and  Crown  I'oint  into  the  Belcher  Mine,  with 
5  ore  bodies,  2  of  them  shaped  like  circular  convex  len.ses,  and  one  resem- 
bling a  semicircular  half  lens,  with  the  convex  edge  down.  The  total 
yield  of  this  bonanza  was  about  $100,000,000,  and  the  dividends  amounted 
to  $33,600,000. 

In  addition  to  theee  bonanzas,  a  number  of  small  bodies  of  ore  have 
been  worked  without  profit,  producing  in  the  aggregate,  perhaps,  $10,000,- 
000.  The  total  yield  of  the  lode  has  been  about  $325,000,000,  and  the 
dividends  about  $125,000,000. 

The  rich  ore  depos't  of  the  Consolidated  Virginia,  extending  into  the 
California,  was  discovered  in  1873,  "t  a  depth  of  1,200  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. In  F;ay,  1874,  the  Consolidated  began  to  pay  $324,000  of  monthly 
dividend;  in  March,  1875,  it  raised  the  sum  to  $i,oSo,ooo,  and  kept  up  at 
that  rate,  with  the  exception  of  4  months,  till  April,  1878;  then  jiaid  2 
divid(?r.ds  of  $540,000,  and  5  of  $270,000  each,  making  a  total  of  $42,390,- 
000  dividends  between  Ma\-,  1874,  and  December,  1879.  Between  May, 
187G,  and  December,  1879,  the  California  Mine  paid  $31,320,000  of  divi- 
dends. The  total  dividends  from  the  2  mines  were  $73,710,000,  and  the 
gro.ss  production, $108,702,500,  including  $58,1  i4,30oof  silver,  and  $50,588,- 
200  of  gold. 

The  Gould  &  Curry  Mine  began  to  reduce  its  ore  in  i860,  but  paid  no 
dividend  till  1863,  in  which  year  it  extractcti  48,000  tons,  yielding  $80  on 
the  average,  and  paitl  $1,468,000  as  dividends;  in  1864  it  extracted  66,000 
tons,  averaging  $72,  antl  paid  $1,440,000  in  dividends;  in  1865  the  average 
yield  was  $44  to  the  ton;  in  1866,  $28;  and  the  dividends  ceased,  though 
there  was  ,1  small  paj-mcnt  in  1870.  The  total  yield  of  the  mine  has  been 
$15,000,000;  the  total  lividcnds,  $3,826,000;  the  average  yield  of  its  ore, 
38 


2(jH 


MIXINi;. 


:,  h 


$47;  and  the  number  of  tons  worked,  318,000.  Its  dividends  were  paid  in 
1863,  1864,  1865,  1 866,  and  1870,  the  largest  payment  being  in  1863. 

Adjoining  the  Gould  &  Curry  on  the  south  is  the  Savage,  which  has  re- 
duced 459,000  tons,  averaging  $34,  extracted  $1  5,700,000,  and  distributed 
$4,460,000  to  its  shareholders.  Its  dividends  were  paid  in  1865,  1867,  18O8, 
and  1869,  reaching  the  highest  figure  in  1868,  when  $1,560,000  were  divided. 

Adjoining  the  Savage  f)n  the  .south  is  the  Hale  &  Norcross  Mine,  which 
])aid  $1,598,000  in  dividends  from  1866  to  1872,  and  e.vtracted  $7,822,000 
from  313,000  tons,  jielding  $25  on  the  average. 

The  most  productive  mine  of  the  Ciold  Hill  bonanza  was  the  IJelchcr, 
which,  in  the  6  years  from  1 87 1  to  1876,  extracted  $32,200,000  from  678,- 
000  tons  of  ore,  and  paid  $14,976,000  in  dividends.  The  profits  were 
limited  to  that  period,  and  the  best  year  was  1873,  when  the  ore  averagcil 
$64.70  per  ton,  and  the  dividends  amounted  to  $6,760,000. 

I'he  Crown  Point  began  to  pa)- dividends  in  1866,  and  with  the  exception 
of  1870,  paid  every  year  till  1875:  the  total  amount  ilistributed  to  the  stock- 
holders in  8  years  being  $1 1,900,000.  The  best  )-ear  was  1873-4,  when  the 
dividends  ran  up  to  $5,300,000. 

In  1881,  the  Comstock  Lode  jielded  about  $1,200,000  of  precious  metal, 
and  the  mines  and  mills  cost  about  $5,000,000  for  their  management  and 
maintenance,  th(j  greater  part  of  the  deficiency  being  made  U])  by  assess- 
ments collected  from  the  people  of  San  Francisco. 

Mice  Management. — The  system  under  which  thcsilvcr  mines  of  Nevada, 
.-    ncd  b\-  companies  incorporated  in  California,  ha\e  been  managed,  is  not 

iiout  its  defects.  Its  most  prominent  feature  was  the  issuance  of  stock 
■0  trustees  without  mention  of  the  I  rue  owners;  and  the  directors  of  com- 
panies could  buy  or  sell  the  stock  and  nobody  could  discover  their  move- 
ments. Thej'  therefore  had  motives  to  conceal  the  true  condition  of  the 
mines  under  their  control.  The\'  employetl  superintendents  who  would 
give  information  to  them  in  adsance,  publish  false  statements  to  de- 
ceive the  stockholders  and  general  public,  and  sometimes  detain  the 
miners  for  days  underground  to  prevent  the  truth  from  getting  out. 
Though  regarded  by  the  law  as  the  fiiluciary  agents  of  the  stockholders, 
tliey  violated  their  trusts  in  main-,  if  not  in  most  of  the  Comstock  mines; 
anil  attcuipted,  sometimes  with  signal  success,  to  enrich  themscKcs  by  de- 
frauding their  principals. 

iVnother  common  abuse  was  that  the  directors  of  a  mining  company 
made  contracts  with  themselves  as  directors  of  some  other  companj-,  as 
owners  of  mills  or  as  contractors  in  some  other  c.ipacity,  for  work  to  be 
done  and  supplies  to  be  furnisheil.      Ihus,  while  the  mine  jielded  nothipg 


^ 


SILVER   MINING. 


299 


to  the  stockholders,  or  was  even  heavily  burdened  by  assessments,  the 
directors  were  deriving  a  fine  revenue  from  it.  Under  such  a  management, 
a  mining  company  would  pay  $25  a  ton  for  extracting  and  reducing  ore 
which  yielded  only  $20;  and  while  the  stockholders  as  a  body  lost  $5  in  the 
mines,  the  directors  made  perhaps  $6  a  ton  in  the  mill.  The  mills  for  the 
reduction  of  the  Comstock  ores  were  usually  owned  not  by  the  mining 
companies,  but  by  men  who  held  many  shares  of  the  stock,  and  were 
thus  enabled  to  control  the  election  of  the  trustees,  who  made  contracts 
to  supply  the  mills  with  large  amounts  of  ore,  which  thc)-  furnished  even 
when  it  did  not  contain  enough  metal  to  pay  expen.scs.  Thus  the  average 
yield  of  130,000  tons  of  ore  reduced  from  the  Crown  Point  mine  in  the  year 
ending  Maj-  i,  1876,  was  $18.60,  while  the  average  cost  of  extracting  and 
reducing  it  was  $20.30,  so  there  was  a  loss  of  $221,000  on  the  work  of  the 
year.  The  Hale  and  Norcross  Mine  in  the  4  years  from  1871  to  1874,  ex- 
tracted and  reiluced  134,000  tons,  averaging  $17.50  per  ton  with  a  loss  of 
about  $3  a  ton,  or  $400,000  in  all.  The  Savage  Company  reduced  1 34,000 
tons  in  the  4  years  from  1870  to  1873,  and  the  average  yield  of  the  ore 
for  each  j'car  was  less  than  the  e.xpen.sc  of  extraction  and  reduction,  leav- 
ing a  loss  of  at  least  $250,000  to  the  company.  In  the  7  years  from  1868 
to  1874,  the  Sierra  Nevada  reduced  1 1 1,000  tons,  and  every  dollar  extracted 
cost  $3.  The  average  yield  of  the  ore  was  less  than  $8,  and  the  expense 
of  milling  about  $12;  but  it  was  milled.  Many  of  the  other  mines  were 
managed  in  a  similar  manner,  and  the  mill-owners  derived  large  profits 
from  mines  which  were  worked  at  a  great  loss  to  the  stockholders. 


U 


Assessments. — Although  great  profits  have  been  made  by  some  of  the 
com])anies  mining  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  most  of  them  did  not  .succeed 
until  after  they  had  risked  considerable  sums,  and  others  ventured  much 
and  recovered  nothing.  Three  of  the  Comstock  companies  have  collected 
each  more  than  $4,000,000  by  assessment ;  4  others  each  more  than  $3,000,- 
000;  3  others  each  more  than  $2,000,000;  and  7  others  each  more  than 
$1,000,000;  and  these  17  companies  have  collected  in  the  aggregate  more 
than  $46,000,000.  The  total  as.scssments  paid  in  San  Francisco  in  the  last 
22  j-cars  for  mining  jmrposes  amount  to  more  than  $70,000,000,  and  the 
atmual  average  for  several  years  was  about  $10,000,000. 

Underground  Works.— .V  subterranean  city  exists  in  the  Comstock 
Lode — a  city  3  miles  long  and  a  half  a  mile  wide.  The  vein  is  perhaps  not 
more  than  50  feet  thick  on  the  a\crage,  but  as  it  dips  to  the  east  at 
an  angle  of  45°,  while  the  mountain  side  dips  in  the  same  direction  at  an 
angle  of  20°  to  the  horizon,  the  miners  have  found  it  convenient  to  sink  a 


I     ! 


)00 


MiM\(;. 


succession  of  shafts  each  farther  to  the  cast,  as  it  was  required  to  reach 
L;rcatcr  depths.  The  deepest  of  these  shafts  in  the  Belcher  and  Yellow 
Jacket  mines  go  down  each  ^,(X)0  feet,  and  the  Mexican  is  down  2,800  feet; 
and  several  other  shafts  ha  l'^  i  '-'artcd  with  the  expectation  of  sinking 
to  at  least  4,000  feet.     At  iut  of  100  feet  the  vein  is  examined  by 

levels,  each  of  which  ma)'  be  c  rred  to  the  story  of  a  house;   so  the 

Comstock  catacombs  have  29  stories;  and  the  length  of  its  shafts,  levels, 
drifts,  crosscuts,  inclines,  and  winzes  is  not  less  than  250  miles.  About 
15,000,000  tons  of  ore  have  been  reduced;  350,000,000  tons  of  waste  rock 
have  been  hoisted  to  the  surface;  and  1,700,000,000  tons  of  water  have  been 
pumped.  There  is  10  times  as  much  wood  in  the  underground  timbering 
of  the  Comstock  Lode  as  there  is  in  V^irginia  City  and  Gold  Hill,  which  are 
built  mainly  of  wood,  and,  at  one  time,  had  nearly  20,000  inhabitants  in  the 


I   ■. 


( 


Mine  Improvements. — The  opening  of  the  Comstock  Lode  in  1859 
made  a  new  epcjch  in  the  mining  history  of  the  Pacific  Coa.st.  It  was  the 
first  silver-mining  experience  of  the  Americans.  They  rushed  into  it  with 
chiir.'icteristic  energy.  They  found  magnificent  profits.  They  supplied 
the  mines  with  excellent  and  very  costly  mining  machinery.  They  devised, 
or  first  extensively  applied,  improved  apparatus  for  hoisting  and  amalga- 
mating, for  jDumping,  timbering,  and  ventilating.  They  enabled  one  man 
to  tlo  more  work  b)'  the  help  of  imi)ro\cd  machinery  and  tools  than  10  av- 
erage Mexican  miners  can  do  in  the  same  time.  In  20  years  after  the 
(lisc()\ery  of  its  mineral  wealth,  Xcx'ad.i,  with  abf)ut  60,000  inhabitants,  pro- 
duced twice  as  much  silver  as  Mexico  ever  did,  though  it  had  more  than 
3,000,000  people  directly  or  indirectly  dependent  for  support  on  its  silver 
mines. 

The  hoisting,  the  pumping,  the  crushing,  the  ventilation,  the  stirring  in 
the  pans,  and  inuch  of  the  drilling  in  the  Comstock  Lode,  arc  done  by  ma- 
chiner)-,  which,  in  cost,  efficiency,  magnitude,  and  nice  adaptation  to  the 
special  piu'poses  in  \iew,  has  never  been  equaled  elsewhere.  .Several  of  the 
mines  ha\e  hoisted  and  reduced  500  tons  dailj'  for  long  periods;  and  this 
immense  amount  of  work,  yielding  a  monthly  pnifit  of  $  1 ,000,000,  justi- 
fied large  expenditures,  and  required  the  most  careful  stud)'.  The  best 
school  lor  the  study  of  silver  mining  to-day  is  Virginia  City.  There  is  not 
a  step  in  the  business  (from  the  sinking  of  a  shaft  to  the  final  melting  of 
the  bullion;'  which  the  miners  of  Nevada  have  not  modified  with  advantage 
t(j  themselves. 

J.  W.  Maokay.— The  most  notable  miner  of  the  Comstock  is  John  W. 
M.VCK.VV,   the  ciiief  owner    in    the  Consolidated   Virginia  and   California 


SILVER   MINING. 


301 


mines.  A  native  of  tlie  north  of  Ireland,  he  came  as  a  poor  boy  to  tiie 
United  States,  and  arrived  as  a  poor  man  at  Virginia  City,  where  he  ob- 
tained employment  in  mining  underground  for  $4  a  da>'.  He  made  fortu- 
nate investments,  entered  the  firm  of  P'LOOl)  &  O'BUIKX  fJ-VMI-.S  G. 
F.VIR  being  the  fourth  partner),  and  managed  the  explorations,  which  led  to 
the  discovery  of  the  Consolidated  Virginia  bonanza.  I  lis  vast  wealth, 
and  the  splendor  of  the  entertainments  given  by  his  wife  in  Paris,  are 
among  the  notorieties  of  our  lime.  Mr.  Mack.W  himself  has  not  been 
rendered  giddy  by  his  success,  but  continues  on  terms  of  familiar  friendship 
with  his  old  associates,  dwells  in  the  mountain  desert  of  Virginia  City,  and 
works  hard,  going  down  into  his  mines  every  day. 

J.  G.  Pair. — James  G.  Fair,  a  native  of  Ireland,  born  in  1831,  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1841,  and  to  California  in  1850,  and  in  i860  he  went 
to  Virginia  City,  where  he  worked  as  a  miner,  by  the  day.  In  1865  he  had 
become  jperintendent  of  the  Ophir  Mine;  a  few  years  later  he  entered  the 
firm  of  Flood  &  O'Uriex.  The  discovery  of  the  bonanza  of  the  Con- 
solidated Virginia  and  California  mines  made  a  millionaire  of  him,  and  in 
1880  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 

George  Hearst. — As  the  most  important  parts  of  mining  arc  the  finding 
of  the  ore,  and  the  correct  appreciation  of  its  worth  when  found,  so,  per- 
ha[)s,  the  miners  who  deserve  to  rank  in  the  first  class  are  those  who  can 
most  accurately  estimate  the  practical  value  of  mineral  deposits.  Judged 
by  that  rule,  GEORGE  HEARST  has  no  superior  as  a  miner  on  our  slope. 
His  opinion  of  a  mine  will  command  more  confidence  than  that  of  any 
other  man.  It  is  well  known  that  4  or  5  of  the  richest  mines  on  the  con- 
tinent were  purchased  by  the  present  owners  for  relatively  small  sums 
under  his  advice.  He  is  an  expert  whose  trustworthiness  has  been  accred- 
ited by  experience.  Llovd  Tevis  and  J.  H.  H.\Gc;iN  have  been  well  re- 
warded for  relying  on  him.  Their  best  mines  have  been  obtained  with  his 
help.  Mr.  HEARST  rccei\ed  a  simple  country  .schooling  as  a  boy,  and 
worked  8  years  in  the  lead  and  copper  mines  of  Missouri,  his  native  State 
before  coming  to  California  in  1850,  when  he  was  30  years  of  age.  He 
was  a  gold  miner  for  most  of  the  next  g  j-ears,  until  he  found  himself  at 
the  Comstock  Lode  in  July,  1*^59.  He  soon  obtained  a  large  share  in  the 
Ophir  Mine,  and  within  3  years  was  worth  $1,000,000;  3  years  later  he  lost 
nearly  all.  He  speculated  with  success  in  San  l""rancisco  real  estate,  and 
for  the  last  10  years  has  made  a  business  of  examining  mines,  and  reporting 
on  their  value. 

Discovery  of  the  Comstoolc— The    history   of  the   discovery  of  the 
Comstock  Lode  is  not  free  from  obscurit)'.     That  portion  of  the  vein  near 


M 


30:; 


MINING. 


Gold  Hill  was  rich  in  gold  near  the  surface,  and  by  its  disintegration  had 
furnislicd  materials  for  jjlacer  digj:;ings,  wliich  were  worked  by  Mexicans  in 
1S50,  and  were  not  abaniloncd  until  the  bed  of  the  canyon  had  been 
covered  by  the  tailings  from  the  silver-mills.  It  is  sail!  that  K.  A.  and  H.  H. 
Gkosch,  brothers,  natives  of  I'enn.sylvania,  and  educated  mineralogists, 
found  the  lode,  and  ascertained  it.s  argentiferous  quality  in  1853,  and 
attaciicd  much  importance  to  their  disco\cry;  but  they  made  no  publica- 
tion or  written  record  of  their  investigations  or  opinions  in  reference  to  the 
lode.  Both  died  in  1857.  Among  the  miners  at  Gold  Hill  was  a  Mexican 
named  M.\LDO.\.\DO,  \\ho  had  been  a  silver  miner  in  his  native  country, 
and  he  was  the  first  person  to  work  the  ore  with  profit.  From  him  the 
first  productive  mine  on  the  lode  was  named  the  Mexican.  In  1859 
samples  of  the  ore,  sent  to  Grass  Valley,  were  assayed  by  Mklville 
AtwooI),  who  found  that  they  contained  1,000  ounces  or  more  of  ])recious 
metal  to  the  ton,  with  a  considerable  percentage  of  gold.  The  high  value 
of  the  vein  was  ascertained  or  made  public  in  June,  1859;  and  the  lode  about 
this  tmie  received  its  title  from  a  dissipated  and  thriftless  miner,  who  was 
one  of  the  first  to  obtain  a  claim  on  the  vein;  and  Virginia  City  was  named 
after  his  native  State.  The  persons  who  took  up  the  early  claims,  includ- 
ing Gould,  Cukrv,  S.w.uje,  Sides,  and  Belchkk,  all  sold  out  many 
jears  ago,  most  of  them  for  small  sums,  and  .several  died  in  abject  poverty. 


r  15 


Washoe  Process. — ]\Iost  of  the  silver  of  the  Pacific  Coast  is  obtained 
by  the  Washoe  process,  .so  called  because  it  was  first  applied  to  the  re- 
duction of  argentiferous  ores  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  which  was  within  the 
limits  of  the  Washoe  district.  There  are  3  main  amalgamation  proccs.scs: 
the  Mexican,  the  German,  and  the  American.  The  Mexican  piles  up  his 
pulverized  ore  in  a  />{7tio  or  yard,  mixes  it  with  water,  salt,  quicksilver,  and 
pyrites  of  copper  and  iron,  and  stirs  it  occasionally  by  driving  mules 
through  it.  It  covers  a  large  space,  and  often  requires  2  months  to  com- 
plete the  amalgamation.  The  German  puts  his  ore  with  water,  p}'rites,  salt, 
and  quicksiKer,  in  a  wooden  barrel  revolving  on  a  horizontal  axis.  The 
American  puts  his  ore  in  a  cast-iron  pan,  adds  his  water  and  chemicals, 
sometimes  heats  his  pan  by  steam,  and  stirs  the  l)ul])  by  swiftly  revolving 
arms,  which  may  grind  the  coarser  material. 

There  is  no  precise  rule  for  the  amount  or  character  of  the  chemicals  to 
be  used  in  the  Washoe  process,  nor  is  there  any  unifonnity  in  general  prac- 
tice. Sulphate  of  copper  and  salt  arc  the  main  chemicals  added  to  the  ore 
to  prc[)are  the  siKer  for  amalgamation.  The  Mexican  ;ind  German  often 
take  the  copper  i^j'rites  in  its  natural  forms,  while  the  American  uses  the 
chemical  as  prepared  by  art.     They  put  scraps  of  iron  in  their  heaps  or 


m' 


siiat:r  mimnu. 


,^io;, 


barrels,  wliilc  tlio  i);in  itself  furnishes  that  metal  in  the  Washoe  process. 
From  a  quarter  of  a  pound  to  S  pounds  of  salt,  and  from  a  ])oinid  ant!  a 
half  to  2  pounds  of  sulphate  of  copper  are  consumed  for  each  ton  of  aver- 
age ore.  The  ores  are  carefully  assayed  before  reduction,  and  the  jield  is 
ordinarily  from  20  to  35  per  cent,  less  than  the  assay  value.  Whether  the 
Mexican  or  German  process  would  do  so  well  or  better  on  these  ores  is 
matter  of  surmise,  for  they  ha\e  not  been  tried  extensively;  but  they  would 
probabl)-  lose  as  much  of  the  precious  metal,  while  they  would  be  so  slow, 
and  require  so  much  space  and  labor,  that  the  extra  expense  would  exceed 
the  extra  yield,  if  any.  The  Washoe  process  does  the  largest  amount  of 
work  in  the  smallest  space  and  the  briefest  time,  with  the  least  human 
labor.  The  ore  from  the  tim'e  it  reaches  the  mill  passes  downward,  so  that 
gravity  facilitates  its  movements.  It  falls  from  the  stamp  to  the  pan,  from 
the  pan  to  the  .settler,  and  then  divides,  part  running  away  as  refuse,  and 
the  precious  metal  going  to  the  amalgam-pots.    . 

The  time  for  amalgamating  a  change  in  the  pans  is  usually  4  or  5  hours, 
and  the  "  pulp,"  as  the  matter  treated  in  the  pan  is  called,  runs  into  a  .settler 
or  large  tub,  where  it  is  mixed  with  water,  and  allowed  to  stand  till  the 
hea\ier  material,  including  the  amalgam,  settles  to  the  bottom,  when  the 
water  and  lighter  mud  arc  drawn  off 

Silver  Smelting.— Large  bodies  of  argentiferous  galena  have  been  found 
at  luireka,  Nevada;  Cerro  Gordo,  California;  various  places  on  the 
western  side  of  the  Wasatch  Range  in  Utah,  and  elsewhere  on  our  slope. 
Smelting  is  the  cheapest  process  for  reducing  the  ore  to  the  metallic  form. 
A  cupola  furnace,  holding  from  20  to  50  tons  of  ore  at  a  charge,  is  used. 
The  cost,  including  a  small  steam-engine  to  drive  the  blast,  is  not  more 
than  $5,000.  The  fuel  used  is  charcoal,  10  bushels  being  required  for  each 
ton  of  ore.  The  coal  is  fed  into  the  furnace  from  the  top  in  alternate  lay- 
ers with  the  ore,  a  flux  added,  and  the  smelting  continued  day  and  night 
till  repairs  are  necessary. 

The  chief  item  of  expense  in  the  reduction  of  ores,  aside  from  labor,  is 
fuel.  Charcoal  is  mostl)'  used  for  this  ])urpose,  and  costs  in  the  large  estab- 
lishments $40,000  a  month.  I'robably  800  hands  are  employed  in  the 
industry,  the  usual  wages  being  $4  a  day.  When  running  day  and  night,  it 
is  customary  to  ha\e  3  shifts  of  (S  hours  each.  The  business  is  confined  to 
no  .sea.son  of  the  )ear;  the  only  interruptions  being  lack  of  material, 
accident  to  the  mine,  or  necessity  for  repairs.  The  cost  of  mining  and 
hauling  the  ore  to  the  furnaces  in  the  Eureka  district,  is  slated  to  be 
about  $14  per  ton,  and  the  cost  of  smelting  in  the  small  works  $10  a  ton. 


,S04 


MINING. 


': 


i    ! 


I      tl 


The  cli.nLjc  for  smelting  and  refining  is  from  $io  to  $|8  a  ton.  From  S'A 
to  7  tons  of  ore  iisiiall)-  jickl  a  ton  of  base  bullion. 

The  protiuct  of  the  furnace,  generally  stj'lcd  "  base  bullion,"  is  principally 
lead,  with  some  silver  and  gold,  which  usually  amount  to  about  $400  in  a 
ton.  The  precious  metals  are  .separated  bj-  a  refinery,  of  which  there  are  2 
on  our  slope — one  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  in  Eureka.  The  San  Fran- 
cisco refinery,  of  T.  H.  SlCLBV  &  Co.,  u.scs  the  I'ATTINSON  process;  the 
ICurcka  Refinery,  belonging  to  the  Richmond  Mine,  employs  the  Rezan 
pr(.iccss. 

In  Pattin.SON'.S  process  the  molten  mass  contained  in  the  center  pot  of 
a  row,  is  partially  cooled,  being  constantly  agitated  during  the  time,  until 
cr)-stals  of  lead  form  and  sink,  when  thc\-  are  removed  by  means  of  a 
perforated  ladle  to  another  pot.  This  straining  is  repeated  several  times; 
the  enriched  metal  being  carried  each  time  in  one  direction,  and  the  impov- 
erished in  the  opposite  direction.  After  passing  through  a  set  of  from  9  to 
12  pots,  and  finally  reaching  those  at  the  ends,  this  portion  of  the  process 
is  c()m])letcd ;  the  result  being  that  -one  pot  holds  lead,  carrying  in  .some 
cases  as  high  as  fxx)  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton,  while  the  other  ])ot  con- 
tains market  lead,  or  lead  carrying  little  more  than  half  an  ounce  to  the 
ton.  In  the  Roz.VN  modification  the  melted  metal  is  placed  in  an  iron 
vessel  called  a  hydrocicle,  having  a  cajiacit)'  of  20  tf)ns  or  more,  and  when 
melted,  the  mass  is  agitated  by  a  jet  of  heated  steam  forced  through  an 
opening  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  the  steam  also  lowering  the  temperature 
sufficiently  to  cause  crystallization  to  take  place  as  before.  The  fluid  por- 
tion is  then  drawn  off  through  an  orifice  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  and 
the  operation  repeatetl  several  limes,  u'ltii  the  same  result  is  obtained  as  by 
the  other  process.  The  remaining  lead  is  driven  off  by  cupcllation  in  a  re- 
verberator)' furnace. 

Leaching. — Leaching  or  lixiviation,  is  a  method  of  separating  silver 
from  rebellious  ores.  They  are  pulverized  coarsely,  .so  as  to  pass  a  No.  o 
screen,  and  are  then  roasted  with  salt  till  the  precious  metal  forms  a  chloride, 
which  is  leached  out  by  a  .solution  of  hyposuli)hite  of  lime;  and  the  sul- 
phite of  silver,  after  precipitation  and  drying,  is  exposed  to  a  heat  which 
drives  off  the  sulphur.  The  cost  of  crushing,  roasting,  and  leaching  uiuler 
favorable  circumstances,  is  about  $12  a  ton;  and  that  is  jjerhaps  the  aver- 
age cost  in  Sonora,  where  many  mines  are  using  the  process.  It  was  intro- 
duced there  by  Californians,  who  substituted  the  hyposulphite  of  lime  for 
the  hyposul|)hite  of  soda  as  proposed  by  I'l.ATKKA,  the  discoverer  of  the 
leaching  moile  of  reduction. 


Eureka  District. — The   I'^ureka  district,   now    the  most    productive  in 
Nevada,   yielded    $4,000,000   in    1 88 1,  and   since    its   di.scovcry,   about    14 


SILVER  MINING. 


30s 


years  ago,  has  produced  $68,000,000,  and  paid  $7,000,000  in  dividends. 
Its  ores  arc  nearly  all  argentiferous  galena,  and  arc  reduced  by  smelting. 
The  leading  mines  are  the  Eureka  Consolidated,  the  Richmond  Consoli- 
dated, and  the  Ruby  Consolidated.  The  first  has  yielded  $19,000,000,  and 
paid  $5,105,000  in  dividends;  the  dividends  in  1881  having  been  $225,000. 
The  Richmond  paid  $540,000  of  dividends  in  1881.  The  furnaces  of  the 
Richmond  can  smelt  300  tons;  those  of  the  Eureka,  200;  and  those  of  the 
Ruby,  100  tons  a  day. 

Arizona  Silver.— In  1873  Arizona  nroduced  $47,778  of  precious  metals; 
in  1 874,  $26,066 ;  in  1875,  $109,093;  ii'  1876,  $1,111,992;  in  1877,  $2,388,- 
622;  in  1 87S,  $2,287,983;  in  1879,  $1,942,403;  in  1880,  $4,123,081  ;  and  in 
1 88 1,  $8,198,766.  The  rapidity  of  the  recent  increase  indicates  that  the 
Territory  possesses  great  mineral  wealth,  and  that  any  estimate  of  the 
future  production  must  be  unsafe.  Most  of  the  metal  is  silver,  and  is  ob- 
tained from  free  milling  ores.  The  chief  center  of  production  is  Tomb- 
stone, which  yielded  about  $5,000,000,  and  had  140  stamps  in  1881.  So 
soon  as  the  miners  were  protected  from  the  Apaches,  and  as  convenient 
transportation  was  given  by  the  railroad,  the  mineral  production  rose  with 
wonderful  speed.  Among  the  dividends  of  1881,  the  Contention  Consoli- 
dated (formerly  the  Western)  paid  $875,000;  the  Tombstone,  .$600,000; 
the  Silver  King,  $300,000;  the  Grand  Central,  $200,000;  and  the  Tip  Top, 
$120,000. 

Californian  Silver. — At  various  places  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  California,  has  mines  of  argentiferous  galena,  some  of  which, 
especially  those  at  Cerro  Gordo,  near  Owen  Lake,  have  yielded  large 
quantities  of  metal,  but  they  are  now  eclipsed  by  the  richer  deposits  of 
Nevada  and  Utah.  From  1874  to  1876,  Cerro  Gordo  annually  produced 
5,000  tons  of  base  bullion,  containing  $350  of  gold  and  silver  to  the  ton  on 
the  average;  for  several  years  past  the  yield  has  been  insignificant. 

Utah  Silver.-^Utah  has  numerous  profitable  silver  mines,  the  most  pro- 
ductive being  on  the  slopes  of  the  Wasatch  Range,  which  runs  north  and 
south,  east  of  Salt  Lake.  The  ores  generally  are  of  argentiferous  galena, 
but  there  are  many  others.  In  1881  the  Territory  produced  $7,311,288  of 
precious  metal.  One  of  the  most  profitable  mines  on  the  continent  now  is 
the  Ontario,  which  is  in  Parley's  Park,  about  30  miles  east  of  Salt  Lake 
City.  It  paid  $825,000  of  dividends  in  18S1,  and  its  gross  yield  within  7  years 
has  been  about  $9,000,000,  of  which  sum  $3,975,000  have  been  ne^  profits. 
It  is  said  that  there  is  ore  enough  in  sight  to  last  4  years,  and  pay  $3,000,- 
coo  in  dividends.  The  Horn  Silver  Mine,  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  in  1881 
V) 


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306 


MINING. 


ii 


yielded  $1,807,092,  and  paid  $300,000  of  dividends.  These  arc  the  richest 
mines  in  the  Territor)-,  but  man)-  others  arc  very  desirable  properties. 
Utah  lias  2S5  stamps,  and  23  furnaces  for  smelting  argentiferous  galena. 

Mexican  Silver. — ^The  western  slope  of  Mexico  has  some  of  the  most 
]m)ductiv'j  sihcr  districts  of  the  globe,  including  Guanajuato,  which  has 
yielded  $400,000,000,  and  Zacatccas,  which  has  turned  out  $300,000,000.  The 
mines  of  both  those  districts  liave  been  worked  with  profit  for  more  than  3 
centuries.  Durango  and  Sonora  yield  each  about  $3,000,000  annually  now  in 
the  precious  metals;  and  Sinaloa  has  good  mines.  Alamos,  the  chief  silver 
district  of  Sonora,  has  been  an  important  center  of  mining  industry  since 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century;  and  about  1825  the  annual  production 
was  $2,000,000.  One  mine  of  Lower  California  has  produced  more  than 
$500,000  annually  for  many  years.  Money,  machinery,  and  skill  are  going 
into  the  mines  of  Western  Mexico,  and  important  results  may  be  expected 
within  a  few  years.     The  present  annual  yield  is  about  $10,000,000. 


!    ( 


MIMNC    \\)\<   UTlllCK    MINKUALS. 


307 


i' 


si 
;  I 


CHAPTER   XVIII— MINING   FOR   OTHER   MINERALS. 

Coal. — Our  slope  is  poor  in  the  area  and  quality  of  its  coal-beds.  The 
coals  of  California  and  Orc<^on  are  of  the  litjnite  class;  tho.sc  of  Utah, 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Western  Colorado,  and  Sonora  are,  in  most  cases, 
cither  of  little  value  or  difficult  of  acce.s.s.  The  receipts  ol  coal  at  San 
Francisco  in  1881  amounted  to  868,000  tons,  including  309,000  from  luirope 
and  Australia,  151,000  from  Hritish  Columbia,  149,000  from  Seattle,  104,- 
000  from  Mount  Diablo,  19,000  from  Coos  Bay,  and  18,000  from  Carbon 
Hill. 

The  leadinfi  coal  mines  of  our  slope  arc  in  the  possession  of  3  wealthy 
combinations  of  capitalists,  who  have  indicated  their  intention  to  engatje 
in  a  f^reat  strujjf^le  to  sujiply  tlie  San  Francisco  market.  Their  com- 
petition would  probabl)'  have  attracted  more  attention  if  the>-  had  not  all 
been  oppressed  by  the  immense  supplies  of  coal  brought  from  Europe  as 
ballast  by  ships  sent  to  carry  away  the  Californian  wlieat.  DlnsMLIK, 
Dkjcle  &  Co.  have  the  best  mines  at  Nanaimo,  the  most  complete  and 
con\enient  arrangements  for  extracting  and  shipping  their  coal.  Thej' 
arc  at  a  disadvantage,  however,  because  of  the  heavy  tariff,  which  cuts  off 
much  of  their  profit  in  the  American  market.  Tllli  OREGON  iMl'KOVi;- 
MKNT  Company  (Henry  Villard  and  associates)  own  the  best  mines 
near  Seattle. 

The  most  productive  coal  mines  of  California  are  on  t'-"  north-eastern 
slope;  of  Mount  Diablo,  800  feet  above  the  sea,  and  6  iriics  irom  the  San 
Joaquin  River,  with  which  they  are  connected  by  rail,  i  Jierc  are  4  veins, 
one  of  3 ^'4  feet,  one  of  3  feet,  and  2  each  a  fool  thick.  The  production  be- 
gan in  i860,  and  reached  its  highest  figure,  204,000  tons,  in  1874.  Four 
mines  are  now  v/orkcd,  and  the  Black  Diamond  yields  more  than  the  ag- 
gregate of  all  the  others.  The  only  jiroductive  coal  mine  in  California,  bc- 
.sidcs  tho.sc  at  Mount  Diablo,  is  in  lone  Valley,  but  is  not  of  much  im- 
portance. There  are  coal  deposits  of  unascertained  \alue  in  Mendocino, 
Shasta,  and  Fresno  counties. 

Tlie  only  productive  coal  mines  of  Oregon  are  at  Coos  Ba)'.  which  .seems 
to  have  reached  the  cliina.x  of  its  yield  in  1874,  in  which  year  it  sent  45,- 
000  tons  to  San  Francisco. 


li 


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MrMNt;. 


Extensive  listiicts  in  I'tah,  and  the  Pacific  portions  of  Wyoming  and 
New  Mexico,  arc  carboniferous;  but  except  in  Wyoming  and  Utah,  little 
has  been  ilonc  to  extract  the  mineral.  The  deposits,  liouever,  are  de-'tined 
to  attract  mu:h  attention  in  the  future.  At  Rock  Spring,  in  Wyoming, 
the  coal  .scam  -,  within  780  feet  of  the  surface,  have  an  aggregate  thickness 
of  48  feet;  a.id  at  Coalville,  Utah,  there  is  a  coal  scam  13  feet  thick,  and 
the  coal  area  of  the  Territor)-  measures,  according  to  official  statements, 
I25,CXX)  i'cres.  The  attempts  to  make  coke  of  the  Utah  coal  have  failed. 
The  geological  maps  in  Ilaydcn's  report  show  that  there  are  1,500  square 
miles  f)f  carboniferous  area  in  Western  Color.ado,  but  in  districts  .so  sparsely 
]Kipul.ited,  and  so  remote  from  railroads,  that  coal  there  is  of  little  \alue  for 
t!ic  present  or  near  future.  Coal-beds  are  known  to  e.xist  at  various  places 
in  Alaska,  Sonora,  and  Queen  Charlotte  Island.  .Vrizona  has  several  coal 
basins,  onv-  of  them  within  the  limits  of  the  San  Carlos  Indian  Reservation. 


Carbon  Hill. — One  of  the  most  valuable  coal  deposits  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  is  four  d  at  Carbon  Ri\er,  34  miles  from  Tacoma,  in  Washington 
'I'erritory.  The  \eins  at  present  worked  are  3  in  number:  one,  i^]4  feet; 
the  .second,  6  feet ;  and  the  third,  4)^  feet  thick.  Thc\-  are  situated  so  that 
they  can  be  worked  con\enientl\'  through  a  tunnel,  and  the  amount  of  coal 
above  its  level,  and  therefore  obtainable  without  puniping,  is  estimated  ;it 
26,000,000  tons.  Col.  G.  II.  Mi;nI)KLI,,  after  examining  the  veins,  said  they 
"have  an  abundance  of  superior  coal  of  different  varieties  easily  accessible, 
and  easy  to  mine."  Mr.  GUTKI.IL'S  declared  it  "an  excellent  bituminous 
coal,  superior  to  any  produced  from  [other]  mines  on  this  coast."  He  adds 
that  the  Carbon  River  coke  compares  favorabh'  with  the  best  English  coke 
for  sale  in  the  San  Franci.sco  market.  The  walls  arc  a  hard  sandstone,  so 
that  no  timbering  is  needed.  The  cost  to  the  company  of  the  coal  de- 
livered in  San  Francisco  is  estimated  at  $4.50  a  ton.  The  veins  have  no 
"bone"  or  incumbustible  matter  in  them,  and  the  expense  of  mining  is  put 
down  at  50  cents  a  ton.  A  railro.id,  without  ascending  grade,  leads  from 
the  mine  do\\  n  to  the  deep-water  ship.  These  mines  belong  to  the  capi- 
talists of  Tin;  Centr.vi.  Pacific  R.mlro.vd  Company.  Steam-colliers 
are  used  to  carry  the  coal  to  .San  Francisco. 

Seattle  Coal— TiiK  OREGON  Improvk.mknt  Company  (coal  depart- 
ment; is  the  ouner  of  the  coal  lands  producing  what  is  known  as  the 
Seattle  coal — a  lignite  lying  in  7  parallel  \eins,  of  var)ing  thickness,  on  a 
tract  of  1,200  acres  near  New  Castle,  20  miles  east  of  .Seattle.  The  mines 
have  been  worked  for  about  10  )-ears,  and  have  proilucetl  from  75,000  to 
100,000  tons  a  year.     The  present  daily  output  is  500  tons;  but  withiij    12 


MININCi    KiK    dllll.U    MINT.RAl.S. 


309 


months  the  progrt'ssins,'  impiovciiKnts  will  iiiciuasc  the  d.iily  capacit)-  to 
i.cxx)  tons.  Another  piece  of  the  company's  property  is  the  Columbia  and 
Piigct  Sound  Raih-oad,  a  narrow-gauge  road,  20  miles  long,  running  from 
New  Castle  to  Seattle,  and  at  present  used  almost  exclusively  for  coal 
transi)ortation.  At  the  Seattle  terminus  an  extensive  coal-shipping  pier  is 
being  built  of  copper-covered  piles.  The  wharf  when  completed  will  be 
1,150  feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and  will  have  a  cajiacity  of  putting  3,000  tons 
o(  coal  a  day  on  board  vcs.scLs.  Connected  with  this  department  are  6 
.sailing-ships,  ha\ing  a  total  capacity  of  1 1,500  ton.s.  The)-  are  engaged  in 
carrying  coal  from  Seattle  to  San  Fran^  isco.  In  addition  to  these,  the 
company  have  recently  added  a  fleet  of  steamships,  consisting  (jf  the 
lVi//(ii>iet/e,  2,^00  tons;  Jl/ississ//>/>i,  1,300  tons;  (Jiiiatiiin,  2,200  inns;  and 
IVal/a  Walla,  2,200  tons.  These  steamers  were  designed  and  exjjressly 
built  for  th  ,  economical  transportation  of  coal  from  I'ugct  Sound  to  San 
I'rancisco.  They  have  been  equippetl  so  as  to  accommodate  passengers  and 
general  freight  to  and  from  I'ugct  Sound.  The  company  own  also  the 
entire  propert)'  bounded  b)'  IScale,  Hrj'ant,  Ikannaii,  and  I'irst  streets,  San 
I'"rancisco,  and  have  there  erected  facilities  for  unloading  and  storing  coal, 
which  arc  probably  the  most  complete  and  extensive  on  the  coast.  The 
iriachinery  and  apparatus  is  capable  of  lifting  200  tons  an  hour  from  the  4 
hatches  of  a  steamer,  and  the  storage  sheds  can  accommodate  10,000  tons 
of  coal. 

Dunsmuir,  Diggle  &  Co. — The  Wellington  Colliery,  at  Departure  Bay, 
l\i  miles  north  of  Nanaimo,  the  property  of  DuNSMUiR,  DiGGLE  &  Co.. 
though  not  opened  till  1870,  has  yielded  more  coal  and  more  profit  than 
anj-  other  mine  on  our  coast,  but  recently  has  been  meeting  with  competi- 
tion from  several  of  the  Washington  mines.  The  capacity  is  1,500  tons  a 
daj',  and  the  average  output  is  1  5,000  tons  a  month.  A  new  shaft,  to  be  500 
feet  deep,  and  to  furnish  additional  facilities  for  extraction,  is  now  being 
sunk.  The  price  of  the  coal  froin  the  Wellington  Mine  in  Calilornia,  is 
usually  from  $1  to  $2  more  per  ton  than  that  from  Seattle.  About  half 
the  yield  is  sold  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  remainder  in  Wilmington  (to 
TlIK  SOUTIIKRN  P.VCIFIC  R.MLRO.M)  Co.Mr.VNY),  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 
DUNSML'lK,  Diggle  &  Co.  own  and  use  in  their  business  2  steamships, 
the  Barnard  Castle  and  Hylton  Castle,  and  besides  frequently  charter  sail- 
ing-vessels. The)'  cmplo)-  600  men,  half  of  whom  are  Chinamen,  paying 
from  $3  to  $4.50  to  white  miners,  to  blacksmiths  and  carpenters  from  $3  to 
$3.50,  and  to  Chinamen  from  $1  to  $1.25  per  day.  To  accommodate  the 
laborers,  i6o  cottages  have  been  built,  besides  a  hotel,  2  large  boarding- 
liouses,  a  school-hou.se,  a  church,  and  hall,  with  Presbyterian  and  Metho- 


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MINING. 


tlist  soniccs  cvciy  Sundny.  Two  railroads,  4]4  miles  lonj:;,  convey  the 
coal  b_v  steam  from  the  mine  to  the  wharf.  The  .l/cxaiukr,  built  at  the 
Skecna  Ri\cr,  of  j'clluw  cetlar,  said  to  be  the  finest  tutj-boat  on  the  coast,  is 
the  propertx-  of  the  firm,  and  is  used  in  their  business.  At  Como.\,45  miles 
north  (if  Departure  Bay,  they  own  i,ooo  acres  of  coal-field,  containing  6 
scams,  xarying  from  2);!  to  8  feet  in  thickness.  The  capital  invested  in 
their  uusiness  is  $i,ioo,CXX).  Mr.  DUNSMUIR  was  .sent  out  as  a  mining  ex- 
pert from  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  in  1S51,  to  Vancouver  Island,  where  he  has 
resided  ever  since,  and  to  him  fairly  belongs  a  large  share  of  the  credit  for 
the  successful  development  of  the  Nanaimo  coal  mines. 

Iron  Smelling. —  The  consumption  of  iron  on  the  Pacific  Coast  amounted, 
for  18S1,  to  more  than  15,000  tons,  or  about  3,500  tons  in  excess  of  the 
figures  for  the  [irevious  jear;  while  imports  fell  off  from  13,200  tons  in 
1.S80  to  S,6oo  tons  in  iSSi.  The  difference  is  c.\])lained  by  the  large 
increase  in  tin;  home  production  of  iron,  which  was  estimated,  for  1881,  at 
12,250  tons,  and  valued  at  about  .$337,000.  In  former  years  nearly  all  the 
pig-iron  consumed  here  was  imported  from  the  ICastern  .States  or  from 
luu'ope ;  but  the  smelting  works  now  in  operation  in  California,  Oregon, 
and  Washington  ha\'c  been  attendetl  with  such  a  measure  of  success  as  to 
give  assurance  that  the  importation  of  iron,  in  large  cjuantities,  will  soon 
cease  to  he  a  necessity,  though  a  certain  c]u.'..,tity  of  soft  iron  will  be 
required  to  mix  with  that  of  home  production.  The  average  price  of  iron 
in  San  I'ranciscf)  ikuing  the  jiast  5  years  has  been  $29.75  ^  ton;  and  it  is 
claimed  by  the  proprietors  of  furnaces  on  this  coast  that  ihcycui  |)lace  pig- 
iron  on  the  market  at  a  cost  of  $24  a  ton. 

.\s  in  man_\-  other  industrial  pursuit.s,  so  in  that  of  smelting  the  most 
useful  of  metals,  Utah  took  the  lead  on  our  coast.  The  cost  of  transpor- 
tation \\,is  so  high,  the  value  of  iron  was  so  little,  in  proportion  to  its 
weight,  and  the  Mormons  were  so  poor,  that  they  made  man)-  efforts  to  ob- 
tain, at  home,  the  needed  suppl)'.  They  erected  numerous  furnaces,  but 
gencrall)-  without  satisfactory  result.s.  Their  coal  would  not  coke;  and 
used  in  its  raw  condition  it  did  not  produce  a  good  quality  of  iron.  After 
all  their  efforts  and  sacrifices  to  obtain  iron  in  Utah,  they  were  still  experi- 
menting when  the  Union  Pacific  Railroail  reached  them  in  1869;  and,  by 
reducing  freight,  and  at  the  same  time  giving  an  excellent  market  for  their 
agricultural  produce,  diminished  the  incentives  for  maintaining  furnaces. 
The  recent  construction  of  a  railroad  into  Iron  (Jounty,  where  extensive 
deposits  of  rich  ore  arc  found  near  beds  of  coal,  has  turned  attention  again 
to  the  smelling  of  iron  in  Utah,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  business  will 
soon  be  resumed  under  more  faxorable  auspices. 


;\ 


MINING   VOK  OTIIKR   MINERALS. 


S'i'i 


Oregon  Iron. — In  the  production  ot  iron  on  the  Pacific  Const,  Oregon 
came  next  after  Utah,  with  a  set  of  furnaces,  built  in  1865  by  TlIE  Ore- 
<;ox  Iron  Company  at  Oswego,  on  the  Willamette  River,  7  miles  above 
Portland.  The  first  shipment  of  ore  to  San  Franci.sco,  consisting  of  50 
tons,  was  made  in  1867.  Charcoal  is  made  in  the  adjacent  forests.  One 
hundred  and  fifty  Chinamen  are  employed  in  cutting  the  wood  at  $i  a 
cord,  and  the  coal  is  charred  and  delivered  at  the  furnace  at  a  cost  of  6)4 
ce  s  a  bushel.  The  limestone,  required  for  flu.x,  is  brought  from  the 
Tacoma  quarries,  in  Washington,  at  a  cost  of  $5.50  a  ton,  and  is  used  to 
the  extent  of  1,000  tons  a  year.  About  140  bushels  of  charcoal  and  3  tons 
of  ore  are  required  to  produce  a  ton  of  iron.  The  cost  of  the  charcoal 
would  be  $9.10,  and  the  ore  is  extracted  and  brought  to  the  mine  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $2. 10  a  ton.  The  iron  finds  a  ready  market  in  Oregon  and  California. 
When  used  alone,  it  is  found  to  be  too  soft  for  manufacturing  purposes,  and 
is,  therefore,  mixed  with  Scotch  pig-iron.  The  price  has  varied  from  $25 
to  $30  a  ton,  and  the  sales  for  1881  exceeded  $150,000.  About  300  persons 
are  employed  in  the  mine  and  works;  the  miners  receiving  $3,  and  laborers 
$2  a  day. 

Between  1867  and  i86o  these  works  produced  2,400  tons  of  iron.  The 
furnace  then  remained  idle  until  March,  1874,  and  continued  in  operation 
until  t'.  ■:;  fall  of  1876,  producing  during  the  interval  about  5,000  tons.  The 
following  year  the  property  passed  into  the  hands  of  its  present  proprietors, 
The  0.s\vego  Iron  Company.  The  works  are  located  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Willamette  River,  and  arc  connected  by  railroad  with  the  mine, 
which  is  3  miles  distant.  The  ore  is  conveyed  by  a  train  of  6  cars,  each 
one  carrying  a  load  of  5  tons,  and  is  delivered  by  contract  at  70  cents  a  ton. 
The  averat:fe  yield  is  about  100  tons  a  day,  and  at  this  rate  it  is  estimated 
that  it  will  take  50  years  tn  exhaust  the  deposit.  The  thickness  of  the 
vein  varies  from  6  to  20  feet,  and  a  shaft  '  's  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  600 
feet.  The  ore  is  a  brown  hematite,  and  ,.  lelds  about  40  per  cent,  of  iron. 
The  blast-furnace  is  a  large  structure,  1.1  cr  40  feet  in  height,  and  is  capable 
of  producing  500  tons  a  month. 

Callfornlan  Iron. — The  only  productive  iron  mine  in  California  is  at 
Hotaling,  3  miles  from  Clipper  Gap  and  45  from  Sacramento.  It  was 
opened  by  TlIE  CaLIKORNIA  Iron  AND  SteEL  COMPANY  in  May,  188 1, 
and  has  a  maximum  capacity  to  produce  45  tons  of  pig-metal  in  24  hours, 
or  about  I  S,ooo  tons  in  a  year.  The  company  own  7,800  acres  of  timber  land, 
to  supply  material  for  ciiarcoal,  31  miles  of  wagon  road,  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  their  coal  and  iron,  26  patent  charcoal-kilns,  each  of  which  holds  45 
cords  of  wood,  and  extensive  deposits  of  rich  ores  of  the  kinds  known  as  limo- 


I 


312 


MINING. 


M 


)     V 


nite,  ochcrous  limonitc,  and  magnetite.  The  last  contains  6g  per  cent,  of  iron; 
til'-'  liinnnitc  and  ochcrous  limcnitc  from  53  to  57  per  cent.  Phospb.onis  and 
sulpluir  arc  cither  lacking  or  so  small  in  quantity  as  not  to  injure  the  qual- 
ity of  the  metal.  (3n  their  land,  and  near  their  furnaces,  arc  large  deposits 
of  marble,  excellent  for  flu.xing  purposes.  Their  timber  consists  mainly 
of  fir,  }cllo\v  pine,  and  spruce,  and  )ields  good  charcoal.  Their  iron  bore 
a  tensile  strain  var)-ing  from  8  to  15  tons  to  the  scjuarc  inch — conclusive 
proof  of  high  strength — and  has  been  used  with  success  in  making  car- 
wheels,  chilling  rcadil)-  and  evenly.  The  common  Scotch  iron  bears  a  ten- 
sile strain  of  about  3  tons.  The  640-acrc  tract  on  which  the  buildings  are 
situated  is  supposed  to  be  one  vast  ore-field,  as  e\idenccs  of  the  existence 
of  ore  appear  in  all  tlirections.  Hesides  this  vast  supply,  the  company  has 
in  possession  some  80  acres,  called  the  Scott  Mine,  about  4  miles  from  the 
works,  and  on  the  road  to  Auburn.  On  a  portion  of  this  propert)',  visible 
from  the  road,  2  cuts  have  been  made,  revealing  a  magnificent  deposit  of 
ore  of  richest  quality.  In  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  the  furnaces,  5  cuts 
have  been  made,  near  each  other;  and  in  one  or  2  of  them,  true  fissure 
veins,  with  well-defined  walls,  have  been  developed.  In  cut  No.  3,  near  the 
works,  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  60  feet,  all  the  way  through 
.solid  iron  ore  of  a  most  vnpcrior  quality.  The  ore  is  limonite  and  red  hem- 
atite, with  occasional  deposits  of  magnetite,  and  is  very  rich,  )ie!ding  as 
high  as  62  per  cent,  of  iron,  and  is  free  from  phosphates  and  sulphurcts. 
The  quality  of  the  iron  is  equal  to  any,  and  greatly  superior  to  most 
descriptions,  used  in  San  Franci.sco.  At  our  foundries  some  ordinary  tests 
have  been  made  of  its  powers  of  resistance.  It  has  taken  16  blows  to 
fracture  a  pig  of  Californian  pig-iron,  while  a  piece  of  Scotch  iron  of  the 
same  dimensions  yielded  at  one  blow  from  a  sledge-hammer  in  the  .same 
hands.  The  high  (pialit)'  of  the  iron  is  secured  b\-  the  use  of  charcoal. 
The  consumption  of  that  fuel  amounts  to  1 2,000  bushels  in  a  year.  At  the 
present  time  there  arc  charcoal-camps,  distant  3,  6,  and  8  miles  from  the 
works,  antl  26  brick-built  kilns  with  a  capacity  for  45  cords  of  wood  (mostly 
pine),  which  yield  in  a  da}'  4,000  bushels  of  charcoal.  It  requires  a  force  of 
75  hands,  including  charcoal-burners  and  teamstcis,  to  supply  tiie  fuel;  20 
miners  to  provide  the  ore;  30  hands  ?{  the  furnaces,  working  da)- and  night 
shifts;  and  I J  for  incidental  work,  a  total  of  137  hands.  No  Chinamen  are 
employed.  It  costs  the  company  about  $20  a  ton  to  produce  the  iron.  The 
foundries  at  Grass  \'alle\-,  Dutch  I'lat,  Virginia  City,  and  San  I'rancisco, 
the  Pacific  Rolling-mills  .uul  the  rolling-mills  of  the  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road Company  at  Sacramento,  h.ive  worked  the  iron,  and  find  that,  in  e\ery 
essential  (jualit)-,  it  compares  favorably  with  the  best  fi)rcign  .irticle. 

The  reduction  of  iron  ore  to  the  pig-iron  of  commerce,  is  accomplished 


MINING   l<'OR  OTHER   MINERALS. 


313 


in  the  following  manner  at  these  furnaces:  The  ore  is  first  reduced  to  large 
nut  size  by  an  Eclipse  rock -breaker,  which  is  worked  by  a  30  horse-power 
engine,  and  is  capable  of  breaking  80  tons  in  a  day.  It  is  then  hoisted  to 
the  top  of  the  furnace,  together  with  the  charcoal  and  limestone,  in  the 
proportion  of  one  ton  of  ore  to  120  pounds  of  limestone  and  150  bushels 
of  charcoal.  When  filled,  the  furnace  is  fired;  and  as  the  mass  becomes 
heated,  melts,  and  sinks  down,  new  material  is  added  from  time  to  time. 
About  once  every  8  hours  the  molten  mass  is  drawn  off;  first  the  iron, 
which  lies  at  the  bottom,  and  is  run  off  into  molds;  then  the  slag,  or  fluid 
cinder,  composed  of  the  earthy  ingredients  of  the  ore,  and,  finally,  the  flux 
and  fuel  which  had  been  floating  on  the  surface. 

The  hot-air  blast  is  used  at  the  company's  furnaces.  The  blowing 
engine  is  of  1:25  horse-power,  and  discharges  4,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per 
minute.  From  the  blowing  cylinders  the  air  passes  to  the  hot-blast  ovens, 
which  contain  nearly  6  tons  of  iron  tubes,  arranged  in  a  fire-brick  chamber, 
and  heated  bj-  the  combustion  of  gases  drawn  from  the  top  of  the  furnace 
by  means  of  an  obliquely  placed  pipe,  about  '>  leet  in  circumference,  called 
a  "down-comer."  The  ([uantity  of  gas  evolved  from  this  fum.ice  is  extra- 
ordinary, and  is  due,  no  iloubt,  to  thr  'n-  character  of  the  wood  used 
in  the  making  of  the  charccjal.  It  i  i\  to  draw  off  a  large  surplus 
of  gas,  which  is  done  by  means  of  a  lali  pipe  .it  the  lop  of  the  furnace; 
and  at  night  the  corona  of  colored  flames  around  tti  louth  of  this  pipe  i^ 
a  grand  sight,  illuminating  all  the  surrounding  country  The  introdn<iion 
of  heated  air  saves  nearly  50  per  cent,  of  fuel,  antl  maki  ,1  materia!  n  dur- 
tion  in  the  cost  of  manufacture  and  a  like  increase  in  the  profits.  I'hc 
originators  of  this  enterprise,  A.  1'.  HoiALlXG,  IRVI.NG  M.  S< dit,  and 
Egbert  Judson,  the  last  the  president  of  the  coinpan\',  have  established 
the  first  permanent  iron  furnace  in  California.  Enough  iron  ore  was 
smelted  in  1856  at  Grass  Valley  to  supply  material  for  the  castings  of  a 
quartz-mill  made  there. 


Washington   Iron.— The    Pugei'    Sound    Iron    Compann  a 

furnace  at  Irondale,  9  miles  from  Port  Townsend,  and  have  been  dera- 
tion since  I'-cbruary,  1881.  They  obtain  ores  from  the  Chimacuin  Iron 
Mine,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  furnace,  paying  a  royalty  for  the 
privilege,  and  from  the  Texada  Mine,  on  Texada  Island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  150  miles  from  Irondale,  and  accessible  by  water  communication. 
The  Chimacum  Mine  has,  within.  2  feet  of  the  surface,  a  stratum  of  bog 
o'  22  inches  thick,  over  an  area  of  600  acres.  It  can  be  deliveretl  at  the 
lurnace  for  $1  a  ton,  and  will  yield  from  50  to  55  per  cent,  of  metal.  The 
deposit  will  keep  a  40-ton  furnace  running  for  20  years.  The  Texada  ore 
40 


I;    !' 


■HB 


4 


314 


MINING. 


is  found  in  a  fissure  vein  So  feet  wide,  contJiininp;  62  per  cent  of  metal  in- 
exhaustible in  c]uanlit\',  and  though  it  needs  to  be  desulphurized  by  burn- 
in;4  or  roasting;,  is  excellent  in  qualit)-.  J.  M.  Win  rii,  who  exaniineil  this 
dv'ixisit  snid,  that  of  all  the  iron  deposits  known  to  him,  "it  is  the  fmcst, 
cheapest,  and  best  ore  for  the  production  of  iron  upon  this  coast,  if  not  in 
the  United  States."  The  cost  (jf  tleliverini^  the  ore  at  the  furnace  from 
either  mine  does  not  exceed  $2  a  ton,  includinL;  the  royalt)'.  The  iron  pro- 
duced from  the  ore  of  the  Chimacum  Mine  is  very  soft,  while  that  ob- 
tained from  the  Tcxad.i  ore  is  of  much  harder  qualit)-.  ]5y  mixint,'  them 
an  article  is  produced  that  is  suitable  for  commerce.  Charcoal  is  made  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  furnace  from  fir  timber,  which  is  there  very 
abundant.  Lime  rock,  for  flux,  is  procured  on  the  San  Juan  and  Orcas 
islands,  at  a  cost  of  $1.50  a  ton.  In  the  summer  of  I1S81  the  furnace  was 
running  night  and  day,  anil  producing,  every  24  hours,  from  <S  to  10  tons  of 
iron,  worth  over  .$30  a  ton.  A  large  furnace  for  roasting  ore  has  been 
built  near  the  smelting-furnace,  and  an  extensive  brickyard  is  in  operation 
in  the  vicinity.  A  wharf  leads  out  from  the  company's  works,  deep  enough 
for  the  loading  of  \essels.  Many  new  buildings  have  been  erected,  includ- 
ing a  hotel  and  .store,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  workmen,  and  it  is 
anticipated  that,  before  long,  the  mine  at  d  furnaces  will  afford  direct  em- 
plojinent  to  200  or  250  persons.  The  company  are  about  to  erect  a  new 
smelting-  rnace,  with  a  capacity  to  smelt  40  tons  a  day,  and  al.so  a  pud- 
dling-furn.ice.  The  principal  shareholders  are  JollX  A.  I'.V.XTo.N,  j.  II. 
RKi)i.\(.r()\,  I[i.\CKi,i:v,  Si'Ii:rs  &  II.wi.s,  I'oim-;  &  T.m.uot,  II.  L. 
Douoi:,  G.  \V.  l'Ri;s(,'()TT,  A.  Cil.Mior,  and  J.  (i.  Kklldgg,  of  San  I'lan- 
cisco  and  O.ikland.     Cs  Kt's  W'.MKtK  is  president. 

Chrome  Iron. — t'hrome  iron  is  found  in  many  portions  of  California,  but 
the  onl)-  mines  now  producing  ore  are  5  miles  south-westward  from  the 
town  of  .San  Luis  Obispo.  They  are  about  1,800  feet  abo\e  the  level  of 
the  se.i,  and  extend  along  the  mount.iin  side  for  a  ilisl.ince  of  2  miles.  The 
ore  is  abund.uit,  and  much  of  it  contains  50  per  cent,  of  o.xide  of  chro- 
mium; and  10  ]iounds  of  the  oxide  suffice  to  make  16  of  the  bichromate 
of  potash,  which  is  in  dem.uul  fi)r  tlyes,  paints,  ,uk1  electric  batteries.  The 
ore  is  shippetl  to  the  ,\tl.intic,  and  there  reduced.  A  man  can  take  out  }'/j 
tons  of  the  ore  in  a  daj-;  and  the  quantity  exported  has  amounted  to  about 
5,000  toTis  a  year. 


f.    '$■'  ' 


Quicksilver.— It  is  a  fiirtunale  fact  for  the  gold  and  siKer  mining  indus- 
tries of  our  slojie  that  California  has  luunerous  rich  cinn.ibar  deposits,  w  hich, 
at  all  times  since  the  opening  o(  the  placers  of  the  Sierra  .Nevada,  ha\  e  >  lelded 


ii^i; 


I  i(!  d 

I   Hi  r'- 


MINING    FOR   OTHER    MINERALS. 


315 


more  quicksilver  than  was  necessary  for  the  reduction  of  the  precious  metals 
by  amalgamation.  The  production  began  in  1 850,  and  from  that  year  to  1 88 1 
inclusive,  the  total  j-icld,  according  to  a  careful  investigation  b)' J.  B.  R.WDOL, 
was  1,197,000  flasks  of  76 J,^!  ]iounds  each,  or  4,578  tons,  '["he  yickl  in  1S77 
was  larger  than  in  any  other  year,  and  was  79,000  flasks;  in  1878,  it  was 
63,000;  in  1879,  73,000;  in  1880,  59,000;  and  in  1881,  58,000.  In  the 
year  last  mentioned,  the  New  Almaden  Mine  produced  26,000  flasks; 
the  Sulphur  Bank.s,  11,000;  the  Great  Western,  6,000;  the  Oat  Hill,  5,000; 
and  other  mines  smaller  quantities.  About  40  different  mines  have  pro- 
duced quicksilver  in  (California,  but  the  mines  which  have  reached  a  total 
production  of  1,000  flasks  each,  do  not  number  20;  and  those  which  paid  a 
net  profit  to  the  miners,  have  not  exceeded  10.  About  20  mines  are  now 
worked.  All  are  in  the  Coast  Mountains  and  within  50  miles  of  the  ocean, 
and  nearly  all  within  100  miles  of  San  Franci.sco,  the  most  productive 
regions  being  the  vicinities  of  New  Almaden  and  Clear  Lake.  The  price  in 
1 88 1  ranged  from  37  to  40  cents  a  pound;  in  1875,  when  the  silver  )-iel(l  of 
the  Comstock  lode  was  greatest,  the  price  reached  $1.55.  About  that  time, 
our  slope  consumed  nearly  3,000  flasks  a  month ;  now  it  u.scs  about  2,000. 
In  the  silver  quartz  mills  1  ]/,  pounds  of  quicksilver  are  lost  for  every  10  of 
ore  amalgamated  on  the  average;  in  gold  quartz  mills  the  loss  is  half  as 
much;  and  a  considerable  quantity  is  consumed  in  the  sluices.  The  ore  is 
found  in  deposits,  not  in  veins;  and  is  reduced  by  heating  to  a  white  heat, 
under  the  influence  of  which  the  metal  passes  off  in  a  vapor  to  cooling 
chambers,  in  which  it  is  condensed.  Among  the  great  quicksilver  mines  of 
the  world,  the  New  Almaden,  of  California,  ranks  next  to  the  AlmaJcn,  of 
Spain,  which  has  held  the  first  place  for  2,000  years. 

Copper. — Copper  ores  arc  abundant  on  our  slope,  but  the  liir;h  prices  of 
labor,  fuel,  and  transportation  have  prevented  the  working  o*"  many  veins, 
which,  if  in  Europe,  would  yield  immense  revenues.  There  are,  however, 
some  \ery  profitable  mines  in  Arizona,  which  Territory  b'ds  fair  to  take  a 
prominent  place  in  the  production  of  copper.  It  has  numerous  large  and 
rich  veins  of  cupriferous  minerals,  which  can  be  reduced  at  comparatively 
little  expense.  The  Copper  Queen  Mine,  at  Hisbee,  in  the  latter  i)art  of 
1881,  produced  more  than  10  tons  of  metal  daily,  on  an  average.  New 
Mexico  and  Sonora  are  also  rich  in  copper  ores.  The  most  productive  copper 
mine  of  California  is  at  Spenceville,  Nevada  County,  wher-;  there  is  a  large 
lead  of  ore  containing  from  2  to  6  per  "cnt.  of  metal.  This  ore  is  piled 
into  a  heap  with  fuel,  .set  on  fire,  and  allowed  to  roast  for  ^  or  4  months, 
after  which  the  metal  is  in  a  condition  to  be  separated  bj'  leaching  and  [ire- 
cipitalion.     Large  amounts  of  copper  ore  were  obtained  from  the  vicinity 


t 

if 


S;* 


316 


MINING. 


f 
I 

f; 


I 


'J 


I   i 


of  Coppcropolis  during;  the  War  of  tlic  Rebellion;  but  after  the  restoration 
of  peace,  the  mines  became  unprofitable,  and   little  has  been  done  there 

within  the  last  16  years. 

Antimony. — The  annual  production  of  tliis  metal  on  the  coast  now 
amounts  to  about  200  tons,  of  wliich  at  least  three  fourths  are  shipped  to 
New  'S'ork.  The  ores  treated — sulphurcts  so  poor  as  not  to  be  worth  work- 
ing; otherwise — are  c)btained  in  Humboldt  Count}-,  Xcvaila,  where  the 
deposit  is  in  2  parallel  \eins  about  1 00  feet  apart,  the  croppintjs  bein^ 
easily  traced  for  more  than  a  mile.  It  carries,  b)'  analysis,  o\er  62  per 
cent,  of  antimony,  and  costs  delivered  at  San  I'rancisco  $16  per  ton.  The 
jiroduction  of  the  slope  is  not  onl)'  sufficient  for  its  own  wants,  but  has  be- 
sides about  stopped  impcjrtation  into  the  Uniteil  States  from  foreign  coun- 
tries. The  industry  is  not  one  in  which  mail)- compete;  there  being,  so  far 
as  is  known,  but  3  works  of  the  kind  outsiile  of  California — one  each  in 
l'2n;4laiul,  I'rance,  and  Germany.  The  principal  smelters  and  refiners  on 
the  coast  are  Si  ARK  &  AI.VTlll.soN,  established  at  San  Francisco  in  1872, 
who  produce  an  article  known  commercialh-  as  Star  Regulus. 

Lead. — Lead  is  obtained  incidentally  in  the  reduction  of  argentifer- 
ous galena,  and  is  not  the  main  object  of  the  miner's  toil  an\-where  on  our 
slope.  The  amount  of  the  annual  production  ranges  from  10,000  to  25,- 
000  tons,  the  yield  being  irregular.  The  market  xalue  ;it  the  mines  is 
usually  about  $75,  and  in  San  l*"raiicisco,  $100  a  ton;  while  the  preciou.s 
metal  obtained  b)-  the  same  processes  from  the  same  ore  may  be  worth  3 
or  .4^  times  as  much.  Those  processes  are  described  in  the  chapter  on  sii\  er 
mining.  The  production  of  lead  greatly  exceeds  the  consumption  on  our 
slojie,  ,-md  most  of  the  surplus  is  sent  to  Xcw  York,  though  small  quanti- 
ties are  exported  to  China  and  other  countries  on  the  Pacific. 

Petrokum. —  The  Pacific  Coast  consumes  about  5,000,000  galkins  of 
kerosene  amiuall)-;  anil  the  Californian  wells,  the  only  ones  on  our  slope, 
produced  4,194,000  gallons  in  i.SSi;  1,780,000  in  1880;  834,000  in  1879; 
and  639,000  in  1878.  These  figures  show  a  wonderful  incrca.se  recently, 
and  are  very  encouraging  for  the  future.  Petroleum  springs  are  found 
at  many  places  in  California,  and  doubtless  supplied  the  material  which, 
after  exposure  to  the  air,  harilened  into  the  extensive  beds  of  asphal- 
tum  in  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Barbara  counties.  In  1864  a  petro- 
leum fe\er  took  ijos.scssion  of  the  State,  and  at  least  $500,000  were 
spent  in  unprofitable  borings,  including  .'{)250,ooo  in  Ventura  County.  In 
1865  there  were  62  petroleum  companies  incorporated  in  California,  and  of 


MIXINC    KOR   OTlir.K    MINERALS. 


317 


these  31  were  formed  to  bore  for  oil  in  Humboldt  County,  9  for  Colusa,  7 
for  Contra  Costa,  3  for  Los  Angeles,  and  smaller  numbers  for  other  counties. 
I  lumboldt,  Colusa,  and  Contra  Costa  have  never  produced  any  oil,  while 
Ventura,  whicii  is  not  mcntionetl  in  the  list,  had  several  I'ennsylvanian 
companies  at  work.  The  deepest  petroleum  wells  in  California  are,  one  of 
i,6cx)  feet,  at  Sulphur  Alountain,  Ventura;  another  at  Scspe,  in  the  same 
county;  a  third  at  Mattolc,  Humboldt  Coui.ty,  1,166  feet;  and  a  fourth  in 
Santa  Cruz,  1,000  feet  deep.  Most  of  the  yield  comes  from  Los  Angeles; 
Santa  Clara  is  second  in  its  production,  and  Ventura  third.  Borings  are  in 
progress  in  Santa  Cruz  and  San  Mateo. 

It  is  not  ])robable  that  the  oil  production  of  California  will  ever  approach 
that  of  Pennsylvania.  V\'e  Iiave  no  such  vast  coal  deposits,  and  the  strata 
along  much  of  our  coast  stand  vertically,  so  that  we  have  no  reason  to  sup- 
pose the  existence  of  such  reservoirs  of  oil  as  there  may  be  in  an  exten- 
sive coal  region  buried  under  horizontal  sandstone  strata,  like  those  of 
Penn.sylvania. 

In  his  geological  essay,  in  the  report  of  Lieut.  WllEELKU's  survej-  for  1876, 
Prof  Jules  M.\RC0U  speaks  thus  of  the  borings  for  oil  in  the  San  Ter- 
nando  di.strict;  "  Hitherto  all  the  boring  has  been  done  in  the  worst  locali- 
ties that  could  possibly  have  been  selected.  Wherever  a  few  insignificant 
petroleuin  springs  gave  speculators  the  hope  of  making  a  sudden  fortune, 
they  went  to  boring  at  once,  without  thinking  of  the  future.  Whoever  wishes 
to  succeed  must  leave  the  vicinity  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  the  summits 
of  the  San  I'"ernando  Sierra,  and  go  to  the  Valley  of  the  Santa  Clara,  or  to 
that  of  the  San  Fernando.  There  will  be  a  better  prospect,  however,  at 
the  bottom  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley."  Since  that  was  written  7  years  have 
elapsed  without  confirming  M.akcou's  opinion  of  the  superior  richness  of 
the  Sant'i.  Clara  Valley  in  petroleum. 


Paoifio  Coast  Oil  Company. — The  rapid  increase  in  the  production  of 
CaUiornian  petroleum,  within  the  last  3  years,  is  due  mainly  to  the  enter- 
prise of  The  Pacii-ic  Coast  Oil  Company,  an  organization  of  San 
Francisco,  of  San  Franci.sco  ca|)italists,  under  C.  N.  Felton,  president, 
with  D.  G.  ScOEIEll),  as  auditor,  and  L.  D.  FiSK,  secretary.  They  have 
combined  with  or  succeeded  to  THE  Santa  Clara  Petroleum  Company, 
The  Calikoknia  Star  Oil- works  Company,  The  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany, and  The  S.vn  1m<anctsco  Petroleum  Comp.vnv,  so  that  they  now 
nearly  monopolize  the  production  and  refining  of  petroleum  in  the  State. 
They  liave  obtained  control  of  64,000  .icres  of  oil  land  in  Los  Angeles 
Count)',  62,000  in  Ventura,  and  32,000  in  Santa  Cruz,  San  Clara,  and  San 
Mateo  counties.     These  tracts  include  nearly  everything  supposed  to  be  of 


318 


MINING. 


much  value  for  the  production  of  petroleum  in  the  State.  The  most  pro- 
diicti\e  oil  district  is  the  .San  Fernando,  in  the  north-western  corner  of  Los 
Angeles  County;  and  the  second  is  the  vicinity  of  Alma,  in  .Santa  Clara 
Count)'.  The  well  nearest  to  San  Francisco  is  about  25  miles  distant,  and 
nearly  due  south.  TllK  I'.VCIFIC  Co.\,sT  Oil  Comp.WV  have  obtained 
these  important  results  by  large  e.xpi.-nditures  in  getting  possession  of  their 
lands,  boring  wells,  and  jiroviding  the  necessary  machinery. 

At  Alameda  Point,  TllE  I'.vciiu;  Co.VST  Oil,  CoMl'.WS'  has  the  only 
large  petroleum  refinery  on  our  slope.  Their  works,  constructed  in  1880, 
arc  extensive,  complete,  and  solid,  and  built  upon  plans  prepared  with  the 
aid  of  the  latest  improvements  for  economy,  dispatch  of  business,  and 
security.  The  crude  petroleum  is  to  be  brought  from  the  wells,  by  rail,  in 
tank-cars,  and  emptied  In-  steam-pumps  into  the  tanks,  which  have  a  ca- 
pncity  of  1,000,000  gallons.  Nine  stills,  the  largest  of  which  holds  45,000 
gallons,  are  engaged  in  the  work  of  refining  and  producing  illuminating  oil, 
light  and  dark  lubricating  oils,  gasolines,  benzine,  naphthas,  and  so  forth, 
each  still  making  a  distinct  fluid.  Two  artesian  wells  supply  fresh  water, 
and  pipes  luring  salt  water  from  the  bay.  The  boiler  has  100  horse-power; 
and  the  pipes  in  use  for  connecting  the  different  parts  of  th  •  works  have  an 
aggregate  length  of  5  miles.  The  works  have  lathes  for  machine  work, 
implements  to  cut  their  own  pipe,  and  a  department  for  making  their  own 
cans  and  cases. 

Asphaltum. — I?ed»  of  asphaltum  fapparently  formed  b}-  petroleum 
springs,  the  lighter  j^ortion  of  tlie  fluid  ha\iiig  e\  aporatcd  in  the  course  of 
agcs\  are  found  at  many  places  between  San  Jose  and  Los  Angeles.  At 
most  of  these  springs  the  flow  of  petroleum,  and  the  accumulation  of 
asphaltum  are  small,  but  at  several,  acres  are  covered  with  a  deposit,  some  of 
it  haril  antl  other  portions  almost  as  soft  as  thick  tar,  in  which  cattle  are 
not  unfrcquently  lost  by  miring  down.  The  most  notable  asphaltum  de- 
posit on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  at  the  Hrea  Rancho,  8  miles  from  the  city  of 
Los  Angeles,  where  60  acres  arc  covercil  b)'  it,  and  an  excavation  in  it  has 
gone  down  30  feet  without  finding  .soil.  The  crude  material  is  also  found 
in  large  quantity  on  the  beach  near  the  town  of  Santa  Harbara,  in  a  situa- 
tion very  convenient  for  loading  schooners.  This  bed  is  the  chief  .source 
of  supply  for  the  San  I'rancisco  market,  which  demanils  about  1,500  tons 
annuall)-,  wfirth  about  $25  a  ton.  The  greater  part  of  the  supply  comes 
from  .Santa  Harbara  and  San  Luis  Obispo  counties,  and  .sometimes  one 
fifth  from  an  asphaltum  bed  near  Gilroy.  The  Los  Angeles  deposit  yields 
500  tons  annually  for  the  use  of  the  .southern  part  of  the  State.  The 
mineral  serves  for  roofs,  sidewalks,  pavements,  and  floors  in  cellars  and  in 


MIXING    FOK   OTIIKK    MINKRAI.S. 


319 


basements.  The  Santri  Barbar.i  asphaltum  is  a  stone-like  mineral,  which  is 
.shipped  as  it  is  dug  up  from  the  bed;  the  asphaltum  of  Los  Angeles  and 
Gilroy  is  like  thick  tar,  and  is  boiled,  lo  drive  off  the  volatile  material,  before 
shipment.  When  asphaltum  is  to  be  used  for  roofing  material  it  is  thinned 
with  coal  tar,  about  50  gallons  of  the  latte--  being  boiled  with  a  ton  (jf  the 
former.  This  mi.Kture  is  applied  with  coarse  brushes  to  a  covering  of  thick 
felt  fastened  on  the  roof.  Tor  sidewalks,  the  asphaltum  is  melted,  and  as 
much  fine  gravel  is  stirred  in  as  the  fluid  will  take  without  losing  its  viscous 
consistency.  This  mixture  when  well  maile,  put  down  on  a  good  founda- 
tion, and  carefully  smoothed  with  large  pieces  of  hot  iron,  makes  one  of 
the  best  sidewalks — smooth,  clean,  and  durable.  I'rof  JULli.S  M.VRCOU,  in 
his  geological  paper  in  the  report  of  Lieut.  VVlIEELEU's  geological  survey 
for  187(5,  .says  "there  is  a  prospect  of  getting  magnificent  and  \ery  rich 
quarries  of  asphaltum"  in  the  San  Fernando  oil  region;  and  he  predicts 
that  "  these  quarries  will  certainly  one  day  be  worked  with  the  most  satis- 
factory results."  Five  years  have  elapsed  since  that  prediction  was  made, 
without  any  perceptible  approach  to  realization. 

Sulphur. — Sulphur  is  found  at  many  places  on  our  coast,  the  most 
notable  deposits  being  those  at  Sulphur  Bank  in  the  Humboldt  Valley, 
Nevada;  the  Sulphur  Bank  in  Lake  County;  and  the  sulphur  bed  in  Ven- 
tura County,  California;  and  near  Muicie  in  Lower  California.  It  is  usually 
mixed  with  volcanic  ashes,  the  latter  f-rming  from  60  to  80  per  cent,  of  the 
mass.  The  annual  production  of  the  marketable  sulphur  is  1,000  tons,  and 
the  consumption  is  3,500  tons,  the  surplus  coming  from  Japan  and  Sicily. 
The  only  important  reduction  works  on  our  slope  are  at  the  Humbolt  Sulphur 
Bank,  where  the  crude  material  is  melted  by  steam,  and  the  sulphur,  40  jier 
cent,  of  the  mass,  runs  off  Sulphur  was  obtained  for  years  from  the  Lake 
County  Sulphur  Bank,  but  the  establishment  there  was  abandoned  about 
1870.  The  Mormons  made  sulphur  from  Utah  deposits  as  early  as  1S60; 
the  Mexicans  obtain  their  supplies  from  their  volcanoes. 

Various  Minerals. — E.xtensive  diatomaceous  .strata,  found  in  various 
parts  of  California  and  Nevada,  contain  a  vast  supply  of  material  for  an 
excellent  polishing  powder.  The  deposit,  composed  of  the  silicious  shells 
of  the  minute  moUusks  of  a  remote  geological  age,  is  usually  of  a  cream 
color,  and  apparently  free  from  mixture  with  any  other  substance. 

Minerals  resembling  soap  in  general  appearance,  feeling,  and  readi- 
ness to  mix  into  an  unctuous  fluid  when  rubbed  with  water,  exist  in  various 
counties  of  California,  and  in  .several  instances  they  have  been  prepared  for 


J30 


MINING. 


is 


the  market  as  "  rock  soap."  They  are  poor  in  alkalies,  but  rich  in  materials 
that  act  mechanically  on  dirt. 

Hydraulic  cement  is  made  of  quicklime,  obtained  from  nearly  pure  car- 
bonate of  lime,  mi.xcd  with  clay  or  aluminous  earth,  and  these  materials 
aro  obtained  at  ]5cnicia  and  at  Santa  Cruz,  California.  Steatite,  or  soap- 
stone,  is  abundant  in  El  Dorado  County,  California. 

A  deposit  of  graphite,  near  Columbia,  in  Tuolumne  County,  was  worked 
for  several  years  previous  to  18O8,  but  has  since  been  abandoned.  It  con- 
tains a  large  proportion  of  clay,  and  was  never  profitable. 

Gypsum  exists  in  many  places  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

There  is  no  home  demand  for  the  roofing  slates,  which  could  be  obtained 
in  great  abundance  from  quarries  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Diamonds  have  been  found  at  several  places  in  California,  especially  at 
Cherokee,  in  Butte  County,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantity  to  compensate  a 
special  search  for  them. 


i:l 


THE    FISll    SLII'LV. 


331 


DIVISION  V-FISHERIES,  ETC. 


II 


CHAPTER  XIX.— THE  FISH  SUPPLY. 


P 
&' 


Fish  Abundant. — The  waters  of  the  North  Pacific,  and  especially  those 
on  the  American  side,  are  wonderfully  rich  in  many  valuable  kinds  of  fish. 
Most  of  the  species  are  tliffercnt  from  those  of  the  Atlantic,  but  the  impor- 
tant kinds  are  well  represented  here,  including  the  cod,  halibut,  mackerel, 
herring,  salmon,  smelt,  sardine,  flounder,  and  sturgeon.  Of  the  kind-^  less 
valuable  commercially,  we  have  some  that  the  Atlantic  has  not,  and  lack 
some  that  it  has.  Many  intelli;;cnt  observers,  familiar  with  the  fisheries  of 
Europe,  have  expres.scd  surprise  at  the  greater  abundance  of  fish  on  our 
coast.  D.\I,I,  says:  "The  abundance  of  fish  on  the  .shores  of  Alaska  has 
been  a  matter  of  wonder  since  the  voyages  of  the  earliest  navigators,  Pii.i.- 
im;s.  Cook,  L.\  Perousk,  Lutkk,  Lisi.wskv,  Picixher,  and  Sir  Geor(;e 
Sl.Ml'SON  have  all  borne  credible  witness  to  the  myriads  of  cod,  .salmon, 
halibut,  and  herring,  which  are  found  on  the  north-west  coast."  Of  the 
oolikon,  a  fi.sh  similar  to  the  herring  in  size  and  general  appearance,  but 
superior  in  flavor,  the  .same  author  says:  "No  description  can  give  an  .id- 
equate  idea  of  their  numbers  when  ascending  the  river;  the  water  is  literally 
alive  with  them,  and  seems  as  if  boiling.  Wild  animals  draw  from  the 
stream  with  their  paws  sufficient  for  all  their  needs."  *  CoOK  spcak.s  thus  of 
a  day  spent  in  latitude  55°,  in  the  Alaskan  waters:  "In  the  afternoon,  hav- 
ing a  3  hours'  calm,  our  people  caught  upwards  of  100  halibut,  some  of 
which  weighed  100,  and  none  less  than  20  pounds."  Ll.si.\X.sK\.  referring  to 
Alaskan  .salmon,  writes  that  "  the  rivers,  indeed,  are  .sometimes  so  completely 
filled  with  them,  that  the  wild  beasts,  and  especially  bears,  will  eat  only  the 
head,  which  they  seem  to  consider  the  most  delicate  part."  Referring  to 
his  observations  at  Sitka,  i,.  1840,  Sir  Georce  Simp.SON  tells  us  that  "hali- 
but, cod,  herrings,  flounders,  and  many  other  sorts  of  fish  arc  always  to  be 
had  for  the  taking  in  unlimited  quantities.  In  a  little  stream  which  is  within 
a  mile  from  the  fort,  salmon  are  so  plentiful  at  the  proper  season,  that  when 
ascending  the  river  ihcy  have  been  known  literally  to  embarrass  the  move- 
ments of  a  canoe."  Nor  did  he  find  the  salmon  less  abui.dant  in  British 
41 


i      ' 


322 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


I     j  !      V 


»:;:: 


Columbia.     When  he  reached  the  northern  end  of  Vancouver  Island,  he 
said  they  are  "  incredibly  numerous  in  these  waters." 

Geokok  D AVUtSd.v  thus  expresses  his  opinions  of  the  Alaskan  fishin.!^- 
grounds  in  his  A/aska  Coast  Pilot:  "  N'cxt  to  the  fur  trade,  in  its  legitimate 
imrsuit,  the  fisheries  of  the  coast  of  the  m:\\  territory  will  prove  the  most 
\aluablc  and  certain;  in  fact,  I  consider  them  the  most  important  ac<iuisi- 
tion  to  our  Pacific  Coast.  As  the  banks  of  Newfoundland  have  been  to  the 
trade  of  the  Atlantic,  so  will  the  greater  bank.s  of  Alaska  be  to  the  Pacific ; 
inexhaustible  in  supply  of  fish  that  are  equal,  if  not  superior  in  size  and 
c]uality,  to  those  of  the  Atlantic.  The  imixirtance  of  the  possession  of  the 
y\leutian  chain  can  hardly  be  overestimated;  not  only  can  our  fishermen 
enter  and  fish  in  ever)-  b;iy,  when  hca\>'  weather  compels  them  to  leave  the 
banks,  but  they  give  ample  opportunities  for  the  successful  curing  of  the 
fish,  certainly  as  great,  if  not  greater,  than  exists  on  the  south  shore  of  New- 
foundland. Instead  of  making  the  long  trip  to  anil  from  San  I'rancisco, 
and  of  keeping  the  fish  so  long  in  salt,  especially  if  imperfectly  cleaned,  it 
appears  feasible  to  make  a  general  depot  and  curing  establishment,  as  at 
Kadiak,  whence  vessels  could  carry  the  catch  of  all  the  smack.s,  which  might 
readily  refit  in  winter,  and  be  ready  for  the  opening  of  the  next  season. 
Kadiak  is  mentioned  as  affording  the  nearest  available  tim.ber  for  repairs, 
and  has  already  a  depot  for  the  ice  crop  of  the  Pacific.  •  •  «  The 
command  of  all  the  bays  and  straits  of  the  north-west  coast  resorted  to  by 
the  whale,  gives  very  great  advantages  to  our  whalers,  that  need  only  be 
mentioned  to  be  appreciated;  fishing  at  all  seasons,  opportunities  to  winter 
and  refit,  depots  for  cargoes,  and  regularity  in  transhipping  them  to  the 
East  or  to  the  Pacific  ports.  It  opens  the  broad  question,  whether  the  whal- 
ing can  not  be  more  effectually  and  more  profitably  done  in  smaller  vessels, 
specially  designed  and  constructed  for  capturing  the  whale,  and  then  storing 
the  oil  at  some  depot  in  the  Behring  Sea,  whence  it  can  be  regularly  shipped 
to  destination;  while  the  whaling  ves.sel,  working  until  the  latest  tlayof  the 
season,  discharges  her  crew  of  Aleuts  among  their  island  homes,  and  laj-s 
up  for  the  winter  in  Alaskan  harbors,  ready  for  the  whaling  grounds  at  the 
earliest  opening  of  spring.  If  this  be  done,  with  the  increased  knowledge 
of  the  whale's  habits,  and  the  aptitude  of  the  Aleuts,  the  American  whalers 
can  sweep  the  field  of  foreign  competition." 


Fish  Statistics. — According  to  the  national  census,  the  men  employed 
on  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast  in  fishing  industries,  in  June, 
1880,  numbered  16,745,  of  whom  1 1,555  were  fishermen  proper,  and  5,190 
were  shoremen  and  factory  hands.  Most  of  !he  latter  class  are  engaged  in 
the  canning  of  salmon.    The  salmon  fishery  has  8,400  men  ;  general  fisheries, 


Till-;  iisii  supi'i.v. 


323 


5.630;  the  shore  fisheries,  1,744;  tli<-'  codfishcry,  263;  the  seal  and  fur-seal 
fisheries,  359;  the  whale  fishery,  114;  and  the  oyster  fishery,  75.  Classified 
accordiriLj  to  the  political  divisions,  Oref,'oii  has  6,835,  Alaska,  6,130,  Cali- 
fornia, 3,036,  and  W'ashin^rton,  744.  Classified  according  to  blood,  7,910  (of 
the  i6,74S)  arc  Eskimos,  Aleuts,  and  Indians,  4,000  Chinese,  and  the  re- 
mainder whites. 

The  fishing-vessels,  and  this  term  means,  we  presume,  such  vessels  as  do 
not  depend  for  propulsion  on  oars,  number  53,  of  w  liich  California  has  46, 
and  Washin.gton  7;  neither  Oregon  nor  Alaska  having  an>-.  California  has 
16  in  the  cod  and  halibut  fishery,  15  in  the  shore  fishery,  10  in  the  seal  fish- 
cry,  and  5  in  the  whale  fishery.  Washington  has  6  in  the  seal  fishery,  and 
one  in  the  shore  fishery.  The  total  value  of  the  vessels  is  estimated  at  $178,- 
450,  a  figure  that  implies  a  shadow  of  the  tax-collector,  visible  in  the  fore- 
ground when  the  census  agent  was  collecting  his  information.  A  fair  market 
valuation  would  be  not  less  than  $700,000.  The  fishing-boats,  including 
craft  fitted  to  be  propelled  occasionally  by  oars,  number  5,547,  of  which 
Alaska  has  3,000,  Oregon,  1,360,  California,  853,  and  Washington,  334.  The 
salmon  fishery  employs  1,590;  the  cod  and  halibut,  200;  the  shore  fishery, 
640;  the  whale  fishery,  16;  and  the  seal  fishery  of  Washington,  loi.  The 
total  value  of  the  boats  is  $404,695,  as  officially  estimateil ;  but  the  salmon 
bo.-its — less  than  one  third  of  the  total  number — cost,  when  new,  at  least 
$400,000.  Many  of  the  y\laska  boats  are  cheap  canoes,  yet  after  making  all 
allowances  for  their  simplicity  of  construction,  the  aggregate  value  of  the 
boats  is  not  less  than  $600,000.  The  total  capital  invested  in  the  fisheries 
is  stated  in  the  census  to  be  $2,748,383,  but  that  figure  is  not  one  third  of 
the  true  sum. 

The  weight  of  the  edible  fish  caught  in  a  year  is  89,000  tons,  equivalent 
to  more  than  100  pounds  for  every  inhabitant  of  the  territory  covered  by 
the  statistics.  Oregon  catches  20,000  tons,  Califiirnia  12,000,  Alaska  53,000, 
and  Washington  2,800.  The  salmon  catch  weighs  26,000  tons.  The  catch 
of  shrimps  and  crabs  amounts  to  1,250  tons;  and  of  abalones,  oysters,  and 
mussels  to  4,000  tons.  The  value  of  the  annual  catch  (including  the  en- 
hancement in  price  by  canning  .salmon),  is  $9,246,000.  The  fresh  fish  are 
valued  at  $3,649,000;  the  crab.s,  shrimps,  etc.,  at  $66,000;  the  oysters,  mus- 
sels, abalones,  etc.,  at  $703,000;  the  whale  oil,  at  $80,000;  the  seal  and  other 
oil,  at  $23,000;  the  whalebone,  at  $122,000;  the  seal-skins,  at  $1,540,000; 
and  the  sea-otter  skins,  at  $178,000.  The  annual  products  of  the  fisheries  of 
British  Columbia  are  worth  about  $i,|00,ooo,  and  tho.se  of  Pacific  Mexico, 
perhaps  $400,000,  making  $1 1,000,000  as  the  total  value  of  the  annual  fish 
catch  of  our  coast.  This  is  cxclusi\-e  of  the  value  of  the  vast  amount  of 
fish  consumed  by  the  Indians  and  Aleuts. 


(   *■ 


I!  ■>  i 


1!  iii: 


,1: 


M 


I!  a: 


3:34 


Kisiir.RiEs,  i;tc. 


Cod-Banks. — The  most  important  to  the  world  nl  all  thu  fishes,  consid- 
ered from  a  commercial  point  of  view,  is  the  cod,  which  employs  more  men, 
and  supplies  a  larger  ayi^regate  catch  in  weight  and  value,  than  any  other 
kind.  Since  it  is  found  in  the  North  Pacific  as  well  as  the  North  Atlantic, 
a  comparison  of  the  resources  of  the  two  oceans  for  this  fishery  becomes 
important.  The  fish  are  caught  on  "cod-banks,"  in  water  from  30  to 
100  fathoms  deep;  and  the  value  of  a  bank  is  generall,\'  measured  approxi- 
matcl)-  b}-  its  superficir.I  area.  There  are  three  main  cod-banks  in  the 
•Atlantic.  First  is  the  Newfour.dland  bank,  with  an  area  of  40,000  square 
miles.  Second  is  the  Lofoden  bank,  near  the  Nonvegian  coast,  in  the  frigid 
zone,  with  an  area  of  10,000  .square  miles.  Third  is  the  Canadian  shore 
hank,  with  an  area  of  20000  square  miles.  The  total  cod-bank  area  of  the 
N(3rth  Atlantic  is  70,000  square  miles.  All  the  fisheries  of  the  North 
Atlantic,  exclusive  of  the  Mediterranean,  give  employment  to  250,000  men, 
and  the  gross  value  of  the  annual  catch  is  .f  1 00,000,000.  Great  Britain. 
I-'rance,  Germany,  Holland,  Belgium,  Sweden,  Norwa_\-,  Denmark.  Spam, 
Portugal,  the  United  States,  and  Canada  —12  nations,  counting  Canada  a.s 
one — witii  more  than  200,000,000  inhabitants,  siiare  the  ])roceeds  ;  while 
here  we  ha\e  nnl)-  2  nations  north  of  latitude  32  ,  with  fewer  than  1,500,000 
people,  ti>  share  all  the  fisheries  of  our  coast,  antl  nf  the  greater  part  of  the 
North  Pacific. 

The  cod-banks  of  our  ocean  liave  not  been  explored.  The  biiundaries  of 
those  known  have  not  been  carefully  traced,  and  others  ma\-  exist,  though 
undisco\ered.  It  is  certain,  however,  tliat  the  cod-banks  (jf  the  Nurth 
Pacific  are  at  least  9  times  as  extensive  as  those  of  the  North  Atlantic.  It 
is  said  that  the  entire  Okhotsk  Sea  is  one  cod-bani^.  but  if  we  detluct  one 
third  of  its  area  for  water  too  deep  or  too  shallow,  we  still  liave  more  than 
300,000  square  miles.  The  Okhotsk  supplies  most  of  the  Pacific  cod  catch 
at  present.  Cod  are  not  found  in  the  Hehring  Sea  north  of  latitude  6o\ 
ami  the  dei)tii  west  of  latitude  180"  is  over  most  of  its  surface  unknown; 
but  we  can  safely  assert,  without  counting  anything  beyond  the  limits  men- 
tioned, that  the  Pehring  cod-banks  which  are  as  yet  entirely  neglected;, 
co\er  an  area  of  more  than  300,000  square  miles.  .South  of  the  Alaskan 
peninsula  is  a  bank,  including  the  fishing-ground  near  tlie  Clioumagin 
Islands,  with  an  area  of  .So,ooo  .square  miles.  We  therefore  claim  080,000 
scjuare  miles  of  cod-baiiK  in  the  North  Pacific,  to  put  against  70,000  .sc|uare 
miles  in  tiie  North  Atlantic,  or  9  miles  for  one.  Besides,  we  have  the 
chances  of  discovering  new  banks,  while  the  Atlantic  has  been  .sounded 
everj-where.  One  of  the  most  urgent  duties  of  the  American  Government 
is  to  iiave  a  good  fish  survc)-  made  o!'  the  NoKHh  Pacific,  in  accordance 
with   the   n  1  ununendation   nf  ( ii.i  )K(ii;    iJ.\\llj.S(  ).\,  of  the   Unitetl   .States 


i 


Tnii  iisii  sui'Pi.v.  325 

Coast  Survey,  in  his  report  on  Alasi<a,  made  in  18G7.  The  Pacific  coil- 
banks  arc  all  south  of  latitude  60°.  wiiile  the  Lofoden  cod-bank  in  the 
Atlantic  is  north  of  latitude  68". 

The  Japanese  and  Chinese  are  industrious  and  skillful  fishermen  in  rivers 
and  bays,  but  they  ha\-e  not  yet  learned  to  take  the  whale  and  cod,  or  to 
can  the  salmon,  nor  liave  they  the  appliances  and  capital  necessary  for  the 
tishinjf  fleets  and  canneries.  Our  coast,  therefore,  has  the  exclusive  posses- 
sion anil  control  of  these  great  sources  of  wealth,  and  will  probably  hold 
them  for  many  years.  The  time  will  come  when  our  Asiatic  ncit^hbors  will 
compete  with  us  on  equal  terms  in  the  Okhotsk,  liehrinj^,  and  Aleutian  seas, 
but  the\-  will  first  have  to  pay  a  larj,re  tribute  to  us  for  boats,  fish,  and  in- 
.struction ;  and  while  their  success  may  take  much  revenue  from  our  fisher- 
men, it  will  imply  a  large  trade  and  large  profits  in  other  departments  of 
business.  As  the  growth  of  the  United  States  has  contributed  immensely 
to  the  power  and  wealth  of  Great  Britain,  so  we  may  justh'  anticii)ate  that 
the  progress  of  China  and  Japan  will  in  like  manner  contribute  to  the  traffic 
and  riches  of  our  coast. 

Pisoiculture. — Congress  provided,  about  1870,  for  the  appointment  of  a 
national  lisli  commissioner,  wlus  should  import  valuable  food  fishes,  and  dis- 
tribute them  to  the  various  States  and  Territories.  Local  commissions  were 
appointed  in  California,  Xe\-ada,  and  Utah  to  receive  the  consignments  and 
take  care  of  them.  S.  R.  ThrocKMuKTOX,  H.  R.  Rkudinc,  and  J.  D.  F.\K- 
WEM.  are  the  State  commissioners  of  California;  A.  G.  I'AKKER  is  the  State 
commissioner  for  Nevada;  J.  L.  Bari'OOI"  is  the  Territorial  commis- 
sioner for  Utah;  and  Ai.KX.  C.  Anderson  is  the  proxincial  fish  com- 
missioner of  British  Columbia.  .\.  P.  ROCKWOUU,  manager  of  the  fish- 
ponds of  The  Zion's  Co-orERAiivE  Flsukreeiunc;  Ass(x:i.\tion,  has 
been  prominent  in  the  pisciculture  of  Utah.  The  connnissioners  are  gen- 
erally men  of  high  character  and  honorable  position,  who  attend  to  the 
duties  of  their  offices  from  motives  of  public  spirit,  the  pay  allowed  them 
being,  in  most  cases,  insufiTicieiU  to  cover  the  nec-ssarv  expenses. 

In  California  nearly  a  dozen  varieties  of  fish  have  been  introduced  b\- 
the  commission,  and  with  but  one  exception,  the  eel,  they  are  increasing 
rapidl)'.  Tlu:  success  in  catfish  and  sh;id  has  i>een  remarkable.  The  for- 
mer, unkiunvn.  here  previous  to  its  iiUniduclion  by  the  commissioners,  is 
now  so  abundant  that  the  annual  sales  amount  to  double  the  approjjriation 
made  by  the  State  tor  the  pro]),igation  of  fish.  I'hc  new  \arieties  which  the 
commission  are  about  to  introduce  are  the  gourami,  from  Cochin  Chiii.i. 
anti  a  larger  and  better  varictj'  of  shad  from  China,  called  there  samli. 

With  a  view  of  increasing  the  supply,  the  commissioners  have  hail  a  stand- 


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326 


FISIIKKIES,  KTC. 


iuii  arningcmcnt  with  Livincston  Stom:,  Deputy  United  States  Fisli 
Cominissioiicr  for  California,  to  hatch  out  and  put  into  the  Sacramento 
River  ami  its  tributaries  the  IMcCloutl  and  I'it,  1,500,000  or  2,000,000  .sal- 
mon e\ery  season.  This  addition  to  the  actual  supply,  in  connection  with 
the  strict  enforcement  of  tlic  fish  law,  makinij  the  possession  of  freshly 
cau:4ht  salmon  in  August  and  September  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by 
fine  or  imprisonment,  or  both,  has  led  to  a  notable  increase  in  the  catch  of 
each  succeeding  year.  The  hopes  of  the  commissioners  have,  however, 
been  obstructed  by  the  catching  of  salmon  just  before  the  spawning  season 
b)-  the  Sliasta  fishermen,  who  jiave  the  protection  of  a  fish  law,  in  wiiich 
Siiasta  is  excepted  from  the  gencrrd  rule.  The  consequence  of  this  is,  that 
in  the  very  place  where  a  close  season  should  be  rigorously  maintained, 
the  salmon,  when  ripe  for  spawning  (in  August  and  September,  while  the 
spawn  and  milt  are  ripe,  and  the  fish  arc  unfit  for  food),  have  been  taken  in 
pools  usetl  by  tiie  United  States  I'ish  Commission 

Pit  River  near  Fall  River  has  a  fall  of  41  feet.  At  this  fall  a  fish-ladder, 
about  450  feet  long,  has  been  blasted  out  dining  the  past  season,  opening 
new  spawning-beds,  280  miles  in  extent — an  area  more  than  equal  to  that 
of  the  McCloud  and  Upper  Sacramento  together.  The  appropriation  of 
$5,000  should  be  doubled,  and  a  hatchery  built  on  tlie  Pit;  but  the  commis- 
sion will  not  ask  for  this  mone_\-,  beciuse  they  claim  that  their  work  speaks 
for  itself. 

The  salmon-liatching  establishment  on  the  McCloud  River,  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  .StoNI;,  jiroduces  from  600,000  to  io,000,oc«  young 
fish  annually,  and  is  the  most  extensive  institution  of  the  kind  on  the  globe. 
It  sends  eggs  in  large  numbers  to  the  Atlantic  .States,  Europe,  and  Austral- 
asia; and  through  its  help  the  Californian  salmon  will  probably  at  no  dis- 
tant time  be  introduced  into  every  large  river  in  the  temperate  /one.  A 
mature  female  salmon  lays  20,000  eggs  annually,  and  from  all  these,  when 
left  to  the  ordinar)-  course  of  natine,  not  more  than  one  female,  or,  an  aver- 
age, survives  to  lay  another  lf)t  of  eggs.  Py  the  art  of  the  pisciculturist,  the 
proportion  of  eggs  that  will  hatch  into  fish,  and  of  yoimg  fish  that  will  reach 
an  age  to  take  care  of  themscKes  until  they  reach  a  size  useful  to  man,  will, 
it  is  supposed,  be  increased  at  least  50  fold. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  California  fish  commissioners,  a  system  has 
been  established  of  taking  the  surface  and  bottom  temperature  of  manv  of 
the  principal  streams  of  the  Slate,  and  also  of  observing  the  times  w  hen 
salmon  run  in  tiicsc  streams.  These  observations  have  more  than  a  local 
value,  as  from  them  it  is  hoped  that  one  or  more  species  of  salmon  may  be 
discovered  which  can  readily  be  acclim.ited  to  the  warm  waters  of  the  States; 
south  of  the  N'irgima  line.      .Should  this  ))riive  tu  be  tiie  case,  all  the  Stales 


II 

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Tin:  Kisii  surrLV. 


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eastward  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  will  have  a  valuable  addition  to  their 
piscicultural  resources.  The  fav<-)rablc  results  of  salmon-iiatchin^f  in  Cali- 
fornia have  attracted  the  attention  of  other  countries  bordering  on  the  Pa- 
cific, and  yearly  large  orders  arc  filled  from  the  McCloud  River  station  to 
Australia,  Chile,  China,  and  Japan.  That  a  species  of  salmon  can  be  had 
suitable  for  warm  waters,  seems  to  be  proved  in  the  San  Joaquin  River, 
where  the  temperature  of  the  water  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  stream,  in 
August  and  September,  averages  from  72'  to  80°,  and  on  their  way  to  the 
spawning-beds  above,  they  ha\e  to  pass  through  180  miles  of  water  so  warm. 

Up  to  the  |)resent  time,  640,000  shad  ( Alcsa  sapidissiina)  have  been 
placed  in  the  Sacramento  River  by  the  commission,  tlirough  donations  from 
the  United  States  Fish  Commissioner,  and  through  importations  by  the 
State.  These  fi.sh  arc  abundant  in  the  market.  When  the  shad,  after 
spawning,  leave  the  Eastern  rivers,  they  disappear,  and  are  rarely,  if  ever, 
taken  in  the  ocean.  Practically,  they  arc  only  caught  for  market  after  en- 
tering ti.e  rivers.  The  shad  turned  into  the  Sacramento,  when  the  time 
comes  for  them  to  leave  the  river,  resort  in  large  numbers  to  the  Baj-  of 
Monterey,  where  they  remain  until  the  near  approAch  of  the  spawning  .sea- 
son. The)-  are  caught  there  at  all  sca.sons  in  the  seines  of  fishermen,  w  hile 
sweeping  the  bay  for  other  fish.  There  is  no  period  of  the  )-car  when  the)- 
can  not  be  found  in  tiie  San  Francisco  market.  Looking  to  the  natural  in- 
crease of  the  fish,  this  is  unfortunate,  as  it  will  require  largely  increased  im- 
jjortations  to  fully  stock  our  waters. 

The  first  whitefish  introduced  into  California  in  1872,  were  i)laced  in  Tu- 
lare and  Clear  lakes.  Up  to  the  [)rcsent  time  365,000  of  this  fish  (Coirgoiuis 
albits)  have  been  received  and  introciuced  b)-  the  commission  into  the  various 
lakes  and  streams  of  California,  and  from  recent  observations  it  appears  to 
be  thriving  and  increasing.  It  can  seldom  be  taken  with  the  hook,  and 
must  become  numerous  before  the  fishermen  can  find  a  profit  in  catching  it 
with  the  seine. 

In  1873,  "jx,  black  bass  (MicropUriis  iiif^ricrDis)  were  imjxirted  froin  Lake 
Champlain,  and  introduced  b)'  the  commissioners  into  Na])a  Creek.  It  is 
supposed  that  all  were  caught  by  anglers  the  same  )-ear,  as  )ionc  of  them 
have  been  seen  lately.  Another  lot  of  22  fish  importcil  in  1879,  ami  placed 
in  the  Crj-stal  Spring  Reservoir,  in  San  Mateo  County,  are  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  numbers. 

Tin;  SroRTSM.w's  ClAm  of  Sax  Fu.VNCl.sro  has  also  imported  a 
number  of  this  fish,  and  placed  them  in  a  lake  in  Alameda,  where  the)-  are 
doing  well,  and  increasing  in  numbers. 

In  1879,  I  50  striped  b-iss  ( Rocfiis  linciitiis)  were  imported  bj-  the  fish  com- 
niis.sion  and  placed  in  the  Strait  of  Carquinez,  and  arc  probably  increasing. 


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328 


FTSIIERIKS,    ETC. 


Twenty-four  mature  lobsters,  to  which  were  attached  about  2,ccx),cco 
.f;gs,  were  iDrouL^ht  from  the  j\tlantic  in  1879,  and  placed  in  a  sheltered  cove 
near  the  Golden  Gate.  None  have  as  yet  been  caught,  but  as  all  conditions 
seem  favorable,  the  youni:;  arc  probably  growin^^^  antl  it  is  hoped  that  t!ali- 
fornian  lobsters  will  soon  be  found  in  the  market. 

The  Eastern  and  Californian  trout  have  been  introduced  into  several 
places,  notably  the  north  fork  of  the  American  River,  and  in  Alameda 
Creek.  These  rivers  which,  above  the  falls  in  each  stream,  originally  con- 
tained no  fish,  arc  now  well  stocked  with  both  kinds  of  trout.  Several 
small  streams  through  the  State,  which  cont.iincd  no  fish  a  few  )cars  since, 
have  also  been  stocked,  and  are  doing  remarkably  well. 

In  1874,  74  catfish  (Ainiiinis  albidiis)  were  imported  from  the  Raritan 
River.  These  have  increased  and  multiplied,  and  this  increase  distributed 
b\'  the  commissioners  until,  at  the  jiresent  time,  every  county  in  California, 
from  Del  Norte  to  San  Diego,  has  them.  They  arc  regularly  sold  in  all  the 
markets,  at  the  same  prices  ;is  the  most  abundant  fish.  They  are  admirably 
Jidaptcd  to  the  sloughs  and  warm  waters  of  the  great  valley  of  California, 
and  in  them  have  so  multiplied  as  to  furnish  a  large  supply  of  food. 

In  if<79.  the  commissioners  importeil  300  young  carp  (Carpio  trnnininis), 
of  the  \aluablc  variety.  The)-  were  brought  from  the  Go\eriuncnt  earp- 
pontls  to  California,  with  but  the  loss  of  2.  .Sixty  were  placed  in  a  |)ubiic 
lake  near  Sacramento,  the  remainder  were  placed  in  the  private  pond  of  R. 
R.  TllOMPSdN,  Msc].,  of  Alameda.  Thej-  ha\e  grown  rapidl)-,  and  promise 
to  multiply.  One  of  the  most  important  contributions  to  our  stock  of  fishes 
is  the  Germ.m  car[),  imported  from  luirojic  in  1872,  bj-  the  late  A.  J.  PorrE. 
It  is  ]ialatablc,  prolific,  ,-md  h.inh-,  and  is  bred  with  ])rofit  in  many  ponds. 

Till'.  Lenni  Fish  Pi«)r.\(;.\l'i.\(;  Com P.VNV,  which  h.-ive  an  establishment 
in  Graham  Canyon,  opening  into  .Son()ma  Valle)-,  ha\e  a  hatching-house, 
extensive  waters  .idmirably  ailaptcd  for  trout ;  and  5  car[)-ponds,  one  cover- 
ing an  area  of  2  acres.     They  also  breed  frogs. 

In  accorilancc  with  an  act  of  the  Nevada  Icgisl.'iture  in  1S77,  H.  G. 
Takkik,  I'.sq.,  of  Carson  City,  was  appointed  fish  commissioner.  His  first 
work  was  to  stock  Washoe  Lake,  in  1S77,  with  Sacramento  River  perch, 
anel  catfish  known  .as  the  Schu>lkiil  River  variety.  The  lake  is  so  stocked 
with  catfish,  that  over  100  per  day  have  been  taken  by  one  fisherman,  none 
less  than  4  inches  long,  ami  weighing  not  unfrequcntly  one  and  a  half 
pounds.  In  fact  nothing  can  be  more  satisfactory  than  the  e\idence  of  the 
increase  and  grf)Wth  of  the  several  lots  of  catfish  placed  also  in  the  Car- 
son, 'IVuckee,  and  Humboldt  Rivers.  In  November  of  1878,  the  United 
Slates  Fish  Commissioner  forwarded  250,000  McCloud  River  salmon  spawn, 


THE   KISII   SUPPLY. 


329 


which  produced  200,000  young  salmon.  These  were  deposited  in  the 
Walker,  Carson,  Truckee,  and  Humboldt  rivers  in  1879.  In  that  j-ear, 
200,000  McClf.i'd  River  salmon  were  placed  in  the  Carson  River,  and  in  the 
Truckee,  near  Reno. 

The  Zion's  Co-operative  Fish  Association  began  its  work  in  rS/i, 
and  has  done  something  in  every  season  since,  constructing  ponds,  and 
planting  trout,  eels,  oysters,  shad,  and  salmon  in  all  the  larger  streams. 
Utah  Lake  has  1 50  square  miles  of  fresh  water,  and  is  well  suited  to  main- 
tain many  kinds  of  fresh-water  fish. 

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330 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


CHAPTER  XX.— FURS   AND   GAME. 

National  Influence. — The  fur  trade  has  played  a  prominent  part  in  the 
history  of  this  coast.  At  the  beginning  of  thit:  century  our  slope,  north  of 
what  is  now  Mexico,  had  great  numbers  of  animals  covered  with  fine  furs 
and  pelts,  of  high  value  in  the  luiropcan  markets,  obtainable  in  large  sup- 
ply at  trifling  expense.  The  fur-seals,  now  found  on  only  three  or  four 
islands,  then  abounded  on  a  thousand,  and  at  certain  seasons  covered  the 
rocks  near  the  shores  of  California  and  Lower  California.  When  Alfred 
Robinson  visited  the  Faralloncs,  in  1829,  he  found  Russians  there  killing 
fur-seals,  and  they  said  they  had  taken  80,000  skins  in  one  sea.son.  The 
sea-otter  were  not  less  abundant,  though  they  did  not  bask  on  the  rocks, 
or  gather  in  large  assemblages,  like  the  fur-seals.  The  beav  .ns  had  then  col- 
onies on  all  the  rivers.  The  blue  and  silver  foxes,  the  fishers,  and  martens 
were  found  in  other  portions  of  the  coast. 

It  was  to  obtain  furs  that  the  Russians  occupied  Alaska,  and  that  they 
maintained  a  trading-post  on  the  Californian  shore,  north  of  the  Golden 
Gate,  for  30  years.  Fort  Ross  was  the  home  of  a  1 00  Aleuts,  profitably 
employed  in  catching  the  fur-seal,  the  sea-otter,  and  the  sea-lion.  The 
English  fur-traders  were  the  first  white  men  to  explore  much  of  the  vast 
region  north  of  latitude  49°,  and  west  of  Lake  Superior.  Their  trading- 
posts  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia,  Fraser,  Simpson,  Stickeen,  Yukon, 
and  McKenzie  rivers  secured  the  extension  of  the  British  dominion  to 
the  Pacific. 

American  fur  traders  came  by  way  of  Cape  Morn,  in  iSoo,  to  contend 
with  the  English  for  the  profits  of  the  Oregon  fur  trade;  and  the  American 
fur-trading  post,  at  Astoria,  was  one  of  the  chief  elements  in  the  title  nf 
the  United  States  to  Oregon.  The  American  hunters  and  trappers  began 
to  cross  the  main  continental  divide  about  1820,  and  to  explore  the  basins 
of  the  Colorado,  Columbia,  and  Humboldt  rivers.  The  profits  of  trapping 
and  hunting  fur  animals  in  California  attracted  hundreds  of  Americans, 
many  of  whom  spent  only  a  season  or  two,  while  others  became  permanent 
and  prominent  residents,  and  by  their  intelligence,  courage,  skill  as  marks- 
men, and  superior  weapons,  obtained  much  influence  in  political  affairs,  and 
on  several  occasions  decided  the  fate  of  revolutionary  movements.    Among 


I'URS  AND  GAME. 


331 


these  men  were  P.  B.  Reading,  Judge  Blackburn,  George  Yol'nt, 

W.M.    VVOLFSKILL,    ISAAC    Sl'ARKS,   JaCOI!    l\    LEESE,   J.    J.  WARNER,    and 

Isaac  Graham.  The  American  hunters  and  trappers  contributed  much 
to  the  acquisition  of  Cahfornia  by  the  United  States.  Indeed,  there  is  no 
exaggeration  in  saying,  that  the  competition  for  furs  brought  to  our  coast, 
and  built  up  here,  the  authority  of  the  3  nations  which  promise  to  be  the 
chief  actors  on  the  great  stage  of  universal  history  for  centuries  to  come — 
Great  Britain,  Russia,  and  the  American  Union.  The  rivalries  of  the 
Hudson's  ]5ay,  the  North-west  Fur,  the  ^lissouri,  the  American  Fur 
(Astor'.s),  and  the  Russian-American  companies  for  the  fur  trade  of  our 
coast,  in  several  cases,  led  to  struggles  conducted  on  a  grand  scale  over  an 
extensi\o  territory,  involving  not  only  great  pecuniary  interest,  but  also  the 
establishment  and  spread  of  national  dominion.  Though  the  special  charter 
of  the  IIudson'.s  B.VV  Comp.vny  expired  years  ago,  and  its  exclusive  right 
to  purchase  furs  in  British  Columbia  then  ceased,  its  transactions  and  the 
area  of  its  influence  contmue  to  have  almost  national  magnitude.  TllE 
Alasr.V  Commerclvl  Co.Ml'ANY,  of  comparatively  recent  organization,  has 
a  larger  Pacific  business. 


Fur  Crop. — The  value,  in  San  Francisco,  of  the  annual  fur  crop  of  our 
coast,  is  about  $5,600,000,  of  which  one  third  passes  through  TllE  AlasK.V 
Commercial  Company,  one  fourth  through  The  IIudson'.s  Bay  Company, 
and  the  remainder  through  various  houses  of  Victoria  and  .San  I'rancisco. 
The  fur-seal  skins  number  122,000,  worth  $2,120,000.  Of  sca-ottcr  skins 
there  are  5,500,  worth  $440,000.  Beaver  pelts  number  21,000,  including 
10,000  from  Alaska,  4,000  each  from  Oregon  and  Washington,  2,000  from 
California,  and  1,000  from  Utah,  worth  in  the  aggregate  $52,000.  The  valu- 
able furs  f)f  the  silver  fox  are  obtained  to  the  number  of  100  pelts  from 
Northern  California,  with  an  aggregate  value  of  $3,000.  Alaska  supplies 
2,000  blue  fo.x  skins,  worth  $22,000.  The  pelts  of  other  fo.xes  number 
16,000,  worth  $32,000.  Of  bears  there  are  1,500  pelts,  worth  $7,875;  of 
badgers  I.OOO,  worth  $200;  of  wild-cats  2,500,  worth  $500;  of  fishers  1,000, 
worth  $6,000;  of  lyn.xes  5,000,  worth  $6,250;  of  cougars  400,  worth  $300; 
of  martens  105,000,  inchuling  70,000  from  British  Columbia,  and  20,000 
from  Alaska,  worth  300,000;  (jf  minks  110,000,  worth  $90,000;  of  musk- 
rats  loo'.ooo,  worth  $6,000;  of  land-otters  250,  worth  $1,250;  of  raccoons 
2,000,  worth  $400;  of  skunks  1,000,  worth  $200;  of  wolves  5,000,  worth 
$400;  of  wolverines  5,000,  worth  $17,250;  and  of  grebes  20,000,  worth 
$10,000.  The  List,  though  birds,  are  counteil  as  fur-bearing  animals,  their 
pelts  being  used,  like-  furs,  for  caps,  muffs,  and  cuffs.  The  land  furs  amount 
in  annual  value  to  $yoo,ooo.     The  numbers  of  these  pelts  do  not  include 


I 


I 


'■r 


;  sii 


1 1 


t         i\ 


332 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


those  of  The  Hudson's  Rav  Company,  of  which  \vc  can  obtain  no 
detailed  statement,  though  \vc  are  informed,  on  what  we  suppose  is  good 
authority,  that  the  annual  aggregate  is  $2,000,000  in  value.  As  prepared 
for  the  purchasers,  the  annual  crop  of  furs  from  our  coast  sells  in  the  Lon- 
don market  for  not  less  than  $10,000,000.  Of  our  fur  pelts,  not  one  in  20  is 
finally  dressed  here;  nearly  all  go  to  England;  those  of  the  TUK  Hudson's 
Bay  Company  by  sail  from  Victoria,  and  the  others  by  way  of  San  Fran- 
ci.sco. 

The  animal  most  \'aluable  for  the  annual  production  of  fur,  is  the  fur- 
seal  (Callorhimis  iirsiniis),  which  is  found  in  Alaska,  and  at  various  points 
along  the  shores  of  British  Columbia,  and  Washington  Territory.  This 
seal  was  very  abundant  on  many  islands  of  the  North  and  South  Pacific, 
at  the  beginning  of  this  century,  but  was  slaughtered  greedily  by  the  early 
seal-hunters  in  our  ocean,  and  was  thus  destroyed,  in  most  of  the  places 
which  it  once  frequented.  It  would  doubtless  before  now  have  been  ex- 
terminated, or  at  least  reduced  so  much  in  number  as  to  have  no  commer- 
cial importance,  if  Russia,  and  afterwards  the  United  States,  had  not  lea;xd 
the  exclusive  right  of  killing  the  seals  on  the  Pribilov  Islands  to  a  single 
compan}-,  which,  of  course,  has  an  interest  in  keeping  up  the  supply  of  the 
furs.  Whether  the  present  contract  made  under  the  authority  of  an  Act  of 
Congress  is  the  best  that  could  ha\e  been  made,  is  a  cjuestion  which  does  not 
come  within  the  scope  of  this  book  ;  but  that  the  fishery  should  not  be 
thrown  open  without  restriction  to  everybody,  is  evident.  St.  Paul  Island, 
the  largest  and  the  most  southerly  of  the  Pribilov  group,  in  latitude  57^, 
has  a  superficial  area  of  about  33  square  miles  of  diversified,  rough,  and 
rocky  uplands,  and  small,  rounded  hills.  It  has  42  miles  of  shore  line,  16^^ 
of  which  are  used  by  the  fur  seal.  St.  George  Island  is  next  in  im- 
portance, and  has  an  area  of  27  square  miles,  and  29  miles  of  coast  line,  of 
which  2 '4  are  visited  b)'  fur-seals. 

To  these  islands  5,000,000  fur-seals,  including  3,000,000  full-grown  females, 
resort  e\ery  year;  the  first  arriving  in  May,  and  the  last  leaving  in  October; 
and  it  is  supposed  that  all  go  ashore  every  day  to  doze  or  sleep  in  the  sun. 
It  is  not  known  where  the\-  stay  the  remainder  of  the  year,  but  it  is  thought 
that  thej-  spend  the  winter  south  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  in  places  where 
fish  .ue  abundant.  It  was  generally  supposed  that  the  fur-.seals  found  from 
January  to  June,  on  the  fish-banks  off  the  coast,  extending  from  Cape  Flat- 
tery to  the  Ouccn  Charlotte  Islands,  live  half  the  year  at  the  Pribilov  Is- 
lands; but  Fish  Commissioner  ANDERSON,  in  his  report  on  the  fisheries  of 
British  Columbia  for  1S80,  gives  plausible  reasons  for  rejecting  this  ideiu 
These  southern  seals  stay  near  the  Strait  of  Fuca  too  long  to  reach  the 
Pribilov  Islands  in  the  ordinary  season;  and  instead  of  going  northward  in 


f    * 


FURS   AM)   CAME. 


333 


the  winter,  they  travel  westward  in  schools.  He  suspects  that  the  Fuca 
.seals  may  visit  unknown  islands  in  the  North  Pacific,  to  spend  the  breeding 
season. 


Al^ka  Commercial  Company. — The  value  of  the  fur-seal  grounds,  or 
the  I'ribilov  Islands,  was  discovered  in  1786,  and  had  a  potent  influence  in 
inducing  the  Russians  to  extend  their  authority  over  the  group,  as  well  as 
over  Alaska.  The  slaughter  of  the  .seals  was  prosecuted,  without  check, 
until  1839,  when  the  number  had  been  so  reduced  that  the  business  threat- 
ened to  be  entirely  destroyed  within  a  few  years.  The  destruction  was  then 
stopped  until  1845,  when  it  was  gradually  resumed;  though  instead  of  the 
indiscriminate  slaughter  which  had  before  been  permitted,  only  the  young 
males  were  allowed  to  be  killed.  The  rookeries  continued  to  increase  in 
size  until  1857.  At  that  time  the  entire  fur  trade  of  the  islands  was  in  the 
hands  of  TlIE  Ru.ssiAN-A.MKRiCAX  Compaxv,  established  since  1799,  and 
the  company,  about  i860,  was  restricted  b)'  the  Government  to  50,000  seal- 
.skins  annually.  Of  these,  5,000  or  6,000  were  from  St.  George,  and  the 
remainder  from  St.  Paul.  At  one  time,  this  company  had  a  contract  to  de- 
liver 20,000  skins  annually  to  a  New  York  firm,  for  $2.50  each.  The  Aleuts 
(natives)  supplied  the  skins,  in  condition  for  .shipment,  at  10  cents  apiece, 
no  other  outlay  being  incurred  by  the  company,  except  the  cost  of  salt  for 
the  curing  proces.s.  From  1821  to  1839,758,502  fur-seals  were  killed,  and 
372,894  from  1S45  till  1862. 

When  the  United  States  Government  took  possession  of  the  islands  in 
1867,  TlllC  Rus,siAN-y\MERICAN  COMPANY  ceascd  to  exist,  and  .several 
American  firms,  among  them  HUTCIIINSOX,  Kohl  &  Co.,  established  them- 
selves in  Alaska,  for  the  purpose  of  trading  and  seal-fishing;  and  the  whole- 
sale slaughter  of  .seals  began  afresh.  In  1868,  not  less  than  200,000  seals 
were  killed,  and  for  1869,  the  figure  was  not  far  below  300,000.  Skins  were 
then  worth  in  San  Francisco  $5.25,  and  the  Aleuts  were  paid  35  cents 
apiece.  The  Government,  fearing  their  total  extermination,  or  their  being 
driven  away,  leased,  under  an  act  of  Congress,  dated  July  i,  1870,  to 
Mltchin.so.v,  Koiil  &  Co.  (who  incorporated  under  the  name  of  TlIK 
Alaska  Com.merclvl  Company,  of  which  L.  Gerstle  is  President),  the 
sole  right  of  .seal-fishing  on  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  anrf  St.  George.  The 
annual  rental  was  fixed  at  $55,000,  and  $2.62^2  for  each  skin  taken  from  the 
island.s,  restricting  the  allowed  number  to  100,000,  of  which  75,000  were  to 
be  taken  from  St.  Paul,  and  25,000  from  St.  George.  This  last  condition  was 
amended  in  1874,  in  so  far  that  the  amount  to  be  taken  from  St.  Paul  would 
be  thenceforth  90,000,  and  10,000  from  .St.  George.  The  company  stipulated 
that  the  Aleuts  should  receive  40  cents  for  killing  a  fur-.seal,  and  extra  pay 


J 


f-M 


if  ^ 


.vv, 


1 

1 

1 

•    '! 

f 

1 

1 

i 

1 

\^< 

1' 

1 

P»c_. 

i.-    ■■  .. 

334 


iisiiKKiEs,  i:ic. 


for  salting.  As  this  sum  is  cjinicd  by  the  joint  labor  of  all  the  able-bodied 
men,  it  is  considered  a  common  fund,  to  be  divided  equitably  amon^  them. 
Payment  is  niaiie  for  all  other  labor,  at  establishctl  rates.  In  dixiding  the 
sealing  fund,  the  .ibilitx'  of  the  men  is  considered,  and  the  di\ision  inaile  ac- 
cordingly. Thus  the  strongest  anil  most  skillful,  who  work  through  the 
entire  season,  receive  a  first-class  share.  Those  who  .ire  less  skilllul,  and 
the  old  men  wlu)  are  unable  to  do  the  hariler  jiart  of  the  work,  recei\'e 
.seconil  and  third-class  shares,  while  the  boys  who  take  [lart  in  the  sealing 
for  the  first  time,  receive  a  fourth-class  share.  The  assignment  of  shares  is 
made  by  the  chiefs,  and  acquiesced  in  b\-  the  others,  l-'acii  year,  after  all 
the  skins  have  been  taken,  the  cliiefs  furnish  the  company's  agents  w  ith  a 
list  of  the  men,  who  ha\e  been  engaged  in  scaling  during  the  season,  antl 
the  share  assigned  to  each.  The  second,  third,  ami  fourth  classes  are 
respective!)'  yo,  8o,  and  70  per  cent,  of  the  first-class  share.  The  value  of 
the  shares  varies  a  little  from  )'ear  to  year,  with  th.e  number  of  men  engaged 
in  sealing,     l^'or  1.S74,  the)-  were  respecti\el)-  $4JS,  $368,  $343,  and  $300. 

The  habits  of  the  fur-seals  are  \er)-  singular.  It  is  estimated  that  two 
thirds  of  the  males  are  never  [)ermitted  b)'  the  remaining  third,  strongest  by 
natural  selection,  to  land  upon  the  s.ime  ground  with  the  females,  which 
al\\a_\'s  herd  together.  The  so-called  bachelor  seals  ;ire  compelled,  when 
thc)'  visit  land,  to  stay  ,iwa}'  from  the  breeding-grounds,  ;uid  thus  nature 
keeps  separate  those  .se.als  which  can  be  killed,  without  disim'bing  the  peace 
of  the  breeding-grounds,  where  the  stock-  is  perpctuatetl.  In  thc  early  p.irt 
of  the  season,  large  numbers  of  the  )oung  bachelors  go  ashore,  not  far  from 
the  water,  .and  while  they  doze  there  the  men  approach  (luietl)',  and  get 
quickly  between  them  and  thc  se.a.  In  this  way,  a  dozen  men,  running  down 
a  long  sand-beach,  will  turn  thousanils  of  seals  aw.ay  from  the  water.  When 
thc  seals  are  first  startled  they  arise,  and  seeing  the  men  between  them  and  thc 
water,  immediatcl)-  turn,  .and  lope  and  scramble  rapidly  aw.ay  over  the  land. 
The  natives  then  walk  IcL-^urely  on  the  flanks,  and  in  the  re.ir  of  the  drove 
thus  securetl,  and  direct  and  dri\e  them  to  thc  place  of  slaughter.  On  firm,* 
gra.s.sy  ground,  a  drove  of  .seals  ma)'  be  driven  at  thc  rate  of  half  a  mile  an 
hour.  They  recjuire  little  urging,  being  permitted  to  halt  and  cool  off,  as 
heating  "injures  their  fur.  The)-  never  show  fight,  unless  a  few  old  seals  arc 
mi.xeil  in.  The  .seals,  when  brought  up  to  the  killing-ground,  arc  herded 
there,  until  cool  and  rested;  then  squads  of  50  to  200  are  driven  out  from 
the  bod)-  of  the  drove,  surrounded  and  huddled  u[)  one  against  the  other. 
Thc  natives,  .-irmed  with  hea\)'  clubs  of  h.'n'd  wood,  strike  the  .seals  down  by 
blows  on  the  head.  A  single  stroke  of  the  heavy  oak  bludgeon  will  crush 
in,  at  once,  the  slight,  thin  bones  of  .'i  .seal's  skull,  l;iying  the  creature  out  lifeless. 
I'reparator)-  to  skinning,  the  body  is  rolled  over,  or  put  upon   its  back,  and 


ITRS    AM)    CAMK.  3l5 

t!ic  nativc-i  make  a  ^iiis^dc,  swifi  cut  tliicjULjh  the  --kii  ,  clown  alone;  the  neck', 
chest,  anil  belly,  from  the  lower  jaw  to  the  nob  of  the  tail.  (  .ire  is  taken 
not  to  kill  more  seals  at  a  time  than  the  force  of  men  employed  can  (li->|)i>sc 
of  proiK-rly;  as  i  5  minutes'  exposure  to  the  .sun  will  spoil  them  by  l.x)scnin{j 
the  fur.  The  skin  is  salted  immediately  after  beinj^  removed.  The  salt- 
house.s  are  arrani^ed  with  lar^e  bins  of  thick  planks,  into  which  the  skins 
are  put,  with  a  layer  of  salt  between  each  layer  of  skins.  They  become  -uf- 
fii  lently  cured  in  from  5  to  7  d.iys,  and  are  then  taken  from  the  bins,  and 
I)iled  up  w  ith  a  little  fresh  .salt.  Finally  they  arc  prepared  for  shipment  by 
rolling;  them  ilo  compact  bundles,  2  skins  in  each,  .securely  l;i.-,hcd.  The 
larfjest  of  the.ic  Inindlos  weigh  64  pounds,  but  their  averaijc  weight  is  but  22. 
The  smallest  skins,  taken  from  seals  2  j'cars  old,  weij^h  about  7  pounds 
each,  and  the  largest,  from  seals  6  years  old,  about  30. 

All  the  fur  scilskins  of  our  coa- 1  are  sent  in  a  raw  i'  ndition  to  London, 
the  only  place  possessing  the  skill  p.quisitc  for  dressin  ,  .:nd  dyeing  them  in 
the  best  manner,  so  that  they  shall  .sell  readily  for  $40,  though  the  raw  pelt 
is  worth  there  onl)'  .$1  $  or  $20.  France  has  imjjortcd  artisans,  dye-stuff,  and 
even  water  from  llngland,  but  has  never  made  furs  equal  to  those  pre;  u'cd 
in  London.  The  methods  of  dressing  and  dyeing  are  kept  secret,  but  the 
main  processes  are  these:  The  kin  is  soaked  in  warm  water,  >crapcd  clean, 
soaked  in  warm  water  containin,;  m.-ihoganj'  or  rosewood  sawdust,  and 
trodden  by  human  feet  for  several  days,  thus  cleansing  the  hair  from  sticky 
substances.  Ihe  .second  process  is  to  shave  off  the  inside  of  the  skin,  .so  as 
to  cut  off  the  roots  of  the  coarse  hairs  which  project  be)ond  the  delicate 
fur.  The  latter  retains  its  hold,  w  hile  the  coarse  hair  falls  out  after  the  skin 
has  been  shaved.  The  third  i)rocess  is  the  dyeing,  and  this  is  the  chief 
.secret. 

The  sealskins  taken  by  the  Indians  of  Vancouver's  Island  and  Fuca 
Straits  are  .sold  at  Cape  Flattery.  Their  fishing-grounds  arc  from  20  to  40 
miles  outside  the  cape,  and  as  the\'  are  fearful  of  going  tf)o  far  to  sea  .so 
early  in  the  season,  when  the  weather  is  treacherous,  they  pay  schooners, 
usuall)-  from  3  to  12  tons  burden,  to  take  them  to  the  grounds.  The  seals 
are  caught  asleep  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  Indians  approach 
noiselessly  in  canoes,  and  when  near  enough,  anywlK:re  within  30  feet, 
throw  their  sjiears  with  a  strong,  stout  cord  attached,  and  hauling  the  seal 
alongsitle  their  canoes,  dispatch  them  with  a  club  made  especially  for  the 
]jurpose.  The  .sealskins  taken  by  the  natives  at  Prince  of  \\'alcs  Island 
and  contiguous  territorj-,  arc  .sold  at  the  Hudson's  Bay  Factory,  Fort  ."^  inp- 
.son.  The  number  sold  in  1880  was  about  10,000.  The  total  number 
caught  between  San  I*"rancisco  and  Alaska  averages,  for  the  last  5  years, 
probably  20,000.     On  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  as  far  as  Sonora,  .some 


ii 


^^36 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


m.  < 


iir; ' 


strafjglinj:;  fur-seals  arc  finiiul,  and  in  artier  to  capture  tlicm,  small  schooners 
arc  occasionally  fittctl  out  in  San  Francisco.  Their  catch  ne\er  oxcectls 
2,000  a  year.  Countinjj  100,000  for  Alaska,  J.S,ooo  for  Washinjjton,  British 
Columbia,  and  Southern  Ala.ska,  we  have  130,000  for  the  entire  annual  catch 
of  the  coast.  Tin:  Ar,.\sK.v  COMMKUCIAI,  CdMl'.WV  obtains  30,000  fur  seal- 
.skins,  aninially,  from  islands  bclonj,nn^  to  Russia  on  the  Asiatic  side  of  the 
Pacific,  and  these  arc  counted,  thouj;[h  improperly,  in  the  national  census 
report  of  1880,  as  part  of  the  products  of  our  country. 

Warrens  Fur-Seal  Fleet. — A  prominent  place  in  the  fur-seal  fishery  of 
British  Columbia  is  held  by  the  little  fleet  of  4  steam  schooners,  the  Thorn- 
ton of  30  tons,  the  Anna  Beck  of  40,  the  Grace  of  80,  and  the  Dolphin  of  80, 
belontjinj^  to  J.\MF.S  D.  \V.\URKX,  of  Victoria,  who  is  also  engaj^ed  in 
salmon-canning,  and  is  part  owner  in  the  steamer  plying  between  Victoria 
and  Wrangel.  The  Grace  was  built  in  1 881.  and  the  Dolphin  in  1882.  The 
season  lasts  4  months  in  the  year,  and  Mr.  Warken  gives  employment  in 
his  sealing  fleet  to  20  white  men  and  a  number  of  Indians. 

Otters,  Etc. — The  fur-seal  is,  however,  not  the  only  aquatic  mammal 
hunted  on  our  coast.  The  ne.Kt  in  importance,  the  sea-otter  (Enhydra 
marina),  not  comprised  in  the  company's  contract,  is  hunted  by  all  the 
native  jjopulation  of  Alaska  Territory.  It  is  a  shy  animal,  and  is  not  taken 
\\  ithout  the  exercise  of  much  energy  and  hardihood.  The  skin  is  the  most 
valuable  of  all  peltric.i,  except  that  of  the  black  fo.\,  which  is,  however, 
seldom  found.  The  aggregate  annual  catch  is  between  5,000  and  6,000 
skins,  while  prior  to  1870,  2,000  were  considered  a  good  catch.  Nine  tenths 
of  these  are  taken  in  the  waters  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  and  one  tenth  near 
Kadiak.  The  natives  receive  from  $30  to  $50  for  each  skin,  and  the  price- 
in  London  is  from  $80  to  $100.  The  average  number  caught  annually, 
from  1821  to  1862,  was  1,220,  as  officially  reported.  It  may  be  that  the 
increase  is  cau.sed  by  the  higher  price  now  paid ;  and  possibl)'  some  servants 
of  the  Russian-American  Company  did  not  report  all  the  skins  obtained. 

The  sea-lion  (Eiinietopias  stci/eri)  is  valuable  to  the  natives  of  the  Aleu- 
tian Islands  for  the  oil  and  skins,  the  latter  used  on  wooden  frames  for  the 
ordinary  boats.  The  average  length  of  the  male  Is  12  feet,  with  a  yield  of 
10  gallons  of  oil,  and  a  weight  of  1,000  pounds.  TlIE  ALASKA  COMMEli- 
CIAI,  Co.Ml'ANY  pays  the  natives  on  the  I'ribilov  Islands  40  cents  per  skin, 
and  $5  per  barrel  for  the  intestines,  from  which  they  get  oil.  The  oil  ob- 
tained by  the  compan)-  on  the  islands,  from  all  sources,  is  barely  sufficient 
for  the  wants  of  the  different  stations,  the  natives  being  provided  by  the 
company  gratis  with  seal-oil,  fuel,  and  salmon.  The  value  of  .seal-oil  is 
a  little  less  than  that  of  whale-oil.     As  late  as  1 8G4,  a  great  number  were 


i-UKs  AMI  <;.\Mi:.  ^37 

taken  .ilong  the  coast  (^f  California  and  Lower  California,  from  Maj-  to 
August,  and  on  the  shores  of  Alaska  from  June  to  (October,  but  they 
have  remarkably  decreased.  About  'CX3  are  yearly  caught,  on  the  Cali- 
fornian  coast,  by  fishermen  employed  in  coast  whaling.  Their  skins  are 
bought  by  beltmakers,  who  prefer  them  to  cowhides  on  account  of  their 
even  thickness,  although  the  tanning  takes  about  fj  month.s.  The  average 
price  paid  is  4  cents  per  pound.  Another  article  of  value  on  the  ,sca-lion  is 
the  whisker,  the  price  varying  according  to  the  size,  measuring  for  old  bulls 
sometimes  16  inches  in  length  and  one  eighth  of  an  incli  in  thickness.  The 
Chinese  pay  40  cents  apiece  for  them,  to  he  used  by  women  in  their  hair, 
and  b)-  men  for  ear-cleaners  and  toothpicks. 

Furriers.  —The  furs,  and  articles  made  of  fur,  sold  in  San  Francisco  ha\c 
an  annual  value  of  about  $300,000.  The  relative  profits  of  the  furriers,  how- 
ever, have  not  kept  pace  with  the  amount  of  business.  IJefore  1869  the 
pelts  of  martens,  beavers,  foxes,  and  various  other  animals  then  fashionable 
and  in  extensive  use,  were  dressed  in  San  I-'ranci.sco ;  but  now  the  fur-seal 
skin  possesses  almost  exclusive  favor,  ;md  that  is  sent  to  London  for  prep- 
aration. The  value  of  the  other  pelts,  sold  here  for  local  use,  does  not  ex- 
ceed $15,000  a  year.  The  only  furriers  of  our  coast  are  in  San  I'rancisco, 
and  a  large  part  of  their  skill  consists  in  knowing  how  to  cut  the  skins,  and 
fit  them  together  to  the  best  advantage. 

There  are  3  furrier  houses  in  San  hVancisco,  tho.se  of  H.  Lliciiics  &  Co., 
at  113  Montgomery  Street;  Laciiman  &  Stkknff.L.s,  at  1 29  Montgomery 
Street,  and  li.  I'ROO.MBlCKc;,  at  114  Post  Street.  The  3  houses  employ  1 1 
cutters  and  50  .sewing-women.  LlKUKS  &  Co.  have  8  small  vessels  hunting 
seals  and  trading  for  furs  in  the  northern  waters. 

The  cutters  receive  from  $17  to  $30  a  week — probably  not  more  than  one 
getting  over  $25 — working  9  hours  a  day,  and  arc  emplovcd  through  the 
)ear ;  whereas  in  New  York  they  get  $40,  with  work  limited  to  jiart  of  the 
year.  The  sewing-women  receive  $10  a  week  in  San  Francisco,  and  work 
by  the  piece  in  New  York.  Two  fur-dressers  do  all  the  work  of  fur-dressing 
in  San  Francisco,  going  to  the  shops  and  using  the  tools  of  the  furriers, 
when  the  latter  need  their  scA-ice.s. 

The  Nortb-Tvest  Trading  Company. — The  Orcgonians  made  a  start  to 
get  a  share  in  the  fisheries  and  fur  trade  of  Southern  Alaska  in  1880,  by 
organizing  THE  NoRTll-WEST  TRADING  COMPAXY,  incorporated  at  Port- 
land. It  has  established  a  whale  fishery  .it  Killisnoo  on  Chatham  Strait, 
oil  refineries  at  Kaigan  on  Cordova  Bay  and  on  Lcmcsurier  Lsland,  and 
trading-posts  at  Killisnoo,  Kaigan,  Rockwell  on  Gastineaux  Channel, 
Hoonjah  on  Cross  Sound,  and  Chilcoot  Bay  at  the  head  of  Lynn  Canal. 
4J 


': 


i^ 


m  1 


Rf: 


33R 


riSIIKRIF.S,    KTC. 


Willi  I'.  SCHULZE  a:,  president  at  I'ortland,  C.  SPrUN  and  J.  W.  VandkR- 
I'.IM  as  joint  manat^ers  at  Sitka,  and  $100,000  of  capital,  it  will  probably 
soon  take  a  jironiinent  place  in  the  business  of  y\la.ska. 

The  most  notable  houses  or  companies  of  our  coast  engaged  in  the  fur 
trade,  in  addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  are  the  TllK  Wkst  Fur 
TRADINC  COMl'ANV,  LOUIS  SLOSS  &  CO.,  KOWILAND  Brotiikus  of  San 
iM-ancisco,  and  MARTIN  Batls  and  T..  &  J.  BosccowiTZ  of  Victoria. 


Land  Furs. —  I.ruicl  fur  animals  arc  trapped  in  California,  Oregon,  and 
Washington  by  v  hir<>  men,  in  Britisli  Columbia  by  white  men  and  Indians, 
anil  in  Alaska  !_»>•  Eiikitncs,  Aleuts,  and  Indians.  In  order  to  .secure  as 
many  skins  as  possible,  the  three  large  competing  companies,  the  Hudson's 
Bay,  .'.Vlaska  ^^ommerciaJ.  and  the  West  I'ur  companies,  have  trading-posts 
t!irouj;}lir!Ut  Adaska,  ann  the  Hudson's  15ay  in  British  Columbia  also.  Be- 
sidcs-.tJiese  trading-staKuiins,  there  are  individual  traders  .settled  through  the 
fur  negioni.  and  much  :radmg  is  done  by  small  \essel.-i.  which  are  fitted  out 
in  Smj  FisMiciHCo  fortiiaa  purpo.sc,  and  yearly  visit  the  northern  coast.  In 
Oregrni.  '^"  ashington.  and  California,  country  stores  collect  the  skins  from 
the  hiunter-  either  for'tiicar  own  account,  (jr  to  fill  orders  from  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  espicaaJliy  is  this  tiae  case  in  California. 

TilK  Ni«Tl3-WEST  Frji  Company,  an  assocJatipm  formed  in  1783,  by 
Canadian  mcrdnants.  bissan  to  trade  on  this  coast  about  1805,  and  had 
almo.st  e.KCituwe  postsaiaaon  uiratiil  1810.  A  St.  Louis  association,  called 
The  Mil.s.souiil  Fi'K  C  ■«n'-%J>r\-  established  a  trading-post  on  the  head- 
waters of  Lewis'  Fcjpfc  in  1*09,  faaan  abandoned  it  on  account  of  the  hostility 
of  the  Indiams.  In  i8^:<d  J-okk  Jiacoh  A.stor  organized  The  AMERICAN 
Fur  Comp.VS'Y  to  collect  furs  cm  tthis  coast,  ship  them  to  China,  and  there 
exchange  them  for  tea  and  silks.  The  company  established  a  traoing-post 
at  Astoria,  collected  large  quammcs  of  furs,  and  had  a  good  prospect  to 
maintain  a  strong  opposition  to  "Miu  North-west  Fur  Company,  but  when 
the  war  u  ith  England  broke  outi  Mr.  A.STOR  distrusted  his  Scotch  part- 
ners, and  The  Americ.\N  F'ur  Jdmpany  abandoned  its  business  on  the 
Pacific  Coa.st. 

Tin-;  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  incorporated  in  1670,  occupied  much  of 
the  northern  part  of  the  continent,  but  did  not  come  to  our  coast  until 
about  I S 1 3,  when,  jealous  of  the  success  of  The  North-west  Company,  they 
sent  their  agents  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  expensive  struggle 
between  the  two  rival  companies  was  ended  by  cooiieratioii  in  1 82 1,  and  tiie 
entire  absorjition  of  TllE  NoKTll-WEST  COMPANY  in  1824. 

In  the  mean  lime,  several  small  parties  of  American  trappers  had  come  to 
ihis  coast.      In  1823,  W.H.  .\sih,i:y,  of  .St.  Louis,  collected  a  large  ([uantity 


FURS  AM)  (;.\\ir. 


^^9 


of  lurs,  with  wliich  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  le.iviiiL^  lOO  men  to  j^nlher 
pelts  duriiij^r  hjs  absence.  Ti.i^i-  men  obtained  furs  worth  $iSo,cx)0 
between  i824and  1.S27.  A  parl\  of  40  trappers  employed  b_\-  'rill,  I'ioiKV 
IMoLNTAIN  Fur  CoMI'ANV  hunted  and  trapped  in  the  Sacramento  X'alley 
from  1825  to  1828,  under  command  of  Capt.  JlUHCHIAll  SMITH,  who  sold 
their  catch  at  the  Cohnnbia  River  in  the  latter  year,  'rili:  RiuKN'  MoUN- 
T.VIN  I"UR  Co.MI'ANV  withdrew  from  our  coast  in  1829,  at  the  same  time 
with  Mr.  PllXTlKR,  of  Council  Bluffs,  who  had  spent  3  seasons  with  .1.5 
men  in  Orcjj[on  and  California.  A.SHLI•:^■  had  ret'-.  ;  •?  jears  earlier,  j. 
O.  I'.VTTli:,  a  Missourian,  published  a  brief  accoui.'  -  '  Jalifornia,  in  1832, 
after  trappfn^r  here  in  the  2  previous  )'ears.  Cai  :  ■  oNM'.Vll.I.I';  hunted 
and  trajjped  with  a  large  party  in  the  Humboldt  and  Sacramento  Valleys 
in  1832,  and  was  not  encouraged  b\-  the  results  to  continue.  The  last 
attempt  of  a  large  American  party  to  collect  furs  on  our  coast,  south  of 
Alaska,  was  made  in  1833,  when  TllK  A.MERICAx  I'ur  Company  sent  an 
expedition  to  the  lower  Columbia. 

The  Hudson's  Bay  Co.mpaxv,  firmly  established  in  1821,  with  a  special 
charter,  and  the  exclusive  right  (exclusive  at  least  as  to  all  I'lritish  subjects) 
to  purchase  furs  in  the  territory  on  our  coast  claimed  by  Great  Britain, 
including  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho,  had  nearly  all  the  trade.  After 
a  controversy  it  made  a  compromise,  in  1833,  with  the  Russian-American 
Comp:  n\',  taking  the  trade  of  part  of  Alaska  for  a  definite  rental.  The 
tjusines:  of  TiiK  Russian  Amkrran  Company  terminated  with  the  trans- 
fer of  Alaska,  to  the  United  States,  and  Tut:  HuDSo.v's  Bay  Company's 
.special  charter  and  exclusive  privileges  expired  in  1856. 

J.  F.  Miller. — Of  the  men  who  have  been  engaged  in  the  fur  trade  of  the 
North  Pacific,  none  is  more  extensively  known  than  JOMN  F.  MiLLl'.R,  now 
a  representative  of  California  in  the  United  States  .Scii.ite.  Gen.  Mll.I.KR, 
bo>-n  in  Indiana  in  1 831,  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  laws  from  the 
law  school  at  Balston  Spa,  New  York,  in  1852.  The  next  year  witnessed 
his  arrival  in  Califorma,  and  also  nis  election  as  treasurer  of  Napa  County. 
Illness  of  a  relative  in  Indiana  took  him  back  in  1855  to  his  native  State, 
where  he  remained  C>  >ears,  taking  active  part  in  politics  as  a  stump-sjieaker 
on  the  Republican  side.  In  1860,  he  was  elected  to  the  State  .Senate,  and 
the  next  je.ir  resigned  his  office,  to  enter  the  army  with  a  regiment  which 
he  organized.  In  I""cbruary,  1862,  he  had  command  of  a  brigade;  and  from 
that  time  until  the  close  of  the  w  ar,  e.xccpt  when  disabled  by  seven'  wounds, 
he  was  in  active  ser\  ice,  holrling  responsible  ])ositions,  and  adding  to  hi;i 
reputation  as  a  soldier  and  a  manager  ol  men.  lU'  d'd  not  avoid  exposure, 
nor  ditl   he  escape  without    pa)ing   tribute  with  his  blood   to  the  national 


If  B 


3'; 


340 


l-ISHKKIKS,    I;TC, 


cause.  Once  lie  w.is  shot  Ihrouyh  the  neck,  tlie  bullet  passin;;  \ery  near  the 
ju;j[ulnr  vein,  and  his  left  eye  was  destroyed  b>'  a  bullet  which  remained 
twelve  years  in  his  liead,  until  removed  by  a  difficult  and  dany,en)us  surgical 
operation  in  US75.  lie  j)artii;ii)ated  in  13  battles,  including  that  of  Stone 
River,  in  which  the  troops  under  his  immeaiatc  command  carried  off  the 
chief  honors,  and  a  large  jxirt  of  the  credit  was,  by  general  consent,  given 
to  him  personally.  Under  the  recommendations  of  his  superiors.  Generals 
RnsiXKANS  and  TlItiM.\s,  he  was  promoted  to  the  grades  of  brigadier  and 
major-general.  While  in  command  at  Nashville  he  had  delicate  and  exten- 
sive political  and  semi-dij)lomatic  duties  which  he  performed  with  tact,  gain- 
ing the  coniKlence  of  the  Unionists  and  tlu'  intimate  friendship  of  AnI)RI;\V 
Johnson,  tlien  militar)-  governor  there.  ..After  the  close  of  the  war  Gen. 
MilI-1;r  returned  to  California,  intending  to  resume  the  practice  of  law,  but 
.soon  recci\ed  the  api)ointment  of  collector  of  the  port  of  San  I'rancisco 
from  his  Tennessee  friend  wiio  had  succeeded  to  the  presidency.  1  fc  lield 
the  coUcctorship  with  general  satisfaction  to  the  mercantile  community  until 
i.S/O,  when  his  term  expired.  TllK  Alask.\  Commkiui.vl  Co\ii>ANY 
needed  a  presiilent,  learned  in  the  law,  familiar  witli  general  business,  of 
high  repute  for  integrity,  and  abli:  to  defend  extensive  interests  as  orator  or 
writer.  Gen.  Mii,IJ;r  was  selectcil  for  the  place,  and  again  he  made  a  suc- 
cess. When  the  Republicans  of  California  were  called  upon  to  send  a  man 
to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1881,  they  looked  around  among  their  num- 
ber and  decided  that  J.  I".  MiLLKK  was  their  best  man.  He  had  jireviously 
resigned  the  presidency  of  TlIK  Al.ASRA  Co.NrMRRCIAL  COMPANV.  The 
national  .Senate  li.is  been  in  session  only  a  few  weeks  since  he  took  his  seat, 
but  his  intluencc  has  alreail)-  been  recognizctl.  At  the  age  of  50  he  has 
reached  the  highest  political  position  that  the  people  of  California  can  con- 
fer on  him,  and  u  ith  good  health,  correct  habits,  an  excellent  social  position, 
and  an  industrious  and  ambitious  character,  he  still  has  much  of  life  before 
him 

Game.— Our  coast  has  much  game  of  different  kinils  killeil  for  food, 
though,  of  course,  the  cjuantity  has  been  greatly  reduced  witliin  the  last  30 
years,  in  consequence  of  the  increase  of  population,  and  the  greatly  en- 
larged range  of  fire-arms.  Deer  are  numerous  in  many  district.s,  and  400,000 
are  killed  annuall}'.  The  number  of  deerskins  sold  to  the  tanners  and  trad- 
ers (exclusive  of  'I' I  IK  lIUIiSON's  l\\\  COMrANV)  every  year  is  500,000; 
ami  some  are  tanned  b)-  the  hunters,  especially  the  Indians,  for  their  home 
use.  The  elk,  common  in  central  and  Southern  California  at  the  time  of 
the  gokl  discovery,  has  disappeared  there;  but  a  few  are  found  in  north- 
western t'alifornia  and   Oregon.     The  antelope  was  the  most  abundant,  or 


(1 1  ■ 


IT  lis    AND    r.AMi: 


.u> 


most  proininciU  ■j;:unc  animal  of  tlic  S:ici-amcnt'.)  and  San  J(>ii)nin  \'alU'\'s 
before  the  American  con(|iiest.  but  if  still  sc.-en,  is  loo  r.uv  to  liave  a  ni.irket 
\alue.  The  buffalo  crosse  I  the  Kocky  Mountains  at  various  places  in  the 
middle  of  the  centur)-,  but  does  so  no  lonL;er.  The  moose  and  cariboo  are 
found  in  I5ritish  Columbia  ami  Alaska,  but  are  rare.  The  aiKance  of  civil- 
ization has  dimim'shed  the  number  of  woKcs  and  hawks,  and  j^iven  a  chance 
to  the  liares,  rabbits,  and  small  birtls  to  miilliplw  Of  i;ame  s(|uirrels,  theie 
are  \ery  few. 

The  water-fowl  supply  the  t^reater  part  of  the  ^amc  in  our  markets. 
Ducks  and  geese  arc  numerous  in  the  lakes,  ri\ers,  anil  sloughs,  at  the  times 
of  their  migration  in  the  spring  and  autumn,  and  the  large  towns  are  well 
supplied  with  them  at  such  periods.  The  himters  make  a  pnicticc  of  goinc; 
to  a  railroad  station  or  steamboat  landing  e\ery  day  with  their  stock.  The 
season  for  liunting,  with  the  c.Kception  of  venison,  is  fixed  by  law  for  Cali- 
fornia, from  September  15  till  March  15,  and  for  vension,  from  Jul}-  i(. 
October,  inclusive,  while  gccsc,  hares,  and  rabbits  may  be  killed  at  .ill 
times,  though  the  quantity  sent  to  market  is  sm.ill.  The  total  value  of  the 
game  consumed  in  San  Francisco  is  alxnit  $!00,ooo  annually.  The  quail 
number  225  dozen  a  day  at  $1.25  a  dozen;  the  ducks,  75  dozen  a  day  al 
$2.50;  the  geese,  15  dozen  a  day  at  $2.75;  hares  and  rabbits,  10  dozen  a 
da)'  at  $2.25;  rccd-birds,  25  dozen  a  day  at  35  cents;  and  doves,  15  dozen 
a  day  at  60  cents.  The  supply  of  deer  meat  amounts  to  i  .000  pounds  a  day, 
.sold  at  9  cents.  These  quantities  represent  the  average  figures  in  the  re- 
spective .seasons.  Grouse,  snipe,  curlew,  wild  pigeons,  wild  turkej's,  wild 
sheep,  and  various  other  kinds  of  game  obtained  in  parts  of  our  coast  arc 
so  limited  in  their  range  that  they  do  not  deserve  more  than  mere  mention 
here.  As  a  rule,  the  hunters  ship  their  game  to  the  poultry  dealers  of  San 
Francisco,  but  several  produce  houses  receive  consignments,  and  sell  to  the 
market  dealers.  ]\Iosl  of  the  quail  ;'.nddo\es  come  from  Monterey  County, 
ducks  from  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys,  veni.son  from  Marin 
County,  hares  and  rabbits  from  Merced,  and  reed-birds  from  Contra  Costa. 
The  principal  game  dealers  in  .San  I''rancisco  are  Rl(.ll.\R!i  1).  MoWRKV  Si 
Co.,  H.\UT  &  GOODM.W,  and  v.  N.  Woods  &  Co.,  game  and  poultry  dealers 
in  the  California  Market ;  Lkmoini:,  G.\MI!1:kt  &  Co.,  in  the  San  I'"r,incisco 
Market;  and  Jo.sin'li  H.\.ssiOTT,  JoilN  C.  M OWE,  and  LlT'll.liKllil.D,  ALLI- 
SON &  Co.,  produce  merchants. 


rii 


J 


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1      i 


li  '.:!; 


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342 


FISHERIKS,    KTC. 


CHAPTER  XXI.— COD-FISHERY. 

Cod-Banks. — Tiic  principal  cod-fish  banks  of  the  North  Pacific  arc  in  the 
Bciirini^  .Sea,  the  vicinity  of  tlic  Chouinagin  Islands,  and  the  Okhotsk  Sea, 
which  last,  the  largest  known  cod-fishing  ground,  attracts  most  of  our  cod- 
fishing  vessels,  and  now  produces  more  than  three  fourths  of  our  catch. 
The  Hehring  Sea,  though  e.xtcnsivc  in  its  cod-banks  and  abounding  in  fish, 
is  neglected,  because  the  fish  are  abundant  in  other  places  more  conveniently 
accessible.  All  the  cod-fishing  vessels  of  the  Pacific  are  owned  in  San 
P'rancisco,  and  bring  their  catch  to  curing  and  packing  houses  near  the 
metropolis.  The  methods  of  fishing  and  of  sending  the  fish  to  market  are 
not  the  same  for  the  Choumagin,  where  the  fishing-boats  spend  the  year,  as 
for  the  Okhotsk,  to  which  hitter  bank  the  vessels  make  a  trip  every  season, 
spending  5  months,  of  which  2  are  occujiied  in  catching  fish.  The  fish- 
ing at  the  Choumagin  banks  is  in  shallower  water  than  in  the  Okhotsk;  the 
depth  from  40  to  50  fathoms  in  the  latter,  and  from  20  to  40  fathoms  at  the 
former  grountls.  Angle,  or  hand-lines,  as  they  are  called,  are  used  exclu- 
sively in  the  Okhotsk  fisheries,  and  trawl-lines,  and  occasionally  hand-lines, 
at  the  Choumagin  Islands.  A  line  28  fathoms  in  length,  and  several  of  these 
joined  together,  with  hooks  attached  at  intervals  of  3  or  4  feet,  are  called  a 
trawl  -line.  The  trawl-hooks  are  3  inches  long,  with  a  width  from  point  to 
shank,  of  one  inch.  The  trawl-lines,  often  600  fathoms  in  length,  arc 
dr.iwn  up  once  in  4  hours,  and  tlu-catch  secured.  /Vn  angle,  or  hand-line, 
has  2  hooks,  kept  apart  by  a  piece  of  wire,  and  a  lead  sinker,  weighing 
3  pounds,  livery  fisherman  manages  2  lines,  one  on  each  side  of  him, 
tirawing  one  while  he  lets  down  the  other.  The  use  of  the  hand-line, 
instead  of  the  trawl,  in  the  Okhotsk  fisheries,  is  caused  by  sand-flea.s,  small 
crustaceans,  which  there  attack  and  devcjur  the  fish  on  a  trawl-line  before  it 
can  be  drawn.  Each  fisherman  is  supplied  with  a  dory,  or  small  boat,  14 
feet  long,  sinn'lar  to  a  canoe.  Some  of  the  dories  arc  supplieii  with  sails, 
and  others  with  oars  only,  and  all  anchor  while  fishing.  In  these  dories  the 
fishermen  leave  the  vessel  at  the  break  of  day,  and  are  off  for  tin;  fishing- 
grounds,  which  may  be  200  yards  or  5  miles  distant.  The)'  return  at  dark 
with  the  da)''s  catch,  though  occasionally,  owing  to  foggy  weather,  they  can 
not  find  their  vessel,  and  are  obliged  to  pa.-i.s  the  niglit  in  the  dories,  or  land 


'^*. 


COD-FISIIERY. 


,U3 


on  some  unknown  shore,  and  await  the  coming  of  the  mornini.f  li^ht.  A 
small  quantity  of  bait  is  taken  from  San  I'rancisco,  with  which  to  bcL^in 
operations;  witit  this  the  fishincj  is  conimenced,  and  the  iierrint^,  salmon,  and 
sculpins,  which  are  secured  at  times  on  the  liooks,  serve  for  bait  for  the 
remainder  of  the  time.  The  averajje  weight  of  cod-fisii  of  the  North  I'acific 
fisheries  is  3  pounds,  and  the  maximum  1 1  pounds;  while  one  half  [)ound  is 
the  minimimi  net  weight  after  cleaning.  The  fish  caught  in  the  Okiiolsk 
fisheries  are  long  ant!  thin,  while  those  at  the  Choumagin  Islands  are  short 
and  thick.     There  are  at  least  2  species  of  cod  in  the  Pacific. 


Cod-fishermen. — The  cod  caught  are  treated  in  a  manner  simil.ir  to 
that  employed  in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  ;  that  is,  no  cleaning  is  clone 
by  the  fishermen;  their  exclusive  duty  being  to  fish,  and  attend  to  their 
lines.  The  "dress  gang"  consists  of  a  throater,  header,  and  siilitter.  The 
cod-fish,  after  being  brought  on  board,  are  first  passed  to  the  throater,  who 
cuts  their  throats,  and  nearly  se\-crs  the  head  from  the  body;  thence  to  the 
header,  who  removes  the  head,  opens  the  fish,  and  takes  out  the  viscera; 
and  lastly  to  the  splitter,  w  ho  takes  out  the  backbone,  and  flattens  out  the 
fish.  The  catch  is  salted,  id  packed  in  nests,  in  the  hold.  Nesting  is 
placing  one  fish  inside  of  another,  in  ;i  manner  similar  to  nesting  pails  or 
buckets.  By  this  system  a  larger  quantity  can  be  stored  in  a  given  sjiace 
than  b)'  packing  indiscriminately  in  bulk. 

Fisherman  are  paitl  according  to  their  catch,  at  the  rate  of  $20  for  1,000 
fish.  The  dress  gang  receive  from  $25  to  .$30  per  month,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  splitter,  who  receives  $45  or  $50  per  month.  These  wages  in- 
clude board,  the  owners  of  ves.scls  furnishing  everything.  At  Kadiak  Island 
and  vicinity,  where  some  cod-fishing  is  done,  natives  are  ein])loyed,  at  75 
cents  or  $1  per  daj-,  to  head,  split,  and  salt  the  to«L.  Those  caught  near  the 
Choumagin  Islands  are  the  best  of  the  Pacific  cocl,  and  superior  to  those  of 
the  Labrador  coast,  while  the  finer  specimens  are  equal  to  the  best  of  the 
Newfoundland  fisheries.  Tlie  life  of  the  Choumagin  fisherm.m  is  one  of 
ease,  when  compared  with  that  of  his  Atlantic  brother.  The  numerous 
coves  and  inlets  furnish  a  convenient  refuge  wIkmi  hea\)-  weather  rciulers  it 
ncccssar)-  to  quit  fishing;  and  as  the  season  la^ls  onl)'  during  the  summer 
months,  it  is  not  probable  that  cod-fi.shing  in  the  Pacific  will  ever  be  attended 
by  the  risk  of  life,  and  the  many  iliscomforts,  inseparable  from  that  occu]);)- 
tion,  on  the  other  side  of  ihe  conlint  tit.  The  salt,  procured  from  the  Ala- 
meda salt-marsh,  California,  made  by  the  evaporation  of  sea-water,  is  said  to 
be  <}f  excellent  quality.  The  vessels,  liefore  leaving  on  a  cod-fishing  cruise, 
take  <in  bo.ird  a  small  cargo,  allowing  a  ton  of  salt  to  each  1,000  fish. 
The  numl>er  of  vessels  ^>(  the  cod-fishing  fleet  have  never  been  the  same  for 


y 

i 


,; 


',''■  'I' 


344 


iisitr.Rir.s,  ivrr. 


i 

m 

^s"  ■■  i 

'  *  ■ 

11 

{■■'' 
''1* 

; 

'i 

I'l 

2  c:nnscciiti\x'  )c,'irs ;  the  businc-s  lluctiiatin;-  with  tlu  demand  for  fis'i. 
Wlicn  a  L,f(i(j<l  season  has  Ixcii  (■x[)ci'icnccd,  and  a  lar^jc  catch  secured,. tlic 
iiuhisti>-  is  stimulated,  and  tlie  next  year  the  fleet  is  enlarged  by  additional 
vessels  which  are  sent  out.  When  a  poor  catch  is  the  result  of  a  season's 
hshincj,  some  of  the  vessels  seek  other  business. 

The  number  of  fish  received  from  the  Okhotsk  Sea  fisheries  in  i88i  was 
721,000,  and  from  the  Choumagin  Islands  321,000.  About  250  men  were 
employed,  and  all  did  well.  The  consum|)tion  of  cured  cod-fish  on  our 
coast  is  4,200  tons  annu.all)-,  and  the  exportation  100  tons.  The  Pacific 
fish  can  be  sold  here  cheaper  than  the  I'lastern  ;  the  business  is  on  ;i  per- 
manent basis,  and  as  San  Fnuicisco  becomes  more  of  a  distributinij  peiint, 
the  catch  will  increase.  The  current  prices  to  the  trade  are  5  cents  for  the 
ordinary  quality,  and  5J;J  cents  fi)r  selected.  The  boneless  fish  .sell  at  6l4 
cents.  The  ])rincipal  houses  ent^aijed  in  the  cod-fishini;  industry  on  the 
Pacific  coast  are  those  of  LVNDK  &  Houcil,  TllOMAS  \V.  M(C()i.i..\M  & 
Cii.,  an<l  \.  HICIIARD,  each  having  a  large  drying-yard  and  warehouse  near 
San  h'rancisco,  with  ;i  capacity  to  store  1,800  tons  of  fish.  As  the  fishing 
season  lasts  only  5  months,  it  is  necessary  to  store  a  j'car's  supply  in 
extensive  warehouses,  which  .are  not  required  on  the  Atlantic  Coast,  where 
the  fishing  season  lasts  longer  and  the  catch  comes  in  small  lots,  which  arc 
soon  sold  and  replacetl  b)'  others.  LvNDK  I'i  Iloucil,  whose  office  is  at 
416  IX'ivis  .Street,  began  cod-fishing  in  the  l\icific  in  1865.  The  curing  de- 
partment and  warehouse  is  at  California  Cit\',  in  Marin  Count)'.  A  l.irge 
numixr  of  detached  buildings,  with  all  the  necessary  appliances,  constitutes 
the  curing  establishment,  which  is  most  complete  in  every  detail.  The  ware- 
house, built  on  a  strong  wharf,  is  140  feet  long  by  lOO  feet  wide,  nv.d  two 
stories  high,  with  a  platform  on  three  sides  for  receiving  and  discharging 
cargoes.  The  drying  frames,  or  flakes,  are  at:  the  south  side  of  the  warc- 
liouse,  in  the  open  air,  where  the  benefit  of  sun  and  wind  m.ay  be  freely 
had  ;  the  latter  being  much  preferable  to  the  former  for  drying  purpo.ses. 
Mi'C<>l.I-.\.M  &  Co.  h.ivc  a  station  on  one  of  the  Choumagin  Islands,  to  which 
a  large  schooner  makes  three  trips  ever)-  season  from  S.in  Francisco,  taking 
up  salt,  provisions,  and  other  su])plies,  and  bringing  down  the  catch.  In 
this  way  a  constant  and  regul.ir  supply  of  fresh-caught  fish  is  secured, 
doing  aua)'  w  ith  the  necessity  of  keeping  a  large  stock  at  San  I'r.incisco. 
The  curing  establishment  at  Pesc.id.i  Landing,  opposite  Saucelito,  consists 
of  a  warehouse  120  feet  long  b)-  lOO  wide,  a  wharf  30  by  lOO  feet,  fl.ike- 
y.ird  100  by  180  feet,  and  two  bo;irding-hnuses,  e.ach  20  by  30  feet. 

The  remainder  of  the  cod-fishing  industry  on  this  coast  is  in  the  hands  of 
X.  lilCII.\Kli,  whose  Cluing  and  tlrving  establishment  is  on  Kershaw's  Island, 
near  Saucelito, 


m 


con-risiir.uv. 


345 


Catoh. — The  first  cod-bank  of  llu-  North  I'lcific  was  (li..co\i'rcil  in  iSd^, 
by  tlic  crew  of  the  Tiniandni,  which  was  returning;  from  the  Ainoor  Ki\cr, 
wliither  she  had  been  wilh  a  cargo  of  inercliamhse  fioni  San  I'lancisco. 
While  becahncd  in  the  Okhotsk  near  SaghaUen,  her  crew  commenced  fisli- 
ing  fur  pastime,  and  endeil  with  catching  30  tons  of  codfish  for  business. 
These  were  dried  on  Verba  ]5uena  Island,  in  San  I-'rancisco  Ha\-,  and  soiil 
at  14  cents  per  pound.  This  success  led  to  the  fitting  out  of  7  vessels  in 
1865,  aind  they  returned  with  470,000  fish,  or  -joo  tons.  The  catch  was 
profitable,  and  the  business  increased  until  1870,  when  21  ves.sels  look 
1,265,000  fish,  or  1,850  tons.  The  quantity  overstocked  the  market,  and 
most  of  the  cod-fishermen  went  into  other  occupations,  so  that,  in  1872,  the 
catch  was  only  300,000  fish  for  3  vessels.  Wy  this  time  the  demand  ex- 
ceeded the  supply,  and  there  was  an  increa.se  until  1878,  when  21  vessels 
made  a  catch  of  1,190,000  fish,  or  1,780  tons.  The  number  of  vessels  fell 
to  13  in  1879,  and  8  in  1880  and  in  1881,  but  the  catch  was  1,500,000  fish  in 
[879,  1,200,000  in  1880,  and  1,042,000  in  l88l.  In  preparing  the  boneless 
cod-fish,  there  is  a  considerable  waste  of  tails,  fins,  and  skin,  which  are  made 
into  an  excellent  manure;  but  there  is  so  little  demand  as  yet  for  anything 
of  the  kind  in  California,  that  the  price  scarcely  covers  the  cost  of  saving 
the  material.  Six  thousand  gallons  of  cod-liver  oil  are  made  annually  on 
the  ves.sels  while  lying  at  the  banks.  Some  of  this  is  refined  for  druggists' 
use  at  $1  a  gallon,  and  the  remainder  sold  crude  to  tanners  for  40  cents  a 
gallon.  The  sounds  and  lights  arc  thrown  away;  and  about  60  barrels  of 
tongues  are  saved  annually,  and  sold  at  $10  or  $12  a  barrel.  A  large  in- 
crease in  the  cod-fishery  of  the  North  Pacific,  and  the  participation  of 
Oregon,  Wa.shington,  and  Hritish  Columbia  in  its  profits,  may  be  confidently 
expected  in  the  near  future. 

44 


! 

\ 

1 

'1 

346 


I'lsiiKKiKs,  i;tc. 


CHAPTER  XXII.— WHALE  FISHERY. 


Is    i' 


i(    '1':  ■ 


;  * 


I  III 


km 


i\  ill 


iiir 


American  Whaling. — Soon  after  the  first  .settlement  in  New  England, 
its  iiiiLjratcrul  soil  drove  many  of  its  inhabitants  to  the  seas  for  a  support, 
and  they  found  a  large  reward  for  their  skill  as  ship-builders  and  mariners 
in  whaling.  Their  success  commanded  the  admiration  of  the  liuropeans 
in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  When  lUJ.MUND  I5UKKK,  within  a  month 
before  the  battle  of  Hunker  Hill,  made  his  great  speecii  to  the  British  I'ar- 
liament  in  faVor  of  a  conciliatory  policy  towards  the  colonies,  he  found  one 
of  the  chief  topics  for  his  praise  of  the  Americans  in  their  whaling  fleet. 
Ill  a  ])assage  tiiat  will  never  grow  stale,  he  said:  "No  .sea,  but  what  is 
ve.\etl  by  their  fisheries.  No  climate,  that  is  not  witness  to  their  toils. 
Neither  tlie  perseverance  of  Holland,  nor  the  activity  of  h'rance,  nor  tiic 
dc.vterous  and  firm  s.igacit}-  of  English  enterpri.sc  ever  carried  this  most 
jierilous  mode  of  hardy  industry  to  the  extent  to  which  it  has  been  pushed 
by  this  recent  people — a  people  who  are  still,  as  it  were,  but  in  the  gristle, 
and  not  yet  hardened  into  the  bone  of  manhood." 

At  that  time  Massachusetts  liad  300  whaling  vcs.sels,  averaging  90  tons 
each,  three  fifths  of  them  cmployeil  in  the  North,  and  the  remainder  in  the 
South  y\tlantic.  The  revolutionary  war  reduced  the  business  to  relative 
insignificance,  but  it  soon  began  to  revi\e,  after  peace  and  independence 
were  secured.  In  1791,  6  American  whalers  appeared  in  the  Pacific,  and 
made  such  f.ivorable  reports  of  their  v.^ork  that  there  was  a  rapid  increase 
in  the  number  'The  war  of  1812  dro\e  most  of  them  from  the  sea,  but 
after  181  5  they  returned  with  increased  force  ;  and  a  few  years  later  began 
to  appear  on  the  coast  of  California.  When  Captain  Beeciikv  entered  San 
I'rancisco  in  November,  1826,  with  an  F-nglish  exploring  vessel,  he  fi)und  7 
.American  whalers  anchored  at  Saucclito,  a  favorite  place  of  re.sort  for 
them.  The)'  found  fresh  water  there,  cut  fire-wood  on  Angel  Island,  and 
sent  boats  occasionally  to  San  I'rancisco  for  supplies  of  various  kinds. 
Their  accounts  of  San  I'rancisco  l?a\',  and  of  the  climate  and  soil  of  the 
surrounding  country,  ga\e  rise  to  the  American  desire  for  the  acquisition 
of  Califi)rni;i.  The  whalers  in  the  North  Pacific  continued  to  increase 
until  1855,  when  the)-  had  reached  the  number  of  500,  antl  nearly  all  had 
their  ixiils  of  iende/\i)Us  ami  refitting  in  the  llaw.'iiian  Islanils.  Honolulu 
was  the  faMircil   port   for  200,  •ind  Lahaina  for  a  greater  luunber      In  1854 


wiiAi.r.  iisiii;uv. 


u; 


the  catch  (if  525  whalers  included  60,000  ijancls  of  whale  and  sperm 
oil,  and  700  tons  of  bone.  Once  in  4  )-ears  each  vessel  reUirned  1. 1  her 
hoiye  port,  which,  for  most  of  them,  was  New  Bedford  ;  and  the  saij- 
ors  who  had  managed  to  economize  their  shares  often  obtainei  onouj^'h 
on  a  single  cruise  to  enable  them  to  acquire  a  comfortable  iionv.  After 
1855  there  was  a  gradual  decrease  in  tiie  number,  until  ate  beginning  of 
tiie  civil  war,  which  occurred  at  the  time  when  the  large  supply  of  petro- 
leum began  to  supcrseclc  whale  and  sperm  oil  for  illuminating  and  lubricat- 
ing purposes.  Most  of  the  whalers  in  the  North  Pacific  were  then 
withdrawn  from  the  business.  Of  those  which  remained  in  1.S65,  the 
rebel  cruiser  Slienandoali  burned  34;  and  in  uS/i,  32,  and  in  1876,  14  were 
lost  in  the  ice  of  the  Arctic.  The  whalers  continued  to  rende/.\()us  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  till  1865,  when  they  began  to  come  to  San  I'"rancisco, 
where  supplies  could  be  obtained  as  cheaply  as  in  Honolulu.  One  of  the 
motives  for  the  change  wa.s,  that  the  Hawaiian  Governmenf  would  not  allow 
a  whaling  vessel  to  carry  a  native  of  the  islands  awa)-,  without  giving  a 
bond  in  the  sum  of  $600  for  his  return.  Now,  all  winter  in  San  Francisco, 
where  C  of  the  scanty  fleet  of  the  North  Pacific,  consisting,  in  1882,  of  40 
vessels,  are  owned. 

The  whaling  industry  is  not  pursued  now  by  the  Californians  with  so 
much  energy  as  it  was  a  hundred  years  ago  by  the  New  KnglaTulers, 
because  it  now  yields  less  relative  profit.  Massachusetts  has  a  harsh  sky, 
a  sterile  soil,  and  no  mines;  while  in  the  last  century  whales  were  abundant 
near  her  coast,  and  in  all  the  oceans;  and  oil  and  boiie  were  relatively  much 
more  valuable  than  in  our  day.  The  whales  have  become  .scarce  and  wild, 
and  must  be  chased  into  the  ice,  where  twice  within  the  last  10  years  con- 
siderable portions  of  the  whaling  fleet  were  lost.  It  is  true  that  California 
is  not  adding  much  to  the  number  of  her  vessels  engaged  in  this  chase  ; 
but  while  she  occupies  a  nearly  stationary  condition,  Massachu.setts  has  for 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century  been  rapidly  retrograding,  for  she  has  not  now 
one  third  so  many  ves.sels  in  the  whale  fishery  as  she  had  in  1855. 

North  Pacific  Fleet. — In  1882,  the  North  Pacific  whaling  fleet  consists 
of  about  40  vessels,  of  which  4  are  steamers.  San  Francisco  owns  one  of 
the  steamers,  and  5  of  the  sailing-vessels,  the  others  belonging  to  New  Bed- 
ford. The  use  of  steamers  is  new;  the  first  cruise  of  a  steam-whaler  frcjm 
San  Francisco  having  been  made  in  18S0. 

The  catch  of  the  whaling  fleet  in  1881  included  354,000  pomids  of  whale- 
bone, worth  from  $2.20  to  $2.50;  15,000  pounds  of  ivory,  worth  60  cents  ; 
and  21,000  barrels  of  oil,  worth  from  34 J^  to  35  cents  a  gallon.  Allowing 
$^50,000  for  the  bone,  $280,000  fo'-  the  oil,  and  $9,000  for  the  ivory,  we 


Ij 


I" 


ill' ' 


4 


i. 


;t(".,'- 


(I 


!     S'.l?;^' 


I  ill 


348 


nsiIF.RIKS,   F.TC. 


have  a  total  of  $1,1  ■59,000  for  the  season's  work;  an  average  of  $57,000  for 
a  vessel.  Some  of  tliem,  however,  made  over  $75,000,  while  others  did  not 
make  $30,000.  In  1S55,  when  sperm-oil  was  worth  $175  per  jjallon,  whale- 
oil  70  cents,  and  bone  45  cents,  the  averai,'e  catch  of  the  whalers  in  the 
North  Pacific  was  about  $38,000  to  the  shijj.  The  highest  averaj^e  price 
for  the  )ear  of  sperm-oil,  was  in  1866,  when  it  rose  to  $2.55;  of  whale-oil 
in  1 866,  when  it  was  $1.45  ;  and  of  bone  in  iSSo,  the  price  being  $3. 
The  common  rate  of  annual  interest,  on  loans  .secured  by  mortgage  of 
whaling  vessels  is  16  per  cent.,  and  the  late  of  insurance  for  the  season  is 
1  5  ])er  cent. 

The  whalers  sent  out  from  San  Francisco  vary  in  value,  including  all 
supplies  for  a  voyage,  from  $15,000  to  $40,000  each.  A  whaler  has  usually 
3,  4,  or  5  boats,  with  7  men  for  each  boat,  and  from  5  to  10  extra  men,  in- 
cluding cook,  steward,  carpenter,  and  cooper.  In  a  trip  to  the  Arctic,  a 
whaler  usually  spends  35  days  in  her  northward  and  20  in  her  southward 
trip,  and  has  7  months  for  work  on  the  whaling-ground.  Sometimes  she 
will  get  as  much  oil  as  she  can  carry  before  reiijhing  Rchring  Strait,  but 
this  has  become  a  rare  piece  of  good  fortune,  and  the  chief  field  of  occu- 
pation and  profit  is  now  beyond  the  strait,  near  the  domain  of  perpetual  ice. 

The  officers  and  crew  of  whaling  vessels  do  not  receive  a  fixed  sum  by  the 
month  or  voyage,  but  are  engaged  "  on  the  lay"  or  share.  The  common 
rule  is  that  the  owners  are  to  supply  the  ship,  boats,  implements,  and  pro- 
visions, and  are  to  receive  60  per  cent,  of  the  gross  proceeds,  leaving  40  per 
cent,  to  be  divided  among  the  officers  and  crew.  The  captain  usually  gets 
about  one  twelfth,  a  mate  one  twentieth,  and  the  ordinary  seaman  the  one 
hundretl  and  eightieth  part.  A  good  catch  is  often  worth  $45,000;  of  which 
sum  the  owners  would  receive  $30,000,  the  captain  $3,750,  each  mate  $2,250, 
and  each  sailor  $250.  The  rewards  are  high  for  the  captains  and  mates,  and 
the  incn  have  $30  a  month.  The  possibilities  of  much  higher  profit,  and  the 
interest  of  the  crew  in  the  catch,  help  to  secure  men  for  whalers  at  times 
when  merchant  vessels  can  not  obtain  skillful  sailors. 

The  whaling  of  the  North  Pacific  is  now  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  the 
Ainericans,  and  all  or  nearly  all  the  vessels  make  up  their  ciews  and  dis- 
charge their  cargoes  in  San  Friincisco.  This  port  has,  however,  been  the 
place  of  rendezvous  for  the  New  England  whaling  ships  for  less  than  10 
years,  and  whether  it  will  succeed  in  maintaining  its  monopoly  is  very 
doubtful.  At  present  it  has  the  only  large  supply  of  .sailors  on  the  coast, 
and  the  only  large  stock  of  such  articles  as  whaling  vessels  require;  but  the 
time  is  not  far  distant  when  Portland,  Seattle,  and  Victoria  will  have  every- 
thing that  whalers  need ;  and  the}'  have  the  advantage  of  being  much  nearer 
to  the  whaling-groun  J.     San  Franci.sco  has,  however,  many  attractions  which 


wham:  iisiii:kv. 


U') 


they  can  never  etiual.  It  is  not  i)rnl).il)le  that  wlialint;  will  entirely  desert 
San  I""ranci.sco  as  it  has  deserted  the  Atlantic  ports  of  France,  south  of  lati- 
tude 46  ,  where  il  once  h.ul  its  chief  scat. 

The  shore,  sperm,  and  Arctic  have  been  the  three  main  divisions  of  the 
whaiin^^  indiistrj-  on  our  coast.  The  <;ra\-  whale  is  found  near  the  shores  of 
California  and  Lower  California  in  the  winter,  and  can  be  taken  tb're  with 
less  effort  than  in  an>-  other  place.  To  pursue  him  is  the  main  purixjse  <:f 
the  shore  whaler,  who  lives  either  in  his  ship  or  on  the  land.  The  land 
whalers  has'c  stations  on  the  shore;  the  men  {^oin^'  out  in  whaleboats  and 
tf)winy  their  \ictims  to  an  anchorage,  where  the  blubber  is  tried  out.  The 
si)crm  whale  prefers  the  warm  portions  of  the  ocean,  where  he  can  be  taken 
at  any  time  of  the  year.  Shi[)  whaling  for  the  gray  has  been  unprofitable 
for  years,  and  nothing  is  now  done  in  it.  The  Okhotsk  was  for  a  long  time 
the  best  place  for  taking  the  right  and  bowhcad  whales,  but  ha-s  been  ex- 
hausted, and  the  ships  go  to  the  IJehring  or  Arctic  Sea,  spending  the  .season, 
from  March  to  November,  in  their  cruise. 

Shore  Whaling. — In  1851  Captain  D.WF.M'ORT,  an  old  whaling  master 
living  at  Monterey,  ob.serving  the  number  of  whales  passing  the  harbor, 
organized  a  company  of  men  to  engage  in  whaling,  while  living  on  the  land. 
He  had  a  whaleboat,  in  which  he  sallied  out  when  his  game  came  in  sight, 
and,  having  killed  his  victim,  towed  it  to  the  shore,  where  he  had  tackle  for 
taking  off  the  blubber,  pots  for  trying  it  out,  and  cabins  for  his  party.  He 
was  successful,  and  his  o-amplc  was  imitated  at  a  dozen  places,  from  Capo 
Mendocino  to  Point  Abanda  in  Lower  California,  some  of  the  .stations  being 
maintained  for  15  years  w-ith  profit.  All  arc  abandoned  save  tho-u  at  San 
Luis  Obi.spo,  Point  Conception,  and  San  Simeon,  each  of  which  has  a  score 
of  men,  and  takes  on  an  average  about  500  barrels  of  oil  in  a  year,  though 
the  catch  varies  greatly.  The  business  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Portuguese 
almost  exclusively.  From  April  till  September  the  men  engage  in  farming 
near  the  station.s,  but  employ  a  lookout ;  and  when  he  announces  the  appear- 
ance of  a  whale  they  take  to  their  boats;  and  from  October  till  March  they 
spend  in  their  boats,  going  out  every  day,  if  not  stormy,  to  a  distance  of  <S 
or  10  miles  from  land,  to  watch  for  their  game.  Monterey  ha-s  a  crew  reg- 
ularly engaged  in  the  common  fishery  of  the  bay,  w'ho  go  out  to  attack 
whales  coming  in  sight,  but  do  not  watch  for  them.  The  boats  of  the  land 
whalers  are  of  the  same  size  and  pattern  as  those  used  by  the  Arctic  whal- 
ers. The  oil  from  the  land  stations  is  now  nearly  all  gray,  and  the  gallon 
is  worth  5  cents  less  than  that  from  the  Arctic.  The  number  of  whales  is 
steadily  decreasing,  and  those  passing  the  shore  of  California  are  becoming 
more  timid,  so  that  the  business  of  land  whaling  will  probably  cease  within 


^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WHSTH.N.Y.  14510 

(716)  •72-4503 


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I  i.iiKKiKs,  i;tc. 


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lo  years.  These  land  companies  i)ay  a  premium  to  their  captain  and  mate, 
usually  $200  or  $300  a  year — the  term  of  mutual  enijai^eincnt— and  divide 
the  remainiler  of  the  net  receipts  ei[ually  amonj^  all  the  members.  TlIK 
XoKTii-wr.sT  Tk.\I)I\(;  CoMTANV.  of  I'ortland,  has  recently  established  a 
whaling' station  in  Alaska,  the  bcj^inninf,',  probably,  of  an  important  enterprise. 

The  (vhale  is  still  first  attackx-d  by  throwing;  a  hand-hariM)on  fa.stened  to 
the  boat  b)-  a  line,  as  in  the  last  century;  but  of  recent  years  an  additional 
and  \ery  effective  weapon  has  been  founil  in  the  bomb  lance,  an  iron  tube, 
20  inches  lon^r  and  an  inch  in  diameter,  loaded  with  powder,  ;md  i)repared 
to  e.\i)lode  soon  after  striking;.  When  the  har[)oon  has  taken  hold,  the  bolt 
is  at  once  shot  into  the  whale  from  a  }jun,  and  the  explosion  often  disables 
the  victim,  or  kills  it  immediately;  if  not,  others  are  fircti  ;it  every  good 
opjKirtunity,  until  a  dozen  may  be  spent  on  a  single  whale.  The  average 
number  may  be  3.  The  bomb  costs  $4,  and  is  considered  indispensable  for 
the  ecjuipment  of  every  whaleboat.  In  the  chase  of  the  California  gray, 
called  the  " devil-fisli"  because  of  its  violent  lashing  of  the  water,  and  it.s 
fur\-  in  attack. iig  boats,  the  harpoon  is  shot  from  a  gun,  which  throws  a 
bomb  at  the  same  time.  The  gun  enables  the  boat  to  remain  at  a  greater 
distance,  .nnd  thus  relieves  the  whale  fishermen  from  the  chief  danger  of 
being  struck  by  the  first  sweep  of  the  tail.  The  harpoon  gun  is  not  consid- 
ered necessarj-  in  attacking  the  bowliead  and  right  whales. 

The  whales  of  llie  North  Pacific  are  the  gray  ( K/iaciiincctcs  ff/aiiciis),  the 
finback  ( Halicnoptcra  n-lifcm),  the  humpback  ( Mi's^opteni  irrsiiMis),  the 
finner  ( Iui/(Cnt>fitfni  Dtii'idsoni ),  the  bowhead  ( /iti/enit  iiiyslicrtiis),  the  right 
(/><i/tiici  Siclioldii),  the  su'\\y\mr ( SMui/diiy sii//nrai.t ),  and  the  sperm C/V/)'-v<'At 
in<UT(iir/>/iii/its).  The  gray,  or  California  graj',  is  found  only  in  the  Pacific, 
north  of  latitude  :;o  ,  and  is  most  abumlant  near  the  American  coast.  It  is 
a  migratory  animal,  spending  its  winters  on  the  edge  of  the  torrid  zone,  and 
its  summers  in  or  near  the  Arctic,  traveling  .southward  from  October  to  Jan- 
uar)-,  inclusive,  and  northward  from  May  to  August.  There  is  no  method 
of  ascertaining  the  time  that  any  one  whale  requires  for  making  its  semi- 
aiiinial  v.)yage  of  4,000  miles.  It  v.-.is  the  opinion  of  Capt.  Sca.m.Mon  that 
about  10,000  whales  visited  the  co.ists  of  California  and  Lower  Cali- 
fornia in  1 874,  and  the  number  passing  so  near  the  land,  as  to  be  visible  from 
the  shore  whaling  stations,  was  then  40  d.:'ly  in  the  miildle  of  the  "dt)wn 
.season,"  or  period  of  southwaril  migration.  The  female,  when  about  to  give 
birth  to  her  calf,  in  December  or  January,  seeks  the  shallow  water  of  a  bay 
or  inlet  on  the  ocean  side  of  Lower  California,  where,  if  not  disturbed,  she 
will  remain,  with  brief  visits  to  the  open  water,  for  several  months.  She 
suckles  her  calf  for  6  or  8  months,  and  watches  over  it  with  maternal  solici- 
tude and  a  devotion  that  often  costs  her  life.     The  yield  of  a  gray  iii  oil  is 


I 


WllAl.i;    liSIIKKV. 


35' 


20  barrels  on  the  average,  but  has  risen  in  a  larcjc  female  to  70.  The  female 
reaches  a  length  of  45,  anti  the  male  35  feet — one  instance,  at  least,  in  nature 
of  feminine  superiority.  In  its  migrations  the  gray  likes  to  keep  near  the 
land,  and  when  it  has  reachetl  the  regions  where  it  spends  its  months  of  rest, 
it  seeks  water  either  shallow  or  not  very  deep;  and  these  habits,  different 
from  those  of  most  other  whales,  have  led  to  peculiar  methods  of  killing  it. 
According  to  Capt.  Si  AMMON,  the  number  which  visited  the  coast  nf  l.ower 
California  annually  was  30,0(X)  in  1854,  and  10,000  in  1874,  a  rapidity  of 
decrease  justifying  his  fear  that  ere  long  this  mammal  will  be  "numbered 
among  the  e.xtinct  species  of  the  Pacific." 

The  bowhead  or  polar  whale,  the  chief  object  of  the  whaler's  pursuit  in 
the  North  I'.icific,  has  an  average  length  of  45  feet,  and  yields  100  barrels 
of  oil  and  three-quarters  of  a  ton  of  whalebone.  The  best  I'lcific  whaling- 
grounds  for  the  bownead  arc  now  in  the  Arctic,  but  formerly  were  in  the 
Okhotsk,  and  some  are  still  found  there  and  in  the  Hehring  Sea.  The  hump- 
back is  a  larger  whale  and  has  a  more  extended  range  than  the  gray.  It  is 
found  in  both  great  oceans,  on  both  sides  of  the  equator;  and  in  the  North 
Pacific,  instead  of  restricting  itself  to  the  vicinity  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, it  also  \isits  the  waters  near  China. 

Whaling  vessels  now  generally  devote  part  of  their  time,  when  the)'  can 
not  find  larger  game,  to  the  walrus,  which  the)-  kill  with  a  rifle.  P'ach  full- 
grown  walrus  jields,  on  an  average,  20  gallons,  worth  $7,  and  35  pounds  of 
ivory,  worth  $21  ;  making  the  gross  value  of  each  animal  about  $28,  at  pres- 
ent prices.  At  least  3  out  of  4  killed,  ho\\e\er,  arc  lost,  for  they  sink  al- 
most immediately,  if  they  are  in  the  water,  which  they  generally  .succeed  in 
reaching  if  shot  on  the  ice  or  on  the  beach.  The  walrus  furnishes  a  consid- 
erable portion  of  the  food  supjily  of  the  P'squimaux,  and  its  destruction 
must  make  it  more  difficult  for  them  to  support  themselves.  C)f  the  20 
ve.s.sel.s  in  the  North  Pacific  whaling  fleet  of  1880,  15  killed  the  walrus.  The 
animal  is  most  abundant  in  the  ice-fields  of  the  Arctic,  but  is  frequently 
seen  on  the  shores  of  Alaska,  as  far  south  as  the  southern  side  of  the  ucn- 
insula. 


i 


w 


352 


iisiiKRiKs,  i;tc. 


CHAFTKR   XXIII— OTIIKR   MARINK   FISHKRIES. 

Kinds  of  Fish. — The  varieties  of  fish  most  valuable  in  the  commerce 
and  industry  of  the  Atlantic  are  caujjht  also  in  tlie  waters  of  cnir  coast. 
The  cod,  herriny,  mackerel,  halibut,  flounder,  sardine,  anchovj-,  and  turbot  arc 
found  in  both  oceans.  The  rejxirt  of  the  fish  commissioners  of  Califor- 
nia, for  18S0,  gives  the  nunibi  r  of  species  of  fish  then  known  in  tlic  waters 
at  280,  25  of  which  are  fresh,  and  the  remainder  salt-water  fish.  Thirty- 
four  additional  species,  including  1 1  river  fish,  are  found  in  Oregon  and 
Washington.  These  are  all  indigenous  species.  As  no  thorough  .search  has 
been  made  between  Tomales  H.iy  and  the  mouth  of  tiie  Columbia,  it  is  al- 
most certain  that  other  varieties  will  be  discovered  from  year  to  >'car.  Of 
the  2 1  flat-fishes  on  the  coast,  19  arc  found  on  the  shores  or  bays  of  California. 

Our  coast  has  different  fish  districts,  well  defined  in  geographical  limits, 
and  different  in  man)'  of  their  occupants.  One  extends  from  I'oint  Con- 
ception northward  to  Monterey ;  the  second,  from  Monterey  to  I'uget  Sound, 
and  the  third  from  that  point  onward  toward  the  Arctic.  The  bayof  Mon- 
terc)'  is  the  middle  groinul,  where  fishes  from  north  and  south  meet.  It 
has  about  130  species,  and  .San  I'Vancisco  harbor  has  the  same  number. 
Santa  Harb;ira  lias  but  95  species,  as  the  rock-cod  ami  flounder  do  not  go 
so  far  scnitli.  In  I'uget  Sound  there  are  90  species,  all  of  which  belong  to 
the  northern  \arieties.  In  San  I'Vancisco  Hay,  and  its  tributary  rivers,  there 
arc  taken  annuall\-  about  4,000  tons  of  fish. 

The  large-ejed  flounder  ( IIippoi;lossoidcs  Jordivti)  is  plentiful  in  our  fish- 
markets  all  the  )'ear  round.  Professor  JdKD.W  estimates  the  catch  of  tiiis 
fish  by  Chinamen,  in  the  single  harbor  of  Monterey,  at  500  pounils  per  day. 
Of  the  chirid.e,  tlie  |)ainted  sea-trout  (  C/iinis  />ic  lis)  is  common  in  our  north- 
ern latitudes,  and  is  found  occasionally  in  the  .San  I'rancisco  market.  The 
c/iinix  j^iiltntiis,  a  species  of  sea-trout  common  in  the  bays  of  .San  I-'rancisco 
and  Montere)-,  is  plentiful  in  the  markets  the  )ear  round. 

The  cod-fish  proper  iloes  not  belong  to  the  fauna  of  California.  Dr.  Bk.xn, 
who  recently  in\estigateil  the  fish  systems  of  the  Alaskan  waters,  is  of  opin- 
ion that  the  cod-fish  of  Alaska  is  identical  with  the  (ituiiis  iiiorr/iuii,  or  true 
cod-fish.  The  entire  (|uanlit)' of  fresh  cod  brought  to  San  l'"rancisco,  packed 
in  ice,  does  not  e.xiei'd  300  tons,  in  the  seastin  of  3  month.s.  The  green 
cod  ( Ophiot/oii  t/oiij^dliis),  is  noted  as  one  of  the  most  rapacious  of  fishes, 


,.  :-! 


^ 


I 


OTHr.U    MARINK    riSIIKKIKS. 


.IJ.I 


coming  in  this  characteristic  into  close  competition  with  tlic  shark.  Lurk- 
ing among  the  rocks,  it  lies  in  wait  for  rock-fish,  and  is  often  capturcil  on 
the  same  hook  with  tlie  fisli  at  whicii  it  bites.  It  is  vakiable  as  a  food  fish, 
and  sometimes  attains  a  weight  of  50  or  rto  pounds. 

Red  rock-cod  .sometimes  weigh  25  pounds,  anil  blue  rock-fish  50  pound.'i. 
These  are  of  extreme  size.  Tlie  barracuda  season  lasts  from  the  beginning 
of  March  to  June.  In  shape  and  habit  this  fish  strongly  resembles  the 
fresh-water  pike,  being  long  and  slim  and  exceedingly  voracious.  It  feeds 
on  small  fish,  such  as  smelt  anil  herring,  and  is  found  in  schools  among  the 
kelp.  It  is  caught  with  trawl-lines  near  Santa  Cruz  and  Montcrc)-.  The 
barracuda  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  is  considered  unfit  for  food,  while  its  Pacific 
relative  is  esteemed  one  of  the  most  delicate  of  table  fish.  Large  quantities 
arc  caught  in  San  Diego  Harbor.  The  hook  is  baited  with  a  white  or  red 
rag,  at  which  the  fish  bites  greedily.  It  is  abundant  in  summer  at  a  distance 
of  3  or  4  miles  from  the  heads  of  San  Franci.sco  Harbor,  and  thence  .south- 
ward. In  other  sea.sons  the  young  are  sometimes  taken  in  seines.  The 
largest  size  is  about  1 2  pounds. 

Of  the  27  known  species  of  rock-cod,  all  except  2  are  to  be  found 
in  the  harbor  of  Monterey.  The  one  most  common  in  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco,  the  wharf  rock-fish  ( Sebasticlitliys  auriculatus),  the  only  kind 
found  in  shallow  bays,  sometimes  attains  a  weight  of  3  pounds.  Tho.se 
caught  by  hook  and  line,  from  wharf  or  shore,  average  about  half  a  pound. 
The  largest  of  all  the  species  is  the  large,  red  rock-fish  ( SelmsticlUhys  ruber), 
e.xceeding  in  some  instances  a  weight  of  12  pound.s.  Large  quantities  of 
the  dark  greenish  rock-fish  ( Atrovircns),  taken  by  Chinamen  at  the  Santa 
Barbara  Island.s,  are  salted,  ilried,  and  .sent  to  China.  It  is  the  opinion  of 
many  fishermen  that  the  Chinamen  are  rapidly  reducing  the  Californian 
sui)ply  of  food  fish.  Already  white  fishermen  have  to  go  outside  the  heads 
for  fish  which  but  a  few  years  ago  were  plentiful  in  San  Francisco  Bay. 
The  long  flats  near  the  Oakland  and  Alameda  shores  are  often  swept  by 
Asiatic  fishermen,  who  operate  with  both  the  .seine  and  stationary  net. 
Inside  of  Cape  Scott,  the  north-west  extremity  of  Vancouver  Island,  there 
is  an  extensive  bank,  where  rock-cod'  are  taken  in  immense  quantity,  and 
of  the  largest  size.  On  the  shore,  near  to  this  bank,  a  Chinese  colony  is 
engaged  in  the  systematic  i)ro.sccution  of  the  business.  In  the  vicinity  of 
Burrard  Inlet,  a  productive  fishing-ground,  immense  quantities  of  smelt,  an 
excellent  and  favorite  table  fish,  are  dried,  packed,  and  shipped  by  Chinese 
'fisherman  to  their  fellow-Mongols  in  Victoria  and  in  San  I'rancisco.  One 
redeeming  feature  in  the  presence  of  the  yellow  fishermen  in  our  commu- 
nity is,  that  they  eat  up  young  shark,  and  esteem  as  a  delicacy  the  fin  of 
4S 


' 


1 1 


Vi':' 


in 


354 


I'ISIir.KtFS,    KTC. 


the  larger  species  in  a  raw  or  cooked  state,  or  in  soup,  when  it  can  be 
sparcil  from  ilrj-inj;  purposes. 

Tlic  greater  bulk  of  the  fish  sent  from  Tomalcs  and  Monterey  bays  to 
San  I'"rancisco  are  black  bass,  black  rock-cod,  and  other  species  of  the 
scor[<icnidiC.  On  account  of  their  dark  color  they  are  very  slow  of  sale,  and 
sometimes  can  not  find  purchasers,  even  at  a  cent  a  pound.  Rock-fish  are 
omnivorous,  with  a  preference  for  their  smaller  kindred.  They  spawn  early 
in  the  spring.  The  pompino  is  found  along  the  entire  Pacific  Coast.  It  i.s 
a  small  fish,  juicy  and  fat,  and  rcidily  brings  25  to  jocent.s,  .selling  occa.sion- 
ally  as  high  as  $1.50  per  pound. 

Of  the  carangidit,  the  horse  mackerel  {Tracliuras  saiirus)  is  taken  in 
large  quantity  off  this  coast,  and  salted  for  bait.  The  pilot-fish  also  belongs 
to  this  subdivision  of  the  scombrid;u,  or  old  mackerel  family.  Of  the  true 
scombriil.e.  the  Spanish  mackerel  occurs  from  Monterey  .southward,  and  i.s 
occasionally  found  in  the  San  I'rancisco  markets.  The  largest  sjx;cimen  is 
14  inches  long.  The  bonito,  or  skiji-jack,  taken  in  great  (piantity  off  Santa 
Barbara  and  San  Diego,  has  a  coarse,  unwholesome  meat  when  eaten  fresh, 
but  wlien  salted  and  dried,  it  sells  for  twenty-five  cents  ;i  pound.  Its  aver- 
age weight  is  about  \2  pounds.  The  albicorc  bites  greedily  at  a  white  rag, 
and  affords  e.xcellent  s]5ort  in  the  bay  of  Monterey,  being  caught  by  trawl- 
lines. 

Of  the  sci.x-nid;e,  the  sea-bass,  and  the  2  species  of  so-called  king- 
fish  {Gcuyoiicmus  lincatiis  and  Scripltus  politiis),  are  highlj'  esteemed  as 
table  fish.  The  2  latter  descriptions  arc  seldom  more  than  10  inches  in 
length,  of  delicate  flavor,  and  of  course  are  different  from  the  kii.g-fish 
previously  mentioned.  The  white  sea-bass  is  .ibundant,  and  instances  arc 
not  uncommon  in  our  markets  of  fish  weighing  50  or  Co  jiounds.  The 
sucker  bass  is  found  on  .sandy  shores  south  of  Santa  Barbara,  and  the 
roncador,  of  about  3  pounds  weight,  has  the  same  range.  Many  varieties 
of  the  perch  family  are  used  only  for  bait,  but  the  blue-fish,  moon-fish,  rock- 
bass,  Johnny  Verde,  and  kelp  salmon,  ail  of  which  belong  to  this  family, 
rank  high  .is  pan-fish.  The  Jew-fish,  or  black  sea-bass,  is  palatable,  and 
reaches  a  weight  of  500  pounds.  All  the  species  of  perch  range  southward 
frcjm  the  Islands  of  Santa  Barbara.  Mullet,  common  in  the  harbor  of  San 
Diego,  docs  not  exceed  a  length  of  1 5  inches.  The  flying-fish,  fre- 
quently seen  off  the  southern  ])art  of  oui  coast  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Cen- 
tral America,  reaches  ;i  weight  of  a  pound  and  a  half  or  more,  and  is 
excellent  for  the  table. 

Of  the  apodes,  or  fishes  without  ventral  fins,  the  conger  eel  is  plentiful 
among  the  rocks  near  the  tide  mark  of  San  Diego  harbor.  Though  very 
pugnacious,  it  is  sometimes  taken  by  hand.     Its  extreme  weight  is  about 


n 


vA 


OTHKK    MAKIN'K    KISIIKRIUS. 


355 


20  pounds.     Its  skin  is  said  to  l)e  poisonous,  but  the  flesh  resembles  that  of 
the  frcsh-vvater  eel. 

The  sting-ray,  or  stingarec,  which  is  common  along  the  coast,  is  very  de- 
structive to  oysters,  Crustacea,  and  fish.  The  Chinese  occasionally  use  it, 
when  dried,  as  a  food  fish.  It  .sometimes  attains  a  weight  of  75  pounds. 
The  sea  vampire,  or  devil-fish,  occurs  on  our  coast,  and  is  not  rare  in  the 
Mexican  waters.  The  largest  known  specimens  measure  15  to  20  feet  in 
width.  The  Rata  binoculattx  is  common  in  our  local  markets,  and  .sells  as  a 
food  fish  chiefl)'  to  the  French.  The  largest  of  the  rays  is  the  Raia  Coopcri, 
which  .sometimes  attains  a  length  of  5  or  G  feet. 


i 

1 


Salmon  Family. — In  the  report  of  VV.  G.  MORRI.S,  on  the  resources  of 
Alaska  Territory,  it  is  stated  that  the  yield  of  salmon  is  almost  beyond  be- 
lief. Sixty  thousand  Indians  and  several  thousand  Aleuts  and  Eskimos 
depend  mainly  on  dried  salmon  for  their  winter  sustenance.  During  the 
running  season  in  the  vicinity  of  Klawock,  the  marine  waters  are  actually 
black  with  them.  They  arc  caught  with  seines,  and  are  of  larger  size 
than  the  Columbia  River  .salmon.  Those  t^kcn  at  Cook's  inlet  average 
60  pounds,  and  not  unfrequcntly  run  up  to  double  that  weight.  Two  of  the 
largest  fill  a  barrel.  In  Alaska,  as  in  British  Columbia,  the  fish  can  be  ob- 
tained in  vast  quantity  at  the  expense  of  native  labor,  and,  after  paying  for 
salt  or  vinegar,  barrels,  and  freight,  return  a  good  profit  when  shipped  to 
Australian  or  European  markct.s.  The  salmoti  being  mainly  a  ri\er  fish, 
will  be  mentioned  again  in  the  next  chapter.  The  salmon-trout  is  abun- 
dant in  Puget  Sound,  where  it  is  taken  by  seine-fishing  up  to  a  weight  of  3 
pound.s.  The  surf-smelt,  which  also  belongs  to  the  salmonidii;,  is  very  plen- 
tiful in  the  same  neighborhood. 

The  oolikon  (the  name  is  also  spelled  "  oolahan,"  and  "  eulachon"),  or  can- 
dlefish,  a  delicious  table  fish  when  taken  in  iis  best  condition,  is  not  abun- 
dant south  of  latitude  49°.  After  being  smoked  and  dried,  it  should  be 
prepared  for  table  by  the  .steaming  or  broiling  process,  and  is  then  equal  to 
the  finest  qualities  of  salt  fish.  It  is  pickled  and  shipped  to  San  Francisco, 
where  it  finds  a  ready  sale.  When  canned  it  is  sold  as  Columbia  River  sar- 
dine, or  as  Spanish  mackerel.  Its  size  never  exceeds  12  inches,  and  it  is 
most  abundant  in  the  Columbia,  Frascr,  and  Nass  rivers.  The  fish  is  very 
juicy  and  fat,  and  contains  an  oil  said  to  be  superior  to  codliver  oil  for  me- 
dicinal purposes.  Among  the  Alaskan  natives  it  is  used  by  the  Indians  as 
a  substitute  for  candles,  burning  with  a  clear,  bright  flame  when  lighted  and 
set  up  endwise.  On  the  Nass  River,  where  the  oolikon  is  most  abundant, 
10,000  gallons  of  oil  made  from  it  annually  are  sold  to  the  Indians  for  $1  a 
gallon. 


.     I 


I  ( 


356 


KISIIKUIES,   ETC. 


|i   |i 


The  Herring  Family.— Ainoti}^  the  herring  family  ^r////<7V/ir/'^,  the  sardine 
is  taken  in  the  bays  of  our  coast  ciuriiif;  the  ^jreater  part  <if  the  year.  It  is 
caught  from  the  \vhar\cs  of  San  I'rancisco  and  San  Diego  with  line  and 
hook,  anil  resembles  the  fish  of  that  name  founil  in  the  waters  of  luirope, 
where,  the  )-oiing,  preserveil  in  oil,  are  esteemed  as  a  table  delicacy;  though 
the  canned  fish  usually  sold  here,  under  the  name  of  sardine,  is  nearly 
always  something  else.  No  attempt  has  )'et  been  made  to  utilize  for  canning 
purposes  on  our  coast  the  true  sardine,  which  abounds  in  the  waters  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  anchovy  is  almost  equallj-  plentiful  here;  but  it  is  found  chiefly 
in  sheltered  bays,  and  is  difficult  to  catch.  I"'rom  25  to  40  tons  of  anchovies 
are  caught  in  the  harbor  of  .San  i-Vancisco  alone,  during  the  season,  which 
lasts  from  June  to  -August.  These  are  sold  to  the  trade  at  a  cent  a  pound, 
and  retail  at  about  ?  cents,  forming  the  bulk  of  what  are  here  preserved  in 
oil  anil  p.isseil  off  on  the  public  as  sardines,  man)-  of  them  uniler  French 
labels.  Some  wholesale  and  retail  grocers  imjjort  directlj-  from  I-'rance,  and 
sell  no  other  kind,  but  this  is  rather  the  exception  than  the  rule. 

San  l'"rancisco  obtains  her  supjily  of  herrings  mainl)'  from  the  waters  of 
her  own  bay.  Their  poor  condition  is  caused  bj- the  fact  that  they  only 
enter  the  harbor  to  spawn,  and  the  later  the  sea.son  the  worse  the>-  are.  In 
the  waters  of  I'uget  Souml  they  are  caught  in  much  better  condition.  Their 
season  commences  in  California  in  October,  and  lasts  4  months,  (ireat 
.schools  enter  .San  I'r.incisco  Ha_\'  e\er)'  winter,  resorting  sometimes  to  the 
mudflats  and  shallows,  and  not  unfrequentl)'  keei)mg  in  deep  water,  beyond 
the  reach  of  fishermen.  .\s  a  rule  they  are  caught  at  night.  'The  shoal 
water  of  Richardson's  Max'  is  a  favorite  herring-ground.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  season  the  price  is  :)ften  as  low  as  50  cents,  but  towards  the  close 
often  rises  to  .$4  or  $5  i)er  cental.  'l"heir  average  weight  is  about  a  fifth  of  a 
])ound.  On  the  Alameda  shore  seals  swarm,  and  make  hearty  meals  by 
))icking  the  fish  out  of  the  nets,  the  meshes  of  which  arc  torn  in  a  most  ex- 
asi)erating  manner  ihiring  the  process,  A  strip  of  shoal  off  Kershaw''^ 
Island,  opposite  to  .Saucelito,  is  sometimes  a  good  fishing-ground  fi)r  herring. 
When  the  nets  are  cast,  men  have  to  be  employed  keeping  off  the  seals, 
which  often  growl  in  huge  disgust  at  their  futile  eiulcivors  to  get  within 
swallow  ing  reach  of  the  captive  fish.  The  best  grounds  for  herring  fishing 
in  the  Hay  of  S;m  Francisco  are  in  its  northern  and  north-eastern  portions. 
'The  herring  move  in  shopls,  and  run  against  the  tide.  When  they  meet  the 
nets  they  ex])erience  no  ilifficult}'  in  running  their  heads  through  the 
mijshcs,  but  owing  to  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  fish,  they  can  get  no  further. 
Retreat  is  of  course  imiiossible.  After  a  time,  the  net  is  slowly  drawn  in, 
and  one  haul  is  sometimes  enough  to  load  a  boat.  The  herring  are  sold  at 
the  cit)-   markets  for  fresh  consumption,  or  at  the  wharves  to  persons  en- 


otiii:k  makim;  i  imikkiks. 


357 


K-ifjcil  in  salliiifj,  tlrj'inj;,  ami  smoking  them.  Soon  after  the  close  of  tlic 
season,  tlie  herrinj,'  fisher  usually  starts  for  the  salmon  fishin};-yrouncls  of  the 
Sacramento,  when;  lie  remains  for  3  or  4  months. 

The  cost  of  a  hcrrin}j.j;ill  net  is  over  $100,  anil  40  per  cent,  of  the  ])ricc 
is  represented  by  the  ihit}'.  A  (.jood  one  will  last  3  summers  with  careful 
us.age  and  timely  repairs,  and  serves  also  for  smelt  fishtny.  Hesitles  the 
stationary  net,  the  equipment  of  a  boat  for  the  whole  season  includes  a  seine, 
or  casting?  net,  60  fathoms  lony,  with  very  small  meshes,  which  will  catch 
anythinjf  from  a  halibut  5  feel  lon^'  to  a  shrimi)  or  a  tomcod ;  also  a  sea- 
bass  or  sturgeon  net  300  fathoms  long,  and  20  feet  deep,  with  a  mesh  8 
inches  s(]uare.  An  entire  bay  fishing  outfit  costs  from  $5CX)  to  $1,000;  the 
boat  alone,  if  well  built  and  rigged,  being  worth  $350.  I'ortj-  of  these  boats 
may  be  seen  anj-  afternoon  at  the  V'allejo-street  wharf  Their  rig  consists 
of  a  short  slanting  mast,  and  a  slender  boom  (alwaj-s  longer  than  the  boat 
itself),  from  which  is  bent  an  immense  spread  of  lateen  sail.  Occasionally 
the  boats  carry  a  jib  somewhat  bigger  than  a  table  napkin.  Each  boat  is 
manned  by  two  or  three  men.  On  arriving  at  the  fishing-ground,  the  net  is 
paiti  out  from  the  stern  of  the  boat.  This  operation,  called  "shooting  the 
net,"  lasts  onl)'  a  few  minutes.  After  .several  hours,  the  catch  is  hauled  in, 
and  a  single  h.iul  is  .sometimes  sufficient  for  one  boat-load. 

The  North-WESX  Trauinc:  Co.MPANV  of  Portland,  has  a  station  on 
Herring's  Bay,  Prince  Frederick  Sound,  Alaska,  where  a  steamer  of  80  tons 
burden  is  employed  in  the  herring  fishery,  the  catch  to  be  used  for  making 
herring  oil.  A  steam  launch  at  the  same  place  is  used  in  the  whale  fishery. 
The  establishment  employs  8  white  men  and  60  natives ;  and  the  product  of 
the  first  year,  1881,  was  15,000  gallons  of  herring  oil,  3,000  of  whale  oil, 
and  1 2,000  of  dog-fish  oil.  This  company  has  another  station  at  Cordova 
Bay,  Alaska,  to  commence  work  in  1882. 

An  establishment  for  the  extraction  of  oil  from  the  herring  has  recently 
been  erected  on  the  shore  of  Burrard  Inlet,  British  Columbia,  at  a  cost  of 
$25,000,  with  apparatus  for  drying  the  scrap.  About  20,000  gallons  were 
obtained  in  1881.     The  .scrap  is  to  be  shipped  to  Liverpool. 

Ten  years  ago  a  herring  fishery  was  established  at  Port  Madison,  on 
Pugct  Sound,  by  Mr.  Hammond,  and  for  a  long  time  several  hundred 
boxes  a  month  of  cured  herring  were  shipped  to  San  Francisco,  in  addition 
to  which,  Mr.  Hammond  manufactured  every  year  about  2,000  gallons  of 
herring  oil.  This  gentleman  has  now  moved  to  Cypress  Island,  where  he 
puts  up  about  10,000  boxes  of  herring  a  year. 

The  Atlantic  smelt  does  not  occur  on  this  coast,  but  the  Atlicrcnidtr,  or 
Pacific  smelt,  are  caught  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  run  in  .schools  near 
the  surface  of  the  water.     They  vary  in  weight  from  2  ounces  to  a  pound 


I' 


358 


KIsIllKIlS,    I.TC 


and  a  quarter,  .and  avcrajjc  about  }  t<>  the  pound.  Fourteen  to  15  inchc? 
arc  considered  an  extreme  size,  thoUfjh  occasionally  smelt  measurin}^  i.S 
inches  arc  brouj^ht  into  market.  Many  of  the  smaller  ones  are  prepared 
and  sold  as  sardines.  The  averat^c  catch  of  smcit  brought  to  market  in 
San  I'rancisco  maj-  be  stated  at  2  tons  a  week,  thouj,'h  on  a  single  day  2}.4 
tons  h.ive  been  .sometimes  caught.  The  retail  price  i.s  u.sually  8  cents, 
though  varying,  of  course,  according  to  the  su])ply.  Seventy-five  boats 
and  nearly  200  men  are  engaged  mainly  in  the  herring  and  smelt  fisheries 
of  this  harbor.  Most  of  the  herring  gill  nets  used  on  our  coast,  made  in 
Scotland,  arc  mamifactured  in  webs  3  yards  deep.  This  width  is  too  great 
for  bay  fishing,  and  so  the  net  as  imported,  is  usually  cut  in  two;  the 
size  commonly  in  use  being  100  yards  long,  with  a  depth  of  16  feet. 
On  the  U]iper  edge  arc  cork  buoys,  2  feet  apart,  and  along  the  bottom,  at 
greater  intcrxals,  are  jjicces  of  lead.  Recent  legislation  has  fi.xed  the 
limit  of  the  smallest  mesh  at  an  inch  and  a  quarter,  but  it  is  well  known 
that  nets  arc  used  in  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  with  a  mesh  only  one 
eighth  of  an  inch  wide.  This  accounts,  in  part,  for  the  fact  that  fisher- 
men have  already  to  go  outside  the  Heads  for  fish  that  a  few  >'ears  ago 
were  \cr\-  i>lcnliful  in  the  harbor. 

Surf-smelt  are  common  in  the  salt  waters  of  Puget  Sound.  Though  of 
a  species  different  from  the  common  smelt,  they  closely  resemble  them  in 
shape  and  size,  but  differ  in  having  the  belly  covered  with  a  coating  of  yel- 
low fat.  The)-  receive  the  name  of  surf-smelt  from  a  ])cculiar  habit  f)f  ile- 
positing  their  spawn  among  the  shingle  of  the  beach,  coming  in  with  the 
suri"  in  incredible  numbers.  Thirty  miles  south  of  Cape  Flattery,  at  the 
Ouillchute  River,  the  Indians  capture  them  by  hand-net.s. 

The  coal-fish  ( A napo(>loma  fimbria),  called  shell  or  beshow  by  the  Indians, 
a  fish  of  delicious  flavor,  sometimes  2  feet  long,  is  found  in  deep  water 
along  the  entire  coast  of  British  Columbia.  It  can  be  taken  with  the  hook, 
and  will  probably  be  much  sought  within  a  few  years  as  a  food  fish. 


\     \ 


Halibut. — The  true  halibut,  weighing  from  3  to  30  pounds,  is  fairly  plenti- 
ful on  this  coast,  and  finds  a  ready  market  at  25  cents  a  pound.  The  fish 
kneiwn  as  the  bastard  halibut  is  abundant  in  Monterey  Hay,  Puget  Sound, 
and  Rcllingham  Bay,  the  Strait  of  I'uca,  and  the  Gulf  of  Georgia.  It  runs 
from  one  to  60  ])ounds,  and  its  market  value  is  about  15  cents  a  pound.  It 
is  f)f  good  flavor  when  fresh;  .salted  and  smoked  it  is  preferred  by  many  to 
salmon,  while  the  napes  and  fins  are  a  standard  article  of  commerce.  To 
carry  on  this  branch  of  fishery,  a  small  schooner  is  necessary,  built  in  three 
compartments,  the  middle  one  being  perforated  at  the  bottom  with  holes, 
so  as  to  allow  a  continual  supply  of  water  to  pa.ssin  and  out  from  the  ocean. 


OTIir.U    MAKIM.   riMiKRir.s. 


359 


Into  this  well  the  fish  ;irc  (lr()])pcil  as  soon  as  cauj^ht.  In  1879  a  vessel 
fitted  for  the  purpose  brought  fresh  halibut  packed  in  ice  to  San  Francisco. 
The  trip  occupied  4  days,  and  the  fish  arrived  in  perfectly  good  condition  ; 
but  this  large  supply,  suddenly  thrown  on  the  market,  reduced  the  price  to 
an  unprofitable  rate.  In  the  following  year  a  schooner  employed  in  the 
same  fishery  arrived  in  this  hantor,  but  salted  her  catch  of  40  tons.  There 
is  little  demand  for  the  bastard  halibut  in  the  .San  Francisco  market. 
LVNDE  &  HuUi;il  chartered,  in  1880,  the  first  vessel  ever  employed  on 
this  coast  in  obtaining  halibut  for  curing  purposes.  The  entire  catch  of 
that  year  was  sent  to  Chicago,  and  the  operation  resulted  in  a  loss.  Hali- 
but arc  .salted  down  when  first  caught,  an  "  on  arrival  at  the  curing-house 
arc  rcsaltcd  and  piled  up  in  bulk.  When  required  for  smoking,  they  are 
soaked  out  in  fresh  water,  then  dried  on  flakes,  and  after  being  smoked  from 
7  to  10  days  they  arc  pressed  and  boxed.  The  weight  of  a  single  fish  on 
the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  is  sometimes  500  pound.s. 

Sturgeon. — There  are  but  two  .species  of  sturgeon  on  the  Pacific  Coast — 
the  common,  or  white,  and  the  green  sturgeon.  In  the  Sacramento,  Frascr, 
and  Columbia  rivers,  and  in  all  the  bays  and  large  rivers  of  the  north, 
they  are  abundant,  the  average  weight  being  40  pounds,  though  one  speci- 
men, caught  in  Fraser  River,  weighed  1,000  pound.s.  Only  the  white 
species  sells  as  a  food  fish.  The  flesh  of  the  green  sturgeon  is  commonly 
suppo.scd  to  be  poisonous,  but  is,  in  fact,  as  good  as  that  of  the  white 
species.  On  account  of  this  popular  mistake,  it  finds  no  market.  The 
white  variety  is  worth  about  4  cents  a  pound.  The  sturgeon  is  not 
sufficiently  numerous  to  .serve  as  a  basis  for  a  special  fishery,  but  is.  taken 
incidentally  in  .seines  and  nets  set  or  drawn  for  salmon,  smelt,  or  herring, 
and  its  large  size  makes  it  a  prize,  though  its  meat  is  one  of  the  cheapest  in 
the  market.  The  female  sturgeon,  in  the  spawning  .season,  contains  a  large 
quantity  of  roe  which,  when  fre.sh,  is  in  demand  for  the  manufacture  of 
caviar.  The  process  is  kept  .secret,  and  is  in  the  possession  of  a  few  person.s, 
the  principal  of  whom  is  A.  ASMANN,  of  the  California  Market,  San 
Francisco,  who  received  a  medal  at  the  Philadelphia  International  Exposi- 
tion of  1876  for  the  best  caviar.  The  annual  product  of  caviar  in  San 
Franci.sco,  the  only  phacc  where  it  is  made  on  this  coast,  is  lO  tons,  worth  at 
wholesale  $5,000. 

Shark. — The  shovel-nose  shark  is  eaten  by  Chinese  and  Mexicans.  The 
oil  shark  is  caught  with  herring  and  other  fish  bait,  and  runs  to  40  pounds 
in  weight.  The  oil  obtained  from  the  liver  averages  nearly  a  gallon  to  the 
fish,  and  the  fins  are  worth  12}^  cents  a  pound  as  food  for  Chinamen.     For 


fvil 


I 


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If' 


.1!  ■: 


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ii 


360  IISIIKRIKS,   1    r. 

more  tli.in  20  \car-i  a  livi'l)'  business  lias  been  iIdho  in  sh.".rk  catching'  at  the 
Island  iif  Santa  C'atalina.  About  the  nutnth  of  Ainil,  sharks  visit  the  ba_\-s 
of  the  island  in  lar^'e  schools,  for  the  purpose,  it  is  su[)p()scil.  of  clc|)ositin^ 
tiieir  et,';;s  in  the  sanil.  All  that  are  cau},dit  are  found  to  contain  a  larj^c 
numbiT,  about  the  size  of  hens'  eg^^s.  Those  found  at  Santa  Caialina  arc 
6  to  S  feet  lon^.  It  is  well  known  that  the  fins  are  used  In-  Chinamen  for 
making  soup,  and  it  is  said  that  excellent  combs  are  made  from  the  same 
materia!;  but  the  most  profitable  part  of  the  sliar!;  i>  t!ie  li\er,  from  which  a 
valuable  oil  is  obtained.  Ihe  oil  is  clear,  .md  ()urns  well  ii;  its  cruile  state, 
but  is  chiefly  useil  fiir  lubricating  purposes.  It  also  makes  an  excellent 
sheep  wash,  and  is  wdrth  in  the  Californian  market  about  50  cents  ;i  _i,^'illon. 
At  Analieim  Landing;,  for  about  4  months  in  the  ye.ir,  the  business  of  shark 
catching  is  lucrative.  Large  stikcs  arc  dri\en  into  the  saiitl  at  intervals 
along  the  beach.  To  these  stake-,  is  tied  one  end  of  a  \o;v^  rope;  on  the 
other  end  is  ;i  strong  iron  hook  baited  with  fish.  This  is  thrown  into  the 
water,  and  the  shark,  when  caught,  is  ilrawii  on  shore  and  killed.  It  .some- 
times requires  the  united  strength  of  5  fir  4  men  to  land  a  full-grown  fisli. 
The  dog-fish  is  capturcil  in  i'uget  .Sound  for  the  valuable  oil  extracted 
from  its  liver.  It  is  omnivorous,  consuming,  it  is  said,  even  its  own  joung. 
The  establishment?,  of  Till,  XOKTII-WI'.ST  Tu.VUIXC  COMI'.WV,  engaged 
partlv  in  catching  iKig-fish  sharks  on  the  coast  of  Alask.%  have  been  meii- 
tioneil  under  the  head  of  the  herring  fishery. 

Skidegate  Oil  Company  — The  only  establishment  on  our  coast  occupied 
cxclusivel)-  with  the  extraction  of  oil  from  the  shark  b\'  steam-]iower,  is  that 
of  Till-.  Skiiii.(..\TI,  (3n.  CdMI'.WV,  at  the  Skidegate  Inlet,  in  one  of  the 
Ouecn  Charlotte  Islands,  the  w.itcrs  of  which  inlet  abound  with  the  black 
shark.  This  oil  when  refined,  esjiecially  that  made  from  the  livers — and 
these  yiekl  70  per  cent,  or  more  of  oil— is  gootl  for  lamps,  and  an  excellent 
lubricant.  Mr.  /Xnoersox,  chief  engineer  of  the  British  war-ship,  Rocket, 
recommended  its  use  in  the  Hritish  Navy,  and  Josr.ril  SrRATT,  proprietor 
of  the  Albion  I"\iundry,  V'ictoria,  expressed  an  equally  favorable  opinion  of 
its  merits.  It  is  highly  translucent,  and  of  a  pale  amber  color,  re.sembling 
olive  oil  in  appearance;  and  that  taken  from  the  livers  is  sent  to  market  in 
cans  holding  10  gallons  each,  labelcil  "Skidegate  Oil."  The  sharks  are 
caught  in  water  between  .S  and  20  fathoms  deep,  with  trawl-lines,  each  having 
500  hooks.  The  bait  is  principally  herring.  The  company  has  a  capital 
of  $24,000,  contributed  by  \Vi I. MAM  Stkrling,  CiiarlIvs  Morton,  J.  McB. 
Smith,  and  Howard  TRKMIOLM,  of  Victoria,  who  commenced  operations 
in  1X79.  The  oil  works  consist  of  4  wooden  buildings;  the  main  one  having 
a  ground  area  of  2,000  square  feet,  and  containing  a  steam-boiler,  retorts, 


OTIIKK    makim;   I  ISIIKKIKS. 


361 


dr>'in}^-pans,  settlinfj-t.inks,  etc.  The  remaining  buildings  arc  used  fiir  in.ik- 
in;,'  tin-cans  for  canniiijj  the  oil,  for  storage,  and  for  the  coinpanv's  (|ii,irters 
and  tradinf^j-posl.  The  nian\- drawbacks  incidi-nlal  to  all  new  enter|)rises  of 
an  uncertain  nature,  have  affected  the  siiccoss  of  the  venture.  1  he  first 
season  and  a  portion  of  the  second  were  cx'k  ^  "incntal,  so  that  but  a  small 
return  was  made  on  the  invested  capital.  1  he  season  of  uSS::  bids  fair  to 
prove  successful,  as  the  increased  quantiti<  .1  anil  improvid  i|uality  of  the  oil, 
together  with  a  better  knowletlge  by  '  .isumei.  of  the  \alue  of  the  product, 
offer  every  inilucemenl  to  jjro.secute  and  luirtrirc  tin.  inilustr)-,  v.ith  a  view 
of  enlarging;  the  works,  and  increasing'  facilities  for  more  extensive  opera- 
tions in  the  future.  Tiie  jicld  of  1881  .' as  35,cxxj  gallon.s,  which  will  be 
shipped  to  I'^ngland,  Australia,  and  California.  At  present  10  white  men 
are  employed  at  $40  per  month  each,  besides  Indians  occasionally. 

Fishing-boats. — Only  12  large,  dcep-sca  fishing-boats  11  >w  make  the 
harbor  of  San  I-'rancisco  their  headquarters.  The  remainder  of  the  fleet, 
engaged  in  suppl)ing  the  metropolis  with  fresh  fish,  nimibering  50  or  60, 
have  their  rendezvous  at  Montere)',  and  other  points  on  the  coast.  They 
arc  staunch  craft,  almost  entirely  decked  over,  and  can  live  in  a  very  heavy 
sea.  l£ach  boat  carries  a  crew  of  7  or  8  men,  ecjuipped  with  stout  lines, 
termed  here  "  trawl-lincs,"  and  al.so  "  taut-lines,"  some  of  them  2,000  yards 
in  length,  when  jomcd  together  in  pieces.  To  this  line,  at  intervals  of  one 
yard,  are  attached  the  short  lines,  2  fee"-  '.  length,  which  hokl  the  baited 
hook.  Between  Pigeon  I'oint  and  Monterey  are  favorite  trawling-grounils 
for  large  fish.  The  depth  of  water  shouUl  not  be  less  than  1 5  feet  nor  more 
than  60  fathoms.  A  bank,  9  miles  in  length  and  situated  25  miles  south  of 
the  I'arallones,  also  affords  a  favorite  ground  for  decp-.sca  fishing.  This 
bank  is  a  mile  wide  and  is  covered  by  38  to  50  fathoms  of  water.  When 
the  fishing-ground  is  reached  the  boat  is  anchored,  if  possible,  and  the  lines 
thrown  overboard,  requiring  2  hours  to  run  out.  The  time  needed  for  haul- 
ing in  depends  on  the  catch.  A  good  catch  from  the  2,000  hooks  of  a  sin- 
gle line  may  be  stated  at  500  pounds,  though,  once  in  a  while,  it  may  reach 
2,000  pounds.  The  fish  caught  are  mainly  the  different  varieties  of  rock-cod 
flounders,  sole  of*  various  species,  and  the  bastard  (or  Monterey)  halibut. 
The  true  halibut  and  ba  racuda  arc  a  small  portion  of  the  catch.  The  black 
rock-fish  runs  up  to  6  pounds,  while  rare  specimens  may  exceed  8  pounds. 
The  price  of  the  different  descripti',;n:.  of  rock-cod  varies,  according  to  .sca- 
.son  and  quality,  from  4  to  12  cents  pci  pound,  tiveraging  7  cents.  The  red 
cod  sell  about  a  cent  a  pound  higher  than  the  blue  rock-fish. 

The  white  fishermen  of  San  l-'rancisco  number  at  least  300,  and  arc 
chiefly  Italians,  who  outnumber  all  other  nationalities.     The  remainder  are 


i'lf' ' 


362  FISHERIES,   ETC. 

Americans,  Greeks,  Portuguese,  and  Dalmatians.  They  work  on  shares, 
the  crew  of  each  boat  consisting;  of  the  owner  and  several  others.  One 
.share  is  credited  to  the  boat,  and  the  rest  are  divided  equally  between  the 
owner  and  each  member  of  the  crew.  Their  earnings  a\crage  $4  to  $4.50 
a  day  per  man,  when  at  work;  but  the  majority  work  only  long  enough  at 
a  time  to  accumulate  perhaps  $60,  and  then  remain  idle  until  their  savings 
have  been  squandered  in  dissipation.  Notwithstanding  the  dangers  and 
hardships  incident  to  their  career,  it  is  probable  that  few  of  them  would 
care  to  change  their  avocation. 

The  City  of  New  York  is  almost  entirely  supplied  with  cod,  halibut,  blue- 
fish,  and  bass,  by  means  of  smacks,  some  of  which  go  several  hundred 
miles  and  convey  them  alive  to  market  in  their  wells.  There  is  hardly  a 
doubt  that  before  long  the  mackerel  of  San  Diego  and  Santa  Barbara,  and 
the  cod  and  halibut  of  I'ugct  Sound  and  the  Oregon  Coast,  will  be  brought 
fresh  to  the  San  Francisco  market 

Oysters  and  Clams. — Oysteis  are  found  on  our  coast  from  Central 
America  to  Alaska,  and  there  are  considerable  beds  of  them  in  many  of 
the  bays  and  inlets,  especially  in  Yaquina,  Tillamook,  and  Shoalwater  bays, 
in  Xatard's  Inlet,  and  in  Pugct  Sound.  Humboldt  and  Coos  bays,  how- 
ever, arc  exceptions;  for  no  oysters  have  been  found  there,  perhaps  because 
they  receive  too  much  fresh  water,  or  have  muddy  bottoms  on  which  the 
oyster  spawn  can  not  live.  The  largest  and  most  palatable  of  the  indig- 
enous Pacific  oysters  have  their  home  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  but  the  ex- 
tensive beds  there  have  little  commercial  value,  as  they  arc  remote  from  the 
centers  uf  population  and  wealth,  and  there  is  no  regular,  swift,  and  frequent 
communication  to  transport  the  delicate  bivalves  to  the  market  before  spoil- 
ing. These  beds  may  continue  to  remain  for  many  years  undisturbed,  while 
we  .send  large  sums  every  year  to  New  York  for  our  supplies. 

The  first  .attempt  to  supply  San  Francisco  with  Pacific  oysters  was  made 
in  1850,  by  Captain  FeltsTEAD,  who  took  a  cargo  from  Shoalwater  Bay. 
They  died  before  reaching  the  market,  but  Antiionv  Luulum  repeated 
the  experiment  the  next  j'car,  and  made  a  success  of  it.  Shoalwater  Bay 
supplied  all  the  fresh  oysters  to  the  Californian  metropolis  for  ten  years,  but 
the  bivalves  there  were  nearly  all  killed  in  the  winter  of  1861-62,  cither  by 
too  much  cold  or  too  much  fresh  water.  The  oystermcn  then  turned  their 
attention  to  a  small  bed  in  Natard's  Bay,  an  estuary  50  miles  south  of  the 
Columbia  River;  but  as  the  eutrance  was  small,  they  .soon  abandoned  that 
place  for  a  larger  bed  in  Yaquina  Bay,  in  latitude  44"  40'.  This  bed,  and 
one  near  Olympia,  were  the  chief  reliance  of  the  San  Francisco  market  for 
several  years,  until  a  new  growth  of  young  oysters  could  occupy  the  Shoal- 


11 


OTHER   MAIUNK   I'ISHERIES. 


363 


water  bed.  The  annual  catch  at  the  latter  place  is  now  about  3,000  sacks 
of  100  pounds  each,  while  it  is  12,000  at  Olympia,  and  600  at  Yaquina. 
Half  of  the  Olympia  catch  {j;ocs  to  the  San  Francisco  market.  There 
arc  about  1,500  of  the  Orci^on  or  Washington  oysters  in  a  bushel,  and  50 
of  them  are  required  for  a  plate  of  stew,  which  is  sold  in  the  San  Francisco 
restaurants  for  25  cents.  The  annual  oyster  crop  of  Shoal  water  Bay  was 
$200,000  about  1870.  The  completion  of  the  Central-Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road in  1869  made  a  change  in  the  oyster  market,  by  making  it  possible  to 
bring  the  New  York  oysters  alive  across  the  continent.  They  were  brought 
when  a  year  old — less  in  size  than  a  silver  quarter  of  a  dollar,  1,500  of 
them  in  a  bushel — and  planted  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  which  proved  to  be 
icmarkably  well  fitted  to  fatten  them,  though  the  mud  bottom  would  not 
permit  their  spawn  to  live.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  600  fill  a  bushel ;  in 
2  years,  300,  and  in  3  yeans,  200.  The  experiment  was  so  successful  that 
they  were  brought  by  the  car-load,  to  the  number  of  40,000,000  in  a  year. 

The  fattening-beds  first  used  were  north  of  the  Golden  Gate,  but  these, 
perhaps  because  of  the  occasional  excess  of  fresh  water  from  the  Sacra- 
mento and  ban  Joaquin  rivers,  are  now  abandoned,  or  at  least  in  much  less 
favor  than  the  beds  on  the  southern  arm  of  the  bay.  In  San  Francisco, 
Terry  &  Co.  have  200  acres  of  oyster-bed ;  Morgan  &  Co.,  200;  SwAN- 
BERG  &  West,  100;  and  Doane  &  Co.,  in  association  with  Morgan  & 
Co.,  100.  All  these  beds  are  between  high  and  low  tide,  so  that  they  are 
bare  every  day.  They  arc  covered  with  shells  or  stone ;  for  the  oyster  does 
not  thrive  'n  the  mud.  Each  bed  is  surrounded  by  a  fence  of  pickets  6 
inches  apart,  costing  $500  a  mile,  to  protect  the  mollusk  against  the  sting- 
ray, a  flat  fish  from  8  to  24  inches  across,  which  is  very  fond  of  the  bivalve, 
and  would  soon  clean  off  a  bed  if  allowed  free  access.  This  enemy  is  not 
more  than  2  inches  thick,  and  could  easily  pass  between  the  stakes  if  he 
could  or  would  turn  himself  edgewise,  but  he  never  does.  After  he  has 
once  been  fenced  out,  the  oysters  are  safe  so  long  as  the  stakes  are  not  dis- 
turbed. It  is  on  account  of  this  enemy  that  the  beds  arc  above  low  tide. 
The  bottom  can  be  inspected  every  day,  to  ascertain  whether  a  sting-ray 
has  entered,  and  if  so,  he  can  be  caught  and  killed  without  .serious  difficulty. 
These  fishy  gourmands  are  not  in  the  bay  during  the  rainy  sea.son,  perhaps 
because  the  water  is  then  too  brackish  for  them;  but  their  presence,  for  at 
least  half  the  year,  may  be  the  cause  of  the  scarcity  of  indigenous  oysters 
in  the  bays  and  coves  of  California. 

After  oysters  have  been  planted  3  years  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  have 
grown  so  that  200  of  them  make  a  bushel,  they  are  gathered  and  divided 
into  2  qualities,  the  first  selling  for  $3  and  the  .second  for  $2  by  the  100. 
The  total  annual  sales  of  the  New  York   transplanted,  and  Oregon  and 


I    s. 


364 


FISIIKRIKS,    KTC. 


W.ishin<jtoii  oysters  iti  S.in  Francisco  amount,  at  wholesale  prices,  to  $1,- 
000,000;  anil  the  cajiital  invested  in  the  oyster-beds  is  $300,000,  and  in 
boats,  tools,  etc.,  $100,000  more.  The  number  of  men  employed  is  about 
100.  Those  who  tong,  sort,  and  pack  for  shipping;  get  .$35  per  month  anil 
board,  the  wages  being  about  10  per  cent,  higher  here  than  in  the  eastern 
oyster  fisheries.  The  leading  wholesale  i>)-ster  houses  of  San  l""rancisco  arc 
those  of  E.  Teury  &  Co.,  Mou(;.\N  &  Co.,  Do.\Mi  &  Co.,  and  S\v.\Niii-Kci 
v^  \\'i:sT,  all  having  their  offices  in  the  California  market.  Large  oysters 
ha\e  been  brought  in  ice  from  New  York  to  San  rrancisco,  but  not  in 
quantities  large  enough  to  deserve  more  than  mere  mention.  Several  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  send  the  o^  ters  of  the  Gulf  of  California  to  San 
I'rancisco,  by  sailing-vessel  and  steamer,  but  all  proved  unprofitable.  Those 
few  of  the  mollusks  which  arrived  in  good  condition  were  received  with 
favor,  but  the  great  majority  died  on  the  way.  It  is  not  improbable  that 
the  Mexican  oyster  would  multiply  in  the  Kay  of  San  Diego,  and  in  that  of 
Santa  Margarita  on  the  west  coast  of  Lower  California;  and  the  time  is, 
])erhai)s,  not  far  distant  when  better  accommodations  can  be  provided  on 
the  steamers  for  the  Mexican  oysters  than  they  had  when  sent  on  their 
travels  before.  Nearly  300  tons  of  canned  oysters  are  sent  from  Baltimore 
and  New  York  to  the  Pacific  Coast  annually. 

Clams  are  numerous  on  the  beaches  of  our  coast,  anil  are  of  many  differ- 
ent species,  varying  much  in  size,  flavor,  and  toughness.  The_\-  are  espe- 
ciall>-  abundant  in  Washington,  Hritish  Columbia,  and  y\laska,  and  the  sup- 
plies there  will  probably  become  valuable  at  no  distant  time  for  exportation. 
The  only  Pacific  clam  market,  from  which  we  can  get  any  definite  informa- 
tion, is  that  of  San  Francisco,  which  demands  475  bushels,  at  $1.25  a  bushel 
b\'  wholesale,  ever)-  average  week.  When  opened  and  sold  raw,  at  retail, 
the  price  is  25  or  30  cents  a  gallon.  Most  of  the  San  Francisco  clams  come 
from  the  bay  beach  of  San  Mateo,  where  clam-diggers  arc  employed  at 
wages  of  $30  a  month  and  board.  The  boatmen  employed  to  bring  the 
catch  to  the  city  get  $60  and  board.  I'^astern  long-neck  clams,  introduced 
from  New  York,  have  established  tliemselves  in  the  bay  and  multiplied,  .so 
that  they  make  up  a  considerable  part  of  the  catch  in  .some  places.  The 
supply  of  these  clams  amounts  to  400  bushels  weekly,  and  the  wholesale 
price  is  75  cents  a  bushel.  The  leading  dealers  in  them  are  Joiix  WklciIT 
&  Co.,  83  California  Market.  Tomales  and  Monterey  bays  have  a  different 
clam,  more  palatable,  but  smaller  and  more  difficult  to  dig.  This  supply, 
mostly  from  Tomales,  75  bushels  a  week,  is  sold  for  $3  a  bushel.  W.  Al.l.KN, 
72  California  Market,  makes  a  sjiecialt)-  of  the  Tomales  clam.  Attempts 
to  introduce  it  into  San  I'rancisco  Hay  have  failed.     Limantour  Hay,  under 


I  '■ 


OTHFK  marint:  risiiF.Rirs. 


365 


the  shelter  of  Point  Reyes,  has  a  clam  as  large  as  a  large  saucer,  but  it  is 
accounted  tough  and  tasteless.  Several  species  of  salt-water  mussels  arc 
abundant  along  our  coast.  The  San  I'rancisco  market  requires  400  bushels 
a  month,  and  pays  $1.25  a  bushel  for  them  to  the  gatherers.  The  best  sup- 
ply comes  from  the  pickets  driven  in  the  bay,  about  the  oyster-grounds,  to 
keep  out  the  sting-ray.s. 

The  pearl-oyster  is  founa  on  both  .shores  of  Lower  California,  but  the 
only  profitable  fi.shcry  has  been  on  the  eastern  shore.  The  business  began 
in  i5cSo  and  has  been  maintained  ever  since,  with  varying  succes.s.  The 
average  annual  yield  has  been  about  $50,000,  half  of  the  value  in  pearls 
and  half  in  mother-of-pearl  shells.  Before  1870,  350  divers  were  employed, 
but  about  that  time  submarine  armor  was  introduced,  and  in  1S74  the  yield 
was  estimated  to  be  $300,000,  two  thirds  in  shell  and  one  third  in  pearls. 
It  was  the  opinion  of  men  familiar  with  the  oyster-beds,  that  if  this  method 
of  working  were  long  pursued,  the  marketable  shells  would  become  so  scarce 
that  the  fishery  would  cea.sc  to  pay.  The  relative  value  of  the  pearl  has 
decrea.sed,  and,  on  account  of  the  increa.se  of  travel,  the  divers  have  better 
opportunities  to  .sell  stolen  pearls  than  in  previous  centuries,  .so  that  the 
profits  of  the  emploj-ers  are  less  now  than  when  Mexico  was  under  the 
Spanish  dominio  There  are  fi.sheries  for  the  pearl-oyster  in  the  Hay  of 
Panama  and  its  v  1  'ty,  and  beds  al.so  at  several  places  along  the  western 
coast  of  Central  A,.,ciica.  At  Panama  a  submarine  boat  has  been  u.scd 
with  success,  in  obtaining  the  pearls. 

The  saucer-like  shell  of  the  abalone,  or  sea-ear  {Haliolis)  .sometimes  a 
foot,  and  generally,  as  seen  in  the  market,  7  inches  across,  when  polished 
artificially  on  the  outside,  the  inside  being  polished  by  nature,  is  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  of  shells,  showing  bright  colors  beautifully  arranged,  with  a 
high  luster.  It  is  well  adapted  in  its  natural  form  for  purposes  of  ornamen- 
tation, and  is  also  cut  up  to  make  jewelry,  buttons,  handles  for  knives,  par- 
asols, etc.  Three  kinds  are  known  to  the  dealers.  The  first  has  bluish  and 
greenish  cohjrs,  intermingled  with  white,  and  is  found  along  the  .shores  of 
Lower  California  and  Mexico.  The  second  has  red  colors,  and  extends 
from  Mendocino  to  Monterey.  The  third,  a  white  abalone.  is  found  from 
Monterey  to  San  Diego.  About  170  tons  are  exported  to  China  and 
Europe  aninially  for  manufacture  into  buttons,  and  bring  from  $40  to  $iSo 
a  ton — perhaps  $10,000  for  the  whole  .shipment.  Most  of  the  abalones  are 
obtained  by  Chinamen,  who  use  a  light  crowbar  to  tear  them  from  the  rock 
to  which  they  attach  themselves,  between  high  and  low  tide.  The  meat 
when  dried  has  the  form,  size,  color,  and  almost  the  hardness  of  a  colt's 
hoof,  but  is  used  for  food,  and  sells  for  about  5  cents  a  pound,  most  of  it 
being  .sent  to  China. 


J 


366 


1  ISUERIKS,   ETC. 


Shrimps,  etc. — Shrimps  arc  abundant  in  the  bays  and  inlets  of  the 
Pacific  Coast;  but  there  is  no  fishing  for  them,  worthy  of  note,  anywhere 
save  in  San  Francisco  Hay.  The  business  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  China- 
men, and  the  best  fishing-grounds  are  in  the  cove  off  San  Rafael,  and  on 
the  western  side  of  the  bay,  south  of  San  Bruno  Mountain.  There  are 
several  colonies  of  Chinamen,  numbering  altogether  500  persons,  on  the 
San  Mateo  shore,  occupied  mainly  in  catching  and  curing  shrimps.  They 
are  divided  into  little  camps,  numbering  from  12  to  40  men,  each  under  a 
manager,  who  selects  the  fishing-ground,  directs  the  work,  and  determines 
how  much  of  each  daily  catch  is  to  be  sent  to  the  city,  and  how  much 
dried.  It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  the  average  earnings,  but  they  are  doubt- 
less small.  A  funnel-shaped  net,  30  feet  long,  w'ith  a  mouth  18  feet  wide, 
and  meshes  not  more  than  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  is  set  in  water  20 
or  25  feet  deep  when  the  tide  bcgir  to  '-omc  in,  and  hoisted  before  the 
ebb.  The  average  daily  catch  in  that  nei^;liborhood  is  a  ton  and  a  half,  for 
200  fishermen,  employed  in  40  boats,  with  crews  of  5  men  each.  The 
shrimps,  when  taken  to  the  shore,  are  boiled  in  weak  brine  for  half  an  hour, 
when  they  are  ready  for  the  table.  Those  demanded  for  the  fresh  consump- 
tion of  San  Francisco,  and  the  towns  supplied  from  the  metropolis,  are  sold 
at  the  rate  of  3  cents  per  pound  at  the  fishing-ground  at  wholesale,  or  1 5 
cents  as  delivered  to  small  restaurants  and  other  consumers.  The  remainder 
of  the  catch  is  dried  on  the  ground,  and  after  the  shells  have  been  removed, 
the  meat  brings  from  $  to  8  cents  per  pound,  for  the  use  of  Chinamen 
distant  from  the  seaboard  in  the  Pacific  States,  and  for  exportation  to  China. 
Only  one  pound  of  dried  meat  is  obtained  from  1 5  of  fresh  shrimps.  The 
gross  receipts  of  the  fishermen  for  the  shrimp  catch  is  estimated  at  $I5,CXX) 
per  month.  Large  prawns  are  common  in  the  waters  near  Victoria,  and  are 
in  much  demand  for  the  table.  One  of  the  notable  crustaceans  of  the  San 
Francisco  market  is  a  large  prawn,  or,  as  it  is  generally  called,  a  crawfish, 
similar  in  size,  general  appearance,  and  flavor,  to  the  Atlantic  lobster,  but 
without  claws.  It  is  caught  in  nets  and  box-traps,  along  the  coast  south  of 
Monterey,  and  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barbara.  The  weight  of 
those  brought  to  the  market  usually  ranges  from  4  to  6  pounds,  and  the 
monthly  supply  amounts  to  5  tons,  worth  $300  or  $350  a  ton.  A  small 
prawn  has  been  caught  occasionally  outside  of  the  Golden  Gate  in  trawl 
nets,  by  Italian  fishermen,  but  there  is  no  regular  supply,  and  it  has  no 
commercial  importance. 

The  crab  is  found  along  our  coast  from  Panama  to  Alaska,  but  is  not 
made  the  object  of  a  special  fishery  anywhere  except  near  the  seaports. 
The  only  considerable  market  is  San  Francisco,  which  consumes  3CX)  do/cn 
daily,  paying  75  cents  per  dozen,  or  about  $75,000  for  a  year's  catch,  to  the 


OTHER   MARINE   1  ISHERIES. 


367 


fishermen.  The  chief  implement  of  the  crab  fishery  is  a  strong  circuhir  net, 
fastened  to  a  hoop  3  feet  in  diameter.  In  this  any  kind  of  cheap  meat, 
such  as  the  heads  of  fish,  or  a  butcher's  bone,  is  fastened,  and  it  is  thrown 
into  the  water  where  the  crabs  abound.  They  soon  fasten  themselves  on 
the  bait,  and  when  the  net  is  lifted  from  the  water,  do  not  try  to  escape. 
The  city  wharves  arc  convenient  for  crab  fishing,  and  are  used  for  that  pur- 
pose, mostly  by  Chinamen. 

Marine  turtles  are  found  along  the  coasts  of  Mexico  and  Central  America, 
and  are  abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  California.  They  have  a  habit  of  sleeping 
on  the  surface  of  the  water  under  the  hot  sun,  especially  in  very  quiet 
weather,  and  are  not  aroused  by  the  oars  of  an  approaching  boat.  The  tur- 
tle, while  lying  thus  at  his  ease,  is  harpooned  by  the  fisherman,  who  with 
little  effort  .secures  a  victim  weighing  from  20  to  1 50  pounds.  The  meat  of 
the  marine  turtle  is  esteemed  a  great  delicacy,  though  it  often  lo.ses  much  of 
its  flavor  when  the  animal  is  transported  on  shipboard,  for  long  distances, 
without  food.  It  is  tenacious  of  life,  but,  if  not  protected  by  covering  with 
wet  cloth,  will  sometimes  die  on  the  voyage.  About  a  dozen  of  these  tur- 
tles arc  brought  to  San  Francisco,  cx^ery  month,  by  vessels  coming  from 
Guaymas  or  La  Paz,  though  there  would  be  but  little  difficulty  in  getting  a 
much  larger  number.  Two  attempts  have  been  made  to  can  turtle-meat  at 
Guaymas  for  foreign  markets.  The  first  was  in  1869,  when  P.  M.  SCOOFFY 
erected  an  establishment,  in  which  he  canned  10  tons  of  .turtle  per  month. 
The  venture  was  not  profitable,  and  was  soon  abandoned.  The  second  was 
in  1876,  when  J.  A.  Robinson  went  into  the  busines.s,  and  canned  40  tur- 
tles a  day  on  an  average,  making  from  a  ton  to  a  ton  and  a  half  of  meat, 
until  January,  1880. 


368 


FISHERIES,   ETC 


CHAPTER  XXIV— RIVER  FISHERIES. 


Catch.— In  no  other  part  of  the  world  arc  large  fish  so  abundant  in  the 
rivers,  or  arc  they  caught  in  ciiiantitics  so  considerable  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  fishcnncn,  as  on  our  coast,  north  of  latitude  39".  The  Colorado, 
the  only  large  stream  on  our  slope  of  the  continent  south  of  the  Golden 
Gate,  and  the  Mexican  streams  on  the  Pacific  side,  are,  if  not  poor,  at  least 
not  noted  for  wealth  in  fish  of  commercial  value.  From  San  I'rancisco  to 
the  Yukon,  all  the  large  rivers  are  rich  in  salmon,  of  which  there  are  5 
species,  some  distinguished  for  size,  reaching  a  weight  of  100  pound.s. 
They  are  so  numerous,  so  palatable,  so  well  fitted  for  canning  and  salt- 
ing, and  so  easily  taken,  that  the  business  of  catching  them  is  a  prominent 
feature  in  the  fisheries  of  the  globe,  and  makes  up  nearly  all  that  there  is 
of  the  river  fisheries  on  our  coast.  Of  a  total  annual  catch  of  iS5,ooo  tons, 
after  cleaning,  on  our  coast  (including  20,000  in  Oregon,  20,000  in  California, 
15,000  in  l?ritisK  Columbia,  and  30,000  in  Alaska),  at  least  78,000  are 
salmon.  The  Indians  of  British  Columbia,  according  to  the  estimate  of  A. 
C.  AxDKKSON,  Fish  Commissioner,  consume  500  pounds  of  salmon  each  in 
a  )X'ar  on  an  average,  or  8,500  tons  in  the  aggregate  ;  1,500  tons  of  halibut, 
and  2,000  tons  of  sturgeon,  herring,  trout,  and  other  fish.  The  Indians  of 
Alaska,  as  well  as  those  of  Uritish  Columbi.-i,  depend  mainly  on  fish  for 
their  food.  The  greater  part  of  the  salmon  catch  is  canned,  and  the  pack 
of  1 88 1  amounted  to  nearly  1,000,000  ca.ses,  each  containing  24  2-|)ound 
cms,  including  540,793  ca.ses  for  the  Columbia,  200,000  fijr  the  Sacramento, 
160,000  for  the  I'ra.scr,  45,000  for  the  Skeena  and  Nass  ri\ers  and  Klawoc, 
14,000  for  the  Rogue,  20,000  for  the  Umptpia,  7,000  for  the  ICel,  and  6,000 
each  for  Puget  Sound  and  Smith  River.  The  figures  are  evidently  not 
precise  for  anj-  district,  save  the  Columbia,  and  the  exact  amount  may 
exceed  the  round  total,  which  is  equivalent  to  48,000,000  pounds,  or  about 
30  pounds  for  every  white  inliabitant  of  our  coast,  north  of  Mexico.  He- 
sides  salmon,  we  catch  sturgeon,  perch,  trout,  salmon-trout,  shad,  and 
catfish  in  our  stream.s.  The  total  value  of  the  annual  catch,  exclusive  of 
amounts  consumed  by  Indians  and  Aleuts,  is  probably  $6,500,000;  the 
canned  salmon  alone  being  worth  about  $5,000,000  in  San  Francisco  at  tiie 
present  prices. 


RTVF.R    I'lSIIERIF.S. 


3>"J 


Salmon  Habits. — The  salmon  bom  in  the  rivers  and  brooks  descend, 
wlien  youn^,  to  tiic  ocean,  where  they  spend  several  years,  and  then  return 
to  their  native  streams  to  spawn.  It  is  supposed  that  instinct  takes  them 
back  to  their  birthplace;  so  that  one  hatched  in  the  upper  I'it  Ri\'er,  will 
not  only  find  the  Golden  Gate,  and  pass  the  mouths  of  the  San  Joaquin, 
American,  and  leather,  but  even  of  the  Little  Sacramento  and  McCloud, 
traveling  300  miles  in  fresh  water  before  stopping.  The  age  which  the 
salmon  will  reach  is  not  accurately  known,  but  it  is  probably  not  less  than  8 
years.  The  common  opinion,  that  all  female  salmon  spawn  only  once,  and 
then  die,  is  almost  certainly  erroneous  as  to  some  species.  It  is  inconsistent 
with  the  fact  that  eggs  are  found  in  females  of  many  different  sizes,  and 
with  the  obscrvation.s  of  R.  D.  Hu.Mi:,  who  has  taken  them  in  Rogue  River 
after  spawning,  branded  them,  thrown  them  into  the  river,  and  caught  the 
same  individuals  of  an  enlarged  size  in  several  subsequent  season.s.  The 
fact,  that  many  of  the  fish  reach  the  spawning-grounds  in  an  exhausted 
condition  and  soon  die,  proves  nothing. 

The  salmon  spawns  in  all  the  streams  flowing  into  the  ocean,  between 
latitude  34^  and  Behring  Strait;  but  in  the  Sacramento  basin,  the  spawning- 
grounds  now  in  use  are  limited  to  the  Pit,  McCloud,  and  Little  Sacramento, 
and  in  the  San  Joaquin  basin  to  the  upper  San  Joaquin  and  the  Merced 
rivers.  The  spawning  season  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  basins 
includes  August  and  September;  in  the  Eel  and  Smith  rivers,  September 
and  October;  in  most  other  Californian  streams,  January  and  February; 
in  the  Columbia  and  its  tributaries,  from  August  to  December;  and  in 
Alaska,  from  June  to  October.  In  all  tho  streams  between  47'  and  34° 
the  salmon  are  far  less  abundant  than  they  were  30  years  ago. 

The  kind,  size,  and  proportionate  number  of  different  species  vary  in 
streams  not  far  apart,  and  in  the  same  stream,  according  to  season.  The 
most  abundant  run  of  the  Columbia  was  in  May,  until  1879,  and  since  that 
year  has  been  in  July.  Some  of  the  Columbia  River  fishermen  think  that 
the  fish  are  more  abundant  there  in  j-ears  of  exceptionally  large  rainfall,  and 
that  the  average  interval  between  2  such  years  in  Oregon  is  about  long 
enough  to  enable  the  salmon  to  attain  their  full  growth  before  spawning,  so 
as  to  be  ready  to  ascend  the  stream  in  the  first  very  wet  year.  15.  Haigh, 
canncr  on  the  Fraser,  has  observed,  that  in  .seasons  of  exceptionally  large 
rainfall,  the  salmon  are  less  numerous  than  in  relatively  dry  years.  It  is 
the  supposition  of  some  fishermen,  that  the  salmon  intending  to  visit 
the  spawning-ground  do  not  swim  rapidly  when  entering  the  river,  but 
linger  for  a  time  in  the  brackish  water,  which,  in  times  of  abundant  rain, 
they  find  outside  of  the  Heads,  and  in  dry  seasons  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
river. 
47 


n  :^> 


3;o  FisiiKRiEs,  i:tc. 

The  .si)ccies  most  abundant  in  tlic  rivers  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Wash- 
ington is  the  common  sahnon,  or  quinnat  (O/icor/iv/ia/s  (juiiuiat).  while  in 
British  Columbia  it  is  the  smaller  socUejx'.  iW\  the  varieties  of  salmon  en- 
ter tlie  rivers  ,it  all  seasons  of  the  year,  but  in  many  streams  are  most  abun- 
dant in  the  spring  and  fall;  so  the  fishermen  generally  speak  of  the  spring 
and  fall  "  runs."  There  is,  however,  (jnl)'  one  spawning  season  of  about 
2  months,  when  the  fish  ascend  to  the  smaller  tributaries  of  any  one  river 
to  deposit  their  eggs,  and  those  fish  which  lea\e  the  ocean  (i  months  or 
more  before  the  time  for  spawning  are,  perhaps,  misled  by  a  defect  of  in- 
stinct. One  fisherman  sa)-s  the  spring  run  begins  in  the  fall  and  continues 
through  the  j-ear.  The  largest  run  of  salmon  in  the  Columbia,  in  ordinary 
years,  formerly  in  May,  is  now  in  July;  in  the  I'"raser  River,  in  August  and 
September;  and  in  the  Sacramento,  in  August.  The  season  of  greatest 
plenty  is,  in  some  rivers,  the  period  of  spawning,  and  in  others  comes  .sev- 
eral months  earlier.  Hefore  1 850,  .salmon  were  very  abundant  in  nearly  all 
the  tributaries  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joa(|uin,  but  after  the  waters 
were  filled  with  the  mud  and  sand  from  the  placer  washing.s,  the  fish  found 
no  suitable  place  to  deposit  their  eggs,  and  have  long  since  entirely 
disappeareil  from  all  the  streams  that  drain  the  most  productive  of  the  min- 
ing districts.  The  Sacramento  for  50  miles,  and  the  San  Joaquin  for 
15  miles,  from  Suisun  Hay,  have  their  salmon  fisheries,  and  the  fish  are 
occasionally  caught  twice  ;is  far  from  the  bay;  but  the  main  streams  higher 
up  and  their  tributaries  generally  are  now  nearly  bare.  The  salmon  are 
rare  in  the  streams  entering  the  ocean  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay ;  and  arc 
more  abundant  relatively  in  I'X'l  and  .Smith  rivers  than  in  any  other  Cali- 
forni.m  streams. 


I  ii' 


Fishing  Implements. — Salmon  are  taken  with  gill  nets,  seines,  traps, 
and  current-wheels,  and  rarely,  in  salt  water,  with  hooks.  The  gill  net  is 
from  joo  to  yao  fathoms  long,  and  usually  20  feet  deep,  with  meshes  8!/^ 
inches  long  when  .stretched  lengthwise,  and  \]/^  inches  on  each  side  when 
.square.  A  net  costs  $250  usually,  and  lasts  one  sea.son.  The  material  is 
twine,  made  of  the  best  linen  shoe-thread,  and  is  knit  in  the  winter  by 
the  fishermen,  all  attempts  to  make  the  necessary  double-knot  by  machinery 
having  failed.  The  net,  provided  with  floats  at  the  top  and  sinkers  at  the 
bottom,  is  stretched  across  the  current  and  allowed  to  (loat  with  it  until  a 
load  of  fish  is  secured — the  distance  traveled  being  sometimes  15  miles;  or, 
if  the  fish  arc  verj-  abundant,  not  one  tenth  so  far.  The  net  is  generally  used 
onlyat  night  or  in  mudd)'  water.for  when  the  fish  can  see  clcarl\-,it  will  not  put 
its  head  in  the  noose.  The  large  fish— tho.se  weighing  more  than  8  pounds — 
get  their  heads  through  and  stick  there,  their  gills  holding  them  fast.     The 


\\   \ 


KIVI.K    II  SI  I  IK  IKS. 


371 


boat  passes  along  the  net,  which  the  fishermen  lift  and  relieve  of  liie  catch. 
When  a  load  is  secured  (from  60  to  80  salmon),  the  net  is  taken  up  and  the 
fishermen  start  for  the  canncr\'.  The  nets  and  fishermen  are  so  numerous 
in  some  parts  of  the  river  that  there  is  not  room  for  ail  to  work  at  the  same 
time,  without  being  so  near  as  to  destroy  all  chance  for  the  higher  nets  to 
catch  anj'thing;  but  by  common  consent,  certain  rules  have  been  adoptetl 
regulating  the  times  when  each  boat  shall  have  its  turn. 

The  seine  has  smaller  meshes  than  the  gill  net,  and  is  used  to  surround 
the  fish  and  haul  them  to  the  shore.  One  end  is  held  on  the  bank  while  a 
boat  pays  out  the  seine,  which  is  then  swept  through  the  water  against  the 
incoming  tide  for  a  little  while,  and  then  the  boat  comes  rounil  with  a  sweep 
to  the  bank  below,  and  the  ends  are  hauled  in.  While  2  men  can  manage 
a  gill  net,  a  dozen  arc  required  for  a  .seine,  though  the  latter  is  onl)-  half  the 
length  of  the  former.  Seining  is  not  successful  where  the  water  is  much 
deeper  than  the  seine;  and  it  is  used  chiefly  at  shoal  jjlaces  in  the  Lower 
Columbia,  and  in  the  Rogue  and  ICel  rivers. 

The  trap  is  a  picket  fence  near  the  bank  in  shallow  water,  leading  to  a 
pocket  which  the  salmon  swimming  up  stream  enter,  and  can  not  leave. 
The  Columbia  may  have  a  score  of  traps,  .md  there  are  perhaps  as  many  in 
British  Columbia.  Amount  of  the  catch  depends  on  the  currents,  which 
change  from  )-ear  to  year,  a  trap  being  very  profitable  in  one  season  and 
yielding  nothing  in  the  next.  The  average  catch  of  a  Columbia  River  trap 
'.n  1881  was  about  3,500  fish. 

The  salmon-wheel  is  suspended  over  the  water  and  driven  round  by  the 
current  running  under  it  and  striking  its  lower  edge.  Attached  to  it  are 
'iwo  .scoop-nets  which  catch  the  fish  passing  beneath,  lift  them  up  out  of  the 
water,  and  throw  them  into  a  trough.  Only  one  such  wheel  has  been  con- 
structed, near  the  Cascades,  but  it  has  been  very  successful  in  the  .season 
of  1881,  catching  from  1,500  to  4,000  adult  salmon  in  a  da)-.  This  device 
has  been  patented.  It  must  be  stationed  near  the  bank,  but  the  salmon 
usually  a\oid  the  middle  of  the  stream,  where  the  downward  current  is 
stronger,  and  there  are  no  eddies  to  facilitate  their  ascending  course.  The 
wheel  has  caught  small,  as  well  as  large  fish,  and  the  fishermen  generally 
demand  that  its  use  shall  be  prohibited. 

The  boats  u.scd  in  the  fishery  arc  uniform  in  size  and  pattern — 24  feet 
long,  6^j  wide,  and  2yi  deep;  sharp  at  bohh  ends,  with  a  center-board,  a 
triangular  sail,  rowlocks  and  oar.s,  and  capacity  to  carry  4  tons.  The  cost 
is  $250  to  $300;  the  material.  Port  Orford  cedar  and  oak;  the  place  of  con- 
struction, San  Francisco  or  Astoria;  and  the  period  of  service,  about  10 
years. 


i 


.S72 


FISHERTES.   KTC. 


i        : 


Columbia  Fishery. — The  .s.ilmon  fishery  of  the  Columbia  gives  employ- 
ment in  the  season  105,600  men,  3,100  Chinamen  being  employed  in  the 
canneries,  while  2,500  whites  take  charge  of  the  boats  and  net.s.  The  can- 
nery proprietors  own  1,200  boats,  and  lease  them  with  nets  and  all  the  nec- 
essary tools  and  supplies  to  the  fishermen,  a  large  proportion  of  whom  arc 
Scandinavians,  Italians,  and  Finns,  who,  as  rent,  mu-t  give  one  third  of  the 
catch,  and  must  sell  the  other  two  thirds  at  a  stipulated  price.  Each  boat 
has  2  men,  a  captain  and  a  helper.  The  former  hires  the  latter,  boards 
him,  and  gives  him  10  cents  for  ever)- fish  caught.  The  fishermen,  who  own 
their  boats  and  nets,  sell  where  they  plca.se,  but  usually  recci\-e  the  same 
price  as  is  paid  to  the  men  using  the  cannery  boats.  It  is  expected  that 
the  captain  of  a  boat  will  make  at  least  $100  and  his  helper  $70  a  month 
for  their  labor.  The  average  catch  of  a  boat  for  a  season  may  be  2,000 
fi.sh,  worth  $1,200,  equivalent  to  $300  a  month,  of  which  $100  is  allowed  for 
the  use  of  the  boat  and  net  and  other  material.  The  price  on  the  Columbia 
was  60  or  62)2  cents  a  fi.sh  in  1881,  the  price  having  increased  gradually 
.since  1S66.  The'following  table  is  prepared  from  the  statistics  of  the  Port- 
land Board  of  Trade,  showing  the  total  product  in  cases,  the  price  per  case 
of  48  pounds,  and  the  prices  for  each  fish  paid  by  the  canneries  to  the 
fishermen,  from  1866  to  188 1. 


Year. 

Total 
Product. 

I'ricc. 

Cost  0 

r  Fish. , 

Year. 

Total 
Product. 

Price. 

Cost  of  Fish. 

1866 

4,000 

$16   00 

«5 

cts. 

1874 

350,000 

$6  so 

25  cts. 

1867 

18,000 

13   00 

'5 

CtS.     i 

I«75 

37S.OOO 

5  60 

25  cts. 

1868 

28,000 

12   00 

20 

cts. 

1876 

450,000 

4  50 

25  cts. 

1869 

100,000 

lo  00 

20 

cts.   i 

1877 

460,000 

S  20 

25  cts, 

1870 

150,000 

9  00 

20 

CtJ.    ! 

1878 

460,000 

5  00 

25  cts. 

1S7: 

200,000 

9  5° 

224 

cts. 

1879 

480,000 

4  60 

50  cts. 

1872 

250,000 

8  00 

25 

cts. 

1880 

530,000 

4  80 

50  cts. 

'873 

250,000 

7  00 

25 

cts. 

1881 

550,000 

5  00 

60  cts. 

In  the  canneries,  about  850  white  men  arc  employed  as  superintendents, 
clerks,  foremen,  etc.,  earning  from  $50  to  $175  a  month,  averaging  $62. 
White  men  make  the  net.s,  cans,  boats,  and  ca.ses,  and  have  all  the  capital 
used  in  the  business.  The  3,100  Chinamen  receive  $372,000  for  their  work 
of  4  months;  the  850  white  laborers  in  the  canneries  receive  $210,000;  the 
2,500  fishermen,  $850,000.  The  wages  in  the  fishing  season  and  cost  of  fish 
paid  by  the  canneries  amount  to  $1,433,000;  and  of  this  the  4,000  China- 
men get  less  than  a  third,  v.hile  the  3,500  whites  divide  the  other  two  thirds 
among  themselves.  The  proprietors  get  $2,750,000  for  the  product,  leav- 
ing them  $1,316,400  above  the  cost  of  the  fish  and  wages  in  the  fishing  .sea- 
son to  pay  other  cannery  expenses,  interest  on  the  investment  and  profits. 


> 

H 
O 


o 

w 


M 


M 

H 
O 


KlVl.k    IISIIKklKS. 


37.1 


When  cannirifT  bc^nn  on  the  ('(iluinl)ia,  tlic  fi-^hcrmcn  supposctl  that  they 
coulil  not  jjet  a  t;ood  catcli  of  .salmon  anj'whcrc,  save  in  that  [jart  (>(  the 
river  20  miles  or  more  from  tho  sea,  where  the  width  does  not  exceed  one 
mile.  There  they  built  ail  the  (Mrl)-  canneries;  but  the  latLT  ones  went 
ilown  stre;im.  The  fishermen,  allowing  their  nets  to  float  with  the  cu'i'.nt, 
found  the  catch  continueil  ^ootl  after  the  river  widened,  even  for  the  1  5 
miles  nearest  the  ocean,  where  the  distance  from  bank  to  bank  is  6  miles. 
Nor  ilo  they  always  t.ike  up  their  nets  when  they  reach  the  mouth,  but 
.sometimes  ^n  out  to  s<',i  for  miles,  def)'in^f  the  (lan<^ers  of  the  stormy 
Columbia  Uar,  on  which  more  than  200  fishermen  have  lost  their  lives  within 
4  >-ear.s,  rk)  having'  been  drowned  in  iSSo.  As  t.ie  fish  are  taken  while 
mi^niting  from  the  sea,  the  nets  farthest  out  iiave  the  first  chance  to  catch. 

The  Columbia  River  quinnat  salmon  are  considered  the  Ixjst  for  caiinin_L(, 
and  are  the  most  e.vtensivel)'  known,  so  that  the  name  Columbia  on  the 
label  secures  favorable  consideration  with  the  purchaser.  The  market 
demands  fish  with  a  ^'ood  salmon  color,  and  rejects  those  of  pale  tints  even 
if  the  meat  is  equally  good.  At  Mukilteo,  on  I'uget  Sound,  a  pale  salmon 
is  abundant  every  alternate  year,  and  is  an  excellent  fi.sh,  but  on  account  of 
the  irregularity  in  the  supply  can  not  be  packed  now  with  a  profit,  and  for 
that  reason,  a  cannery  established  there  in  1877  has  since  been  moved 
away. 

The  reckless  and  improvident  methods  of  taking  the  salmon,  and  the 
wasteful  destruction  of  the  fish  in  the  Columbia,  threatened  to  .seriously 
reduce  the  catch,  so  the  legislatures  of  Oregon  and  Washington  adopted 
statutes,  regulating  the  size  of  the  meshes,  and  prohibiting  fishing  from  f> 
V.  M.  on  Saturday  till  the  same  hour  on  Sunday.  A  mesh  of  8J/2  inches 
long  will  allow  salmon  2  years  old,  weighing  8  pounds,  to  pass  through 
readily.  Fish  of  this  size  were  often  thrown  away  after  they  were  dead, 
becau.sc  too  small  to  can  with  profit  while  other  larger  fish  were  plenty. 
T'-.;.se  legislative  restrictions  were  accompanied  by  severe  penalties,  but  have 
not  been  ob.servcd,  for  many  of  the  fishermen  make  a  practice  of  fishing  on 
Saturday  night,  and  -some  of  them  ha\c  meshes  smaller  than  the  law 
allows. 

Califomlan  Fishery. — The  average  weight  of  the  Califomian  salmon  is 
12  pounds  after  cleaning,  and  the  aggregate  catch  in  the  12  months 
ending  Augu.st  ist,  was  2,500  tons  in  1875,  2,650  in  1876,  3,290  in  1877, 
3,260  in  1878,  2,200  in  1870,  5,000  in  1880,  and  7,000  in  18S1.  Of  the 
Califomian  salmon,  at  least  1,000  tons  are  eaten  fresh  annually,  and  the 
remainder  canned  or  salted.  San  Francisco  takes  100  fish  daily,  and  other 
parts  of  the  State  and  Nevada  400.     The  large  size  of  the  salmon,  and  the 


^  w. 


mi 


>  f 


374 


msiii;rii;s,  i;tc. 


facilit)-  of  fccocjnizintj  its  meat,  help  to  liiul  a  market  for  it  in  tlic  interior 
towns,  where  the  smaller  fish  cauglit  in  the  oeean  and  bays  arc  not  so  well 
known,  and  do  not  find  so  ready  sale.  The  total  consumption  of  fresh  fish 
in  California  is  about  5  tons  daily.  The  fish  commissioners  think  that 
the  dccitled  increase  of  1877  was  caused  b)-  the  artificial  fish  hatchinj^, 
which  in  that  j'car  began  to  produce  its  mature  salmon.  In  iSSo  the  catcli 
was  so  larLje,  from  the  I5tli  to  the  igth  of  Septernber,  that  9,000  fish  were 
thrown  back  into  the  water,  as  no  market  could  be  found  for  them.  An- 
other remarkable  feature  in  the  salmon  fishinj^  of  that  )-ear  was,  that  about  45 
fish  were  caught  by  each  boat  dail)'  in  December,  6  tiincs  more  than  in  pre- 
vious )ears.  The  decrease  in  ICS79  was  the  result  of  a  controversy  between 
the  fisherm-.-n,  who  demanded  40  cents,  and  the  cannei-}-  proprietors,  who 
offered  25  cents  for  the  fisli,  on  an  average.  The  fisliermcn  caught  only  so 
many  salmon  as  the)'  thouglit  were  needed  for  fresli  consimiption,  and,  after 
sending  them  50  miles  to  San  I'rancisco.  there  accepted  from  the.m.irket- 
men  the  25  cents  which  they  refused  to  take  from  the  canneries  within 
a  mile  of  tlieir  nshin;,r-grounds.  The  .San  I'^ranciscans  who  took  the  trouble 
to  go  to  the  v\harf,  where  the  fishing-boats  lay,  coul'l  get  their  fresh  salmon 
at  a  cent  a  pound.  The  usu.il  [irice  since  187S  lias  been  about  35  cent.s 
a  fish. 

The  Californian  salmon,  save  those  in  l'",el  Ri\-er,  are  taken  e.\cliisivel)-  in 
gill-nets.  The  law  forbids  the  spreading  of  the  net  across  more  tiian  one 
third  the  width  of  a  ri\-er,  but  as  tlic  nets  are  250  fathoms  long,  they  do\ibt- 
li'ss  often  reach  from  bank  to  bank.  Mucli  of  the  fishing  is  done  at  night, 
when  the  net  is  itnisible,  where.is  it  scares  the  fisli  in  the  daylight.  There  arc 
two  men  to  a  boat,  aiitl  they  generall)-  own  it  in  eciual  shares,  though  until 
recentl)'  they  ha\e  been  in  debt  for  the  boats,  many  of  which  were  obtained 
in  1877,  by  the  help  of  advances,  amoimting  in  all  to  $10,000,  made  by  the 
canneries.  I?esides  the  boats,  the  fisherinen  have  scows  which  they  use  as 
dwellings.  They  are  generalh'  Italians,  Greeks,  Dalmatians,  and  Portuguese, 
and  are  unmarried.  The)-  spend  much  of  their  time  in  lounging,  and  many 
waste  a  large  p.irt  of  their  earnings  in  dissipation.  It  is  expected  that  each 
boat  will  get  2,000  fish  in  a  \'ear  on  an  average. 

In  \'.c\  River  most  of  the  salmon  arc  caught  with  a  seine,  150  yards  long, 
and  7  or  8  deep.  One  end  is  fastened  to  the  bank,  and  several  boats  pay 
it  out,  carrying  it  across  to  the  opposite  bank,  and  then  making  a  sweeping 
circuit  back.  It  is  hauled  in  by  horses  or  with  a  windlass.  Before  this  can 
be  done  with  safety,  the  bed  of  the  river  must  be  carefully  examined,  and 
there  arc  few  places  where  a  .seine  can  be  drawn  before  cleaning  out  the 
snags  which  are  deposited  b)-  the  high  water  every  winter.  The  master 
fisherman  takes  uj)  a  quarter  of  a  mile  "f  the  river  as  a  fishing  claim,  cleans 


KIV1.1<    I  ISIIKUIKS. 


375 


it  out  at  an  expense  of  perhaps  $joo,  pays  $75  ever)'  spring  for  repairs,  ami 
has  llie  exclusixe  use  of  the  property,  all  his  neicjhbors  rccoy;ni/.inLj  his  title. 
The  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river  usuall)'  belongs  to  the  National  Govern- 
ment. Tlu;  crews  employed  in  the  Kel  River  fisheries  receise  $1.25  a  day 
and  board.  Almost  the  entire  )ield  of  the  I^el  and  Smith  ri\ers  has  been 
c;iTmed  for  years,  the  population  near  the  fisheries  being  very  small.  In  the 
large  towns  about  San  Franci.sco  Bay,  salmon  arc  obtainable  for  nearly  half 
the  >'ear  for  about  3  cents  a  pound  at  wholesale. 

A  statute  of  California  j)rohibits  fishing  for  salmon  in  August,  which  is 
supposed  to  be  the  time  when  it  is  most  important  that  they  should  be  per- 
mitted to  pass  without  disturbance  to  the  spawning-grounds;  but  the  law 
docs  not  apply  to  the  whole  State  alike,  and  it  is  \iolated  by  man\'  of  the 
fishermen,  who  care  little  for  the  general  interest,  when  it  stands  in  the  way 
of  their  immediate  profits.  The  jietty  officials  in  the  villages  near  the  fish- 
eries, in  many  cases,  protect  and  encourage  the  poachers,  who  salt  or  smoke 
the  catch  in  shanties  on  the  tule  islands.  It  is  said  that  100  tons  of  salt 
were  sold  in  Jul)-,  1S80,  to  fishermen  [ireparing  for  their  criminal  business. 
The  close  or  illegal  season  of  fishing  has  been  frequently  changed;  and 
these  changes  have  doubtless  had  an  influence  to  weaken  the  authority  of 
the  law. 


Alaska  Salmon.— The  average  size  of  the  salmon  caught  in  Alaska  is 
about  35  pound's  after  cleaning;  in  the  Columbia,  1<S;  in  the  Sacramento 
au'-l  I'Vascr,  u.  One  fish  caught  in  the  Columbia  in  1880  weighed  94;  those 
weighing  50  arc  not  rare  there,  and  in  the  waters  of  Alaska  salmon  weigh- 
ing more  than  60  pounds  are  often  taken.  The  multitude  of  salmon  in  the 
streams  of  Alaska  is  so  great  that  they  are  caught  with  little  difficulty,  and 
arc  made  to  furnish  most  of  the  food  of  the  inhabitants.  It  has  been  esti- 
mated that  12,000,000  are  taken  annuall)-  b)-  the  30,000  people,  or  more 
than  a  fish  a  ilay  for  each  person;  but  much  is  allowed  to  spoil,  and  much 
thrown  awa)-.  In  1880  the  canneries  of  Alaska  produced  8,000  cases  of 
canned  salman,  and  500,000  pounds  were  salted  and  exported  in  barrels. 
The  salmon  fishing  season  in  the  Yukon  extends  from  June  ist  to  Septem- 
ber 15th,  but  enough  fish  for  the  daily  consumjjtion  of  the  [leople  are 
caught  from  May  to  October  inclusive;  and  from  No\ember  to  April,  the 
less  palatable  dried  article  is  the  chief  reliance  for  sustenance.  The  chief 
implement  in  the  fishery  is  a  round  dip  net,  used  from  a  canoe,  the  buoy- 
ant capacity  of  which,  and  the  strength  of  the  occupant,  are  tested  to  the 
utmost  by  the  largest  fish.  These  fi.ih  are  sold  by  the  natives  to  the  can- 
neries, at  from  one  to  5  cents  each.  A  piece  put  into  a  frying-pan  is  soon 
covered  in  its  own  fat.     Besides  the  round  nets,  spears,  and  small  weirs, 


376 


FISIIKKIKS,    1;TC. 


planted  in  shallow  i)laccs  in  the  streams,  arc  used  tn  catch  the  fish.  At 
Klawock  in  Alaska,  the  salmon  are  caught  in  the  bay  with  a  seine,  and  in 
some  portions  of  I'ugct  Sound  they  arc  caught  in  the  same  way.  When 
in  the  salt  water,  they  may  also  be  taken  with  the  hook. 

Puget  Sound  Salmon. — The  salmon-fisheries  on  I'uget  Sound  arc  carried 
on  almost  entirely  by  Indian.s,  using  seines  from  50  to  So  fathoms  long, 
from  4  to  8  fathoms  deep,  with  meshes  of  3j,j  inches,  and  ha\ing  a  pucker- 
ing rope  run  through  rings  attached  to  the  lead  line.  A  crew  comprises 
from  8  to  I2  men,  and  the  mode  of  operation  is  as  follows:  A  large 
canoe  is  anchored  in  2  or  3  fathoms  of  water,  and  the  seine-boat  is  held 
near  at  hand  until  the  indications  are  favorable,  when  the  .seine  is  cast,  ai)d 
the  men  in  the  canoe  haul  in  as  rapidly  as  possible.  In  the  mer.i  time,  a 
number  of  small  canoes  arc  paddled  about  the  net,  and  their  occupants  beat 
the  water  with  their  paddles,  in  order  to  prevent  the  fish  from  jumping  out 
of  the  seine.  A  peculiarity  in  the  salmon-fishery  in  this  locality  is,  that  the 
fish  arc  always  taken  in  salt  water.  There  are  4  well-known  varieties  of 
salmon  taken  in  the  sound,  the  Silver,  the  Iladdo  or  Humpback,  the  Jack- 
tyhce,  or  Chinook,  and  the  Fall,  or  Dog  Salmon.  The  meat  of  the  fir.st 
mentioned  is  of  a  bright  red  color,  and  their  weight  averages  from  4  to  8 
pounds,  varying  indifferent  seasons.  The  Iladdo,  about  the  same  size  as 
the  .Silver  .Salmtjn,  has  fiesh  of  a  pale  |)ink  cr)lor,  and  makes  its  appearance 
about  the  first  of  August,  e\cry  alternate  year  onl)-,  at  Mirkilteo,  26  miles 
north-east  from  Seattle,  in  such  quantities  that  not  only  is  a  haul  of  from  2,000 
to  5,000  fish  very  common,  but  at  times  the  nets  have  been  so  filled  that 
they  coultl  not  be  emptied  until  after  the  fall  of  the  tide.  In  the  barren 
years  not  a  single  specimen  of  this  fish  has  ever  been  taken,  and  it  is  \ery  rarely 
that  an  individual  finds  its  waj-  above  Mukilteo.  From  that  point  the)'  run 
up  the  Skagit  River,  arri\ing  in  its  upper  waters  in  so  exhausted  a  condition, 
that  it  is  believed  not  one  in  1,000  lives  to  return  to  the  sea.  The  Jack 
SahiKjii  averages  16  pounds  in  weight,  is  a  dark-colored,  handsome  fish, 
anil  is  taken  throughout  the  winter  months.  The  Dog  .Salmon  is  so  called 
from  the  large  jaws  and  teeth  of  the  male,  which  has  a  manj'-colored  skin; 
the  female  having  a  smaller  head  and  sihery-hucd  scales.  This  species 
averages  about  20  pounds  in  weight,  and  beginning  to  run  about  October  20, 
is  taken  imtil  the  middle  of  November. 

Aboriginal  Fishing.  — Before  the  settlement  of  white  men  in  Oregon,  the 
Indians  there  li\ed  mainl)-  on  salmon.  They  caught  them  from  their  canoes, 
or  from  staging  built  over  the  rapids,  with  spears  or  hand-nets.  At  the 
rapids,  two  stout  poles  were  fastened  in  the  bank,  with  the  ends  projecting 
out  over  the  water,  so  that  the  fisherman  could  walk  on  them,  to  a  little 


RIVER   riSHliRIES. 


377 


floor  at  tlie  outer  end.  He  then  stood  on  the  platform,  with  a  pole  30 
feet  long,  to  which  was  fastened,  at  the  end,  a  sort  of  basket  or  net,  slid- 
ing on  a  hoop.  This  net  he  would  fill  by  slinging  it  as  far  as  possible  up 
the  stream,  and  then  haul  it  up,  the  weight  of  the  fish  closing  the  net  by 
drawing  it  on  the  hoop.  Their  principal  places  of  fishing  were  at  the  Falls 
of  the  Willamette,  the  Cascades  of  the  Columbia,  the  Dalles  of  the  Colum- 
bia, and  the  Kettlefalls  near  Colville.  There  were  no  seines,  gill-nets,  or 
traps.  After  the  introduction  of  iron,  it  became  customary  among  the 
red  men  to  have  a  hook  attached  to  a  long  pole,  and  they  would  let  their 
canoes  float  down  stream,  the  hook,  with  its  point  upward,  being  8  or  10  feet 
below  the  surface.  If  a  salmon  came  along,  passing  near  the  pole,  it  was 
jerked  up  so  as  to  catch  the  fish. 

CR.nning. — The  salmon,  when  taken  to  the  cannery,  are  placed  on  a  long 
table,  side  by  side,  where  the  head,  tail,  and  fins  arc  cut  off,  and  the  entrails 
removed  by  a  few  flashing  strokes  of  a  large  knife,  in  the  hands  of  an  ex- 
pert Chinaman,  the  average  time  for  each  of  these  large  fish  being  less  than 
half  a  minute.  They  pass  to  a  tank  of  fresh  water,  where  other  men  take 
off"  the  scales ;  in  a  tank  of  salt  water  they  are  thoroughly  washed.  A  gang 
knife,  with  6  blades,  at  one  stroke  divides  the  meat  into  pieces  just  long 
enough  to  fill  a  can.  These  sections  are  cut  lengthwise  into  strips  of  suit- 
able size,  ready  for  the  cans,  which  arc  filled  by  hand  or  by  machine.  The 
top  of  the  can  is  put  on  and  soldered  by  hand  or  by  machine.  The  can  is 
now  put  into  a  crate  or  shallow  frame,  which  is  swung  round  on  a  crane 
over  a  pan  of  boiling  water,  and  lowered  until  the  tops  of  the  cans  are  half 
an  inch  under  the  surface.  If  the  soldering  of  any  can  is  incomplete,  the 
weak  point  is  at  once  exposed  by  bubbles  rising  over  it.  The  defective 
cans  are  thrown  out,  and  the  crates  swung  into  immense  tanks  of  boiling 
water,  where  they  remain  an  hour  and  a  quarter.  When  taken  from  these, 
and  while  boiling  hot,  the  second  tester  lifts  up  each  can  and  taps  it  with  a 
mallet  to  find  whether  it  has  a  solid  sound.  If  not,  he  throws  it  among  the 
defective  cans;  if  it  has,  he  strikes  the  head  with  a  pin  fastened  in  the  other 
end  of  the  mallet,  and  from  the  hole  thus  made  the  impri.soned  steam  rushes 
out.  As  he  puts  down  the  can,  the  tinner  follows  him  and  closes  the.se 
holes  with  solder,  so  as  to  exclude  the  air  aiid  thus  prevent  fermentation. 
The  cans  are  again  heated,  this  time  for  an  hour  in  a  retort  at  a  temperature 
of  240°.  The  patterns  of  these  retorts  differ  greatly  in  different  canneries, 
some  filling  their  retorts  with  dry  steam,  and  others  with  water  heated  by 
steam.  After  coming  from  the  retort  the  cans  arc  washed  in  lye,  lacquered, 
labeled,  examined  for  the  last  time,  and  packed  in  cases.     This  is  a  brief 

description  of  a  process  which  is  conducted  on  a  grand  scale,  and  with  a 
48 


;.S 


I'isiiKkiKs,  i;tc'. 


'Ai 


ii^ 


:   , 


vast  amount  of  skill  and  careful  management  in  every  department  of  the 
business. 

The  process  used  by  JACKSON,  .Mvi:rs  &  Co.,  at  Milton,  on  I'ugct  Sound, 
is  described  thus:  "These  pieces  arc  taken  raw  and  crowded  into  one-pound 
cans,  in  each  one  of  which  a  teaspoonful  of  salt  has  been  put;  a  round  lid 
with  a  puncture  in  it,  quickly  fitted  in  on  top,  same  as  a  barrel-head;  then 
soldered,  j)Ut  in  a  vat  of  hot  water  and  tested,  those  not  bcinij  air-tight  giv- 
ing a  spouting  bubble,  and  are  set  apart  and  resoldered;  then  those  that 
are  air-tight  are  immersed  in  a  caldron  of  hot  water  for  65  minutes;  then 
taken  out,  and  each  one  quickly  tapped  with  a  mallet  having  a  nail  point 
inserted,  which  makes  a  hole,  out  of  which  spurts  the  surplus  air,  and  then, 
while  }-et  hot,  are  soldered  up,  thus  hermetically  scaling;  afterwards  arc 
boiled  in  salt  water  for  100  minutes  at  200'  Fahr. ;  then  dipped  into  a  hot 
lye  vat,  which  eats  away  all  the  grease  from  the  can ;  after  wiiich  they  re- 
cei\e  a  flow  of  cold  rinsing  water,  and  are  stacked,  remaining  four  days; 
then  tested,  to  see  if  they  ;ire  all  good;  then  taken  to  the  bron/.ing-room, 
and  again  tested,  bnjnzed,  tlip[)ed,  and  labeled,  tested  for  the  last  time,  then 
packed  into  boxes  of  four  dozen  to  a  box." 

The  rapid  increase  of  the  canneries  and  of  the  quantity  of  their  ij.ick,  and 
the  accumulation  of  large  capitals  within  a  few  years  by  sotne  of  the  pro- 
prietors, .are  sufficient  to  prove  that  great  ])rofits  have  been  made  in  the 
business.  The  failures  have  been  comparative!)'  few,  and  in  nearly  every 
case  can  be  traced  to  incomi)etent  management,  or  to  exce[)tional  circum- 
stances. It  is  highly  pnjbablc  that  canneries  will  be  built  on  many  streams 
in  Oregon,  Washington,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska,  now  unoccupied, 
and  tliat  the  production  will  continue  to  mcrease,  with  a  good  profit;  but 
fortunes  will  hereafter  not  be  made  suddenly  in  canning,  ,ind  the  propor- 
tion of  failures  will  be  l.irgcr  than  in  the  |)ast.  The  canned  salmon  of  the 
Coknnbia,  when  first  ])lace(l  on  the  market,  sold  at  wholesale  for  20  cents  a 
pound,  ant!  now  it  is  offered  for  I  1 ,' j,  and  at  one  time  was  sold  fiir  10;  and 
the  raw  fish  costs  now  about  twice  as  much,  as  it  did  in  1865,  while  there  is 
no  noteworth)-  change  in  ex[)enses  otherwise. 

Tlie  raw  fish  will  doubtless  C(5ntinue  \ery  cheai)  in  .Alaska  for  many 
\'ears;  but  the  dislike  of  the  wliite  men  to  permanent  residence  there,  the 
cost  of  trips  each  wa}'  for  those  who  s[)end  [)art  of  the  year  elsewhere,  the 
difficult)'  of  getting  trustworthy  men  in  case  of  a  strike  or  controversy, 
and  the  high  cost  of  man)-  supplies,  more  than  counterbalance  all  the  ad- 
v.mt.ages.  These  obstacles,  however,  will  gradually  diminish  as  the  fisher- 
men and  canners  multiply  their  establishments,  population  increases,  and 
steam  transportation  becomes  frequent  at  numerous  small  ports  on  the 
northern  coast.     Some  of  the  canners,  howe\cr,  ha\e  an  opinion  that  the 


KIVKR    IISIIKRIKS. 


379 


salmon  of  Alaska  arc   not  so  well  adapted   for  cannin<j  as  those  of  the 
Columbia. 

B.VDOLLKT  &  Co.,  who  have  an  e.Ktcnsivc  experience  in  the  business  on 
the  Columbia,  think  that  the  time  for  hit^h  profits  for  the  majority  of  the 
establishments  there  has  passed,  or  at  least,  th.it  they  must  accept  m.in)' 
serious  risks.  There  is  so  much  competition,  that  the  catcii  is  much  less 
for  the  boat  on  an  average,  the  supply  of  fisii  is  not  constant,  and  the  cost 
to  the  canncrj"  has  tloubled  without  any  correspondinf,^  increase  in  the  price 
of  the  canned  product.  A  !ar;.^e  amount  of  money  must  be  invested  in 
the  cannery,  boats,  nets,  cans,  labels,  etc.,  in  preparation  for  a  lart^e  catch, 
and  the  run  of  fish  may  be  small,  or  irregular,  or  it  may  not  come  when 
the  men  are  hired.  Tfie  busy  season  lasts  for  only  4  months,  antl  its 
brevity  gives  the  men  employed  to  fish  and  can,  excellent  opportunities  for 
striking^  for  they  know  that  it  is  a  difficult  matter  to  get  others  in  their 
places,  without  a  serious  loss  in  production.  Many  of  the  canneries  ha\'c 
hitherto  worked  with  small  capital,  and  having  pressing  debts,  h;id  to  sell 
without  dela\-,  accepting  offers  little  above  the  cost  of  jiroduction,  thus 
breaking  down  the  market,  and  injuring  the  sales  of  others. 

The  average  cost  of  a  dozen  cans  to  the  canner  on  the  Sacramento  is 
estim.'ited  to  be  $1,  ;ind  is  probably  about  the  s.ime  on  the  Columbia  and 
Frascr.  The  variations  in  the  size  and  abundance  of  the  fish,  the  prices 
demanded  by  the  fishermen,  the  wages  of  the  canncrs,  and  the  regularity  of 
the  catch,  tend  to  produce  compensations  tliat  leave  nearly  the  same 
pecuni.iry  results  to  equally  competent  management  on  all  of  these  larger 
streams.  About  one  thinl  of  the  weight  of  the  fish  as  it  comes  from  the 
water  is  l<3st  in  cleaning  and  preparing  for  the  can.  A  large  canner)-  m;iy 
have  a  capital  of  about  $50,000,  and  the  total  amount  invested  in  the  busi- 
■  ncss  may  be  $4,00(3,000.  The  canneries  number  83,  more  than  half  that 
number  being  on  the  Columbia  River.  The  number  of  persons  employed 
is  12,000,  atul  of  boats  2,000,  incluiling  1,400  on  the  Columbia,  and  225  on 
the  iMMser.  The  S.acramento  boats  send  a  large  proportion  of  their  fish  to 
the  San  I'rancisco  m.irket,  but  few  devoting  themselves  exclusively  to  the 
supply  of  the  canneries. 

The  Columbia  Pack. — A  fish  weighing  18  pounds  will  usually  yield  12 
pounds  for  canning.  The  cans  of  ordinary  size  hold  one  pound  each,  and 
there  are  48  pounds  in  a  case  which,  with  boxing,  weighs  72  pounds.  The 
pack  of  1 88 1  amounted  10930,000  cases,  including  540,000  on  the  Colum- 
bia, 180,000  on  the  Sacramento,  142,000  on  the  Frascr,  34,000  on  other 
Hritish  Columbian  rivers,  12,000  on  the  Rogue,  10,000  at  I'uget  Sound, 
7,500  on  the  Umpqua,  7,000  on  the  Smith,  and  6,900  at  Klawock.     The 


«^f, 


m 


V  ( 


ii  ill 


kl  ,11  i  ■  ■ 


.1   i 


:* 


380 


I'lsur.KiKs,  inc. 


pack  on  the  minor  streams  of  Hritisli  Cf)lumbia  includes  8,000  on  the 
Nass,  and  6,000  at  Alert  JJaj-.  OrcLjon  proiluced  559,500  cases;  California, 
187,000;  ]}ritish  Columbia,  176,000;  and  Alaska,  6,900.  The  j,n-catest 
recent  increase  has  been  in  the  Sacramento,  which  p.icked  30,000  cases  in 
1878,  47,000  in  1879,63,000  in  1880,  and  180,000  in  1881.  This  develop- 
ment of  the  canning  industry  has  been  the  result  of  a  greater  abundance  of 
the  salmon,  and  there  is  much  reason  for  believing  that  that  is  due  mainly 
to  the  hatching  of  salmon  eggs  under  the  care  of  the  fish  commissioners, 
i'erhaps  the  arrest  of  hydraulic  mining  contributed  to  the  result.  The 
total  catch  of  salmon  on  the  Sacramento  River  was  5,000  tons  in  1880.  and 
7,500  tons  in  1881.  The  quantity  not  canned  in  the  latter  year  was  3,200 
tons,  or  6,400,000  pounds.  British  Columbia  will  probably  soon  surpass 
California,  and  Alaska  become  far  more  productive  than  at  present  in  this 
industry.  It  is  evident  that  the  canning  of  salmon  will  continue  to  grow 
on  our  coast  for  many  years  to  come.  As  the  price  is  about  1 2  cents  a 
pound  for  the  canned  salmon,  the  total  value  of  the  pack  of  1881  (44,- 
440,000  ])ounds)  is  $5,332,000. 

The  number  of  cases  of  salmon  packed  in  1881  by  the  various  canneries 
on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  River  is  thus  .stated  by  Till-:  PORTLAND 
B(i.\KI)  ol'  Tk.VDi;:  J.  Williams  (Oregon  side),  9,000;  Astoria  I'.icking  Co., 
30,000;  I'-lmore  Packing  Co.,  7,890;  Astoria  I'ishery  (M.  J.  Kinney),  26,- 
QOO  ;  Wni.  Ilume,  20,000;  Geo.  W.  Hume,  18,000;  Devlin  &  Co.,  20,000; 
Occident  Packing  Co.,  15,000;  West  Coast,  15,000;  Hadollet  &  Co.,  25,000; 
iiodlh  &  Co.,  23,000;  Magle  Cannery,  17,300;  Timmins  &  Co.,  8,000;  Fish- 
erman's Packing  Co.,  19,000;  S.  D.  Adair  &  Co.,  10,000;  Anglo-American 
Packing  Co.,  10,300;  Hanthorn  &  Co.,  19,000;  Scandinavian  Co.,  20,000;  J. 
W.  &  V.  Cook,  30,000;  !•".  M.  Warren,  12,000;  J.  West,  12,000;  Jackson 
&  M)crs  (2  canneries),  13,000;  Aberdeen  Packing  Co.  (Washington  Terri- 
tory siile),  17,000;  Jos.  Hume,  Knappton,  20,225;  Pillar  Rock  Co.,  15,000; 
J.  G.  Mcglcr  &  Co.,  25,000;  Columbia  Canning  Co.,  8,000;  R.  D.  Hume 
&  Co.,  8,300  ;  Cathlamet  Cannery,  8,000;  Jas.  Ouinn,  5,000;  Cutting  &  Co., 
20,000;  Eureka  Packing  Co.,  20,000;  Hapgood  &  Co.,  13,000;  and  ICagle 
Cliff  Canncrj',  10,000;  making  a  total  of  549,1  1  5. 

S.  D.  Adair  &  Co. — Among  the  leading  salmon  canners  are  the  brothers 
S.  U.  Al).\lk  and  John  Aiuik,  Jr.  In  1874  they  began  to  erect  a  cannery 
at  Astoria,  the  second  one  at  that  place.  JJefore  the  opening  of  the  .season 
of  1875,  they  admitted  A.  Ik)oril,  of  Chicago,  with  a  half-interest,  into  their 
partnership,  which  assumed  the  title  of  A.  BOOTH  &  Co.  John  Adair, 
Jr.,  was  the  manager,  and  he  packed  35,000  cases  in  that  .season,  the  largest 
pack  on  record  up  to  that  time.     The  next  year  he  turned  out  37,000  ca.ses, 


RI\F,K    l-ISHERIES. 


3S' 


and  the  following  one  23,000.  In  [877,  the  brothers,  working  under  the 
firm  name  of  liNGLISII  &  Co.,  and  the  management  of  S.  D.  AlJ.\iK,  built  a 
canner\'  on  the  Fraser  River,  and  there  packed  24,500  cases;  a  total  for  the 
two  brothers  of  47,500  in  that  year.  In  1878  JoilN  packed  29,000,  and  S. 
D.  17,000,  making  46,000  in  all.  The  ne.\t  year  the)' exchanged  places, 
S.  D.  packing  24,000  cases  for  A.  Booth  &  Co.,  at  Astoria,  and  John  9,000 
for  English  &  Co.,  on  the  Frascr.  S.  U.  Au.\n<  having  sold  out  his  inter- 
ests on  the  Fraser,  and  bought  a  cannery  on  the  Columbia,  packed  1 1,000 
cases  in  it,  under  the  firm  name  of  S.  D.  AD.\Hi  &  Co.,  and  as  manager  of 
A.  Booth  &  Co.,  29,000  cases  in  1880.  John  built  a  new  cannery  on  the 
Fraser,  and  in  the  same  season,  under  the  firm  name  of  AoAHi  &  Co., 
packed  9,000  cases.  After  selling  out  his  interest  in  A.  Boo TH  &  Co.,  and 
building  a  new  cannery  on  the  Columbia,  S.  D.  Adah<  made  a  partnership 
with  \Vm.  B.  AiJAUi  (who  had  been  with  A.  lioOTH  &  Co.  three  years), 
under  the  style  of  S.  D.  AoAHt  &  Co.,  and  packed  10,830  cases  in  1881, 
using  his  old  brand  the  "  Eagle."  JOHN  packed  14,000 cases  in  1881  on  the 
Fraser.  The  total  pack  of  the  two  brothers  within  seven  years  has  been 
276,000  cases,  an  aggregate  production  unsurpassed  in  this  industry.  The 
av'erage  annual  pack  of  the  two  was  nearly  40,000  cases,  and  each  has  dis- 
patched 900  cases  in  a  day,  or  more  than  22  tons  of  cleaned  fish.  Their 
canneries  are  models  of  efficiency  in  convenience  of  arrangement  and  com- 
pleteness of  machinery.  Steam-power  is  used  to  save  human  labor  as  far  as 
possible,  and  applied  even  to  such  purposes  as  filling  the  cans  with  the 
pieces  of  salmon. 

J.  O.  Hanthorn  &  Co.— The  cannery  of  Hanthorn  &  Co.,  at  y\storia, 
having  a  capacity  of  30,000  cases,  was  erected  in  1876  at  an  expense,  in- 
cluding machinery  and  apparatus,  of  $45,000.  This  establishment,  which 
packed  about  20,000  cases  in  1881,  ranks  among  the  largest  on  the  Colum- 
bia River,  and  furnishes  employment  during  the  sea.son  to  more  than  200 
persons.  Their  brand  has  a  high  reputation,  and  at  the  Portland  Mechan- 
ics' I'^air  of  1881,  the  firm  received  from  the  committee  of  awards  the  highest 
medal  for  the  excellent  quality  of  its  goods  and  the  neat  and  careful  work- 
manship displayed  in  packing.  Mr.  HANTHORN,  the  superintendent,  has 
been  engaged  in  the  canning  business  on  the  Columbia,  almost  from  its  in- 
ception, and  has  thoroughly  studied  the  matter  in  all  its  details.  Among 
his  inventions  is  a  rotary  can-washer  for  washing  cans,  after  they  are  filled 
ready  for  soldering,  and  before  the  tops  are  put  on.  The  capacity  of  this 
machine  is  12,000  to  14,000  cans  a  day,  and  its  use  insures  perfect  cleanliness. 
Wauhams  &  I'lLLloiT,  wholesale  grocers  and  commission  merchants,  46 
and  48  Front  Street,  Portland,  and  206  Front  Street,  San  F'rancisco,  are 
agents  for  the  caimery. 


H 


1} 


3S2 


FISHERIES,    KIC. 


Wm.  Hume. — Of  the  35  canneries  on  the  Columbia  River  in  1881,  about 
one  half  were  estabhshcd  by  the  Mu.ME  brothers,  or  some  one  of  them.     G. 


Wll. 1,1AM   HfME  were  partners  in  the  firm  of  IlAl'OOOU,  IIUMK 


&  Co.,  in  the  sahnon  cannery  established  on  the  bank  of  the  Sacramento 
Ri\er  in  1.S64,  the  first  one  on  the  coast.  In  1867  the\-  moved  to  the 
Columbia  River,  and  built  the  first  cannery  there,  commencing;  their  can- 
nini;  operations  in  that  year.  WlI.LlAM  lIUMK  is  the  proprietor  of  2  can- 
neries, one  at  Astoria,  Oregon,  and  one  at  Eat^le  Cliff,  \Vashinfi;ton.  The 
pack  of  both  establishments  amounted,  for  the  season  of  188 1,  to  about 
30,000  cases.  Over  500  hands  are  employed  in  the  several  departments, 
and  the  pay-roll  is  about  $17,500  a  month.  The  salmon  ])Ut  up  at  these 
canneries  finds  a  read}-  market  in  .America,  Europe,  and  Australia.  Mr. 
11 U. ME  was  attracted  to  this  coast  b_\-  the  opportunity  offered  for  money- 
making  in  former  )ears,  when  (in  1864)  fish  could  be  obtained  for  15  cents 
apiece,  and  canned  salmon  sold  for  $16  a  case.  How  well  he  has  imjiroved 
his  opportunit}'  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  though  he  originally  put 
only  $18,000  into  the  business,  he  has  now  $300,000  invested  in  the  2  enter- 
prises. R.  ]).  IfUMK,  a  third  brother,  has  a  cannery  in  operation  at  I'"llen- 
burg,  on  Rogue  River,  and  established  3  others,  one  of  which  is  at  I'-aglc 
Cliff  (now  owned  by  WILLIAM  lU'.ME),  one  at  Rainier  (now  belonging 
loj.\(,i<so\  &  MVERS),  and  one  at  y\storia.  The  fourth  brother,  JosKi'll 
IIl'Mi;,  came  to  this  coast  in  1871,  and  is  now  the  owner  of  a  cannery  on 
the  Columbia.  Mis  pack  for  i88i  was  18,225  cases.  The  average  pack  of 
the  different  canneries  built  by  the  HUME  brothers,  smce  1864,  is  probably 
not  less  tlian  325,000  ca.ses  of  salmon  a  year.  The  IluMES  belong  to  a 
Scotch  famil)-,  and  their  ancestors  have  been  interested  in  the  salmon  fi.sh- 
eries  of  their  native  land  for  several  centuries. 

The  Kinney  Cannery, — Among  the  first  objects  to  attract  the  attention 
of  the  intelligent  traveler  entering  the  Columbia  River  while  the  salmon  arc 
running,  is  the  fine  fleet  of  fishing-boats  belonging  to  the  Kinney  Cannerj', 
which  is  the  largest  and  most  extensive  salinon-[)acking  establishment  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  now  run  by  TliE  AsTORlA  P.\CKlN<i  CoMrANV, 
I\I.  J.  KlXNEV,  president,  and  was  built  in  1876.  A  visit  to  this  fine  estab- 
lishment, and  a  view  of  its  large  fleet  of  boats  going  out  at  night  or  return- 
ing in  the  morning,  well  repa\-s  the  traveler.  Mr.  KiNNICV  belongs  to  a 
family  noted  and  |)rominent  in  the  histor)-  and  industry  of  Oregon. 

Warren  Packing  Company.  — The  Warri:\  I'.\crin(;  Co.mi'ANY  was 
established  at  Cathlamet,  Washington  Tcrritorj-,  in  1869,  by  V.  M.  WaRREN, 
who  was  among  the  first  ti)  engage  in  canning  the  salmon  of  the  Columbia 
River.     The  capacity  has  since  been  increased  from  5,000  to  30,000  cases  in  a 


-^ 


[] 


KiNKk  |-isiii;rii;s. 


383 


season, employing,'  about  50  boats  and  250  men,  with  a  brancli  at  Warrcndalc, 
Orc;^on.  Mr.  Wakkkn  is  the  iiivcntor  of  a  retort,  or  process  kettle,  pat- 
ented on  April  10,  1877,  and  now  in  use  by  the  principal  salinoii-canners  on 
our  coast.  The  label  known  as  the  "A  i  IJrand"  finds  a  ready  market  in  all 
parts  of  the  commercial  world. 

John  West. — John  \Vi:st  is  the  proprietor  of  a  cannery  at  Munf^ry 
Harbor,  on  the  Washington  side  of  the  Columbia  River,  and  has  been  fol- 
lowing that  business  for  the  last  13  or  14  years.  His  pack  for  1881  was 
12,086  cases  of  fresh,  and  14  barrels  of  salted  salmon;  but  liis  establish- 
ment lias  capacity  sufficient  to  handle  a  mucli  larger  ([uantity.  In  1874  the 
pack  was  35,081  cases  of  fresh,  and  1,160  barrels  of  salted  salmon.  Until 
1881  Mr.  We.st's  canner)'  was  located  at  Westport,  on  the  Oregon  side  of 
the  Columbia.  The  main  object  in  moving  was  to  obtain  the  fish  for  packing 
while  perfectlj^  fresh.  For  the  last  4  years  the  men  emplcn-ed  b\-  Mr.  W'K.^r 
have  found  it  necessary  to  fish  near  the  Washington  shore,  and,  since  tlie 
canner)'  was  removed,  the  salmon  caught  during  the  night  arc  packed  early 
the  following  morning.  This  gentleman  is  the  inventor  of  a  packing 
machine,  which  he  has  used  for  filling  his  cans  for  the  past  2  years. 

British  Columbian  Pack.— Fraser  River  is  next  in  size  to  the  Columbia, 
among  the  rivers  of  our  coast  south  of  Alaska,  and  will  probably  soon  rank 
next  to  it  in  its  salmon  pack.  In  1881  it  had  8  canneries;  those  of  Adair 
&  Co.,  TiiK  Bkitlsh  Columiua  Packing  Company,  The  Dklta  P.vck- 
ING  Company,  Engli.sii  &  Co.,  Ewen  &  Co.,  Findl.vy,  Durham  & 
Brodie,  IIaigh  &  SON.s,  and  Laidi.aw  &  Co.  The  pack,  acconling  to  the 
report  of  Fi.sh  Commissioner  Anderson,  amounted  to  142,516  cases.  In 
addition  to  the  canneries  above  mentioned,  ]5riti.sh  Columbia  in  1882  has  8 
others.  That  of  The  Briti.SH-American  Company,  on  the  iM-aser,  opened 
in  1882,  has  a  capacit)'  of  20,000  ca.ses.  The  Ximpkish  cannerj-,  on  Alert 
Bay,  the  Douglas  cannery,  on  the  Nass  River,  and  the  Windsor  cannerj-, 
on  the  Skeena,  are  described  in  .separate  paragraphs.  The  Ri\crs  Inlet 
cannery,  established  on  the  mainland  near  Queen  Charlotte  Sound,  IMr. 
Croasdaile'^  -annerj',  on  the  Nass,  and  Mr.  Duncan's,  at  Metlakatla,  arc 
new.     The  Iverness  cannery,  on  the  Skeena,  is  old. 

Alaska  has  2  canneries,  one  at  Kadiak,  established  in  1882  by  Smith. 
HiR.SCH  &  Co.,  one  at  Sitka,  belonging  to  Cu  iTiNc;  &  Co.,  but  not  run- 
ning in  1 881;  and  one  at  Klawock,  owned  by  Sl.ssON,  WALLACE  &  Co. 
The  last  cans  salmon,  halibut,  and  clams. 

John  Adair,  Jr.— John  Adair,  Jr.,  engaged  in  canning  salmon  at  Canoe, 
on  the  Fraser  River,  has  already  been  mentioned  as  a  member  of  a  family 


.^S4 


FisiiKRirs,  r.TC. 


prominent  in  the  salmon  fishery  of  the  Cokimbia  River.  His  canncr\',  one 
of  the  iarL;est  and  most  successful  in  Mritish  Cokimbia,  i)ack-C(l  i8,ooo  cases 
in  iS.Si.  The  main  biiildin;^'  is  135  feet  loiij^,  by  35  feet  wide,  witli  ;i  wing 
shapeil  like  a  letter  T,  100  feet  long,  by  60  feet  wide,  and  there  are  4  large 
buildings  in  all.  I-'mployment  is  given,  in  the  busy  season,  to  450  ])erson.s. 
Mr  Ad.MU  owns  1,200  ;icres  of  land  adjoining  his  cmnery. 

Alert  Bay  Cannery.— The  cannery  of  Tlli:  Alkkt  lUv  C\.\.\'N(;  COM- 
I'ANV  at  -Alert  Bay  on  Cormorant  IsUuul,  230  miles  north  of  Victoria,  was 
opened  in  1S81,  when  it  canneil  6,000  cases.  It  is  expected  that  the  pack 
of  1882  and  subsequent  years,  will  be  at  least  twice  as  much,  salmon  being 
abundant,  and  Indians  to  assist  in  the  fishing,  numerou.s.  A  good  wharf 
has  been  built  to  facilitate  landing  the  catch;  and  there  is  a  good  anchorage 
in  a  well-sheltered  harbor,  which  is  regularly  visited  for  wood  and  other 
supplies,  by  steamers  running  along  that  part  of  the  coast.  The  agent  in 
X'ictori.i  is  TlloM-VS  IC.VRLi:,  prominent  in  the  grocery  trade  of  that  city  for 
the  last  12  jcars. 

Delta  Cannery.— The  establishment  of  Tin-;  Uelt.\  C.WMNG  Com- 
r.\W,  situated  at  Ladner's  Landing,  on  the  Fraser  River,  5  miles  from  its 
mouth,  cannetl  in  1S81,  20,000  ca.ses,  and  salted  250  barrels  of  salmon.  The 
pack  is  distinguished  b)-  the  brand  of  a  maple  leaf,  and  the  agents  in  Vic- 
toria are  \\'i:i,c'H,  RlTlll'.T  &  C<.).  The  main  building  is  150  feet  long  by 
120  wide,  with  a  wharf  frontage  140  feet  long  on  deep  water.  The  cooking 
is  done  by  steam  in  retorts,  and  during  the  busy  season  a  steamer  is  char- 
tered to  transport  the  salmon  from  the  fishing-camps.  The  cannery  h;is  ^6 
boats,  and  emplo}s  380  men,  including  200  Chinamen,  150  Indians,  and  30 
white  men.  The  Fraser  has  3  runs  of  salmon;  the  spring  run  of  small  fish 
in  Ma)-;  the  Sockeye,  or  main  run,  for  6  weeks,  beginning  about  Jul)'  10; 
and  the  Cohoc  run,  for  5  weeks,  beginning  September  15. 

Douglas  Packing  Company.— Til  10  Dougl.vs  Packi\(;  CoNfi'.v.w,  in 
which  Ja.mi;s  Dougla.s  Wakrkn,  of  Victoria,  is  the  principal  owner,  in  1881 
erected  a  cannery  on  the  bank  of  the  Xass  River,  640  miles  by  the  ordinary 
route  of  travel,  northward  from  Victoria,  and  e.xpcct  to  can  10,000  cases  of 
salmon  in  1882.  There  arc  3  buildings,  each  30  feet  wide,  with  an  aggre- 
gate length  of  210  feet.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant 
when  the  oolikon,  for  the  abundance  and  excellence  of  which  the  Nass  is 
famous,  will  also  be  prepared  for  the  market,  by  this  or  some  other  similar 
establishment. 

Laidla^v  &  Co.— The  cannery  of  L.MULAW  &  Co.,  at  New  Westminster, 
])acked  16,700  cases,  anil  .salted  600  barrels  of  salmon  in  1881,  its  first  year. 


RTVKR    riSIIERIES. 


j>'5 


Its  entire  capacity  for  a  season  is  25,000  cases.  One  of  the  latest  canneries 
in  construction,  and  erected  under  the  supervision  of  Jamks  A.  Laiolaw, 
at  i)resent  its  exclusive  owner,  wiio  had  |>reviously  been  superintendent  of 
Till-:  Di;i;rA  I'ackinc;  Company,  in  which  he  still  maintains  an  interest,  is 
planned  so  as  to  secure  great  effectiveness  with  relatively  small  force.  It 
has  25  boats,  which  run  day  and  night,  with  4  men  to  e.ich  boat.  The 
main  building  is  3 10  feet  long  by  40  wide,  with  wings  60  by  100  feet,  giving 
room  to  do  all  the  packing  on  the  ground  floor.  Two  wharves,  a  large 
storc-hou.se,  roomy  fish-house.s,  and  other  buildings,  combine  to  make  it  an 
extensive  establishment.  It  gives  employment  to  150  men,  most  of  whom 
are  Chinamen.  The  agents  of  the  Laidlaw  canned  salmon  are  Welch, 
RlTHET  &  Co.,  in  V'ictoria. 

Windsor  Canning  Company.— The  Windsor  Canninc;  Co^n'ANV,  con- 
sisting of  Hknrv  Saunders,  W.  H.  Dempster,  and  John  Wilson,  of 
Victoria,  established  ,1  cannery  in  1878,  at  Aberdeen  on  the  Skeena  River, 
about  600  miles  northward  from  the  provincial  mctropcjlis.  In  i8Si,they 
had  26  boats,  employed  120  men,  and  canned  10,000  ca.ses  of  salmon. 
Their  entire  pack  is  shipped  to  the  London  market. 

Sacramento  Salmon. — The  salmon  of  the  Sacramento  River  are  canned 
in  about  a  score  of  canneries,  most  of  which  are  between  Collins\ille  and 
Vallcjo.  Half  a  dozen  San  Francisco  canneries  which  give  most  of  their 
attention  to  fruit,  also  can  salmon,  and  thus  make  the  season's  work  last 
much  longer  than  it  does  in  those  canneries  occupied  with  salmon  exclu- 
sively. 

Salt  Salmon. — The  production  of  salt  salmon  on  our  coast  usually 
amounts  to  about  20,000  barrels  (2,000  ton.s)  annually.  When  a  cannery 
has  more  fish  than  the  canners  can  handle,  when  the  dealers  in  fresh  fish 
have  a  stock  too  large  for  the  demands  of  the  market,  when  fishermen  take 
fish  at  times  prohibited  by  law,  and  fear  prosecution  if  they  sell  their  catch 
in  a  fresh  condition — at  such  times  fish  are  salted.  There  arc  also  salmon- 
fisheries  at  ])laccs  where  there  is  neither  cannery,  nor  market  for  fresh  fish, 
and  then  salting  is  the  best  method  of  saving  the  fish  until  there  is  a  chance 
to  sell.  The  price  in  l.irge  quantity  is  usually  about  $8  or  $10  a  barrel— 
at  the  rate  of  half  a  cent  a  pound. 

Other  Catch. — The  salmon  is  the  only  fish  caught  in  large  quantity  for 

the  market,  in  the  fresh  waters  of  our  coast;  though  some  others,  including 

sturgeon,  are  taken  incidentally  in  the  salmon  fishery.     Lake  trout,  brook 

trout,  catfish  introduced  into  our  streams,  and  carp  bred  in  ponds,  are  fre- 

49 


1 


il  't 


386 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


quciitly  seen  on  the  table.  As  one  of  the  products  or  frequenters  of  fresh 
water,  frogs  must  be  mentioned  here.  San  I'rancisco  annually  consumes 
4,000  ilozcn  of  tlicm,  averaging  5  in  a  pound,  and  selling  at  $3  a  dozen, 
making  a  total  consumption  of  $12,000.  The  demand  has  increased  much 
within  a  few  years,  indicating  a  decided  progress  of  the  frog-eating  pro- 
pensity among  the  Californians.  Marin,  Santa  Clara,  and  San  Mateo  coun- 
ties— doubtless  because  of  their  proximity  to  the  metropolis — are  the  "chief 
hunting-grounds  for  this  batrachian ;  and  the  implements  of  tiie  chase  are 
hand  and  scoop-nets,  and  a  hook  baited  with  red  flannel.  The  supplj-  being 
scanty,  while  the  demand  is  lively  in  the  winter,  the  canncr's  art  has  been 
called  into  requisition,  and  the  summer's  catch  is  thus  preserved  for  the 
winter  meals  of  gourmands. 


m  •; 


i  ?  li 


iiarhor  and  uiver  improvement. 


387 


DIVISION  VI.-ENGINEERING,  ETC. 


CHAPTER  XXV.— HARHOR   AND   RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 

General  Remarks. — It  is  only  within  tlic  last  few  years  that  the  General 
Government  has  undertaken  to  facilitate  the  operations  of  commerce  by 
improving  the  harbors  and  routes  of  water  communication  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  This  chapter  will  show  what  has  been  accomplished  in  that  time, 
what  is  now  in  progress,  and  will  indicate  to  some  extent  what  now  seems 
probable  in  future  development.  A  sketch  of  the  extent  of  the  field  of 
operations  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  of  the  existing  circumstances,  may  be 
of  service  in  conveying  a  general  idea  of  the  scope  for  engineering  in  the 
future.  A  student  of  the  commercial  facilities  of  the  Pacific  Coast  will  ob- 
.servc  that  it  is  remarkable  for  the  absence  of  sheltered  harbors. 

.South  of  San  Francisco  the  nearest  harbor  is  San  Diego,  500  miles  dis- 
tant. The  Columbia  River,  situated  north  of  us  600  miles  distant,  is  the 
nearest  port  in  that  direction  capable  of  receiving  large  vessels.  Rather 
more  than  100  miles  north  of  the  Columbia,  the  strait  of  Juan  do  Fura 
affords  every  desirable  facility.  On  the  American  coast  line  of  about 
1,300  miles,  there  arc  harbors  at  each  extremity,  with  San  P'rancisco  and 
the  Columbia  River  intermediate.  These  4  points  comprise  all  the  natural 
outlets  of  the  Pacific  Coast  for  general  trade  by  deep-water  ships.  There 
are,  however,  other  facilities  for  vessels  of  lighter  draught  in  several  harbors 
on  the  northern  coast,  and  in  a  great  number  of  open  roadsteads,  which 
are  well  protected  from  prevailing  winds  during  a  part  of  the  year,  which 
.serve  for  the  transaction  of  local  traffic.  Between  San  Francisco  and  Cape 
Mendocino,  a  distance  of  200  miles,  there  are  39  landings,  most  of  them  of 
small  capacity,  where  vessels  trade  with  security  during  the  summer  months, 
when  the  northerly  winds  prevail.  In  the  winter  these  roadsteads  are  all 
dangerous,  for  the  reason  that  they  are  open  to  the  south-westerly  kh-cU. 

North  of  Cape  Mendocino  and  south  of  the  Columbia  River  there  are  6 
or  more  roadsteads,  the  conditions  of  which  arc  the  same.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  summer  shelters  are  Trinidad,  Crescent  City,  and  Port 
Orford.     South  of  San  Francisco,  there  are  also  a  number  of  open  ports 


388 


EXcixrr.RtNf;,  ktc. 


oi 


which  serve  to  transact  existing  commerce  in  a  convenient  way  for  the 
greater  part  of  Ihc  year.  Soutlicrly  storms  arc  more  rare  and  shorter  in 
duration  on  the  soutliern,  than  the  northern  coast,  which  fact  is  to  tlie  ad- 
\anta_Ljc  of  the  ojicii  ports.  Humboldt  and  Coos  bays,  when  entered,  arc 
excellent  harbors.  The  entrances  are  obstructed  by  bars,  which  are  not  prac- 
ticable for  vessels  of  more  than  12  or  14  feet  draught.  The  Umpqua  River 
has  about  the  same  depth  on  its  bar.  There  arc  a  number  of  lagoons  along 
the  coast,  bays  of  areas  from  one  to  several  square  miles,  in  which  the  tide 
ebbs  and  flows,  and  at  the  entrance  of  which  arc  bars  with  shallow  depths. 
W'i'mington,  the  port  of  Los  y\ngeles,  conforms  to  this  description.  It  id 
the  only  sea-coast  harbor  which  has  been  artificiall)-  improved. 

As  the  necessity  for  greater  facilities  arises,  other  places  in\olving  similar 
conditions  maj'  be  similarly  improved,  so  as  to  afford  depth  for  vcs.scls  of  light 
draft.  As  for  the  open  roadsteads,  it  may  be  said  that  the  expense  of  con- 
verting them  into  inclosed  harbors  is  so  great,  and  the  amount  of  existing 
commerce  to  be  servctl  by  the  improvement  is  relativel_\-  so  small,  that  the 
probability  is,  that  works  of  thi;;  class  will  not  be  undcrtak'cn  for  some  j'cars 
to  come,  and  until  the  country  is  much  more  developed  than  it  is  now. 

The  problem  of  giving  a  permanent  chanjiel  and  a  better  depth  on  the 
Columbia  Ri\er  bar,  seems  much  more  likely  to  demand  attention  before 
long.  The  rapid  tle\clopment  of  the  country  tributarj-  to  this  river  seems 
to  justify  this  conclusion.  The  internal  natural  commercial  channels  are  of 
considerable  extent  and  importance.  The  river  .system  of  California,  com- 
prising the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  ri\-ers,  and  the  subsidiary  channel.s 
of  their  delta  and  \icinit>',  makes  Ooo  miles  or  more  of  navigation,  which 
must  always  require  attention  to  secure  depth  and  remove  obstructions. 
The  Columbia  River  and  its  tributaries  in  Oregon  and  Washington  are 
also  an  important  link,  to  which  may  be  adilcd  the  rivers  in  Washington 
Territory  which  drain  the  western  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  As 
population  and  business  incrca.sc,  all  these  avenues  and  conveniences  of 
commerce  will  increase  in  value  and  importance.  !t  is  the  object  and  in- 
tention of  the  iMigineer  Department  to  keep  pace  with  this  growth,  and  to 
better  facilities  as  the  necessity  demonstrates  itself  The  Colorado  River 
maybe  referred  to  as  having  been  examined,  and  in  jiart  surveyed,  although 
no  appropriation  for  its  improvement  has  been  asketl  for. 


San  Francisco  Harbor. — The  natural  advantages  of  this  harbor  are  so 
great,  thiit  there  has  been  no  necessit)'  for  artificial  aid  to  navigation,  e.xccpt  in 
the  renio\al  of  several  reefs  of  small  extent.  Three  reel's  have  been  removed 
by  the  aid  of  appropriations  made  by  Congress.  Two  of  these,  namel)',  Blos- 
som and    Rincon  rocks,  were  in  the  harbor,  and  the  third,  N'oonda)'  Rock, 


HARBOR    AND    lUVICK    IMPROVKMENT. 


389 


was  on  the  approacli  to  the  harbor,  in  the  open  sea,  3  miles  north,  Gf  west 
from  the  North  I'arallon  Island,  33  miles  to  the  southward  and  westward  of 
the  entrance  to  the  harbor.     Blossom  Rock  was   1,500  yards  from  the  city- 
front,  and  midway  between  Alcatraz  and  Verba  Buena  islands.      Its  surface 
was  5  feet  below  mean  low  water,  and  the  quantity  of  rock  to  be  removed 
in  order  to  give  24  feet  at  mean  low  water,  was  estimated  to  be  5,000  cubic 
yards.    The  work  of  excavating  to  the  depth  of  24  feet,  was  executed  in  1 869 
and  1 870, under  contract,  at  a  cost  of  $75,000.    Rincon  Rockwassituatedclo.se 
to  the  line  of  the  city  front,  as  established  by  statute  in  185 1,  and  off  Rincon 
Point.     Its  surface  was  7  feet  below  low  water,  and  the  contents  to  24  feet 
depth,  were  4,7^'=^  cubic  yards.     A  contract  was  inadc  in  September,  1873, 
for  the  removal  to  24  feet  depth,  for  the  sum  of  $43,000.     The  extension  of 
the  Harri.son   Street  wharf  rendered  the  excavation  of  a  portion  unneces- 
sary.    The  full  depth  was  never  secured,  and  settlement  was  made  with  the 
contractor  for  a  partial  fulfillment  of  the  contract.     The  modification  of  the 
harbor  front,  which  was  made  to  take  in  the  rock,  rendered  it  inexpedient 
to  complete  the  work.     Noonday  Rock  was  so  called  from  the  unfortunate 
wreck  of  a  ship  of  that   name,  caused  by  striking  the  rock,  the  surface  of 
which  was  21  feet  below  low  water.      It  was  removed  to  a  depth  of  48  feet 
under  contract,  in  1876,  by  a  single  charge  of  800  pounds  of  nitro-glyccrine, 
for  which  a  lodgment  was  found  at  a  suitable  depth.     The  quantity  of  rock 
removed  was  about  200  cubic  yards.     Subsequent  investigation  showed  that 
this  rock  was  only  one  of  a  number  of  hidden  reefs,  which  remain  a  danger 
to  approaching  vessels. 


Entrance  to  San  Francisco. — The  entrance  of  San  Francisco  Harbor  is 
well  known  to  be  practicable  for  vessels  of  the  heaviest  draft.  Following 
the  crest  of  the  bar  from  shore  to  shore,  the  distance  is  14  miles — over  1 1 
miles  the  dc|)th  is  5  fathoms  at  low  water.  There  is  a  channel  about  one 
half  mile  in  width  which  carries  8  fathoms.  I'or  some  years  past  there 
has  been  an  uneas)-  feeling  in  many  intelligent  minds,  lest  this  excellent  ap- 
proach is  undergoing  deterioration,  resulting  from  extensive  deposits  and 
reclamations  made  since  the  American  occupation  of  California,  in  the  bays 
of  Suisun  and  San  I'ablo  and  elsewhere.  It  is  not  now  possible  to  say  that 
no  deterioration  at  the  entrance  has  occurred.  It  is,  however,  true  that  the 
survey  of  the  bar  made  in  1873,  shows  quite  as  good  water  as  the  survey  of 
1855;  and  further,  that  it  does  not  exhibit  or  suggest  in  any  respect  im- 
pairment of  the  channel  over  the  bar.  Still,  it  can  not  be  denied  that 
cause;;  are  at  work  'vhich  must  in  time  make  themselves  felt  in  unfavorable 
changes  at  the  entrance.  It  seems,  however,  at  present  probable  that  the 
changes  will  be  gradu;J   in  ihcir  occurrence,  and  that  their  effect   in  any 


iil 


390 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


future  cycle  that  \vc  have  any  right  to  consider,  whatever  it  may  be,  will 
still  leave  facilities  adequate  for  commerce,  even  if  inferior  to  present  con- 
ditions. Further  investigations  are  needed,  however,  in  order  that  wc  may 
keep  informed  as  to  the  rate  of  change. 

Interior  channels  of  the  bay  have  not,  however,  maintained  the  dimen- 
sions which  they  presented  20  or  30  years  ago.  The  ship  channel  through 
San  Pablo  Bay  lost,  between  1855  and  1878,  more  than  a  half  mile  in 
width,  the  depth  remaining  practically  the  same.  The  channel  through 
Suisun  Bay  has,  in  the  same  interval,  changed  considerably  and  for  the 
worse.  There  is  hardly  more  than  15  feet  here,  at  low  water.  These 
matters  have  been  and  are  yet  under  the  consideration  of  the  Engineer 
Department,  in  the  hope  of  devising  means  for  arresting  or  favorably 
modifying  these  injurious  changes. 


Oakland  Harbor. — The  object  of  this  improvement  is  to  make  Oakland 
accessible  to  sea-going  vessels,  with  a  depth  of  channel,  at  low  tide,  of  18 
to  20  feet.  In  its  natural  state,  the  depth  of  water  on  the  bar  which  sepa- 
rates San  Francisco  Bay  from  the  San  Antonio  estuary,  is  only  2  or  3  feet. 
At  the  (late  of  the  beginning  of  the  improvement  undertaken  by  the  United 
States,  in  1S75,  the  depth  was  about  6  feet,  which  was  secured  by  dredging, 
done  by  the  City  of  Oakland.  The  project  adopted  to  secure  depth 
sufficient  for  sea-going  vessels,  required  the  construction  of  2  jetties  of 
about  10,000  feet  in  length,  extending  from  the  Oakland  shore  to  deep 
water  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  in  addition,  a  considerable  enlargement  of 
tiic  tidal  prism,  which  is  to  be  accomplished,  first,  by  dredging  the  llats  in 
'ic  upper  portion  of  the  harbor  to  a  depth  of  about  2  feet  below  low  water; 
and  second,  by  the  construction  of  a  tidal  canal  about  one  mile  and  a  half 
in  length,  connecting  the  San  Leandro  estuary  with  the  upper  end  of  the 
harbor.  The  canal,  with  au.xiliary  works,  is  intended  to  cause  a  portion  of 
the  tidal  prism  of  San  Leandro  Bay  to  ebb  through  the  channels  of  Oak- 
land harbor. 

The  construction  of  the  jetties  was  begun  in  1875,  and  has  received  more 
or  less  attention  to  the  present  time ;  three  years,  however,  intervening  dur- 
ing which  no  work  was  done,  owing  to  restrictions  contained  in  the  appro- 
priation bills,  relating  to  the  claim  of  ownership  of  the  bed  of  'die  estuary 
maintained  by  the  Oakland  Water  Front  Company.  This  claim  was  ex- 
amined by  the  Department  of  Justice,  and  in  July,  1880,  the  Attorney- 
General  issued  an  opinion  to  the  effect  that  the  United  States  have  the  right 
to  enter  upon  any  land  covered  by  high  tide,  and  to  construct  works  neces- 
sary for  the  improvement  of  a  navigable  stream,  and  that  any  private 
rights,  in  whatever  way  acquired,  arc  subject  to  this  supreme  ri}:ht  of  ihe 


HARBOR  AND   RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 


39« 


General  Government.  This  opinion  permitted  work  to  be  resumed,  and  ac- 
cordingly in  October,  1880,  contracts  were  made  for  continuance  of  work 
upon  the  jetties. 

During  the  past  6  years,  the  depth  and  width  of  the  channel  between 
the  jetties  have  been  improved  by  dredging.  Contracts  now  in  force  are  to 
give,  in  the  spring  of  1882,  a  channel  between  the  jetties  360  feet  in  width, 
the  depth  being  10  feet  on  the  sides,  and  14  feet  for  a  width  of  100  feet. 
The  tide  adds  4  feet  at  neap,  and  7  to  8  at  spring  tides.  The  channel,  in 
Jul)',  1881,  was  200  feet  in  width,  the  depth  being  generally  10  feet  at  low 
water.  The  total  quantity  of  stone  expended  on  the  jetties  to  June  30, 
1881,  was  173,089  tons,  and  the  dredging  to  the  same  date  amounted  to 
265,205  cubic  yards,  the  expenditures  in  all  amounting  to  $316,241.97.  The 
original  estimate  for  the  work  was  $1,779,879.50,  and  the  total  amount  of 
appropriations  to  date  has  been  $535,000.  The  construction  of  the  jetties 
is  of  rubble  stone,  heretofore  obtained  from  Ycrba  Bucna  and  Angel  islands, 
from  Telegraph  Hill,  and  from  Point  Pedro.  The  stone  was  deposited  along 
the  lines,  and  allowed  to  take  its  natural  slope.  The  projected  height  of 
these  jetties  was  4  feet  above  low  tide,  but  this  has  been  modified  by  build- 
ing the  shore  ends  to  the  high  tide  level,  laying  the  slopes  above  low  water 
by  hand,  and  using  stone  of  larger  sizes.  The  jetties  are  3'ct  unfinished, 
but  during  the  present  year  they  will  be  raised  to  high-water  mark;  the 
south  jetty  7,750  feet,  and  the  north  jetty  6,400  feet,  from  the  shore.  The 
outer  ends  will  be  left,  for  the  present,  at  a  height  of  4  feet  above  low  water. 

The  freight  terminus  of  the  Central  Pacific  Road  is  established  at  the 
shore  end  of  the  north  jetty,  and  on  the  other  shore  is  the  terminus  of  the 
South  Pacific  Coast  Road.  The  large  ferry-boats  Transit,  Newark,  Bay 
City,  Garden  City,  and  Amador  use  the  channel,  and  it  is  now  quite  a  usual 
occurrence  to  find  sea-going  \'es3els  discharging  coal  and  lumber  at  the 
Oakland  wharves.  In  1875  the  total  freight  by  this  channel  was  106,440 
tons;  in  1880,  824,956  tons;  the  increase  of  1880  over  1879  was  118,000 
tons.  The  next  steps  in  this  improvement  will  be  those  that  relate  to  the 
increase  of  the  tidal  prism.  The  suit  for  the  condemnation  of  the  land  for 
the  tidal  canal  is  now  in  the  courts,  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  come  to  a 
conclusion  soon.  With  adequate  appropriations  3  years  will  be  sufficient  to 
complete  this  improvement. 


Improvement  of  Petaluma  Creek. — The  object  of  this  improvement  is 
to  give  3  feet  of  water  at  low  tide  to  the  flourishing  town  of  Petaluma,  and 
to  cut  off  3  bends  in  the  creek,  which,  by  reason  of  their  tortuousness,  were 
a  great  obstruction  to  navigation.  The  appropriations  to  June  30,  1881, 
have  been  $16,000,  and  the  expenditures  $7,547.66,  devoted  to  making  2 


392 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


cut-offs.  These  were  made  durin<j  the  past  year,  and  have  proved  to  be  of 
great  service  to  navigation.  The  completion  of  the  work  projected,  which 
is  entirel)-  dredging,  will  require  a  further  appropriation  of  $22,000.  The 
commerce  of  the  creek  is  •  1  >  .jd  on  by  a  daily  steamer,  and  by  a  consider- 
able Iket  of  schooners.  Th  jommerce  by  tlie  creek  is  about  80,000 
tons.  The  exports  consist  pri  .,ly  of  cereals,  potatoes,  and  dairy  pro- 
ducts. 

The  Sacramento  River. — The  river  is  navigable  from  its  mouth  to  Red 
Bluff,  a  distance  of  275  miles.  It  has  received  some  attention  from  the 
Government  for  the  pa.st  6  years,  the  appropriations  having  been  devoted  to 
a  j-early  clearance  of  snags,  generally  above  Colusa.  No  improvement  in 
the  way  of  construction  has  been  made,  except  at  Fremont,  where  the  width 
of  the  channel  was  lessened  in  1880,  by  a  wing  dam,  which  increased  the 
depth  from  3  to  5  ; .;  feet.  The  river  below  .Sacramento  is  good  for  the  cla.ss 
1)1  \cssels  navigating  it,  7  feet  of  water  being  found  at  low  tide  at  all  points. 
For  105  miles  above  Sacramento,  and  as  far  as  Colusa,  4^  feet  can  be  car- 
ried in  Umv  stages;  in  the  upper  100  miles  of  the  navigable  river,  the  depth 
does  not  exceed  2  feet. 

The  first  point  above  Sacramento  where  shoal  water  is  met,  is  at  6-milc 
bar,  so  called  from  its  distance  from  Sacramento.  Here,  in  the  low  stage,  the 
depth  is  liable  to  be  less  than  5  feet.  This  is  one  of  the  points  where  im- 
pro\ement  is  contemplated.  The  shoaliness  at  Fremont  has  been  remedied, 
[•"rom  I'"remont,  which  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  leather,  to  Colusa,  a  distance 
of  So  miles,  the  navigation  is  good,  except  that  snags  are  liable  to  be  met 
witii  occasionall)'.  I'rom  Colusa  to  the  mouth,  the  banks  arc  permanent 
and  the  channel  is  not  subject  to  much  change  in  position.  Above  Colu.sa, 
the  banks  are  generally  less  permanent  in  character,  and  consequently  the 
channel  is  more  or  less  changeable.  The  fall  of  the  river  is  also  greater, 
giving  rise  to  rapids,  and  snags  accumulate  yearly  in  considerable  numbers. 

The  appropriations  previous  to  1880,  were  only  sufficient  to  clear  out 
snags  to  the  number  of  200  or  300  yearly.  Recently,  the  Government  built 
a  snag-boat  especially  arranged  for  the  purpose,  and  provided  with  a  good 
equii)ment  of  machiner)-.  The  boat  has  been  in  commission  since  July  1, 
1881,  and  has  been  employed  between  Colusa  and  Tehama.  After  the 
snagging  operations  were  completed,  the  boat  crew  were  employed  in 
building  wing  dams  to  gi\-c  better  water  on  the  bars.  Taking  the  shoal 
places  up  in  succession,  it  is  proposed  to  give  not  less  than  3  feet  on  the 
bars  at  the  lowest  stage  below  Sam  Soule's  bar,  and  2^4  feet  above  Sam 
.Soule.  When  this  result  shall  have  been  accomplished,  giving  an  average 
increase  of  1  foot  draft,  which  means  an  additional  load  of  100  to  150  tons 
to  a  barge,  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  still  further  increase  these  depths. 


HARBOR   AND   RIVKR    IMI'UOVKMKNT. 


393 


The  Sacramento  in  the  upper  parts  is  a  mucli  better  river  than  the  San 
Joaquin,  for  the  reason  that  in  its  low  statues  it  carries  4  (jr  5  times  as 
much  water.  It  is  the  only  means  of  competition  with  the  railroads 
through  the  northern  valley,  and  as  its  navigation  improves  from  year  to 
year,  the  railroad  rates  fall  correspondingly.  The  busy  season  on  the 
upper  river  follows  harvest.  The  principal  export  is  wheat,  but  on  the 
lower  river,  between  San  Francisco  and  Sacramento  and  Marysville,  there 
is  also  a  large  business  in  fruit  and  general  merchandise.  The  commerce 
of  the  river,  as  represented  by  the  Central  Pacific  steamers.  The  SACRA- 
MENTO Wood  Company,  and  The  Sax  Francisco  SxicA.MiiOAT  and 
Transportation  Company,  in  1880  amounted  to  279,659  tons.  No  sta- 
ti.stics  of  fruit  or  other  busines.s  done  by  boats  not  included  in  these  com- 
panies have  been  obtained.  The  expenditures  on  the  river  from  Jaiuiaiy, 
1876,  to  June,  1881,  inclusive,  were  $105,467.83,  and  the  appropriations 
$155,000. 

The  snag-boat,  besides  clearing  the  river  proper,  will  also  give  attention 
to  all  the  channels  of  the  delta,  of  which  Georgiana  Slough  is  perhaps  the 
most  important  and  the  most  incuinbci-cd  by  snags.  It  is  lioped,  that  in  a 
couple  of  years,  the  accumulation  of  snags,  which  have  been  gathering 
through  all  past  time,  will  be  cleared  out,  to  the  great  convenience  of  na\i- 
gation,  bringing  about  a  considerable  reduction  in  freight  and  insurance.  As 
.soon  as  the  pressing  necessities  of  the  upper  river  are  met,  attention  will  be 
given  to  the  river  below  Sacramento.  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  3 
wing  dams  below  Sacramento,  to  be  undertaken  when  opportunity  offers. 

The  San  Joaquin  River. — During  the  season  of  1 88 1 ,  progress  was  made 
as  here  described  in  improving  the  San  Joaquin  River.  In  the  Narrows,7  miles 
below  Stockton,  new  channels  for  the  river,  at  Lone  Tree  and  Burn's  points, 
were  completed.  The)-  are  100  feet  wide,  and  !0  feet  deep,  relieving  navi- 
gation from  a  great  obstruction  by  substituting  a  straight  channel  for  an 
extremely  tortuous  one,  often  impassable  to  sail  vessels,  and  very  difficult 
for  steamers  and  barges.  In  Stockton  Slough  a  contract  was  completed  in 
August,  1881,  for  drcd|ring  the  lower  2,000  feet  of  the  slough  to  give  a  chan- 
nel 100  feet  wide  and  7  feet  in  depth.  It  is  intended  to  make  a  channel  in 
Mormon  Slough  not  less  than  100  feet  in  width  and  7  feet  deep  at  low 
water.  In  the  season  of  1881  progress  was  made  by  dredging  21,142  cubic 
yard.s.  The  work  will  be  resumed  when  additional  funds  become  available. 
During  the  sea.son  of  1881  $6,950  were  expended  in  destroying  snags  in  the 
river,  below  Hill's  I'erry.  Four  brush  dams  were  built,  two  near  Grayson, 
one  at  San  Joaquin  City,  and  one  at  Mahoncy's,  which  have  resulted  in  im- 
proved navigation  at  these  points. 
50 


I 

ii 


394 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


The  river  runs  down  very  low  in  July  and  Aucfust,  and  the  export  of  the 
wheat  produced  along  its  banks  becomes,  as  a  rule,  im])racticable  at  the 
very  season  when  facilities  are  most  desired.  I'rcvioiis  operations  in  thi.s 
river  were  devoted  to  dredging  the  points  at  several  places,  with  the  view  of 
facilitating  tiie  passage  of  vessels.  Future  operations  will  be  of  the  same 
character,  namelj-,  in  straightening  the  channel  in  several  places,  removing 
snags,  building  wing  dams,  and  in  dredging.  The  total  amount  appropri- 
ated for  this  river  to  June  30,  i<SSi,  is  $80,000,  and  the  total  expenditure 
$74,704.95. 

Hill's  Ferry  is  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  San  Joaquin  River.  Stock- 
ton is  the  principal  commercial  point,  and  the  commerce  is  mostly  confined 
to  the  part  of  the  river  below  Stockton.  Above  Stockton  only  light-draft 
boats  can  be  used  in  ordinarj-  stages  of  the  river,  and  navigation  usually 
cea.scs  in  Jul)'  or  August,  only  to  be  resumed  when  the  river  ri.ses.  Relow 
.Stockton,  7  feet  can  be  carried  as  a  rule  in  the  low  stages  of  the  river.  In 
exceptional  places,  the  depth  is  sometimes  less  than  7  feel.  Tlicsc  places 
are  to  he  improved  to  give  7  feet  depth.  In  the  upper  river  where  the  tide 
docs  not  reach,  it  remains  a  question  whether  an)'  treatment  of  the  river-bed 
can  succeed  in  mainl.iining  na\i,,ation,  w  hen  the  supply  of  water  is  at  its 
minimum.  The  following  statement  includes  the  commerce  of  Stockton 
T'/Vr  San  Joaquin  River,  general  merchandi.se  and  fruits  not  being  included. 

The  shipments  from  Stockton  by  the  river  from  Januar)'  i  to  De- 
cember 15,  i<S8o,  were,  117,329  tons  of  grain  and  flour,  and  3,917  tons 
of  wool,  leather,  paper,  etc.  The  receipts  b)-  the  ri\'er  from  January*  i, 
18.S0,  to  December  15,  1880,  were,  38,834,550  feet  of  lumber;  32,448  tons  of 
coal;  and  4,952  tons  of  tanbark,  paper  stock,  etc.  The  arrivals  at  the  port 
in  I  I  months  ending  December  i,  1880,  were  446  sailing  vessels,  measuring 
20,01 1  tons;  and  910  steamers  and  barges,  measuring  203,299  tons;  making 
1,35  I  vessels  in  all,  with  223,310  tons.  The  business  of  the  city  and  river 
is  increasing. 

San  Diego  Bay. — In  1S76,  the  San  Diego  River,  which  had  for  many 
years  discharged  into  the  harbor,  was  diverted  and  made  to  discharge  int() 
False  Hay,  on  the  coast  sexeral  miles  north  of  the  entrance  of  the  harbor. 
The  object  of  the  improvement  was  to  save  the  harbor  from  injur)-  caused 
by  deposits  of  sand  which  were  jjcriodicall)'  washed  in  by  the  river  when  in 
freshet.  Tiie  work  consisted  in  excavating  a  new  bed  for  the  river,  and  in 
building  a  dyke  on  the  south  side  of  the  new  channel.  The  length  of  the 
work  was  7,735  feet.  The  d)'ke  is  6  feet  in  height,  average  width  on  top 
19  feet,  the  river  slo|)e  being  revetted  witli  stone  about  3  feet  thick.  The 
cost  of  the  improvement  was  $79,798.26. 


HARBOR   AND   RIVER    IMPROVEMENT. 


395 


Wilmington  Harbor.— Wilmington  harbor  in  its  natural  state  consisted 
of  about  2  square  miles  of  tidal  area,  mostly  bare  at  low  water,  draining  to 
the  ocean  through  a  very  fair  channel  of  i8  or  19  feet  maximum  depth, 
which  diminished  to  almost  an  absence  of  depth  on  the  bar,  where  the  har- 
bor debouches  into  the  Bay  of  San  Pedro.  So  long  as  the  channel  was 
maintained  between  good  shores  on  cither  side,  a  good  depth  was  found,  ■ 
but  at  the  mouth  the  water  entered  and  escaped  over  a  sand  bank,  for  a 
lineal  width  of  nearly  2  miles.  This  excessive  width  has  been  contracted 
by  artificial  means,  to  an  extent  sufficient  to  give  a  convenient  channel  10 
feet  deep  at  mean  low  water,  and  from  1410  17  feet  at  high  water.  The 
deepest  draught  vessel  that  is  known  to  have  entered  the  harbor  is  the  bark 
Sierra  Nevada,  drawing  i6>^  feet.  A  draft  of  14  feet  can  be  carried  in  at 
any  high  water. 

The  contraction  here  alluded  to  was  made  by  2  jetties,  the  principal  one 
6,600  feet  in  length,  extending  from  Rattlesnake  to  Dcadman's  Island.  A 
second  and  shorter  jetty  extends  from  the  mainland,  and  between  them  is 
the  channel.  The  entrance  was  originally  obstructed  by  a  reef  of  blue  clay 
mixed  with  stone,  upon  which  there  was  only  5  or  6  feet  of  water.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  material  of  this  kind,  cither  refuses  to  yield  to  the  scouring 
action  of  water,  or  else  yields  very  slowly,  it  became  necessary  to  excavate 
a  channel  through  it  by  dredging.  To  this  cut,  which  is  now  235  feet  wide 
and  12  feet  deep,  most  of  the  money  expended  for  dredging  was  devoted. 
The  channel,  where  it  lay  in  sand,  has,  for  the  greater  part,  been  excavated 
by  the  action  of  the  tide,  and  without  the  aid  of  dredging. 

This  port  transacts  all  the  seaward  business  of  the  plains  of  Los  Angeles 
and  the  country  to  the  east.  While  the  railway,  when  completed  to  Los 
Angeles,  seemed  for  a  time  to  diminish  the  volume  of  sea  business,  the 
changed  relation,  due  to  an  extension  of  the  road  to  Arizona  and  beyond, 
has  given  Wilmington  to-day  an  importance  which  it  has  never  possessed 
in  the  past.  The  supply  of  tics,  lumber,  and  coal  for  the  whole  eastern 
country  now  passes  through  this  harbor.  An  oppressive  system  of  lighter- 
age, made  necessary  by  the  want  of  connection  between  vessels  and  the 
railroad,  has  hitherto  retarded  the  development  of  business  to  an  extraor- 
dinary degree,  and  has  deprived  the  country  of  the  advantage  legitimately 
due  to  an  improvement  in  depth  from  i  to  10  feet  in  the  harbor. 

The  railroad  is  now  extended  seaward  from  Wilmington,  and  a  wharf  is 
built  1,500  feet  in  length,  with  18  feet  of  water,  so  that  any  vessel  that  can 
enter  the  harbor  can  discharge  and  receive  freight  at  the  wharf  Lighterage 
will  hereafter  be  necessary  only  in  the  case  of  vessels  drawing  too  much 
water  to  enter  the  harbor.  An  examination  and  estimate  for  deepening  the 
entrance  to  16  feet  at  low  water,  or  21   feet  at  ordinary  high  water,  have 


IP" 


396 


KNCMNKKRINC,    KTC. 


been  made,  and  Congress  will  be  asked  to  appropriate  money  for  this 
increase  of  depth.  This  port  has  tjic  advantage  that  it  is  seldom  exposed 
at  its  entrance  to  rollers  from  the  sea,  so  that  the  effective  depth  is  gener- 
ally very  close  to  the  actual  dei)th.  This  is  far  from  being  the  case  at  the 
entrances  of  most  of  the  seaports  on  our  coast. 

The  commerce  is  shown  by  the  following  statistics: 

Ycnr.  ExpDrts.  Imports,  Totals. 

187S 7,246  ton.s.  59,024  tons.  66,270  ton.s. 

1S79 1  '.740    "  78,445     "  90.285     " 

1880 13,014     "  98,970    "  111,974     " 

In  1S80,  350  \esscls  arrived,  and  242  entered  the  harbor.  The  commerce 
is  now  increasing  rapidl)',  owing  to  the  newly  developed  importance  of  this 
port  in  connection  with  the  business  of  Arizona  and  the  country  beyond. 
The  appro[)riations  and  expenditures  to  June  30,  1881,  have  been  respect- 
ively $555,000  and  $526,089.74. 

Humboldt  Bay. — An  appropriation  of  $40,000  for  the  improvement  at 
this  point  was  made  by  the  Act  of  March  3,  r88i.  This  is  the  first  appro- 
priation. The  greater  ]iortion  will  be  expended  to  give,  by  dredging,  10 
feet  of  water  at  low  tide  in  front  of  the  town  of  Eureka.  This  channel  has 
of  recent  j-ears  been  much  impaired  by  deposits.  The  harbor  is  entered 
over  a  bar  which  changes  both  in  position  and  depth,  often  with  great 
rapidit)'.  It  is  exposed  to  the  severe  south-easterly  storms  of  winter,  and 
is  often  for  a  time  impassable.  The  depth  at  low  water  has  varied,  since 
obscr\  ations  ha\c  been  made,  from  14  feet  to  24  feet.  The  improvement  of 
a  channel  of  this  character,  under  a  heavy  exposure,  presents  points  unusual 
in  kind  and  in  difficult)'.  It  is  altogether  probable  that  no  structure  can 
be  maintained  on  the  bar,  so  that  other  means  of  controlling  the  channel 
seem  to  be  required.  A  stud)-  of  the  facts  ma)'  possibly  jM-ove  that  the 
maintenance  of  the  sand  spits  which  form  the  heads  at  the  entrance,  at  a 
defined  distance  apart,  will  insure  the  best  practicable  results  in  securing 
good  and  rclati\el)'  imiform  depth  on  the  bar.  If  this  be  proved,  the  prob- 
lem will  be  much  simpler  and  less  uncertain  than  is  presented  by  its  pres- 
ent aspects.  Humboldt  Hay,  230  miles  north  of  San  Francisco,  has,  at  high 
water,  an  area  of  about  24  square  miles,  and  is  the  most  important  port  in 
California  north  of  San  Francisco.  Its  principal  export  is  redwood  lum- 
ber, I'dthough  there  is  also  a  large  business  in  wool,  dairy,  and  agricultural 
products.  The  exports  in  1877,  other  than  lumber,  were  valued  at  $587,- 
913.76.  The  export  of  lumber  is,  in  some  years,  60,000,000  feet.  The  ton- 
nage in  the  trade  between  San  Francisco  and  Humboldt  Ma)',  as  recorded 
in  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  of  San  Francisco,  for  1878,  including  arrivals 


HARHOR    ANI>    KIVl'.R    IMI'ROVKMRNT. 


397 


and  departures,  was   134,371   tons.     Two  steamers  arc  usually  cnp[agcd  in 
the  trade  from  this  port. 

Roadsteads. — Beginning  in  the  south,  it  may  be  said  tlic  Santa  Barbara 
Channel  is  at  every  point  a  roadstead,  where  the  anchorage  is  safe  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  year,  being  e.xposed  only  to  the  southerly  winds 
and  seas  which  prevail  at  intervals  during  the  winter.  Proceeding  north 
from  Santa  Barbara,  the  first  important  point  is  San  Luis  Obispo. 
The  peculiarity  of  all  the  open  roadsteads  on  the  coast  of  California,  with 
the  exception  of  Montcrc  ,  is  that  they  are  open  to  the  southerly  storm.s, 
and  with  a  very  good  cover  from  northerly  weather.  Most  of  these  road- 
steads have  been  the  subjects  of  examination  and  report,  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining  the  cost  and  practicability  of  shutting  out  the  sea 
which  comes  from  the  quarter  towards  which  they  arc  open.  The  road- 
stead of  San  Luis  Obispo  has  been  the  subject  of  several  reports,  and  it  is 
only  a  question  as  to  when  the  commerce  concerned  shall  obtain  volume 
sufficient  to  justify  the  expense  of  a  breakwater.  Monterey  is  well  covered 
from  the  southerly  winds,  although  the  heavy  seas  double  Point  Pinos  and 
disturb  the  anchorage  at  times  in  winter.  The  roadstead  is  open  to  the 
west  wind  and  sea.  Santa  Cruz,  on  the  other  hand,  is  well  covered  from 
the  north-west  winds,  but  h  exposed  to  the  southerly  sea. 

Passing  from  the  south  to  the  north  of  San  Franci.sco,  the  principal  road- 
steads north  of  Cape  Mendocino  have  been  studied  repeatedly,  and  bv-  dif- 
ferent persons  and  Boards,  both  with  the  view  of  improving  the  various 
points  for  the  benefit  of  the  commerce  trading  directly  to  the  roadsteads, 
and  also  comparatively,  with  the  view  to  select  for  improvement  as  a  harbor 
of  refuge,  the  place  which  offered  the  prospect  of  the  most  advantage  to 
commerce. 

Harbor  of  Ref\ige. — Trinidad  and  Crescent  City  in  California,  and  Port 
Orford  and  Cape  Gregory  on  the  coast  of  Oregon,  have  been  particularly 
studied,  and  compared  as  sites  for  a  harbor  of  refuge.  The  most  extended 
investigation  of  this  question  was  made  in  1879,  by  the  Board  of  Engineers 
of  the  Pacific  Coast,  compo.sed  of  4  members.  The  reports  m.ide  by  the 
Board  have  been  published  by  order  of  Congress.  Three  of  the  members 
united  in  recommending  Port  Orford,  i  member  dissenting  in  favor  of 
Trinidad.  The  considerations  which  in  a  principal  degree  controlled  the 
opinion  of  the  majority,  were  the  geographical  position  of  Port  Orford,  the 
fact  that  it  is  on  a  salient  of  the  coast,  and  in  the  region  of  storms  and 
close  to  the  line  of  the  steam  commerce  of  the  North  I'acific  Coast,  which 
promi.ses  soon  to  almost  entirely  replace  the  sail  tonnage.  The  reasons  ad- 
vanced for  Trinidad  were,  the  less  cost  of  con.struction,  the  freedom  from 


Hi 


39S 


EN(;l><F.i:RINr.,    FTC. 


reefs  nf  its  approaches,  and  its  nearer  proximity  to  the  large  fleet  of  vessels 
of  small  tonnage,  which  carry  lumber  from  many  landings  south  of  Cape 
^Mcnducino,  The  investigation,  which  incluiled  an  examination  of  masters 
and  owners  of  vessels,  ileveloped  on  their  [)art  a  very  general  indifference 
to  the  construction  of  a  harbor  of  refuge.  Those  who  were  not  indifferent, 
were  di\ided  in  their  opinions  as  to  its  location,  and  a[)peared  to  be  gov- 
erned by  commercial  considerations  more  than  by  those  which  looked  tc  a 
refuge.  ICach  port  had  for  its  advocates  the  masters  and  owners  of  vess.-ls 
plying  to  that  port,  and  each  faction  thought  that  a  harbor  of  refuge  wo  ild 
be  useless  unless  established  at  the  port  to  which  they  traded.  These  con- 
ditions of  sentiment  among  navigators,  and  the  great  expenditure  required 
to  make  a  harbor  of  refuge,  will  probably  lead  to  inaction  on  the  part  of 
the  Government  for  some  years  to  come. 

What  is  really  needed  is  the  improvement  of  some  of  these  roadsteads, 
not  as  a  refuge  to  vessels  trading  up  the  coast,  but  for  the  safety  of  the  com- 
merce of  the  ports  themselves.  If  this  improvement  could  be  given  at  rea- 
sonable cost,  doubtless  the  ports  at  Crescent  City  and  Trinidad  would  have 
claims  worthy  of  serious  consideration.  Hut  as  any  improvement  involves 
the  construction  of  a  breakwater  of  strength  capable  of  resisting  the  heavy 
rollers  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  at  a  cost  of  several  millions  of  dollars,  it 
will  probably  for  some  years  be  the  best  opinion  that  the  amount  of  com- 
merce Cf)nccrned  is  too  small  to  justify  so  large  an  expenditure.  An  appro- 
priation of  $150,000  for  the  construction  of  a  harbor  of  refuge  was  made  by 
the  act  of  March  3,  1879,  the  selection  of  the  site  being  intrusted  to  the 
IV^ard  of  Engineers  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  was  in  consequence  of  this  act 
that  the  investigation  already  referred  to  was  undertaken.  The  money  is 
now  available  for  construction,  and  only  awaits  the  authority  of  the  War 
Department.  The  following  roadsteads  have  been  the  subject  of  examination 
and  estimate:  1.  Point  Muger,  8  miles  below  Mucneine;  2.  San  Buenaven- 
tura; 3.  Santa  Barbara  14.  San  Luis  Obispo;  5.  Monterey;  6.  Santa  Cru,. , 
7.  Trinidad;  8.  Crescent  City ;  9.  Port  Orford ;  10.  Cape  Gregory.  All  of 
these,  except  the  last  2,  are  on  the  coast  of  California,  the  others  being  on 
the  Oregon  coast.  No  construction  has,  however,  been  entered  on  in  any 
case,  nor  has  any  project  for  the  improvement  of  any  of  them  been  adopted. 

Columbia  River.— Among  the  North  American  rivers,  the  Columbia  is 
second  only  to  the  Mississippi  in  the  area  of  country  which  it  drains.  Its 
sources  lie  in  the  Rock)'  Mountains,  heading  with  the  Missouri  and  the  Col- 
orado. The  comparatively  short  length  of  the  Columbia  imparts  to  it  the 
characteristic  of  rapid  fall,  which  detracts  very  much  from  its  value  for 
commercial  purposes.     The  river  is  broken  by  a  fall  of  26  feet  in  3  or  4  miles, 


mv, 


HARBOR   AND    lUVF.R    IMPROVEMENT. 


399 


at  the  passage  througli  the  Cascade  Mountains,  about  150  miles  from  the 
mouth.  This  rapid  is  passed  by  a  portaj^e  railroad.  Above  the  Cascades, 
the  river  is  favorable  for  navigation  to  the  Dalles,  a  distance  of  45  miles. 
Over  this  distance  9  feet  can  always  be  carried. 

At  the  Dalles  the  river  is  involved  in  a  scries  of  unnavigable  rapids  for  a 
distance  of  12  or  15  miles,  which  make  another  rail  portage  necessary. 
Above  the  rapids,  at  or  near  the  Dalles,  6  feet  can  be  carried  to  Wallula,  a 
distance  of  over  100  miles,  with  the  exception  of  the  Umatilla  Rapids, 
where  at  present  there  is  only  4}4  feet,  but  operations  are  in  progress  to 
give  6  feet  at  this  point.  Above  Wallula  3  feet  can  now  be  carried  to 
Lewiston  on  the  Snake,  and  the  [jcrations  in  hand  look  to  getting  4^^  feet. 
The  various  rapids  above  the  Dalles,  and  there  arc  quite  a  number  of  them, 
have  been  improved  by  blasting  out  the  reefs.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
Snake,  as  well  as  of  the  Columbia. 

The  most  important  improvement  yet  undertaken  by  the  Government,  in 
the  Columbia,  is  the  construction  of  canal  locks  at  the  Cascades,  intended 
to  do  away  with  the  portage  by  rail  to  which  all  freight  and  passengers  are 
now  subjected.  This  work  is  on  the  south  or  Oregon  side  of  the  river.  It 
was  commenced  in  1877,  and  the  appropriations  to  June  30,  1881,  have 
been  $540,000.  The  project  is,  to  pass  boats  by  one  lift  of  26  feet,  and  to 
give  8  feet  draught  of  water.  The  masonry  has  not  yet  been  laid,  and  at  the 
present  rate  of  progress  it  will  require  4  or  5  years  to  complete  the  canal. 
In  order  to  give  unbroken  navigation  from  the  great  producing  country  in 
eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  sea,  there  remains,  after  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Cascade  locks,  to  add  the  link  at  the  Dalles,  whence  the  river  is 
broken  by  a  succession  of  rapids.  This  canal  will  probably  be  a  more  ex- 
pensive undertaking  than  that  at  the  Cascades.  A  survey,  preparatory  to 
an  estimate,  has  been  made.  The  desirable  result  of  a  continuous  naviga- 
tion to  the  .sea,  which  would  be  accomplished  by  the  construction  of  these 
works,  can  hardly  be  secured,  judging  by  present  prospects,  in  less  than  10 
years.  In  the  mean  time  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company  is 
rapidly  building  a  railroad  along  the  river  banks,  from  the  wheat  region 
cast  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Portland.  The  traffic  will,  it  is  thought, 
for  many  years  to  come,  take  this  route  in  preference  to  water  transporta- 
tion, broken  as  it  is  at  present  by  long  portages,  and  embarrassed  by  rapids 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  river. 

Access  to  jPortland. — Portland  Is  the  head  of  navigation  for  sea-going 
vessels.  It  is  situated  on  the  Willamette  River,  12  miles  from  its  junction 
with  the  Columbia.  The  vessels  which  enter  the  Columbia  from  the  sea 
are  not  all  able  to  reach  Portland  with  full  cargoes.     It  is  usual  for  those  of 


400 


ENGTN'FERTXr,,    KTC. 


ii 


iu 


n 


heaviest  (lrauG;ht  to  ilischarirc  a  part  of  the  carcjo  at  Astoria,  which  is  near  tlie 
mouth  of  llie  Columbia.  This  is  inadc  necessary  b)'  the  fact  that  the  clian- 
iici  between  Astoria  and  Torthmd  has  a  number  of  shoal  places,  the  principal 
oi'  w  hich  occur  in  the  following  order,  ijoinLj  from  the  sea  up  stream.  The 
first  shoal  is  in  a  wide  reach  of  the  river,  a  few  miles  abo\c  Astoria,  called 
Cathiamet  Bay.  There  arc  now  19  feet  at  low  water,  which  is  more  than 
lias  usually  been  found  here.  The  tide  adds  3  feet  at  high  water.  There 
is  a  bar  in  the  Columb'a  at  St.  Helens,  which  is  24  miles  from  Portland. 
The  depth  is  about  18  feet  ;it  low  water,  the  tide  adding  about  2  feet. 

Twelve  miles  below  I'ortland,  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  has 
18  feet  at  low  water,  and  when  dredged,  19  feet.  Swan  Islrmd  bar,  just  at  the 
lower  end  of  Portland,  seldom  has  more  than  1 5  feet  at  the  close  of  the 
summer  freshet  of  the  Columbia.  The  natural  action  of  the  river  increases 
the  depth  to  16  feet.  Greater  depths  can  only  be  maintained  at  present  by 
dredging.  The  tide  adds  at  high  water,  2  feet  to  these  depths.  Plans  have 
been  adopted  for  improving  the  depths  at  .St.  Helens  and  Swan  Island. 
They  ha\e  not  been  carried  out  for  want  of  the  necessary  appropriations. 

Columbia  Bar. — The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  has  at  present 
about  20  feet  at  low  water.  At  high  tide  the  depth  is  25  feet,  and  at  springs 
several  feet  UKire.  During  the  summer  months,  the  bar  is  usually  moder.itely 
smooth,  antl  vessels  of  22  feet  draught  can  enter  easily  and  safely.  During 
the  winter  and  spring,  \ery  heavy  rollers  occur  at  times,  ,.nd  the  entrance 
is  then  so  dangerous  as  to  be  im[)racticable.  The  depth  and  direction  of 
the  channel  are  subject  to  changes,  produced  by  the  action  of  currents  and 
rollers  on  the  large  deposits  of  sand  formed  at  the  mouth.  The  greatest 
tlepth  that  is  on  record  was  found  by  WiLKES  in  1 84 1,  and  was  more  than 
4  fathoms.  The  engineering  iiroblcm  of  giving  a  fi.xcd  entrance  with  an 
improved  depth,  has  been  taken  into  consideration,  but  no  plan  has  been 
thoroughly  discussed.  The  gieat  exposure  on  the  bar  in  heavy  weather, 
will  probabl)',  when  the  demands  of  commerce  recpiire  imi)roved  facilities 
of  entrance,  modify  methods  applied  elsewhere  with  succes.s. 

The  Columbia  is  the  main  arterv  of  the  trade  which  Oregon  maintains 
with  the  (jutside  world.  The  products  of  the  Willamette  antl  Umpqua 
valleys  are  forced  to  go  north  to  Portland,  for  the  rea.son  that  there  are  no 
harbors  on  the  part  of  the  coast  near  the  places  of  production. 

Yaquina  Bay. — \'a(iuina  Bay  lies  .about  100  miles  south  of  the  Colum- 
bia, and  is  naturally  well  situated  for  the  trade  of  the  upper  Willamette 
Valle)-.  The  bar  has,  however,  but  about  8  feet  at  low  water.  The  Gov- 
ernment is  now  engaged  in  closing  one  of  the  channels  over  the  bar.  The 
operations  are  unfinished,  but  it  is  understood  that  some  improvement  in 


IIARIIOR    AND    KIVKK    IMI'KnVKMKXT. 


401 


•'ft 

SI 


depth  has  been  [rainccl.     Two  appropriations  have  been  made  b\-  Congress, 
amountiiiL;  in  all  In  $50,000. 

Coquille. — The  Conuille  River  discharges  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  is 
obstructed  by  a  bar  at  its  mouth,  ha\  ing  a  depth  of  5  feet  at  low  water.  A 
jetty  inside  of  the  river  has  been  projected,  with  the  view  to  direct  the  cur- 
rent. It  has  been  constructed  in  part.  The  amount  of  the  appropriation 
to  date  is  $10,000. 

Coos  Bay.— This  is  an  important  point  on  the  coast,  having  a  considera- 
ble export  trade  of  coal  and  lumber.  The  interior  bay  is  capacious  and 
deep.  The  entrance  is  over  a  bar,  b}'  ,1  channel  which  changes  \cry  much 
and  rapidly,  both  in  direction  and  depth.  The  usual  depth  is  about  14  feet 
at  high  water.  In  southerly  weather,  the  bar  is  subject  to  hea\y  rollers 
which  for  the  time  make  passage  impracticable.  An  interior  jetty,  built 
where  it  is  not  exposed  to  the  heavy  sea  waves,  has  been  projected  and 
partly  constructed,  which  is  designed  to  give  a  favorable  direction  to  the 
ebb  tide,  in  the  hope  to  improve  the  depth  on  the  bar.  This  construction 
is  regarded  as  more  or  less  experimental.  It  is  designed  to  fix  the  entrance 
channel  in  the  position  which  observation  of  past  changes  show.s  to  give 
the  best  water.  The  indications  are,  that  the  effect  of  the  construction  so 
far  as  made,  corresponds  to  expectation.  The  difficulties  resulting  from  the 
great  exposure  of  the  bar,  and  the  large  waves  of  inoving  sand,  make  the 
final  issue  uncertain.  The  amount  of  appropriations  to  date  have  been 
$70,000. 

Various  Rivers.— During  the  past  10  years  appropriations  have  been 
made,  amounting  in  all  to  $1 18,500,  for  the  Upper  Willamette  and  its  trib- 
utaries. This  lias  been  applied  to  the  yearly  removal  of  snag.s,  and  to  the 
construction  of  wing  dams,  which  maintain,  in  the  low  stages  of  the  river, 
about  2  feet  for  navigation. 

The  appropriations  foi  the  Tpper  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers,  in  the  same 
time,  have  amounted  to  $190,000,  which  has  been  applied  mainly  to  blasting 
the  reefs  which  interfere  with  navigation. 

For  the  parts  of  rivers  which"  afford  navigation  for  sea-going  vessels, 
namel)-,  the  Lower  Willamette  and  Columbia,  the  appropriations  in  the  past 
10  years  have  amounted  to  $285,000,  which  has  been  applied  to  the  con- 
struction and  maintenance  of  dredges  employed  in  excavating  bars  already 
mentioned,  and  also  in  some  permanent  constructions  closing  subsidiary 
channels  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette. 

The  Cowlitz  River,  a  tributarj'  of  the  Columbia,  has  been  made  naviga- 
ble for  40  miles  from  its  mouth,  b)-  cleaning  out  snags  and  scraping  bars. 
5> 


&^ 


} 


402 


ENGINEKRING,   ETC. 


In  the  Skagit  River  two  rafts  have  been  removed,  making  the  river  nav- 
igable for  50  miles.  This  river  empties  into  the  waters  of  Purct  Sound. 
Other  similar  rivers,  which  are  navigable  for  50  or  40  miles,  arc  the  Snoho- 
mish, the  Stilaquamish,  and  Nooksak.  These  all  drain  the  western  slope 
of  the  Cascade  Mountain.s,  and  afford  access  to  the  immense  fields  of  fine 
timber,  which  will  .soon  come  into  requisition,  on  account  of  the  cxhau.stion 
of  supply  in  more  accessible  regions. 


ft 


WATER   WORKS. 


403 


CHAPTER  XXVI.— WATER  WORKS. 

Hydraulic  Engineering. — The  circumstances  of  this  coast  have  de- 
manded luimcrous  and  extensive  enterprises  in  hydraulic  engineering. 
Water  was  reciuircd,  in  large  quantity,  to  .separate  the  gold  from  the  gravel , 
and  clay  of  the  placers,  and  had  to  be  obtained  through  long  and  costly 
aqueducts,  in  some  places  crossing  wide  and  deep  canyons.  The  bare  plains 
needed  lumber  from  the  distant  mountains,  and  water  furnished  the  cheapest 
means  of  transportation.  The  paucity  of  the  perennial  streams  rendered  it 
ncccssarj-  for  towns  and  cities  to  construct  large  reservoirs  to  provide  regular 
water  supplies.  In  con.sequencc  of  ■  ic  aridity  of  the  soil  over  wide  area.s, 
numerous  arttsian  wells  were  bored,  .iiul  long  ditches  were  dug  for  the  pur- 
pose of  irrigation.  It  is  di'iilitfiil  whether  any  other  region,  with  an  equal 
population,   has    .so  great  utv  .uid  number  of  interesting   works   of 

hydraulic  engineering  as  arc  Uj  U.  found  in  California. 

Irrigation. — Irrigation  is  necessary  for  he  cultivation  of  many  crops  in 
most  of  the  valleys  of  California,  Ncvad.i,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  Sonora;  and 
for  this  purpose  water  is  obtained  by  dams,  [lUmps,  and  wheels  from  the 
streams,  and  by  pumps  and  artesian  wells  from  subterranean  strata.  The 
district  destined  to  be  most  notable  on  our  coast  for  its  irrigaii'n  vorks,  is 
the  San  Joacjuin  Valley,  which  exceeds  the  plains  of  I  .mibardy  m  extent, 
and  has  a  surface  better  ailajited  for  the  constructi  .■iCiiials;  but  the 
rainfall  in  the  low  lands,  and  the  supply  of  snow  in  the  iitljacent  mountains, 
are  less,  though  great  enough  for  the  thorough  cultivation  of  a  large  area. 
The  waters  of  ,ill  the  larger  streams  of  the  .Sierra  Nevada,  frf  the  Merced 
to  the  l''eather,  have  been  appropriated  and  taken  out  In  '•  ics  for  mining 
purposes;  but  considerable  quantities  are  sold  for  agrici,  .i.il  uses.  .South 
of  the  Merced,  the  waters  of  (he  San  Joaquin,  Fresno,  King's,  Kaweah, 
ami  Kern  rivers,  and  of  smaller  streams,  are  applied  almost  exclusively  to 
irrigation,  for  which  large  and  cosvly  canals  have  been  built.  The  San 
Joaquin  Canal  can  irrigate  joo.ooo  acres,  and  the  Fresno  Canal  220,000 
acres.  The  canals  taking  water  from  Kern  Ri\er  ha\ean  aggregate  length 
of  more  than  200  miles,  anil  are  about  e(|ually  divided  between  the  two 
sides  of  the  stream.  The  greater  part  of  the  length  is  in  canals  not  less 
than  20,  and  .some  of  them  60  feet  witle.     The  bringing  of  the  water  to  the 


404 


ENGINEERINC,   KTC. 


ih 


soil  by  artificial  means  is  a  new  business  to  Americans,  but  they  have 
gathered  all  the  text-books,  stuilicd  it  carcfull)-  from  the  engineering,  agri- 
cultural, and  pecuniary  standpoints,  and  ha\c  achieved  much  within  a  brief 
p"iiod.  The  cost  of  irrigating  an  acre  of  land  for  wheat  varies  from  $i  to 
$5,  a\eraging  $1.50  under  favorable  circumstances.  The  supply,  including 
the  natural  rainfall,  to  make  a  crop  of  wheat,  should  not  be  less  in  a  season 
than  a  depth  of  one  foot ;  but  for  meadows,  4  or  5  feet  is  not  too  much. 

The  shadoof,  or  hand-bucket,  extensively  used  in  Egypt,  is  not  employed 
in  California  for  irrigation,  and  the  sakkia,  or  jjump  driven  by  oxen,  is  un- 
known here.  In  a  few  instances,  steam-pumps ;md  wheels,  driven  by  the 
streams  from  which  they  lift  the  water,  have  been  employed.  Tlie  dam 
and  ditch  are  almost  the  only  expedients  in  most  of  the  irrigation  district.s. 
Storage  reservoirs  are  used  for  mining  ditches,  and  for  the  supply  of  several 
towns,  but  have  not  yet  come  into  extensive  use  for  irrigation, 

California  has  made  a  commencement  with  her  irrigation  enterprises,  but 
her  greatest  reservoirs  and  canals  are  to  be  constructed  in  the  future,  per- 
haps a  distant  future.  The  development  of  her  wealth  dcpend.s,  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  on  irrigation  works. 

San  Joaquin  Canal.  -The  largest  irrigating  canal  in  California  is  that 
of  The  San  Joaquin  ami  Kinci'.s  Rivi;'r  Caxai,  and  Ii<rk;.\tin(; 
C'oMPANV,  commencing  on  the  west  bank  of  the  San  Joaquin  River  at 
Fresno  Slough,  and  thence  cxtentling  in  a  north-westward  direction  nearly 
parallel  with  the  river,  and  on  an  average  10  miles  from  it,  for  a  distance  of 
74  miles.  The  construction  was  commenced  in  1871,  and  much  of  the 
work  was  done  under  the  control  of  W,  C.  Rai.ston,  who  ordered  the 
survey  of  the  entire  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  \  alleys.  He  expected 
to  sell  the  canal  to  an  English  company,  and  supposed  he  could  afford  to 
do  things  on  a  grand  scale.  The  total  cost  of  the  work  and  its  surveys  was 
$1,300,000,  though  the  canal  itself  could  now  be  made  for  less  than  half  that 
sum.  The  first  .section  of  38}<S  miles  was  cojTipleted  in  1871,  the  second  of 
303,  in  1878,  the  third  of  4^2,  hi  1881,  and  a  fourth  of  8  miles  is  under  con- 
sideration. The  branch  ditches,  averaging  12  feet  in  width,  are  120  miles 
long.  The  area  irrigated  in  1880  was  29,000  acres,  including  12,000  in 
grain,  and  5,000  in  alfalfa.  The  company,  under  control  of  Lux  & 
Mll.I.I'.K,  charges  $2  per  acre  for  the  water  needed  to  make  a  cro|)  of  grain, 
if  the  landowner  enters  intt>  a  contract  before  October.  The  gro-,  receipts 
of  the  canal  for  water  sold  in  1880  were  $50,000,  and  the  mt  earnings 
$25,000,  less  than  2  percent,  a  year  on  the  original  investmeiii,  and  less 
than  4  per  cent,  on  the  sum  which  the  canal  would  tost  now.  Vet,  when 
this  company  offered  to  sell  its  water  at  the    rate  of  $1.50  for  each  acre 


WATER   WORKS. 


405 


irrigated  annually,  the  Anti-Monopoly  Party,  which  had  the  support  of 
30,000  voters  under  the  leadership  of  the  Governor  of  the  State,  denounced 
it  as  a  greedy  and  detestable  monopoly,  which  should  be  crushed  by  the 
indignation  of  the  community,  and  the  legislative  power  of  the  State. 
If  we  suppose  that  such  property,  which  is  insecure  because  of  floods,  and 
the  possibilities  of  litigation,  high  taxation  and  communistic  laws  and 
judgments,  should  pay  only  6  per  cent,  net  annually,  then  the  present  cash 
\'aluc  of  the  canal  is  $400,000,  leaving  a  loss  of  $900,000  on  the  invest- 
ment. The  canal  was  constructed  with  the  expectation  that  it  would  ulti- 
mately receive  part  of  its  water  supply  from  Tulare  Lake,  but  a  chemical 
analysis  has  shown  that  the  water  has  too  much  saline  matter  for  irrigation. 
The  plan  of  extending  the  canal  to  the  lake  has  therefore  been  abandoned. 
For  the  lack  of  local  experience,  some  serious  mistakes  were  made  in  the 
engineering  plan  of  the  canal.  The  first  section  has  a  descent  of  one  foot 
in  a  mile,  whereas  6  inches  would  have  saved  the  banks  from  washing,  and 
would  have  enabled  the  canal  to  run  farther  from  the  river,  thus  command- 
ing a  larger  area  to  be  irrigated.  The  slope  of  the  banks,  originally  2^2 
to  J,  has  been  changed  to  3  to  i.  Although  many  authorities  assert  that 
water  one  foot  in  depth  will,  when  applied  to  land,  secure  a  good  crop  of 
grain,  the  experience  of  the  San  Joaquin  and  King's  River  Company  shows 
that  the  land  which  it  supplies  requires  5  feet  the  first  year,  and  3  feet  after- 
wards. The  average  supply  in  1879  was  ^'A  feet.  The  area  that  can  be 
irrigated  from  the  canal  is  120,000  acres.  The  land  slopes  10  feet  in  a  mile 
from  the  canal  to  the  river;  so  there  is  no  difficulty  in  carrying  the  water 
over  the  intervening  district.  The  canal  is  divided  into  sections  lo  miles 
long,  each  of  which  has  its  tender,  who  rides  the  length  of  his  district  every 
day,  to  see  that  all  is  right;  and  a  telephone  line  runs  along  the  bank,  and 
makes  a  great  saving  in  the  repairs,  by  securing  immediate  help. 


Kern  Canals.— A  leading  irrigation  district  of  California  is  Kern  Island, 
a  name  given  to  the  delta  of  Kern  River,  which  issues  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  into  the  San  Joaquin  Vallpy  in  latitude  35°  30',  and  near  Bakers- 
field  divides  into  a  number  of  branches,  radiating  out  to  the  south  and 
.south-westward,  making  a  triangle,  16  miles  long  on  the  cast,  and  25  on  the 
north-west  side,  the  southern  line  consisting  of  Kern  and  Bucna  Vista 
lakes,  each  6  miles  long,  and  Kern  Slough,  about  as  long,  between  them. 
Into  these  lakes  the  waters  of  Kern  River  poured,  so  long  as  they  were 
allowed  to  pursue  their  natural  course,  but  now  they  arc  excluded ;  and  the 
beds  of  the  lakes  arc  nearly  dry  in  ordinary  seasons.  In  times  of  flood  the 
surplus  water  of  Buena  Vista  Lake  flowed  out  northward  through  the  tulc 
to    the    San  Joaquin   River.      The  area  of  Kern   Island,  or  the  delta,  as 


4o6 


KXCIM .KKINn,    KTC. 


increased  by  the  drying  of  the  lakes  and  adjacent  tiilc,  is  about  100,000 
acres;  and  is  supplied  uith  water  for  irrigation  by  7  large  ditches,  witli 
an  aggregate  length  of  66  miles,  constructcil  at  an  average  cost  of 
$4,000  a  mile.  Five  of  these  canals  radiate  out  from  the  head,  or  north- 
eastern corner  of  the  delta,  following  the  highest  ridges  between  the 
natural  channels  of  the  river.  The  bninch  ditches  are  perhaps  4  times 
as  long  as  the  main  canals,  and  cost  in  the  aggregate  nearly  as  much — in 
some  cases  more.  Check-ridges  in  the  fields  to  be  irrigated  cost  $2  an 
acre  for  construction ;  and  after  these,  and  the  main  and  branch  ditches, 
have  been  made,  the  cost  of  distributing  the  water  for  each  irrigation  varies 
from  10  to  25  cents  an  acre.  The  largest  ot  the  Kern  River  canals,  the 
Calloway,  34  miles  long,  and  80  feet  wide,  with  40  branch  ditches,- aggregat- 
ing 120  miles  in  length,  starts  near  Hakcrsficld,  and  flows  north  north-west- 
ward, the  entire  course  being  outside  of  the  delta,  and  supplying  water  to 
an  extensive  tract  previously  dry  and  desolate.  It  now  supplies  water  to 
13,000  acres  under  cultivation,  and  the  irrigated  area  will  probably  increase 
rapidl)'. 

Along  the  .southern  border  of  Kern  Island  there  are  1  I  flowing  artesian 
wells,  each  furnishing  from  3,000  to  10,000  gallons  an  hour  for  domestic  use 
and  for  the  irrigation  of  gardens  and  orch.irds.  Nearly  all  of  the  delta  and 
of  the  ditches  mentioned,  and  of  the  area  supplied  with  water  by  them,  belong 
to  J.  B.  II.\(;;(;i\',  who  owns  300,000  acres  in  Kern  Countj-,  inckuling  250,- 
000  acres  of  valle)-  lanil.  Of  this,  150,000  acres  are  susceptible  of  irriga- 
tion, and  the  main  ditches  ha\e  been  constructed  and  filled  with  water  to 
supply  100,000  acres.  On  account  of  the  lack  of  branch  ditches,  and  of 
men  to  till  the  soil,  only  40,000  acres  .ire  now  irrigated.  Other  jiersons 
own  15,000  acres  of  irrigated  land  in  Kern  Count)',  making  55,000  acres  as 
the  total  irrigated  ;irca.  The  lanils  of  Mr.  II.\('.i;iN  are  leased  in  first-class 
farms  (\rir\'ing  in  size  from  640  to  1,920  acres),  with  buildings  costing  from 
$2,500  to  $3,000;  and  second-cl.iss  farms  (from  320  to  640  acres)  each  ha\- 
ing  impru\cmcnts  costing  from  $1,500  to  $2,000.  The  leases  are  for  5  )-ears; 
no  rent  being  recjuired  for  the  first  year,  anil  for  the  other  4  years  the 
tenant  pays  one  cpiarter  of  the  croj). 

Mr.  lI.ViiciN  commenced  the  construction  of  these  irrigation  works  in  the 
e.\i)ectation  that  he  wouki  soon  be  able  to  sell  off  his  liirge  estate  in  small 
farms,  but  liis  project  of  selling  h.is  been  postponed  on  account  of  a  law.suit 
instituted  by  Mu.r.i:u  &  Li:\  against  Till;  Kkkn  L.\XD  .WD  C.\X.\I,  COM- 
I'.WN',  to  obtain  a  judgment,  that  the  plaintiffs,  as  owners  of  land  fronting 
on  Buena  V'ista  Slough,  have  a  riparian  right  to  have  all  the  waters  of  Kern 
River  run  to  iliat  slough  by  natural  eh.innels.  If  judgment  .should  be 
rendered  for  plaintiffs,  it  would  overthrow  the  established  system  of  appro- 


W 


WATKR    WOUKS. 


407 


priating  water  for  irrigation,  and  might  deprive  Mr.  Haggin's  irrigated 
lands  of  their  supply  of  water,  thus  rendering  them  comparatively  worthless; 
and  therefore  the  sale  must  be  postponed  till  the  suit  is  terminated  by  a 
final  judgment. 

J.  B.  Haggin.— James  Ben  Ali  H.vggin  is  the  grandson  of  J(JIIN 
H.VGGIN,  a  V^irginian,  prominent  in  the  settlement  of  Kentucky  before  the 
(jutbreak  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  maternal  grandfather  was  a  Turk 
who  became  a  convert  to  Christianity,  left  his  native  land,  .studied  medicine 
in  l£ngland,  and  made  his  home  in  Philadelphia.  From  him  the  grandson 
received  his  middle  name.  jAME.s  B.  received  a  collegiate  education,  ami 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  when  23  years  of  age.  Me  jjracticed  4 
years  as  a  lawyer  in  New  Orleans;  in  1850  he  arrived  in  California  and 
opened  a  law-office  in  Sacramento,  with  MlLTON  S  L.VTIIAM  as  his  partner; 
and  in  1851  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Llovd  Tevi.s.  Their  business, 
as  brokers  and  capitalists,  soon  jircvcnted  them  from  seeking  practice  as  at- 
torneys, and  they  never  became  prominent  at  the  bar,  but  achieved  great  suc- 
cess otherwise,  both  having  become  millionaires.  Mr.  H.VGGIN  has  had  large 
interests  in  many  of  the  most  important  jjccuniary  enterprises  of  San 
Franci.sco,  and  has  the  credit  of  being  worth  several  millions. 

ether  Irrigation  Canals. — The  other  irrigation  canals  on  this  coast  arc 
very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  important,  though  inferior  to  the  canals 
taken  from  the  San  Joaquin  and  Kern  rivers.  Near  the  City  of  Los 
Angeles  8,000  acres  of  land  are  irrigated  by  water  from  the  Los  Angeles 
River;  in  the  Valley  of  San  Gabriel  19,000  acres  are  irrigated  from  the  San 
Gabriel  River;  in  the  Los  Angeles  portion  of  the  Santa  Ana  Valley  8,000 
acres  from  the  Santa  Ana  River.  The  San  Joaquin  Valley  has  many  wells 
for  irrigation  purposes,  each  supplying  from  10  to  80  acres.  Ut;ih  irrigates 
290,000  acres  of  land,  from  ditches.  Nevada,  Arizona,  and  Sonora  have 
many  small  irrigation  ditches. 

Artesian  Wells. — Artesian  wells  are  used  extensively  in  California  for 
purposes  of  irrigation,  as  well  as  to  supply  water  for  household  uses  and 
for  farm  animals.  The  number  in  the  State  is  at  least  2,000,  and  perhaps 
very  much  larger.  San  I'rancisco,  San  Jose,  San  Bernardino,  Westminster, 
and  Colonia  have  more  wells  than  any  other  town.s,  though  the  wells 
arc  numerous  in  many  valley.s.  The  deepest  borings,  1,400  feet  deep, 
one  on  the  Norris  Grant,  14  miles  from  Sacramento,  and  another  on  the 
National  .Xr.senal  tract,  at  Benicia,  did  not  succeed  in  finding  water.  One, 
1,000  feet  deep,  at  Sacramento  City,  was  also  a  failure.  Generally,  however, 
in  the  districts  where  artesian  water  is  found,  the  wells  are  not  more  than 


40cS 


ENCINKERING,    K TO. 


i^      i 


250  feet  ilccp;  in  some  places  not  more  than  100  feet.  The  cost  of  a  well, 
complete,  varies  in  different  districts,  but  generally  for  a  bore  of  7  inches  it 
is$iJofor  ICX)  feet;  $275  for  200  feet,  and  $450  for  300  feet.  Inthevalleys 
cast  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  artesian  water  is  rarer,  and  usiiall)'  found  at 
greater  depths  than  nearer  the  ocean.  The  Willamette  Valley  and  western 
\Vashinj,rton  have  no  need  of  artesian  wells. 

Steam  Irrigation. — On  several  occasions  steam  has  been  employed  to 
pump  water  for  irriijation,  but  usually  only  for  short  periods  in  seasons  of 
tlrought.  Xo  jjumping  by  steam  on  a  large  scale  for  irrigation  has  been 
pursued  from  j'ear  to  year,  .so  as  to  furnish  material  for  calculations  of  profits. 
An  Italian  gardener,  who  has  erected  a  steam-engine  to  rci)lacc  a  windmill, 
reports  that  he  irrigates  15  acres  for  H  months  in  the  year,  at  an  cxpen.sc  of 
$90  a  month.  His  fuel  costs  $1.50  a  da\-.  His  water  supply  thus  obtained 
is  more  regular  than  he  could  get  from  a  windmill.  Mis  15  acres  give  em- 
plo)inenl  to  10  men. 

Windmills  are  \ery  common  in  California,  for  pumping  purposes,  and 
arc  especially  abundant  in  the  market  gardens  cultivated  by  Italians,  near 
San  I'Vancisco.  The  cost  varies  from  $30  to  $500,  some  of  the  Italians 
making  them  run  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  the  former  figure. 

Mining  Ditches. — The  mining  ditches  of  California,  constructed  at  a  cost 
of  $20,000,000,  take  water  from  the  higher  portions  of  the  Tuolumne,  Stan- 
islaus, Calaveras,  iMokelumnc,  Cosumncs,  American,  Hear,  Yuba,  and  Feather 
rivers,  and  lead  it  to  the  placers  in  the  hillsides  at  lower  levels.  These 
canals,  besides  i)ro\iding  the  means  indispensable  for  obtaining  more  th;m  half 
the  gold  of  California,  al.so  supply  the  towns  for  domestic  purposes,  and  the 
gardens,  orchards,  and  vine)'ards  for  irrigation.  These  ditches  carry  2,000,- 
000,000  gallons  daily,  or  enough  for  the  u.se  of  60,000,000  people,  allowing 
each  30  gallons  a  day.  A  large  hydraulic  mine  will  take  as  much  water 
as  docs  a  city  of  200,000  inhabitants  in  Northern  Europe. 

Water-power  Canals. — The  only  canal  built  mainlj-  for  the  purpose  of 
navigation  is  one  3  niiles  long  at  C^regon  City,  completeil  Januarj-  1,  1873, 
at  a  cost  of  $460,000.  It  wa.s  designed  to  enable  boats  to  pass  round  the 
Willamette  I'alls,  46  feet  high.  There  are  5  locks,  each  275  feet  long,  and 
40  feet  wide.  The  canal  itself  is  70  feet  wide.  At  the  locks,  the  surplus 
water  ])asses  through  waste  weirs,  which  will  supply  a  large  amount  of  power, 
which  secures  to  Oregon  City  a  place  in  the  future  of  Oregon,  like  that  of 
Lowell  in  Massachusetts.  At  Tumwater,  3  miles  from  Olympia,  the  Des- 
chutes River  falls  80  feet  in  half  a  mile,  furnishing  a  large  amount  of  power 
in  situations  convenient  for  use  by  extensive  manufacturing  establishments. 


;i' 


m 


I 


WATKU    WORKS. 


409 


At  Folsom  the  American  River  makes  a  lar^^c  fall,  and  supplies  the  best 
water-power  in  California  for  the  cstablUhment  of  an  extensive  manufac- 
turing industry. 

The  government  of  the  Canadian  Dominion  is  giving  favorable  con.sidcra- 
tion  to  a  scheme  for  the  construction  of  a  canal  Go  miles  long  to  connect 
Shuswap  and  Okanagon  lakes,  which  are  both  navigable,  and  arc  separated 
by  a  line  of  low  land  well  suited  for  a  canal.  Shuswap  Lake  is  connected 
by  a  navigable  river  with  the  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the 
outlet  of  Okanagon  Lake  is  also  navigable,  so  that  the  canal  would  make 
300  miles  of  continuous  navigation,  and  give  convenient  access  to  one  of  the 
richest  agricultural  districts  in  the  province. 

San  Francisco  Water  Works. —  The  question  of  water  supply  is  one  of 
the  most  important,  and  at  times  most  perplexing  problems  that  con- 
front the  inhabitants  of  a  city.  Especially  is  this  the  case  in  Californian 
towns,  most  of  which  have  to  bring  their  fresh  water  from  a  considerable 
distance.  In  the  smaller  towns  the  necessary  water  is  often  obtained 
by  boring  artesian  wells  and  raising  it  by  means  of  windmills;  but 
although  some  individuals  adopt  these  methods  also  in  large  towns,  the 
main  supply  is  usuall)'  furnished  by  one  or  more  corporations,  who,  by 
means  of  pipes,  distribute  the  fluid  through  all  parts  of  the  citj-.  The 
quantity  of  water  required  for  all  the  purposes  which  a  public  work  is  in- 
tended to  supply,  may  be  considered  as  equal  to  30  gallons  a  day  for  each 
inhabitant.  San  Francisco,  in  1850,  was  supplied  with  water  from  Saucelito, 
brought  across  the  bay  in  steamboats.  This  water,  which  came  originally 
from  springs  on  the  adjacent  hilLs,  was  conducted  to  the  beach  and  collected 
in  2  tanks  respectively  30  and  Co  feet  square,  and  cS  feet  high.  Captain  W. 
A.  Ricil.VRDSOX  and  his  son-in-law,  MANUEL  ToRRlCS,  were  the  proprietors 
of  the  works. 

Amongst  the  subsequent  attempts  to  supply  San  Francisco  with  the 
neccssar}'  water,  may  be  mentioned  TiiP:  Mountain  Lake  Water 
CoMPANV,  organized  in  185 1,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000,  which  was 
subsequently  increased  to  $1,000,000;  but  the  company  failing  to  comply 
with  the  conditions  on  which  the  franchi.se  was  obtained,  ceased  to  e.xist 
in  1862.  The  San  Francisco  City  Water  W(jrk.s  Company  in- 
troduced water  into  the  city  in  185S,  and  continued  to  supply  part  of 
the  wants  until  1865,  when  this  corporation  was  merged  into  The 
Spring  Valley  Water  Works,  which  derives  its  name  from  Spring  Val- 
ley, near  the  Cvirner  of  Taylor  and  Clay  streets,  a  valley  that  disappeared 
long  since,  having  been  filled  with  earth  to  a  depth  of  30  or  40  feet.  The 
company  was  incorporated  in  1858,  and  on  April  23d  of  that  year,  the  Leg- 


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I 


410 


KNt'.IMMCUINi;,    KTC. 


islaturc  pas-^cd  an  act  "  t<>  aiitlinrizc  ril.()R(;i'.  1 1.  IC.NSKIN  and  Dtlicr  <nvncrs  of 
the  Spring'  \'allcy  Water  Works,  to  la)-  down  water  in  the  i)ublic  streets  of 
San  I'Vancisco."  I'or  7  years  the  2  companies  (San  I'Vancisco  and  Si)rin<,' 
Valley)  shared  the  supplying,'  of  the  inhabitants,  the  Spring  Valley  having 
the  contract  of  the  city  for  public  purposes.  I'rom  that  lime  until  now  the 
latti-r  has  been  the  only  water  company  in  existence  in  San  I-'rancisco.  The 
city  has  3  stiirage  reservoirs,  fed  by  a  number  of  creeks  located  in  the  moun- 
tains of  San  Mateo  County,  the  I'ilarcitos,  San  Andreas,  ami  the  Crystal 
Springs  Reservoirs,  with  a  combiiutl  storage  capacity  of  over  16,000,000,000 
gallons.  The  dam  which  converts  the  I'ilarcitos  Valley  into  a  reservoir  is 
650  feet  long,  1 00  feet  high,  500  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  50  at  the  top. 
The  w.iter  of  San  Andreas  Creek  is  kept  in  by  a  dam  situated  about  2  miles 
west  from  Milbrae,  650  feet  long,  80  feet  high,  and  480  feet  thick  at  the  bot- 
tom. At  the  time  the  last  dam  of  I'ilarcitos  Creek  was  constructed,  a  tun- 
nel 1,500  feet  long  was  pierced  through  the  ridge  lying  between  this  creek 
and  .San  Mateo  Valley.  Wrought-iron  pipes  16  miles  long,  with  a  fall  of 
14  feet  per  mile,  bring  the  water  from  tliis  tunnel  into  Lake  Honda  Reser- 
voir. A  second  tunnel,  3,420  feet  long,  runs  from  San  Mateo  \''alle\-  to  the 
.San  .Andreas  Reservoir,  and  a  third,  2,800  feet  long,  from  the  Ocean  House 
road  to  Lake  Honda.  All  these  tunnels  are  built  with  solid  brick  arches. 
The  water  is  stored  in  2  reservoirs,  the  Lake  Honda  and  College  Hill,  each 
about  4  miles  ilistant  from  the  city.  A  brick  tunnel  2,850  feet  long,  conducts 
the  water  from  the  San  Andreas  Reservoir  into  a  canyon  between  San  Bruno 
and  Milbrae,  and  a  30-inch  wrought-iron  jjipe,  from  there  to  College  Hill, 
253  feet  above  the  city  le\el.  This  latter  reservoir  has  a  capacity  of  15,000,- 
000  gallons,  and  the  Lake  Honda  one,  of  33,000,000  gallons.  The  San 
Andreas  lieservoir,  which  supplies  about  two  thirds  of  the  water  of  San 
l'"rancisco,  is  also  fed  by  means  of  water  running  through  iron  pipes,  and  a 
tunnel  3,300  feet  long,  from  the  lower  I'ilarcitos  and  other  small  creeks. 
i'Vom  Lake  Honda  and  College  Hill  reservoirs,  the  water  is  brought  by 
means  of  iron  pipes  into  distributing  reservoirs,  which  have  a  combined 
capacity  of  more  than  Go,ooo,ooo  gallons,  and  are  tap])ed  by  cast-iron  pipes 
of  from  3  to  22  inches  in  diameter,  aggregating  in  length  more  than  175 
iniles,  for  distribution  to  all  parts  (jf  the  city.  About  2,000,000  galltjns  a 
day  are  also  obtained  from  Lobes  Creek,  by  means  of  an  aqueduct  and 
(jumping  works  at  Black  I'oint.  The  Point  Lobos  Aqueduct  is  about  7 
miles  long.  The  annual  amount  of  water  furnished  by  the  coinpany  is 
about  4,500,000,000  gallons,  or  12,330,000  daily. 


Oakland  Water.— Oakland    is    supplied    with  water   by  The  Contr.v 
C()^l.\  W.\ri;K  Cc).\li'AN\,  which  was  organized  in  1S66.      Its  capital  stock 


WATKK    WORKS. 


411 


is  $3,000,000.  The  supply  is  taken  from  Tcmescal  Creek,  in  Oakland 
Township;  Saiisal  Creek,  in  Brook))!!  Township;  and  San  Leandro  Creek, 
in  15rookl)'n  and  lulen  townships.  Tiu  latter  can  be  made  to  supply 
75,000,000  gallons  daily;  its  water  is  250  feet  above  the  city  level.  The  dam 
of  the  S.in  Leandro  Creek  lies  2  miles  above  the  town  of  that  name,  and  at 
a  distance  of  .S  miles  from  Oakland,  to  which  the  water  is  conveyed  in 
wrouyht-iron  pipes.  The  Sausal  Creek,  in  the  hills  of  Brooklyn  Township, 
flowini;  throujjh  I'ruit  Vale,  was  dammed  up  in  1874,  by  the  people  of  that 
vicinity,  orj,Mnized  in  a  compan)-.  They  built  a  reservoir,  laid  down  pipes 
for  a  lenf,rth  of  3  or  4  miles,  erecteil  hydrants  at  convenient  ))f)ints,  and  .sold 
out  to  the  Oakland  Compan)'  in  1876. 

Sacramento  Water. — .Sacramento  City  is  supplied  with  water  pumped 
up  from  die  river.  The  pumj)  is  of  the  Holly  pattern,  and  was  designed  to 
supply  water  for  e.xtinguishini^  fires  as  well  iis  for  household  [)urposes,  but 
has  failed  to  give  satisfaction,  and  an  au.xiliary  pump  has  lieeii  introduced. 
It  is  probable  that  the  present  water  works  will  be  abandoned  witliin  a  few 
years,  as  many  leading  citizens  desire  a  change  in  the  method  of  supply. 

Stockton  Water.— TiiK  Stockton  W.vter  Company  supplies  the  city 
of  Stfjckton  with  w.itcr  from  artesian  wells,  one  of  which,  1,003  ^'^'^^  deep, 
discharging  300,00C>  gallons  daily,  is  owned  by  the  city  and  county,  antl 
leased  to  the  water  company  for  an  annual  rental  of  $700.  Another  well 
dug  by  the  companj-  in  1880,  t(j  a  depth  of  1,040  feet,  has  a  daily  capacity 
of  280,000  gallons,  while  3  other  wells  are  from  80  to  200  feet  deep.  The 
total  daily  capacity  of  their  wells  is  900,000  gallons,  which  is  pumped  into 
reservoirs  and  thence  distributed. 

Los  Angeles  Water.— Los  Angeles  City  gets  its  water  supply  from  the 
Los  Angeles  River.  In  1868,  TiiK  Los  AxGKLE.s  City  Watkk  Works 
COMTANV  was  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $220,000.  The)-  erected  a 
dam,  and  made  a  ditch  and  a  tunnel  from  the  river  to  the  city,  a  distance  of 
6^2  miles;  3  miles  of  the  tlitch  being  through  sandstone.  The  tunnel  was 
182  feet  long,  3 '2  feet  wide,  and  5  feet  high,  and  the  ditch  discharged  into 
a  can)-on  running  parallel  with  the  river,  till  within  2  miles  from  the  town, 
where  a  dam  was  laid,  forming  in  this  manner  a  re.scr\oir,  from  which  the 
water  was  tlisi.ibuted  b)  pipes.  These  works  were  enlarged  in  1S78.  A 
new  dam,  330  feet  long,  and  iS  feet  high,  was  built  4  miles  above  the  old 
one,  and  from  the  upper  dam  a  ditch  dug,  6  feet  wide  at  the  bottom 
and  12  at  the  top,  with  a  depth  of  3  feet.  This  brought  the  maximum 
suppl)'  of  available  water  up  to  45  cubic  feet  per  second.  Near  the  old  dam 
this  ditch  divides,  one  branch  joining  the  old  canal,  and  the  other  running 


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412 


KNCINKKklNi;,    KTC. 


touaids  tlic  cast  side  of  the  ri\cr.  These  branches  reach  the  city  at  differ- 
ent points,  and  fill  5  reservoirs,  from  which  the  water  is  led  by  jiipes  into 
the  streets  and  iimiscs. 

Other  Towns. — Vallejo  is  supplied  with  water  by  Till',  \'ai,1,i:j()  Cl  rv 
Wai  El<  Company,  incori)orated  in  \Sjo.  Ihc  water  is  cauyht  in  the  hills, 
and  the  main  reservoir  is  situated  near  the  Xai)a  road,  3  miles  north  of  the 
city.  The  ilam,  So  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  300  feet  wiile  anil  40 
feet  hiy;h,  forming  a  reserxoir  havinij  a  capacity  of  900,000,000  gallons.  The 
water  is  conducted  througli  i2-iiK:h  cast-iron  pipes  to  2  reservoirs  near  the 
city,  which  is  supplied  from  these,  as  is  also  the  Navy  Yard;  the  latter, 
to  the  amount  of  r, 000,000  gallons  per  month,  by  means  of  a  submarine 
cast-iron  pipe  w  ith  flexible  joints. 

The  Clovcrdale  Water  Works  were  i-recteil  by  a  company  in  I<S72,  to 
suppl)'  water  from  a  spring  2y.  miles  from  the  town,  and  300  feet  above  its 
level. 

Ilealdsburg  obtains  its  water  from  springs  flowing  out  of  the  base  of 
Mtch  Mountain,  2  miles  distant.  The  reservoir  is  170  feet  above  the  town 
level,  and  iron  pipes  distribute  the  water. 

I'etaluma  obtains  water  from  the  Adobe  and  Copeland  creeks,  in  the 
Sonoma  hills;  the  former  5  miles,  the  latter  8  miles,  from  the  town.  The 
water  is  convejcd  through  "-inch  wrought-iron  pipes,  and  delivered  into  ;i 
reservoir  situated  on  a  hill  near,  175  feet  above  the  town,  and  having  a 
capacity  of  500,000  gallons.  The  average  daily  consumption  is  225,000 
gallons,  and  this  quantity  is  distributed  through  about  20  miles  of  pipes. 

Napa  Cit)'  obtains  2,000,000  gallons  of  water  daily  from  Rector  Canyon, 
through  a  llume  and  pipes. 

Santa  Rosa  has  a  water  company,  and  draws  its  water  through  a  wrought- 
iron  pipe,  5  miles  long,  from  Santa  Rosa  Creek. 

San  Rafael  gets  its  water  from  Lagunitas  Creek;  the  main  reservoir 
being  on  the  side  of  Mount  Tamalpais,  740  feet  above  the  sea.  An  •S-inch 
pipe,  6  miles  long,  carries  the  water  to  the  town,  and  a  branch  pipe  4  miles 
long,  deli\ers  60,000  gallons  per  da)'  to  the  iirison  at  San  Quentin,  for  which 
latter  supply  the  company  receives  $1,000  per  month. 

Redwood  City,  San  Mateo  County,  California,  built  its  own  water  works. 
The}-  consist  of  2  wells,  each  146  feet  deep.  Three  storage-tanks,  suffi- 
cientK'  elevated  on  trestle-work  to  carry  water  into  any  building  in  the 
town,  have  a  capacit)'  of  I  50,000  gallon.s,  while  the  wells  are  able  to  supply 
20,000  gallons  per  hour. 

The  town  of  San  Luis  Obispo  gets  its  chief  supply  from  the  San  Luis 
Obispo  Creek,  through  a  reservoir  4  acres  in  extent,  holding  20,000,000 


WAri.K  wokKs. 


4«3 


gallons,  which,  at  the  present  rale  nf  consumption,  is  equal  to  4  months' 
suppl)-.     The  main  pipes  have  a  diameter  of  10  inches. 

In  Gilroy,  the  water  is  brouj^jht  a  distance  of  H  miles,  from  Uvas  Creelc, 
by  means  of  a  flume,  and  pipes  17  inches  in  diameter,  to  a  reservoir  capable 
of  holding'  10,000,000  gallons;  whence  it  is  conducted  by  1  V'ncli  mains  into 
the  town. 

San  Diego  is  supplictl  with  water  from  the  San  Diego  River,  4  miles  dis- 
tant, by  Tip;  San  Diec;o  Waikk  Co.mi'ANV.  The  water  is  jiumped  by 
steam,  from  the  stream  into  a  reservoir  situated  on  the  mesa  land  back"  of 
the  town,  and  thence  distribiitetl  tlirough  piijcs.  The  storage  is  ample  for 
present  wants,  and  the  river,  fed  by  mountain  snows,  is  capable  of  sup])I\-ing 
a  largely  increased  |)opulation. 

Virginia  Citj'  is  supplied  with  water  through  a  ]3ipe  of  which  an  .account 
will  be  given  in  the  chapter  relating  to  inventions.  The  I'ioche  water  pipe 
is  mentioned  in  the  same  i>lace.  Portland  obtains  water  from  the  Willamette 
River,  and  Seattle  from  springs. 

The  Sutro  Tunnel. — When  the  miners  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  about 
1865,  reached  a  depth  of  [,500  feet,  they  felt  the  need  of  an  adit  r)r  timnel  to 
drain  off  the  water,  to  ventilate  and  cool  their  drifts  anil  stopes,  and  to 
supply  a  channel  through  which  their  timbers  could  be  taken  i.i,  and  their 
ores  taken  out  cheaply.  The  temjjcraturc  in  the  lower  levels  roe  to  1  ic  , 
and  rendered  it  im|)ossiblc  for  the  miners  to  do  much  work.  The  air  was 
foul.  Great  quantities  of  water  were  encountered,  and  to  pump  them  up 
more  than  a  c[uarter  of  a  mile  was  very  costly.  The  shafts  opened  high  up 
on  the  side  of  a  steep  mountain,  far  from  tillable  land,  from  sites  desirable 
for  comfortable  homes,  from  supplies  of  fuel  and  timber.  The  benefits 
to  be  derived  from  a  great  tuniicl  were  evident,  and  its  need  was  a  matter 
of  common  talk.  Hut  who  would  take  charge  of  an  enterprise  which  would 
require  millions  of  dollars,  and  years  of  time,  perhai)s  not  to  be  completed 
until  the  fickle  mineral  treasures  had  fled,  and  in  the  mean  time  be  involved 
in  vexatious  questions  with  lawyers,  mining  companies,  and  capitalists  .' 
AdoiJ'H  .Sr  TKO  came  forward  and  assuincd  the  rcsponsibilit}'.  He  was 
not  supposed  to  be  rich,  but  he  devoted  himself  to  the  task  with  energy 
and  success,  lie  cmplo)-cd  journalists  to  explain  the  advantages  of  the 
tunnel;  civil  engineers  to  ex.imine  the  country  and  locate  the  line;  and 
geologists  (including  ]?aron  Rk'IITIIOKKN),  to  report  on  the  mineral  charac- 
ter of  the  Comstock  Lode  .and  the  countrj-  rock.  1  le  then  organized  a  tunnel 
corporation,  of  which  he  \^as  the  manager,  and  in  its  name  he  made  con- 
tracts with  the  mining  companies  that,  in  return  for  constructing  th>j  tunnel, 
he  should  receive  a  certain  amount  on  every  ton  of  ore  extracted  after  hi.s 


«    1 1 


I    'I 


1! 


1 


414 


EXC.IXKFRINC,    KTC. 


wdil-;  had  been  done.  These  contracts  were  not  secured  until  after  lont^  and 
\e.\aliiius  nc;^()tiati()n.  Kach  company  wanted  jiecuHar  contlitions.  W'itn 
llie  inilorsenient  of  the  mining  companies,  Mr.  Si:  IKCi  went  to  Washington 
and  persuaded  Congres.s  to  pass  an  act  granting  to  him  a  tract  of  land 
4,000  feet  wide,  inckiding  a  town  site  at  the  opening  of  the  tunnel,  with  the 
o\vnershi]i  of  all  the  lodes  which  he  should  discover  in  his  underground 
borings.  The  act  also  ratified  his  contracts  with  the  mining  companies. 
After  success  in  Washington,  he  crossctl  the  Atlantic  to  gel  the  money,  and 
there  again  he  succeeded.  European  capitalists  supplied  the  funds,  and 
October  19,  1869,  the  construction  began.  He  had  made  little  progress 
before  the  great  bonanza  of  the  Consolidated  Virginia  and  California  mines 
was  struck,  and  then  the  idea  began  to  prevail  that  he  was  to  make  far 
more  than  a  fair  share  of  profit  out  of  his  tunnel.  Enemies  aro.se  on  e\er}' 
side.  Obstructions  were  thrown  in  his  way.  Litigation,  ridicule,  and 
abu.se  surrounded  him.  Nevertheless  he  kept  on.  The  tunnel  was  com- 
pleted in  October,  1878,  after  9  years  of  work.  But  the  last  of  the  bonanzas 
discovered  up  to  tliat  time  had  been  nearly  exhausted.  The  only  mining 
companies  deriving  any  revenue  from  their  mines  were  unwilling  to  sliare  with 
him.  They  refused  to  pay  his  demands.  Ileclo.scd  his  tunnel  so  that  their 
water  should  not  drain  off  Tinally  an  amicable  settlement  was  made,  and 
Till'.  SUTRO  TlNNKl,  CdMlWNV  and  the  Comstock  mining  companies  are 
in  harmony.  Mr.  SUTRO  has  secured  a  handsome  competence  by  selling 
out  his  interest  in  the  company,  leaving  to  t)thers  the  chances  of  profit  and 
loss  from  the  contingencies  of  future  mineral  developments  of  the  Comstock 
Lode.  Hitherto,  the  enterprise  has  jieldcd  little  revenue.  The  tuimel  is 
12  feet  wide,  10  high,  and  20.500  feet  l<Jng,  with  north  and  south  branches, 
which  have  8,000  feet  in  the  aggregate,  making  the  entire  length  more  than 
5  miles.  The  cost,  without  interest,  was  $4,500,000,  and  including  it, 
$6,500,000. 


;^.' 


INVENTIONS. 


4IS 


I" 


■!  •  ■ 


CHAPTER  XXVII.— INVENTIONS. 

Industrial  Art. — It  is  a  lamentable  fact,  that  even  in  the  most  polished 
nations,  the  useful  arts  have  been  despised  by  the  ruling  classes.  Until  re- 
cently, scholars  and  statesmen  have  agreed  with  nobles  and  soldiers,  that 
agricultural  and  mechanical  occupations  were  "  servile,"  fit  only  for  slaves, 
while  painting,  sculpture,  and  the  ornamental  arts  generally  were  "  liberal," 
and  proper  for  gentlemen.  And  yet  industrial  art  was  the  main  force  of 
culture,  the  chief  and  indispensable  aid  in  raising  our  race  from  primeval 
savagism  to  the  present  enlightenment.  But  for  its  help  we  .should  still  bo 
living  a  life  similar  to  that  of  the  Californian  Indian.s,  when  first  seen  by 
white  men,  or  even  in  a  lower  condition;  for  they  had  bows,  spears,  nets, 
and  baskets,  the  products  of  the  toil  which  they  too  considered  servile,  and 
left  ordinarily  to  the  squaw. 

But  industrial  art,  like  our  race  itself,  is  irrcprcssibly  progressive.  It  is 
destined  to  achieve  the  highest  successes  and  to  conquer  the  highest  honors. 
While  liberal  art  was  crushed  by  the  barbarian  invasion  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
industrial  art  continued  to  advance,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Middle  Ages 
came  forth  enriched  by  the  mariner's  compass,  gunpowder,  linen  paper,  the 
chimney,  window-glass,  the  stirrup,  clothes  made  with  the  needle,  the  wire- 
drawing frame,  and  higher  skill  in  the  construction  and  rigging  of  ships. 
With  these  acquisitions,  civilization  was  prepared  to  transfer  her  chief  seat 
from  the  southern  to  the  northern  slope  of  Europe,  a  fact  of  vast  impor- 
tance to  the  progress  of  the  race.  I'recious  as  is  industrial  art,  equally 
nccessarj'  to  the  happiness  of  individuals  and  the  prosperity  of  nations,  it 
ha.'-  one  subdivision  preeminently  beneficent — that  of  invention.  It  taught 
men  how  to  make  tools  and  machinery,  without  which  we  should  have 
neither  houses,  clothes,  books,  roads,  wagons,  ships,  orderly  governmctit, 
nor  refined  society.  Inventive  genius  is  the  foundation  of  the  temple  of 
civilization,  the  walls  of  which  arc  composed  of  productive  industry,  com- 
merce, science,  and  national  economy;  while  the  pictorial,  plastic,  poetical, 
and  oratorical  arts  are  the  mere  stucco,  whitewash,  fresco,  and  other  super- 
ficial ornaments. 

This  branch,  in  which  our  age  and  country  have  taken  leading  positions, 
has  nut  l)(;cn  neglected  here,  and  there  would  be  no  extravagance  in  claim- 


I- 

r 

I: 


li 


4i6 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


I      I 


ing  that,  w  ithin  the  last  30  years,  the  inhabitants  of  this  coast  have  made  a 
5.n-cater  number  of  hi^^hly  valuable  inventions  than  have  been  made  by  an 
equal  number  of  people  in  any  otiier  part  of  the  globe.  The  inventive  fcr- 
tilit)-  of  California  is  one  of  her  chief  claims  to  the  respect  of  mankind, 
and  \vc  arc  not  dispo.sed  to  let  its  honorable  character  be  passed  by  as  un- 
worthy of  consideration  or  honor. 

Notable  Inventions. — It  is  impossible  to  obtain  a  complete  list  of 
the  valuable  inventions  of  this  coast,  with  the  names  of  their  authors, 
without  devoting  years  of  investigation  to  the  subject;  nor  can  any  person, 
after  getting  such  a  list,  give  a  correct  idea  of  the  merit  and  practical  value 
of  the  improvements,  without  much  additional  study.  This  account,  though 
more  comprehensive  than  anything  hitherto  published,  is  not  offered  as  ex- 
haustive. 

Among  the  most  notable  inventions  of  this  Occidental  region  arc  Eddv'.S 
sluice,  and  Matteson's  hydraulic  pipe,  in  placer  mining;  the  SxETEFELDT 
furnace,  for  roasting  rebellious  silver  ores;  P.VtiL's  Washoe  pan,  for  amalga- 
mating silver  ores,  the  DeetkeN  chlorination  ..pparatus,  for  reducing  'oasted 
auriferous  sulphurcts. 

In  the  department  of  machinery  needed  for  deep  mines  are  Dickie's 
hydraulic  pump,  DiCKlE's  hydraulic  air  compressor,  Dickie's  hoisting  en- 
gine, and  Dickie's  sinking  pump. 

In  lumbering,  we  have  H.MXEs'  lumber  flume,  Spauldi.N'G's  adjustable 
saw  tooth,  Dolbeer's  logging  machine,  Ronu's  gang  edgcr,  RoDU's  gang 
lath  machine,  Roiili's  tightening  icver,  Rouu's  saw  guide,  Rouh's  set  work, 
D.  l^V.VNs'  triple  circular  saw,  and  SWAN's  wood-slicing  machine. 

In  transportation,  we  have  Hallidie's  cable  railroad  and  Hallidie'S 
wire  ropewa)'. 

In  the  electrical  department,  we  have  L.VUD's  telephone  exchange,  Ladd's 
messenger  box,  and  Ladd's  double  magncto-clcctric  machine  to  supply  a 
current  for  telegraphic  pur[)oses. 

Sciiussi.ER's  lead  joint,  for  water  pipe,  DlCKli:'s  high  pressure  accumu- 
lator, for  obtaining  hydraulic  power,  VV'ENZEl.'s  pneumatic  clock,  and  MUV- 
l!Rll)Gi:'s  apparatus  for  taking  instantaneous  photographs  of  animals  in 
motion,  are  important  inventions,  and  others  will  be  mentioned  hereafter. 
A  multitude  of  ingenious  and  valuable  .adaptations,  that  scarcely  deserve  to 
be  classcil  among  the  inventions,  have  had  their  origin  here. 

No  attempt  will  be  made  here  to  describe  machines  in  iletail.  If  the  main 
idea  of  the  in\entor,  his  nielliud  of  aj^plying  it,  and  the  benefit  of  the  im- 
])rovement  can  be  e.\]ilaincd,  with  a  brief  sketch  of  the  j)rogress  of  devclop- 
m':tit,  our  purpose  will  be  attained. 


,|1 


INVFA'TIOXS. 


417 


Sluice  and  Hydravilio  Pipe. — California  has  been  fertile  in  its  contribu- 
tions to  the  science  of  Jijilraulic  cnginecrincf.  The  richness  of  the  placers, 
the  great  depth  of  the  auriferous  deposits,  the  need  of  immense  supplies  of 
water  to  separate  the  gold  from  the  gravel,  and  the  magnitude  of  the  ravines 
to  be  crossed,  demanded  bold  and  costly  ;.qucd'.ict§,  and  new  ir.ethods  of 
using  the  water  when  it  had  been  obtained.  Original  ideas  followed  each 
other  in  rapid  succession,  most  of  thcr.i  small  as  considered  separately,  and 
yet  of  much  importance  in  the  aggregate,  and  leading  to  important  inven- 
tions and  great  results.  The  niost  effective  method  of  washing  for  gold 
used  before  1848,  wa.s  the  p-Mund  skiicc,  an  artificial  channel  leading  through 
the  auriferous  gravel,  ;;nd  supplied  with  a  current  of  water  into  which  the 
dirt  from  the  banks  was  thrown.  The  Californian  miners  had  never  heard 
of  the  ground  slui:e,  but  soon  they  invented  it.  Mr.  El)DV  wanted  to  wash 
some  auriferous  gravel  near  Nevada  City,  California,  in  the  spring  of  1S50, 
but  the  owners  of  the  claim  below  him  refused  to  let  him  discharge  his  tail- 
ings on  thci'-  land.  With  their  consent,  he  built  a  board  flume  across  their 
land,  putting  cleats  across  the  bottom  at  the  joints  of  the  boards.  A  stream 
of  water  v  as  turned  into  the  flume  and  the  dirt  thrown  in  to  carry  it  to  the 
rocker  below.  But  the  gravel,  which  had  paid  well  before,  yielded  nothing 
to  the  rocker.  An  examination  of  the  flume  showed  that  the  gold  had 
lodged  against  the  cleats.  Without  any  expectation  of  inventing  a  more 
efficient  method  of  washing  auriferous  gravel,  he  had  invented  it;  and  he  at 
once  discovered  the  value  of  his  b(iard  sluice,  though  he  could  not  anticipate 
the  great  importance  which  it  soon  acquired,  becoming,  it  might  be  said,  the 
chief  aid  of  the  placer  miner  for  years.  The  strong  current  ruiming  through 
large  sluices,  carrying  along  large  bowlders,  wore  away  the  transverse  wooden 
cleats  very  rapidly,  and  led  to  the  substitution  of  a  pavement  of  either 
wooden  blocks,  or  cobblestones.  To  trace  the  development  of  the  sluice 
through  all  its  modifications,  including  the  undercurrent,  tail  sluice,  and 
grizzly,  would  require  a  book.  The  main  merit  in  the  invention  of  the 
sluice,  was  the  immediate  perception  of  its  valu2,  and  its  universal  adoption 
in  many  places  on  a  grand  scale. 

The  hydraulic  pipe  was  invented  at  American  Hill,  Nevada  County,  Cal- 
ifornia, in  I'ebruary,  I852,  by  Edward  E.  Matticson,  who  thought  that 
by  throwing  a  stream  of  water  under  pressure  through  a  nozzle,  he  could 
save  the  labor  of  digging  down  a  low  bank  of  auriferous  gravel.  He  used 
a  barrel,  at  the  top  of  a  hill  30  feet  high,  for  a  reservoir,  and  led  the  water 
down  in  a  canvas  hose.  The  success  of  the  device  led  to  imitations,  en- 
largements, and  impnv.ements,  until  now  the  water  is  led  down  through 
iron  pipes  under  a  pressure  of  300  vertical  feet,  and  thrown  through  a 
5J 


4i8 


i;n(;ini:i;kiN(;,  kit. 


..'>'! 


If; 


s  !  » 


no/zlc  10  inches  in  diameter,  against  a  bank  200  feet  high,  and  100  feet  tlis- 
tant,  doint^  m<iic  work  in  tearinj^  down  the  gravel  than  coukl  10,000  men. 

Great.  Water  Pipes. —  Ihc  flumes  to  carry  water  for  mining  purpo.ses, 
across  deep  ra\ines,  were  in  man)-  cases  very  high,  bokl,  and  costl)-  struct- 
mes,  but  they  showed  no  new  ideas  in  architecture  or  hydrauUc  engineer- 
ing. When  they  were  built,  the  only  large  pipes  used  for  carrying  under 
pressure  were  made  of  cast  iron;  and  the  freight  on  the  (luantity  recjuircd 
to  cross  many  of  the  ravines,  would  ha\c  e.vcecdcil  the  cost  of  ;i  wooden 
Hume  200  feet  high.  Sheet-iron  ])ipe  for  low  pressure  was  used  in  the 
hydraulic  claims,  and,  as  it  bore  tin;  test,  the  pressure  was  gradualU' 
incrciscd,  until  a  suspicio!'  arose  that  under  many  circumstances,  wrought 
iron  would  be  belter  than  cast  iron.  In  1867  lIlCR.M.W  SciIUSSLER,  the 
consulting  hydraulic  engineer  of  Till".  Si'RiNc,  V.M.i.KV  W.vir.K  CoMP.WV, 
reconuncnded  a  pipe  30  inches  in  diameter,  of  wrought  iron,  and  16  miles 
long,  to  bring  water  to  .San  I'rancisco.  The  heaviest  pressure  was  340  ver- 
tical feet,  and  the  iron  at  the  thickest  was  a  sixth  of  an  inch.  Xo  similar 
]3ipc,  so  far  as  known,  was  in  use  elsewhere  at  th.it  time,  for  such  a  purpose. 
The  sheet  and  wrought-iron  pipes  then  used  in  the  mines,  lost  more  water 
than  the  Spring  Valley  Comi)an)-  could  afford  to  lose.  Cast-iron  pipe, 
houexcr,  could  not  be  obtained,  and  the  wrought-iron  was  put  down,  after 
it  had  been  boiled  .it  a  heal  of  400"  in  a  mi.xture  of  as[)haltum  nm\  coal- 
tar.  After  use  for  14  )cars,  this  pipe  is  tight,  abumlantly  strong,  and  ap- 
parently in  as  gooil  condition  as  when  lirst  laid.  The  success  of  that  cx- 
])crimcnt  led  to  the  construction  of  another  pipe  12  miles  long,  to  bring 
water  to  San  l'"r.inci.sco  from  the  San  Andreas  reservoir,  with  a  pressure,  at 
the  lowest  point,  of  320  feet. 

The  first  pipe  to  bear  more  than  400  feet  of  [)rcssurc,  was  constructed  at 
Cherokee,  Huttc  County,  California,  in  iS6y,  under  plans  prepared  b\'  Mr. 
SCIIUSSI.KU,  as  consulting  engineer.  A  depression  2}i  miles  long,  on  the 
line,  and  iSS7  feet  deep,  with  a  pressure  of  384  feet  to  the  .square  inch,  was 
ti)  be  crossed.  Wrought  iron  was  useil,  three  eighths  of  an  inch  thick  ;it 
tlic  bottom  of  the  ravine.  The  [Vi[k  is  in  excellent  condition,  after  having 
been  in  constant  use  for  twelve  years. 

In  [873  Virginia  City  demanded  an  additional  suppl)-  of  fresh  water,  but 
a  ([uestion  arose  whether  it  would  be  possible  to  carry  the  liquid  across  a 
depression  7  miles  long  and  1,720  feet  ileep,  at  the  deepest,  with  12  intc.r- 
mediate  summits  to  surmount,  at  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet  above  the  sea, 
in  a  climate  where  the  mercury  often  falls  to  zero  in  the  winter,  and  rises  to 
80'  in  the  summer.  Mr.  SCIII'.SSLICU,  having  been  employed  as  engineer, 
risked  his  reputation  by  advising  the  Water  Company  to  invest  its  money 


\ 


INVENTIONS. 


419 


in  a  pipe  of  wrought  iron,  ^no.  sixteenths  of  an  inch  at  the  thickest.  To 
allow  for  the  contraction  and  expansion,  without  loss  of  water,  Mr. 
ScUL.SSLKR  invented  a  peculiar  slii)  joint  with  a  double  facin;.j  of  lead.  At 
every  suminit  there  is  a  valve  to  let  the  air  out  or  in,  when  the  pipe  was 
being  filled,  ami  at  the  bottom  of  eacii  depression  there  is  a  valve  to  let  the 
water  out,  if  necessary.  The  pipe  is  buried  for  3  feet  under  the  soil  to  pro- 
tect it  against  extreme  heat  and  cold,  and  also  against  sudden  changes. 
The  diameter  is  about  a  foot,  and  the  quantity  of  water  supplied,  2,000,000 
gallons  a  da)-.  This  pipe  continues  without  a  rival  in  the  amount  of  pres- 
sure, and  after  a  lapse  of  years,  is  in  excellent  condition.  It  proves  the 
great  superiority  of  wrought  iron  for  such  a  purpose,  over  cast  iron. 

A  pi])e  4^4  inches  in  diameter,  and  six  miles  long,  carrying  water  for  the 
town  of  I'ioche,  in  south-eastern  Nevada,  over  a  depression  700  feet  deep, 
was  constructed  under  the  plans  of  Mr.  SCHU.SSLEK,  soon  after  the  Virginia 
City  pipe  proved  a  sutces.s.  In  1878  Mr.  SCHU.SSLER  supplied  the  sugar 
plantation  of  Mr.  ClaUS  SpRFXKKI.s  with  water  through  wrought-iron 
pipes  varying  in  diameter  from  35  to  41  inches,  crossing  31  ravines,  some 
of  them  350  feet  deep,  with  an  aggregate  length  of  21,400  feet.  The  town 
of  liochester,  New  York,  is  the  only  one  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
using  wrought-iron  pipes  for  its  water  supply,  and  thej'  were  made  after 
plans  prejiared  by  Mr.  SCHUSSLER. 

V-Flume. — The  V-flumc — so  calleil  becau.se  a  cross  .section  of  it  looks 
like  a  V,  the  sides  rising  at  an  angle  of  45°  from  the  bottom — one  of  the  im- 
portant recent  improvements  in  the  industrial  arts,  had  its  origin  in  the 
State  of  Nevada  in  i,S6S.  The  history  of  the  invention  has  hitherto 
attracted  no  public  attention  save  in  a  lawsuit,  which  contributed  to  obscure 
the  truth.  So  far  as  the  facts  arc  ascertainable,  the  credit  is  due  to  Jamks 
W.  IIaink.s,  of  Genoa.  In  1867,  having  some  cordwood  in  a  part  of  Kings- 
bury Canyon  (which  opens  into  Carson  Valley),  almost  inaccessible  to 
wagons,  lie  built  a  square  flume,  with  a  horizontal  floor  and  vertical  sides, 
supposing  that,  with  a  current  of  water,  it  would  carry  his  wood  out  to  the 
valle)-.  But  it  woukl  not  work.  The  sticks  stuck  fist.  The  flume  filled  up 
with  them.  The  water  ran  over  the  sides,  washed  away  the  foundation, 
and  the  flume  broke.  .  The  break  w;is  repaired,  the  flume  cleared  out  at 
much  exjiense,  the  water  turned  in  iigain,  and  when  the  wood  was  added, 
tbe  same  experience  was  repeated.  The  vertical  sides,  no  matter  how 
smooth  they  were,  caught  the  .sticks,  and  soon  the  flume  was  full  of  wood 
and  empty  of  water.  \V.  S,  CllAi'M.VN,  N.  V..  HuNKLK,  and  O.  LONKKV 
liad  built  a  simil.u-  flume  in  Little  \'alley,  the  iirevious  year,  to  carrj-  wood 
and  lumber,  and  that  failed  in  the  same  manner.     Those  gentlemen  aban- 


I 


430 


KNr.i\Ki:Ki\(;,  i:Tf. 


^iii 


■A 


cloned  their  flume,  but  Mr.  IlArxi's  could  not  ^ivcuphis  without  insolvency. 
y\ll  his  propcrt)'  was  involved  in  that  venture.  While  studyinij  over  his 
trouble,  it  occurred  to  him  that  he  had  seen  his  children  tlirow  cobs  and 
chips  into  a  little  V-shaped  trough  of  water  used  to  irrii^ate  his  t^artlen,  and 
it  never  clogged,  no  matter  how  much  was  thrown  in.  Perhaps  there  was 
some  beneficent  influence  in  the  slojiing  sides.  He  would  try  it.  He  nailed 
boards  20  inches  wide,  16  feet  long,  and  an  inch  and  three  quarters  thick, 
together  at  the  edges,  in  couples,  making  a  right-angled  joint.  lie  took 
these  to  his  square  flume;  |)Ut  the  first  couple  in  at  the  lower  end  with  the 
angle  down;  let  tlie  next  pair  of  boards  lap  over  the  upper  end  of  the  first 
couple;  and  thus  converted  his  square  flume  into  a  V  flume,  with  a  fall  (jf  an 
inch  and  three  quarters  at  the  end  of  every  pair  o{  boards.  He  turned  in 
his  water,  threw  in  his  wood,  and  watched  the  result.  It  was  a  success.  If 
2  sticks  got  wetlged  together,  as  the)-  sometimes  would,  the  w.iter  rose  and 
lifted  them  up,  the  channel  widened,  tlie  wedging  situation  ended,  and  the 
freight  went  down  with  the  current.  His  flume  was  a  good  investment;  his 
land  was  valuable;  he  could  send  his  wood  to  market  cheapl)-;  and  instead 
of  coming  out  insolvent,  he  had  laid  the  basis  for  a  profitable  business.  He 
used  his  flume  -through  1S68,  but  diil  not  like  the  fall  at  the  end  of  every 
box  or  pair  of  boards,  for  the  current  was  not  regular;  tlie  flume  would  not 
carry  so  much  as  with  a  uniform  descent,  and  the  we.ir  and  tear  were  greater. 
In  the  spring  (jf  KS69,  he  substituted  a  joint  for  the  lap,  and  fi  und  a  decided 
im])rovenicnt  from  the  change.  Tlie  tnmsporlation  of  his  wooil  \ias  so  cheap 
that,  with  the  help  <'f  some  [jartners,  he  delivereil  15,000  or  jo.ooo  cords, 
annuall}',  at  lunpire  ami  Dayton,  employing  .200  or  300  choppers  to  furnish 
the  material.  His  flume  was  extended  until  it  had  a  length  of  12  miles, 
with  se\cral  branches. 

As  immense  quantities  of  cordwood,  timber,  and  lumber  were  consumed 
at  Virgini.i  Cit)',  and  the  flume  made  a  great  reducticjn  in  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation, the  lumbermen  in  the  \icinit>'  quickly  caught  the  idea,  and  several 
of  them  built  V-flumes.  In  August,  1.S70,  Mr.  H.VINES  applied  for  a  ])atent, 
and  after  its  receipt  in  1872,  he  brought  suit  against  Verkim.to.N,  Bi.Iss 
&  Co.,  a  wealthy  firm  of  Carson,  to  restrain  them  from  using  a  \'-flume 
built  about  2  years  before.  The  defendants  contested  the  suit  vigorously  on 
the  grounds  that  the  invention  was  old,  that  if  new,  Mr.  Haixks  was  not  the 
inventor,  and  that  if  he  was  the  inventor,  he  had  neglected  to  apply  for  a 
patent  until  there  was  a  presumption  of  dedication  to  the  public. 

The  attempt  to  prove  the  invention  old  failed.  It  was  shown  that  the 
lumbermen  on  the  llartz  Mountains  liavc  been  in  the  habit,  from  remote 
times,  of  turning  little  currents  of  water  into  those  parts  of  their  log-slides 


■iV 


INVKNTIONS. 


4JI 


where  there  is  little  descent,  but  the  use  of  the  water  there  was  merely  to 
lubricate,  whereas  in  the  flume  it  is  to  float. 

Ross  Lkwkks  had  a  V-shaned  trough,  with  a  current  of  water  in  it,  to 
carry  slabs  and  refuse  from  his  sawmill  in  Washoe  Valley,  as  early  as  i860; 
and  O.  LONKEV  had  a  similar  trough  at  his  sawmill  at  Little  Valley  in 
1864.  The  shape  of  these  troughs,  however,  was  a  mere  accident,  and  it^ 
value  was  not  appreciated  by  the  builders.  Mr.  LONKi:\'  made  a  square 
flume  in  1866,  and  when  it  failed,  abandoned  the  idea  of  transporting  lum- 
ber in  a  current  of  water.  In  1859,  J.  L.  I'I'.KI.,  and  a  jiartner,  cut  some 
short  cordwood  on  a  hill  near  Marion  Flat,  Plumas  County,  near  a  square 
flume  which  was  fed  by  some  V-shaped  troughs.  As  the  flume  ran  down 
to  the  mining  camp,  they  threw  their  wood  into  the  troughs,  and  the 
current  took  it  down  to  their  market.  Here  a  V-flume,  built  for  carry- 
ing water,  was  used  a  short  time  for  transporting  firewood.  A  dry  V- 
shaped  trough  or  slide  has  been  used  at  sawmills  in  Maine,  for  many  years, 
to  carry  bark,  slabs,  and  sawdust,  down  hill  away  from  the  mill.  Hut  in  all 
these  cases  the  value  of  the  V-shaped  trough,  for  transporting  wood  and 
lumber  long  distances  in  a  current  of  water,  was  not  understood. 

There  is  no  intention  to  express  an  opinion  here  about  the  merits  of  the 
lawsu'c  mentioned,  or  about  the  right  of  Mr.  II.viXKS  to  a  patent  under  an 
application  made  several  j-cars  after  he  had  tried  his  V-fliune.  lie  maj' 
liavc  done  n(jthing  more  than  ap])ly  an  old  device  to  a  new  use  ;  but  he  did 
so  by  processes  of  original  thought,  and  he  achieved  important  industrial 
results.  He  was  the  first  to  invent  a  practicable  method  of  using  a  small  cur- 
rent of  water,  in  an  artificial  channel,  for  transporting  wood  long  distances, 
with  little  expense;  he  made  a  practical  application  of  his  invention,  and 
proved  its  value  publicly,  thus  securing  its  extensive  adoption,  making  a 
new  field  for  the  in\estmcnt  of  capital,  and  the  employment  of  labor,  making 
the  forests  on  the  high  mountains  accessible  for  lumbermen,  and  cheapen- 
ing wood  in  the  valleys.  The  first  V-flume,  as  we  now  understand  that 
term,  was  built  in  Nevada,  and  J.\MES  VV.  IIAIXES  was  the  builder. 
Whether  the  law  gives  him  the  profit  of  his  invention  or  not,  the  industrial 
historian  must  give  him  the  credit. 


ft;: 

i 


Chollar-Norcross  Pump. — The  great  enemy  of  deep  mines  is  water,  ever 
encroaching,  never  resting,  and  always  threatening  the  destruction  of  the 
miner's  toil,  and  the  defeat  of  his  hopes.  IIi>=  only  reliance  in  this  ceaseless 
contest  is  the  pumj),  and  its  capacity,  power,  and  reliability  are  to  him  of 
prime  importance.  The  manufacture  of  pumps  of  vast  power  has  become 
a  specialty  of  Californian  machinists  and  engineers,  and  ir.  nothing  tlo  our 
foundries  and  machine  shops  excel  those  of  the  I'lastcrn  States  more,  than  in 


!■;■!: 


422 


ENGINEERING,    ETC. 


the  manufacture  of  the  powerful  pumps  used  in  deep  mines.  The  greatest 
Californian  work  in  this  line  is  the  Chollar-Norcross  pump,  to  hoist  water 
from  the  2,400  to  the  1,600  foot  level,  in  the  combination  shaft  of  the 
Chollar,  Norcioss,  and  Savage  mining  companies  on  the  Comstock  Lode. 
At  the  1,600  foot  level  there  is  an  outlet  for  the  water  through  the  Sutro 
Tunnel ;  and  at  the  surface,  there  is  a  supply  of  water  that  can  be  used  for 
driving  machinery.  The  Chollar-Norcross  pump,  devised  by  JOSEPH  Moore 
and  G.  W.  UicKiE,  of  TiiE  RlsDON  Ikon  W'ork.s,  uses  a  column  of  water 
from  400  feet  above  the  surface  to  the  1,600  foot  level,  to  pump  the  column 
of  water  800  feet  high  from  the  2,400  to  the  1,600  foot  level.  In 
other  words,  a  column  of  water  2,0CK3  feet  high  above  the  Sutro  Tunnel,  is 
u.sed  to  raise  another  column  of  water,  800  feet  below  the  level  of  the  tun- 
nel. This  pump  is  entirclj-  different  in  conditions,  requirements,  and 
height  of  its  column  of  water  from  any  elsewhere  in  use;  and  has  a  number 
of  new  inventions  and  adaptations.  The  pipes  are  made  of  cast-iron, 
because  there  was  no  sufficient  stock  of  thick  sheet  on  the  coast,  nor  of 
machinery  to  roll  the  sheets,  nor  was  there  time  to  wait  for  obtaining  the 
machinery  or  the  sheet-iron  from  the  Atlantic  Slope.  But  there  was  no 
cast-iron  that  would  endure  the  strain;  and  after  careful  experiment.s,  a  new 
mi.Kturc  was  made,  including  .some  cast-steel,  that  would  bear  the  tremen- 
dous pressure.  A  new  pump  was  invented  by  Mr.  DiCKli;,  on  a  plan  which, 
it  is  thougiit,  is  less  likely  to  get  out  of  order  than  any  other;  and  air  cham- 
bers were  placed  on  the  sitle  of  the  pipe,  to  prevent  shocks  from  exceptional 
influences.  The  result  is,  that  the  pump  raises  i,6oo  gallons  of  water 
e\er)- minute,  or  nearly  10,000  tons  in  24  hours.  The  success  of  this  ex- 
periment—  it  was  generally  considered  a  very  bold  experiment — is  complete, 
and  arrangements  are  now  being  made  to  obtain  a  water  supply  large  enough 
to  hoist  the  water  and  ore  of  all  the  Comstock  mines  by  similar  power, 
and  thus  save  a  vast  expenditure  in  fuel. 

The  pump  now  driven  by  water  was  built  to  be  driven  by  either  water  or 
steam.  Tlie  mining  companies  owning  the  shaft  wanted  to  make  it  for 
water  jjower  exclusivel)';  but  the  Water  Company  ilcmanded  too  much  for 
their  water.  Thereupon  the  companies  applied  to  TllE  RlSDox  Iron 
Works,  which  furnished  a  plan  for  a  pump  to  work  by  either  water  or 
Hteain.  This  plan,  adopted  in  1880,  provided  for  a  double  pipe  8  inches  in 
diameter,  from  the  surface  to  the  2,400  foot  level,  with  a  pump  at  each  end. 
Withsteam  power,  the  upper  pump  should  force  a  current  of  water  under  heavj' 
pressure  down  one  pipe  and  up  the  other,  passing,  at  the  bottom,  through  a 
hydraulic  i)ump,  which  should  raise  the  surplus  water  of  the  mine  from  the 
2,400  foot  level  to  the  Sutro  Tunnel.  This  method  of  working  required 
that  the  same  body  of  water  should  be  used  over  and  over  again,  without 


INVIATIoNS. 


433 


noteworthy  waste,  for  driving  the  lower  pumi).  To  obtain  sufficient  power, 
as  well  as  make  the  machinery  wurk  evenly,  it  was  necessarj-  to  subject  the 
water  to  a  pressure  much  higher  than  that  ever  obtained  before  on  a  large 
scale  by  forcing  machinery,  and  this  was  done  by  the  help  of  an  accumu- 
lator, or  air  chamber,  '/O  feet  high,  and  25  inches  in  diameter  inside,  of  cast- 
iron,  with  wails  5  inches  thick.  The  air  was  forced  into  this  under  a  pressure ' 
of  1, 000  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  and  there  were  10  feet  of  water  at  the 
bottom,  and  60  of  air  above,  making  a  cushion  of  air  that  maintains  a 
steatly  pressure  under  the  pulsations  of  the  pumps.  Other  accumulators, 
of  smaller  size,  are  attached  to  the  pipes  at  various  elevations.  When  the 
combination  pumj),  driven  by  steam,  proved  to  be  a  complete  success,  ren- 
dering the  ChoUar-Norcross  .shaft  independent  of  the  Water  Compan)', 
then  the  latter  offered  to  furnish  water  cheaper  than  steam.  The  offer  was 
accepted,  the  steam-engine  and  the  upper  pump  were  disconnected,  and  the 
only  power  now  used  is  that  of  a  pressure  of  a  column  of  water  2,000  feet 
high,  which  water  runs  to  waste  through  the  Sutro  Tunnel.  The  steam- 
engine,  upper  pump,  and  pipes,  carrying  water  to  the  surface,  are  all  re- 
tained, so  that  in  ca.se  of  a  stoppage  of  water  suppl)-,  the  steam  can  be 
turned  on  at  short  notice. 

The  idea  of  this  pump  is  new  anil  original  with  Mr.  Dli'Kli;.  It  is  the 
only  pump  that  raises  so  large  a  quantity  of  water  in  one  continuous  col- 
umn, cSoo  feet  high.  About  the  same  time  that  Mr.  DlCKIK  imdertook 
this  work,  Hknrv  D.WN".  a  distinguished  hydraulic  engineer  of  Leeds, 
England,  made  2  pumps  with  continuous  lifts  of  about  cSoo  feet,  for  mines 
in  Westphalia,  but  they  raise  only  about  one  quarter  so  much  as  does  the 
Chollar-Norcross  pump. 

Dickie's  Other  Inventions. — The  hydraulic  pump  in  the  Chollar-Nor- 
cross shaft,  the  onl)-  one  of  its  kind  now  in  use,  was  invented  by  Mr.  DiCKIE. 
Its  main  feature  is  a  time  cylinder  which,  operated  from  the  cross-head  of 
the  pump,  opens  and  closes  the  valves  in  regular  rotation,  and  at  proper  in- 
tervals, .so  that  the  water  shall  be  admitted  into  the  water-chamber  of  the 
pump  from  one  direction,  and  forced  out  in  another,  at  proper  periods  in 
the  successive  strokes  of  the  ram  or  piston.  The  idea  of  a  time  cylinder 
originated  with  Mr.  DiCKlK,  and  its  form  and  that  of  its  valves  are  covered 
by  his  patent. 

Mr.  DiCKlF.  is  the  inventor  of  a  hydraulic  air  compressor,  the  piston  of 
which  is  to  be  driven  by  a  number  of  small  rams,  working  in  h}-draulic 
cylinders.  The  power  exerted  b)-  a  piston  directly  compressing  air  is  sub- 
ject to  continuous  variations,  being  little  at  the  beginning  of  each  stroke 
and  much  at  its  end.     The  purpose  of  this  invention  of  Mr.  DiCKii;,  is  to 


m 


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■  ■ 

!; 

(■' 

i 

I 

rrr 


424 


EN(;INEERING,    KTC. 


m 


make  the  power  \;ir_\-  with  the  requirement.  As  the  piston  advances  in  its 
stroke,  it  opens  \nlve  after  \alve,  anil  each  sets  a  new  hj  draulic  ram  in  opera- 
tion ;  thus  incrcasin<j  the  pressure,  wiiich  can  be  retjuk'ited  to  the  precise 
force  liesiretl. 

The  air  compressor  used  at  the  Cholhir-N'orcross  pump  for  sujjplj'iuL;  the 
accumulator,  is  made  on  a  new  ilcsit^n,  invented  and  patentetl  bj-  J()>i:F'II 
MiiiiKi',  and  G.  W.  DlCKlK.  It  is  a  compound  compression  cylinder,  which 
moses  u[)  and  tlown,  while  its  hollow  pistons,  one  at  each  end,  are  stationar)'. 
One  of  these  pistons  is  4  times  as  large  as  the  other,  and  the  air  beintj  admit- 
ted into  the  l,irL;er  piston  from  a  subordinate  compressor,  under  a  pressure  of 
60  ]iounds,  is  raised  to  240  jiounds  in  the  lan^'c  arm  of  the  cylinder,  and  to 
(jOo  in  the  small  arm,  and  b)'  increasini^  the  pressure  in  the  large  cjlinder, 
that  in  the  small  one  has  been  raised  to  2,000  pounds  without  |)assing  a 
temperature  of  iSo  .  The  machine  has  been  emplox'cd  extensive!)'  without 
inconvenience  from  heat  or  any  other  source,  and  is  the  simplest  instrument 
for  obtaining  a  high  air  prcsiure. 

Mr.  Dickie's  ne.vt  patent  is  for  a  hydraulic  hoisting  engine,  the  power  to 
be  sup]ilicd  either  by  natural  head  or  from  an  accumulator.  The  inain 
features  of  this  in\enlion  are,  that  each  reel  is  independent  of  its  hydraulic 
engine;  that  when  the  cage  and  rope  are  going  down,  their  weight  is  utilized 
to  ])ump  water  frojii  a  reservoir  into  an  accumulator,  thus  storing  power  to 
be  used  in  hoisting;  and  that  the  crank-pins  of  the  pitman  slide  from  the 
center  to  the  periphery  of  the  crank  disk  under  the  control  of  the  engineer, 
thus  giving  a  sjjccd  or  power  adjustable  at  will.  This  invention  is  to  be 
a[)plicd  .soon  on  a  large  scale  for  hoisting  from  a  depth  of  3,000  feet,  in  the 
main  shaft  of  the  luireka  Con.solidntcd  Mine. 

Mr.  Dickie  is  th.e  inventor  of  a  hydraulic  sinking  pump,  intended  to  be 
used  in  the  bottom  of  a  .shaft,  and  so  arranged  that  it  can  be  easily  hoisted 
out  of  the  way  of  blasts.  The  power  is  applied  through  a  pair  of  hydraulic 
rams  in  a  station  above,  connected  by  adjustable  levers  with  another  pair 
of  rams  at  the  bottom  of  the  i)ipes,  the  pump  being  of  the  DiCKIK  time- 
cjlindcr  pattern.  The  length  of  the  column  of  water  can  be  extended  from 
30  to  600  feet  without  changing  the  power,  or  making  any  material  altera- 
tion in  the  mechanism,  sa\c  that  of  adding  more  pipe.  One  is  being  built 
now  for  the  luirek.i  Consolidated  Mine. 


Spaulding's  Saw  Teeth.— N.  W.  .Sp.vuldinc;,  at  present  assistant  treas- 
urer of  the  United  .States  in  San  Francisco,  and  manager  of  the  business 
of"  Tin;  r.\cii  ic  S.wv  M.vnciacturinc  Company,  is  the  inventor  of 
circular  remo\able  teeth  for  large  saws.  Removable  teeth  had  been  made 
for  large  saws  before   Mr.  Si'AL  LDINc;  took  hokl  of  the  subject,  but  they 


m. 


INVKNTIONS. 


425 


had  square  corners,  which  strained  and  ■  .ten  cracked  the  saw-blade.  He 
adopted  a  circular  forni,  which  not  on!)-  distributed  the  pressure,  but  also 
permitted  the  j^radual  advancement  of  the  tooth  as  it  wore  away,  anil  thus 
made  it  wear  loni^'er.  The  in\entiori  is  used  extensivel)',  and  its  value  is 
universall>-  reco;;nized  amoni,'  skillful  lumbermen. 

Dolbeer's  Logging  Machino  — ]oiis  Dr)Liii;r;u,  of  San  Francisco,  of 
the  firm  of  OiiLliI  I  u  &  C.VRSON,  is  the  inventor  of  a  steam  logi^intf 
machine,  which  is  of  j^rcat  service  in  hantUinn  the  immense  redwood  logs 
in  Humboldt  County.  To  move  a  log  7  or  8  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  12 
to  20  feet  long,  is  a  tedious  and  costly  operation  when  a  long  train  of  slow 
oxen  must  supply  the  power;  and  the  substitution  of  steam  is  a  decided 
success. 

Triple  Circalar. —  flie  triple  circular  iw  i.-  one  of  the  no.velties  of 
lumbering  in  California.  A  circular  saw  is  never  more  than  6  feet  across, 
or  3  feet  on  each  side  of  the  axle  or  arbor.  Twd  i  ircuhus  running  in  the 
same  plane  di\ide  a  log  5  feet  through  without  difficulty.  lUit  the  immense 
logs,  7  feet  or  more  in  diameter,  required  .something:  m  for  convenient 
handling,  uiil  D.  ICv.Ws  devised  a  third  circular  saw,  which  slices  off  part 
of  the  top  of  the  log,  and  thus  enables  the  doul)lc  circulars  to  cut  through 
the  remainder,  the  entire  work  beiii,^  dune  at  one  motion. 

Hallidie's  Wire  Ropeway. — In  i.SGS  A.  .S.  H.m.lidie,  a  manufacturer 
of  wire  and  various  articles  made  of  wire,  invented  his  wire  ropeway, 
which  is  now  useil  on  this  continent  for  the  trans[)ortation  of  ores  more  ex- 
tensively than  any  similar  device.  Mr.  Hai.LIDIK  can  not  claim  priority  in 
the  idea  of  a  wire  ropeway,  because  about  the  same  time  that  he  made  his 
invention,  a  Mr.  HoDUSON,  in  I'^ngland,  devised  what  was  called  a  wire 
tramway.  Of  the  two,  however,  it  is  admitted  that  Hallidik'.S  is  superior, 
very  fe«',  if  any,  of  Mi  >|m, son's  tramways  being  now  in  use,  as  they  are  not 
well  ada])ted  for  steep  grades,  and  tho,sc  are  the  situations  where  such 
means  of  transportation  are  most  needed. 

The  original  featuri:s  of  most  \aluc  in    Hallidie's  ropeway  are  the  cli]i  to 

which  the  bucket  is  attached;  the  grip  pulley,  which  cither  transmits  [)ower 

to  the  rope,  or  serves  as  a  brake,  to  check  its  speed,  as  occasion  ma)-  require; 

the  self-dumping  bucket;  and  gearing  transmitting  surplus  power  from  the 

descending  cable  on  one  side  of  the  post,  to  the  ascending  cable  on  the  other. 

The  Hallidie  ropeway  is  used  in  30  mines  or  more,  and    o  far  as  known,  is 

the  only  one  used  in  the  United   States.     The  longest  one  has  4  miles  of 

endless  wire  cable  between  stations  2   niili  s  apart.     At  Mineral   King  the 

stations  are  6,000  feet  apart,  and  the  mine  i>  1,900  feet  above  the  mill.     The 
54 


I   I 


pi 


If  - 


II 


I 


426 


ENGINEERINc;,   ETC. 


ascending  buckets  are  used  to  carry  up  mine  timbers,  fuel,  tools,  other  sup- 
plies, and  occasinnall)'  water.  The  cost  of  transportin;^  the  ore  by  this 
ropeway  is  usual!)'  about  20  cents  a  ton,  whereas  by  waj^un  it  would  be  .$1,  and 
in  some^jlaces  $3  or  more.  The  weight  of  the  ore  furnishes  all  tlie  power 
needed  for  transportation,  and  in  several  mines  there  is  a  surplus  for  pump- 
Iul;,  or  doing  other  work.  The  largest  span  between  posts  is  700  feet,  at 
an  Inyo  mine,  and  there  the  ropeway  is  600  feet  above  the  bijttom  of  a 
canyon. 

Cable  Railroad.— Soon  after  Mr.  H.M.LiniK  had  invented  his  ropeway 
he  in\  cnted  the  cable  railroad,  which  is  one  of  the  prominent  features  of  the 
street  railroad  .system  of  San  Francisco,  having  been  in  u.se  now  for  10  yeans. 
In  the  cable  railroad  the  car  is  drawn  by  an  endless  wire  rope,  moving  con- 
tinually under  the  surface  of  the  street.  The  steep  hills  of  San  Francisco 
demandecT  such  an  invention,  but  the  problem  of  devising  a  method  of  sup- 
plying the  want  was  surrounded  with  difficulties  which  can  net  be  e.vplaineil 
here  in  detail.  Mr.  II.M.LIDIE  overcame  them  all,  and  tlie  cable  cars,  pn  • 
pellcd  by  a  hidden  power,  carrying  heavy  loads  of  passengers  up  hills  that 
rise  25  feet  in  100  feet  of  roadway,  are  among  the  alfaclions  of  the  city. 
.\n  open  slot,  sc\-cn  eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  between  iron  bars,  e.Ktends  mid- 
way in  the  track  from  end  to  end  of  the  road,  antl  an  arm  e.\tending  down 
through  this  slot,  grips  the  cable,  and  moves  with  it,  under  the  control  of  the 
dii\er.  Under  the  slot  is  an  open  channel,  in  which  the  cable  mo\es.  The 
main  features  of  the  invention  arc  the  open  channel  and  slot;  the  position 
of  the  rope,  not  under  the  slot,  but  at  one  side,  so  that  dirt  shall  not  fall 
on  it;  the  grip  which  catches  the  rope  or  lets  go  at  the  will  of  the  engineer, 
and  acts  gradually,  so  that  there  shall  be  no  sudden  jerks;  and  the  dummy 
to  carry  the  grip.  It  is  estimated  that  on  the  Sutter  Street  cable  line  in 
San  Francisco,  the  power  costs  30  per  cent,  less  than  it  would  if  horses  were 
used;  and  in  large  cities  where  the  amount  of  travel  is  great,  the  saving 
would  be  50  per  cent. 

It  has  been  obscncd  that  after  a  cable  has  been  used  for  a  time,  the  outer 
wires  are  worn  so  that  they  lose  their  rounded  form.  Mr.  IIalliuie  has 
invented  a  machine  to  give  his  wires  the  shape  which  they  assume  under 
the  influence  of  wear.     This  device  will  reduce  the  amount  of  change. 


Ill' 

'( 

"Ti 

■1 

'|j 

ill 

p  ^ 

■■■■■'  ! 

■     --    ' 

Robb's  Sa-w-Mill  Inventions. —J.  A.  RoiiH,  of  San  Josc',  is  the  inventor 
of  half  a  dozen  machines  valuable  in  the  production  of  lumber.  His  Set 
Work  or  Mead  Block  enables  lUe  sawj'er,  with  little  effort,  to  instantaneously 
move  the  longest  and  largest  log  sidewise  on  the  carriage  to  any  position 
needed,  so  that  the  saws  can  cut  lumber  of  such  width  as  may  be  required. 


IWKNTIONS. 


427 


This  device  enables  one  man  tn  do  the  work  of  4  men  in  changinfr  the 
position  of  a  loi,'  by  liie  old  method. 

Roini's  Gan^  IC(l.L;cr,  a  series  of  circular  saws  on  one;  axle,  used  to  cut 
up  lumber  jirepareil  for  them  by  primar)- saws,  has  several  valuaiilc  improve- 
ments to  save  labor  and  ex[)edite  work.  The  saws  can  be  chanj^^cd  in  posi- 
tion on  the  axle  instantaneousl)',  or  the>'  can  be  taken  off  in  a  moment  by 
means  of  a  hin^i;  arrani^emont ;  whereas  in  other  LjaiiLj  edi^er^  much  time  is 
required  for  such  changes.  The  top  rolls,  which  feed  the  lumber  and  keep 
it  in  i^lace,  are  .so  arranj.;cd  that  the)'  must  alwaj-s  be  parallel  with  the  lo\ver 
rolls,  and  thus  the  feed  is  strai^dit.  It  is  admitteil,  b)'  all  lumber  manufac- 
turers, that  the  machine  has  decided  advantaj;es  in  some  respects  over  any 
other  gang  cdger. 

Roiili's  Ti^'htenincj  Lever  is  a  tlcvice  for  stoppiiiLf  or  mo\int(  the  top  saw 
in  a  double  circular,  by  a  simple  i'.nd  convenient  ai)[)liance.  ConncUed  with 
the  lever  is  an  "idler  pulley,"  to  5^1;^  anil  feeil  the  carriaije  with  one  belt 
directly  from  the  saw  arbor. 

RdlUi's  .Saw  Guitle  is  a  device  ffir  instantaneously  adjustinif  circular  saws 
while  in  motion,  the  sawyer  remaining  at  a  distance  of  2  feet  from  the  saw, 
and  thus  being  out  of  danger.  It  adds  greatly  to  the  safet)'  of  ufirking 
with  circular  saws. 

Rouit'.s  Gang  Lath  Holter  has  back  rolls,  each  independent  of  the  others, 
and  each  drawing  it=  own  l;ith  or  picket  from  its  saw,  in  such  a  manner  that 
slabs,  bolts,  or  sticky  of  irregular  shapes,  shall  be  carried  awa>'  as  promptly 
as  if  they  were  of  uniform  thickness. 

These  inventions  by  Mr.  lioiilJ,  all  patented  and  in  extensive  use,  are 
manufactured  by  Tatum  &  ]?0\VEN,  No.  12  California  Street,  San  Francisco: 

Pneumatic  Clock.— Hkrm.WN  J.  Wr.xZEi.,  of  San  I'Vancisco,  is  the 
inventor  of  a  [ineumatic  clock,  devised  for  the  [lurpose  of  driving  a  multi- 
tude of  dials  in  e.\act  harmony  with  a  central  clock  which  keeps  perfect 
time.  The  pneumatic  connection  is  less  liable  to  interruption  than 
elcctricit)- ;  and  is  therefore  the  best  yet  de\ised.  Mr.  \\'kx/,i:i,  was 
the  first  to  adopt  and  perfect  it.  Mis  patent  was  issued  in  1S73,  ami 
about  1880  the  same  idea  was  introduced  in  I'aris,  as  of  h'rench  origin. 
Mr.  Wknzf.l'.s  clocks  have  been  used  extensi\el)-  in  San  Francisco  for  the 
last  7  years  and  have  given  the  most  complete  satisfaction.  The  [xiwer  of 
the  central  machinery  is  transmitted  by  air.  The  air  pumps  consist  of 
inverted  glass  cups  or  cylinders  suspended  on  a  level,  and  mox-ing  ever)' 
other  minute  up  and  down  into  glass  jars  partiall)-  filled  with  gKxcrine, 
which  will  neither  freeze  nor  evaporate.  A  small  pii^e  runs  through  the 
jars,  one  end   reaching  above  thi;  liquitl  ;  the  otlier  end  is  conducted  antl 


n 


t.- 


428 


ENGINEERnVG.    ETC. 


i  .   Ji 


w 


branched  off  to  the  (iiffcrcnt  clocks  in  thi-  building.  The  clocks  .so  con- 
nected, contain  only  dial-work  and  a  .small  air-pump;  and  so  long  a.s  the 
connection  is  complete,  must  move  exactly  with  the  central  machinery,  even 

if  a  mile  distant. 

Telegraphic  Inventions. — The  first  practical  application  of  the  electric 
sjicakinL;  telL])litjne  was  to  replace  the  Morse  apparatus,  jwintcrs,  magnetic 
dials,  and  other  instruments  in  use  on  short  ]5rivate  lines,  conncci  uvj;  offices 
with  factories,  wharves,  mills,  and  mines.  The  next  step  was  to  develop 
the  priv.-»te  Imes  into  club  lines,  each  embracing  perhaps  as  many  as  10  sta- 
tions, tlic  sub.scribcrs  having  such  business  or  personal  relations,  as  to  permit 
the  common  iwe  of  one  line  for  all  their  telephone  stations.  But  the  great 
field  for  the  useiof  the  telephone  origin;Ltcd  with  tlic  exchange  .system,  which 
vwas  (ievised  lir-'i:iEOKGE  S.  Ladd,  then  and  now  president  of  The  Gold 
.^ssai)  Stock  Uzlkgrapm  Company,  and  at  present  also  president  of  The 
BttaOFlC  l^KT  Tixi.-.i'iioNE  COMPANY.  This  sA.stem  was  first  put  into 
rptactical  n  under  Mr.  Ladd'.s  management.     Soon  after  the  first 

aipfmaaaxtcc  ui  zht:  telephone,  he  recognized  its  value,  but  saw  that  few 
pMiWMft  coukL  .aStinl  to  maintain  lines  leading  only  to  their  own  houses, 
aniC  tiait  dab  lines  never  could  be  numerous,  because  there  was  no  privacy 
of  cowKcrsatiKMi.  He  studied  out  the  pbin  for  a  sc[)aratc  wire  from  every 
.subscniiiEr  or  oTOmer  of  a  telephone  to  a  cerrtral  office — now  termed  an  ex- 
chairpfC' — witfa.a.-: -airitchiiiirny  apparatus  at  the  office,  so  that  the  operator  there 

couli  ":!' 

to  c  r  '  :  _,  .'.1 

by  amiyioody.  iSiprt  onlv  imuld  2  subscribers  in  the  same  city  be  placed  in 
communication. .init  when  adjacent  cities  are  connected  by  truiilc  lines,  every 
subscriber  ni  om:  cny  casn  converse  witli  every  subscriber  in  the  other.  The 
first  ciniH  on  of  this  system  ever  made,  was  to  the  office  of  TlIE  CALI- 
FORNIA Ck.\i.:kek  CoSJTiANY,  on  February  18,  18S1;  and  in  Scptcmlx'r, 
188 1,  a  subscriber  in  Sar.  Francisco  could  command  immediate  ami  pri\atc 
conversation  witia  1400  rriier  jioints,  in  his  own  city  and  Oakland.  The 
success  of  this  .uimirable  system  was  complete  from  the  first,  and,  within  a 
few  months,  the  example  of  the  Golden  City  was  followed  by  New  York, 
Chicago,  I'hiladelphia,  and  other  Atlantic  cities,  until  now  every  large  and 
prosperous  to>vn  in  the  I'nitcd  States  has  its  tclphone  exchange.  The 
invention  will  increase  in  importance  with  the  extension  of  the  telephonic 
range,  and  if  that  shouli-l  reach  across  the  continent,  the  telephone  exchange 
will  be  one  'f  the  mo>l  prominent  factors  of  business  and  social  life.  There 
is  no  exaggeration  iti  saying  that  iMr.  I..\l)i:)'.s  addition  of  the  exchange  has 
much  more  than  dt)iibleil  the  value  of  the  telephone. 


he  telephones  of  any  _'  subscribers,  allowing  them 
•  might  wish,  without  danger  of  being  overheard 


K 


■  3' 

?!  i 


iwKN  rio\s. 


429 


The  establishment  of  the  Ainericm  District  IVloi,napli  s\ -,10111  in  S;in 
I'raiicisco,  in  1S75,  \\;-.i  soon  lulloweil  b\-  the  iincnti'in  cil  the  San  I'laii- 
cisco  signal  box,  whicli  has  12  signals  and  a  liell  tn  let  the  p.Uron  know 
that  his  signal  lias  been  heard  and  attendeil  to.  The  old  box,  whidi  li.id 
only  3  signals  and  no  rcs[ionse  bell,  will  disappear  e\ei)\\  here.  I'lie  .'"iaii 
I'raneisco  box  was  invented  by  Gl'.oRiiK  .S.  L.MHi  and  Sri.i'llKN  1).  l''li;i,i). 

After  the  adoiUion  of  a  box  with  signals  for  liacks  ;uul  coupes,  a  carri.ige 
company  vvas  organized  to  kee[)  such  vehicle.-,  read)',  at  all  hours  ol  llie  d.iy 
and  night,  for  the  patrons  of  the  Distri. :  ;\  'egraph  Comi)an>-.  .S.in  l'"ran- 
cisco  was  the  first  city  to  have  such  a  .  ■  .pany,  and  it  now  h,is  tlie  best 
carriage  service  in  the  United  .States. 

The  first  successful  application  of  the  magneto-electric  machine,  as  a 
substitute  for  the  galvanic  batter)-,  to  furnish  a  regular  electric  current  for 
telegraphic  purposes,  was  made  in  California  in  1.S79.  Many  atteni])l-  to 
use  the  machine  for  this  inirpose  h.ul  been  made  in  lunoix'  without  suc- 
cess, the  current  ha\ing  :i  pulsating  motion  which  rend<rcd  it  unser\  iceable. 
Gi:()Ki;k  S.  L.MUi  and  Sri;i'lii:\  D.  Imklh,  while  working  together  over 
the  problem,  hit  upf)n  the  idea  of  starting  the  current  in  one  machine  and 
transmitting  it  tlirt)Ugh  anoth.er.  The  pulsation  of  one  counterbalancetl  ibc 
pul.sati(jn  of  the  other,  and  a  stead)-  current  was  obtained.  .Magiieto-</lt'<:- 
tricity  is  now  used  in  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  and  pcrha|)s  other 
places,  with  a  great  saving;  and  will  doubtless  be  substituted  in  all  tlie  cities 
where  a  large  tclegrajihic  business  is  done,  with  a  decided  rcrluction  in  ex- 
pense. In  the  city  business  of  San  Francisco,  the  saving  in  tlu  co.l  of 
the  electric  current  is  50  per  cent. 

Washoe  Pan,  etc. —  The  iron  pan  first  u.sed  for  the  amalgamation  of 
silver  ore  August  11,  1.S60,  inthc  mill  of  A[,M.\KIN  H.  V'.\[  1,  at  \'irj;inia 
Cit)-,  pro\-cil  to  be  a  gre;it  success,  working  with  a  speed  far  exceeding  the 
iMexican  patio,  and  the  German  barrel,  and  being  far  more  economical  fiir 
general  use  on  our  slojje.  It  is  used  exclusively  for  retlucing  all  the  free 
milling  ores  in  the  American  territory.  Mr.  Paim.  had  used  the  ])an  unsuc- 
cessfuU)-  Ml  a  gold  mill  at  Ne\ada  City,  and  was  ridiculed  when  he  took  it 
to  the  Comstock  Lode,  but  the  result  vindicated  the  wisdom  of  his  course. 
Zkn.V.s  Wlli;i;t.KR  invented  the  first  fast  grinding  pan,  anil  also  introduced 
revolving  blankets  for  catching  sulphurcts.  The  h'RUi'.  revoKing  rubber 
.sheet  concentrator  and  the  Gir.i;  lapjiet  are  other  inventions,  the  value  of 
whicli  is  recognized  among  miners. 

Deetken's  Chlorination  Prooo3S.— The  process  of  separating  gold  from 
roastetl  .uniUious  ^ulphureis  b\-  exposing  tiiem  to  chlorine,  and  then  leach- 
ing out  the  soluble  chloride  of  gold  with  w.iler,  ,'.'as  discovere<l  bv  the  (ler- 


IM 


1 

i 

I 

^B 

i 
I 

iam 

;! 

I 


;1 

I 


4.^0 


i.Nf.iNTi'.kiNi;,  i:tc 


111,111  chemist  I'l.A  irxEK.  Tlic  (icrinaiis  wrrc  iicrfcct  in  the  chemical  part 
111  ihi'  l)usine.-,s,  but  the)-  did  nut  isiiuw  iiow  In  make  the  apparatus  needed 
i>'  .ijipiy  it  economicaily.  At  Keichen.stcin,  the  chief  ciilorination  establish- 
ment in  I-'.urope,  llie  j4as  is  {generated  in  clay  ])fits  with  lead  covers,  in  con- 
nection with  stoneware  jars  for  washiiv;  it.  and  willi  small  stoneware  iin- 
l)re!,'nation  pots,  eacji  holdiiii^  150  [jounds  of  roasted  siilphurets.  G.  F. 
1)1,1,1  Ki:n,  at  present  a  resident  of  Auburn,  California,  in  1X6:;  obtained  a 
patent,  now  obsolete,  for  a  cheap  chlorination  apparatu.s.  He  matle 
a  leailen  generator  with  water  joiius  and  a  stirrer;  the  tfas  uas  washed 
in  a  bell  i(lass;  the  rf)asted  suli)hurets  were  placed  on  a  filter  bottom  in  a 
l.u'Lje  w<joden  \  .it  lined  u  ith  rosin  and  l.ir  or  an  equi\alent.  The  cover  of 
the  \at  was  made  tiL;ht  u  ith  doiiijh,  ,uid  the  ^^■ls  was  .idmittcd  under  the 
filter  bottom,  I)i;r.i'Ki:x',s  apparatus  for  a  3-ton  establishment  costs  here 
$300,  while  till'  ivT;i(iii'.NST[:i\  apparatus  would  cost  $4,800;  ;ind  the 
former  rec[uires  less  than  one  fourth  the  (piantity  of  man_L,Mncsc,  and  co.sts 
$4  less  a  ton  for  handlin;^  the  ore.  The  Ui;i:'l'Ki;.\  apparatus  is  used  by  7 
chlorination  establishments  in  Xev.ula  County,  one  in  I'l.icer.  one  in  I'",l 
Uur.ido,  one  in  Calaveras,  one  in  Tuolumne,  one  in  Mariposa,  one  in  Siski- 
you, and  2  in  Amador.  With  it,  lar^'e  sums,  periiaps  millit)ns,  have  been 
ackled  to  the  ^old  production  of  California,  The  Reichenstein  is  not 
used  on  this  slope, 

lioadin-j  Chutes. — Tiie  shore  of  California  has  a  number  of  chutes,  or 
lap^i'  wcioden  troutjhs,  through  which  lumber,  firewood,  ^rain,  and  mis- 
cellaneous articles,  incliidinj;'  pi,L;s  with  their  feet  tied,  are  sent  sliding 
down  I'rom  a  hit^h  b.mk  to  a  vessel  anchored  out  |)erliaps  10,  perhaps  30 
\ards  from  the  land.  The  chutes  are  supported  b}' strong  derricks,  , and 
some  of  them  ha\e  sliding  extensions  which  can  be  adapted  to  the  distance 
at  which  the  \essel  fmils  it  convenient  to  anchor.  All  the  chutes  are  made 
so  that  they  can  be  raiseil  or  lowered  to  suit  the  condition  of  the  tide.  At 
the  lower  end  tliere  is  a  br.ike  to  check  the  momentum  of  the  descending 
object,  which  if  a  railroad  tie  or  hea\y  piece  of  timber,  if  not  checked  in 
speed  might  crush  the  deck  or  siile  (.f  the  vessel.  These  chutes,  which  \ary 
ill  form  and  size,  were  first  used  on  the  coast  of  Californi.i,  and  probably 
h.ivc  not  been  adojjted  eksewhere.  They  woulil  lie  of  no  use  on  a  flat  beach 
or  on  a  shore  aliounding  in  harbors. 

Photographs  of  xVlotion. — I'..  J,  .MlN  Iskiih;!-,,  of  S.in  I'rancisco,  was  the  in- 
\eiitor  of  ;m  interesting  .apparatus  for  t.iking  instantaneous  ])hotographs  of 
animals  in  motion.  He  obtained  \iews  to  show  the  successive  positions  of 
a  horse  in  one  stride,  which  extends  from  the  time  that  he  piits  down  one  foot 
(the  right  front  foot  for  instance ;  on  the  grounil  until  he  piiti  it  down  again. 


li 


IN\1\  TtOVS. 


4.U 


The  distance  lor  a  swift  horse  at  I'lill  s])ectl  iniLjlit  l)c  JX  I'ei't ;  the  time  half 
a  second  approxiniatcis'.  I'he  motions  of  tiie  feet  are  so  swit't  that  the  e\e 
can  not  distin_L;uisli  them;  and  artists  have'  made  a  iiracliee  of  paiiuin;^^  riin- 
nin,Lj  horses  in  conventional  jxisitions  which,  uitli  tlie  lielp  of  M  t\  IsKIDCKs 
photot,M'aphs,  ue  now  loiow  to  he  unhke  anythiiiL;  in  nature,  nntl  al)sohitcl)- 
impossible.  The  problem  was  to  take  12  instantaneous  pictures  , it  e(|iial 
intervals  of  time  within  half  a  second,  in  po.'jitions  separated  In-  e(|ual  dis- 
tances of  2S  inches.  MLVr.Kin<;i;  succeedeil,  and  the  accuracy  anil  interest 
of  his  pictures  have  been  admitted  in  the  lar_L;est  cities  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  Ilis  invention  was  suj^gcsted  by  a  recpiest  made  by  l,i;i,.\Mi 
StaM'oRI)  for  phototjraphs  of  a  horse  in  rapid  motion  at  ilifferent  porticjns 
of  his  stride,  antl  this  request  was  basetl  on  a  ct)nviction  that  the  conven- 
tional pictures  of  runninjjf  honses  were  false  to  nature. 

Von  Schmidt's  Submarine  Blasting.  —  Before  1.S67  the  only  melluxl 
known  to  cnujineers  of  blastiiu^  luuler  water,  was  to  lay  the  explosiw  on  the 
rock  ami  touch  it  off,  thus  shattcriuL;  the  surface,  the  effect  beini,  sli^jht  in 
proportion  U>  the  amoent  of  explosive  u.scd.  In  that  year  .\.  W.  VoN 
Schmidt  devised  a  new  md  much  more  effective  plan.  .As  the  contractor 
of  the  Stone  Dry  Dock  at  Hunter's  Point,  i-n  San  Franciscf),  he  e.\cavated 
what  ma>'  be  calletl  the  body  of  the  dock,  and  then  had  to  make  an  entrance 
throui^'h  rock  e.Ktcndin^'  out  with  a  fjradual  slope  100  feil  into  the  l>a\-. 
InstCtid  of  blasting  on  top  of  this  rock,  he  tunneled  under  the  water,  took 
out  a  large  amount  of  material,  and  at  one  blast  broke  down  the  roof  ami 
columns  of  his  hone)'comb  work.  This  process  having  been  a  complete 
success,  Mr.  V'ON  SciI.Minr  took  a  contract  from  the  National  (iovcnnnent 
to  blast  away  Blossom  Rock,  the  top  of  which  was  5  feet  below  low  tide,  in 
San  Francisco  Haj-.  Me  built  a  coffer  dam  on  the  rock,  suiik  a  shaft,  ran  a 
drift  through  a  space  of  140  feet  long  and  40  feet  wide,  37  feet  below  low 
tide,  and  then  blew  up  all  his  galleries  at  once,  and  accomplished  his  task. 
'I'he  superiorit)-  of  this  method  of  blasting  submarine  rock,  accessible  by 
timneling,  is  admitted  by  all  engineers,  and  it  was  adopted  in  bl.isting  the 
rock  at  llell  Gale,  New  York  harbor,  in  1879. 

Gates's  Steering  Apparatus.  -Jon. \  G.\ri:s,  an  engineer  in  the  ser\iei? 
of  The  OkK(;o\  R.mi.w.w  Cdmt.WV,  is  the  inventor  of  a  steering  appa- 
ratus driven  by  steam-power,  which,  however,  is  transmitteil  by  water  so 
that  it  has  a  h>draulic  ch.iractcr.  This  invention  enables  the  hehiismeii  to 
direct  the  course  of  the  boat  instantiv  ,iiid  without  effort.  It  is  the  onl>- 
.steering  aiiparatus  suitable  for  narrow  ami  swift  streams,  but  s  useful  I'ver)- 
where.     Mr.  G.VTKS  is  also  the  inventor  of  the  "  Li^iht-Feea  u  ibricator,"  in 


r     1 


fi  If 


rii 


gigg  I'jsets^'v.  mm 


4.32 


l.NfWNKI.UrM;,    I-.TC. 


wliich  tlio  oil  |i,-isscs  by  drops  through  glass,  so  that  any  interruption  can  be 
discovered  readily. 

Deidesheimer'B  Mine  Timbering. — In  i860  I'llii.ir  Df.IDESHP:imkr 
was  employed  to  take  cliarj,'c  (jf  timbering,'  the  third  galler)-  of  the  Ophir 
Mine  on  tlie  Conistock  Lode.  This  j^'allerj-  was  in  a  body  of  ore  200  feet 
loni;  horizontally,  65  feet  wide,  and  560  feet  dee[).  The  mineral  was  too 
ricii  to  s|)are  an)'  portion  of  it  for  columns,  such  as  arc  left  in  narrow  \cin.s 
to  support  the  roof,  and  the  metliods  of  timbering  familiar  to  miners  were 
not  adapted  to  such  immense  chambers.  Mr.  DlCHJii.siIKlMKK  invented  a 
.system  of  timbering  known  as  the  square  set,  which  is  now  in  universal  use 
among  American  miners  for  large  ore  chambers.  It  consists  of  a  succes- 
sion of  cribs,  each  (')  feet  cubic,  made  of  strong  timbers  set  together  in  very 
simple  manner,  and  braced  across  the  dip  of  the  vein.  Tiiese  cribs,  jjiled 
one  on  another  from  the  lloor  to  the  roof,  arc  much  stronger  than  any 
other  kinil  of  timbering  containing  an  equal  amount  of  material.  , 

Agricultural  Implements. — The  scarcity  of  wood  and  .superabundance 
of  straw  in  some  of  the  larger  agricultural  valleys  of  California,  made  a 
demand  for  threshing-engines  which  should  burn  straw.  Several  \ain  at- 
tempts were  made  to  use  it  as  fuel,  but  II.ARVKV  W.  RiCK  succeeded  by 
using  it  lUHler  a  IxjiUr  with  return  flues.  Out  of  400  stiaw-burning  engines 
in  (Jalifornia,  more  than  300  are  constructed  on  Mr.  Ru'i:'.s  pattern.  The 
straw -burning  engine  has  been  sent  from  California  to  Me.xico,  Guatemala, 
and  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  has  been  introduced  into  some  of  the  States 
and  Territories  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  California,  the  e.vpense 
of  the  straw-burner  is  from  $5  to  $8  a  day  less  than  a  wood-burner,  or  $500 
for  each  machine  in  a  season.  $200,0CX)  in  a  year  for  the  State. 

Anothi  r  \aluable  Californian  invention  is  the  machine-feeder  (ov  thresh- 
ing-machines, invented  by  H\'RON  jACKsoN.  It  saves  the  labor  of  one  man, 
$2  a  day,  and  does  the  work  with  a  regularity  that  the  man  can  never  ob- 
tain. Out  of  1,000  threshing-machines  in  the  .State,  700  use  Jack.son'.s 
feeder.  It  has  been  sent  to  Australia  by  M.  C.  II.\\VL1-.V  &  Co.  J.VCKSON 
is  also  the  inventor  of  a  derrick-feeder  for  threshing-machines.  It  saves 
labor  and  is  extensively  used. 

Other  Inventions.  -The  ])atents  issued  to  residents  of  this  coast  number 
thousands,  but  most  of  them  ha\i.:  no  practical  \alue,  and  man>-  are  \aliia 
ble,  but  the  information  about  them  i:  not  conveniently  accessible  or  it 
is  difficult  to  explain  their  merits  in  a  manner  intelligible  tc>  the  general 
reader,  for  whom  this  book  is  designed.  C.\Kl  TON  Nkwm.VN,  manager  of 
Till-;  .S.W    I'"K.\\n.s('(i    .wn    I'.mii'Ic    (jl,.\ss  VVokks,  is  the  inventor  i.f 


»  'v\ 


m 


INVl'.XTIONS. 


433 


a  valuable  rlass  mcltiiic;-pot.  Dcnick-ncts,  for  Iciadiinj  and  '^tackiriL;  lia\- 
ami  straw,  ucrc  invcr.k'il  hy  OsrAR  Maksiiaii.  and  TlKiMAS  l'o\\i:i.l„ 
of  Stockton  The  best  taljlc  for  woikiiiL;  butter  and  the  most  convinient 
mold  to  sliai)e  it  for  the  market,  were  inventcil  b\-  Ol.lVl  R  Al.lJ.N,  of 
Sonom.i  C\)unty,  California,  and  arc'  in  e.\tensi\e  use.  V.wr  &  llAlNi.il'i-, 
of  San  l''ranci.seo,  were  the  inventors  of  the  method  of  |)rintinL,'  box  sliooks 
— pieces  of  board  pre])ared  to  be  nailed  into  boxes  with  the  label  of  the 
manufacturer.  y\n  aiijjjcr  patcntctl  b}-  Hi'.NjAMiN'  lM)KsiNt;K,  ol  Salem, 
Orccjon,  is  no\el,  antl,  in  certain  kinds  of  work,  valuable.  Joi: \  Wl.si',  of 
Wcstport,  Oregon,  is  the  inventor  and  ])atcntee  of  a  vahi,ible  machine  for 
filling;  cans  with  salmon. 

'l"hc  hydraulic  elevators  in  the  Palace  Hotel,  <lesiL;iied  bv  Mr.  \)\t  Kli. 
and  Mr  MoORK,  have  5  cvlinders  to  e.ich  elevator,  so  that  the  power  can 
be  varied  to  suit  the  load — a  novel  principle  in  elevator  structure.  The 
accumulatfir  of  the  I'alace  Hotel,  to  ^i\e  pt)wer  to  the  elevator  machinery, 
has  the  heaviest  dead-weight  load — iSo  tons — u.sed  in  any  accumulator. 
55 


'!,  1 


434 


MANUKA(Ti;Ui;S. 


DIVISION  VII.-MANUFACTURES. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII.— TEXTILE  FABRICS. 

Textile  Production. — The  phrase  "textile  fabrics"  is  api)liccl,  in  this 
chapter,  not  only  to  tlic  productions  of  the  U)om,  but  to  the  different  arti- 
cles inanufacturcil  from  such  productions.  It  includes,  therefore,  not  only 
the  blankets  ami  flannels,  the  tweeds,  cassimeres,  and  doeskins,  the  ho- 
siery and  knit  j^rnods  produced  at  the  woolen-niills,  but  all  tjic  iliffcrcnt  arti- 
cles that  are  made  from  such  fabrics;  the  coats,  pants,  and  vests  made  from 
the  clotli,  and  the  o\ers]iirts  and  underwear  made  from  the  flannels  antl 
knit  goods.  Those  articles,  which  arc  made  of  imported  material,  but 
fashioned  for  wear  or  prepared  for  other  use  by  means  of  Pacific  Coast 
kdjor,  such  as  shirts  and  linen  underclothing,  flags  and  regalia,  hats  and 
caps,  dress  and  upholstery  trimmings,  rope  and  cordage,  jute  and  cotton 
bags,  will  also  be  included  under  the  head  of  textile  fabrics. 

It  may  be  stated  approximately  that  the  several  departments  of  this 
branch  of  industry  give  employment  to  $4,900,000  of  capital  and  to  6,000 
operati\es;  that  the  amount  distributed  for  wages  is  about  $2,450,000,  and 
for  material  $5,900,000  a  year;  and  that  the  gross  wholesale  value  of  all 
manufactured  fabrics  is  about  $  1 1,800,000.  In  stating  the  value  of  mate- 
rial, the  cloth  and  flannels  of  our  woolen-mills,  so  far  as  they  are  made  into 
cU^thing  and  iniderclothing  on  this  coast,  and  all  fabrics  of  Pacific  Coast 
production,  to  which  the  tabor  of  operatives  adds  a  second  value,  arc  esti- 
mated only  once.  Probably  not  more  than  $1,000,000  worth  of  outer  cloth- 
ing and  underwear  are  made  from  the  jiroducts  of  our  woolen-mills.  If  to 
this  amount  there  be  ;ulded  $450,000  as  the  value  of  hosiery  and  Icnit  goods 
made  into  articles  of  domestic  underwe.ir,  we  include  all  the  important 
branches  in  w  hich  labor  adds  a  second  value  to  Pacific  Coast  fabrics. 

Tiie  ca])ital  invested  in  our  woolen-factories  is  estimated  at  $3,340,000; 
and  the  value  of  their  manufactures  at  .$4,850,000.  The  capital  investeil  in 
all  other  br.mches  of  this  industry  is  estimated  at  $i,(jOO,000,  and  the  value 
of  manufactures  at  $6,950,000. 

The  progress  made  within  the  last  few  years  in  the  manui'actin-e  of  tex- 
tile fabrics  is  ver)'  remarkable,  and  contains  man)'  lealures  of  general  inter- 


'  IS 


Tr,\TU.l-;    |-AIlKtCS. 


4i> 


est.  The  census  reports  for  1S70  i;ivc  the  number  of  opcr.itiNcs  cniiiloycil 
at  1,700  (in  round  numbers),  of  whom  650  were  at  work  in  woolen-mills; 
and  the  total  of  all  products  at  $3,750,000,  of  which  $1,750,000  were  woolen- 
mill  fabrics.  Since  1870  the  manufacture  of  tc.\tile  fabrics  of  all  kinds  has 
increased  466  per  cent.,  and  that  of  woolen-mill  fabrics  177  per  cent. 

It  may  apjicar  sinj^ular  that  the  increase  in  the  manufacture  of  woolens, 
for  which  material  of  good  quality  is  produced  on  this  coast,  should  be  so 
much  less  than  in  the  manufacture  of  other  fabrics,  for  which  the  material 
is  mainly  imported.  The  capital  at  present  in\csted  in  the  woolen-mills  of 
the  Pacific  Coast  is  estimated  at  $3,340,000,  and  the  value  of  their  manufac- 
tures at  $4,850,000.  Tlie  capital  invested  in  the  production  of  all  other 
fabrics  is  estimated  at  $1,560,000,  and  the  value  of  their  manufactures  at 
$6,950,000. 

The  reason  for  this  ajiparcnt  anomaly  is  not  that  tliere  is  a  lack  of  cap- 
ital, or  that  the  public  fail  to  appreciate  the  quality  of  our  woolen-mill 
fabrics.  If  it  were  clearly  establishcil  tliat  a  fair  profit  coukl  be  assured  in 
that  branch  of  entcrjirisc,  the  capital  could  readily  be  obtained,  and  Pacific 
Coast  lilankets,  flannels,  tweeds,  and  cassimcres  sell  not  only  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  but  in  Chicago,  New  York,  and  to  some  extent  in  foreign 
countries.  At  the  close  of  iSSi,  many  of  the  factories  were  unable  to  fill 
their  orders,  and  one  establishment  had  orders  on  hand  from  Xcw  \'ork  for 
all  the  blankets  it  could  manufacture  until  the  following  September.  W'hat 
then  is  the  reason  that,  as  will  be  seen  in  this  chapter,  our  woolen-mills  con- 
sume only  one  fifth  of  the  wool  clip  of  the  entire  coast,  while  clothing 
made  from  their  cloth  sells  in  New  York;  while  duck  and  denim  goods  of 
Eastern  cotton  can  be  imported,  made  into  overalls  and  suits  by  the  labor 
of  Pacific  Coast  operatives,  and  .sold  at  a  prfifit  even  in  the  Eastern  .States, 
after  paying  commissions  and  double  freight;  and  while  regalia,  upholstery 
trimmings,  and  other  fabrics  of  Eastern  material,  manufactured  on  this  coast, 
arc  rapidly  driving  these  las.ses  of  Eastern  goods  out  of  the  market?  It  is 
probable  that  one  reason  is  the  uncertainty  still  existing  in  the  labor  market. 
The  capital  needed  to  start  a  woolen-mill  is  so  large  in  proportion  to  tjie 
value  of  production,  that  capitalists  can  find  more  secure  and  more  ,j'ofit- 
able  investments.  The  capital  of  the  woolen-mills  on  this  coast  is  to  the 
volume  of  their  production,  almost  in  the  proportion  of  2  to  3.  The  capital 
employed  in  other  branches  of  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics  is  about 
as  2  to  9.     Several  woolen-factories  have  paid  large  profits. 

In  former  j'ears,  and  even  recently,  one  of  the  Califcjrnian  factories 
paid  for  1881  a  dividend  of  30  per  cant.;  another  paid  18  per  cent.,  but  the 
average  profits  of  the  business  are  much  less  than  those  made  in  other 
branches  requiring  far  less  capital.     The  value  of  outer  clothmg  and  fiannel 


«  :i! 


i    ! 

■    n 


11! 


■  :  I 


11 


■V.C' 


M.wfi  \(ti;ki:s. 


underwear  made  u]i  on  this  coast  is  estimated  at  $3,650,000,  and  it  is 
doubtlui  whether  the  capital  scilei)-  investe<l  in  tiiose  branches  amounts  to 
$r,ooo,ooo,  and  that  represents  almost  entirel)'  the  \alue  of  stock.  These 
^'oods  are  manufactured  almost  cntir  'ly  b)-  Cliinamcn  in  their  own  ciuarters, 
and  the  manufacturer  takes  litth:  nsk.  In  other  branches  of  the  manu- 
factinc  of  textile  fabrics  there  is  a  scarcits'  of  skilled  labor;  and  with  the 
present  unsettled  condition  of  the  labor  market,  it  is  evident  that  the  day 
is  not  yet  ni^di  at  Jiand  whcti,  as  political  economists  predict,  the  manu- 
facturiiiff  interests  of  the  Pacific  Coast  siiall  exceed  both  minint;  and  agri- 
culture in  ai^nrrcLjatc  wealth. 

Woolen-Mills. — About  one  fifth  of  the  wool  produced  on  our  coast  is 
consumed  in  our  coast  mills,  and  this  fact  is  one  of  the  most  strikinf,^  ilhus- 
trations  of  the  undeveloped  condititju  of  our  manufacturing  industries. 
The  greater  portion  of  the  reinaining  foiu"  fifths  is  sent  away  not  only  un- 
worketl,  but  e\en  unwashed,  to  be  cleansed,  spun,  woven,  dyed,  cut,  sewn, 
anil  returned  to  us,  (juadrupled  in  ]5rice,  as  clothing. 

The  entire  capital  invested  in  the  2S  woolen-mills  of  our  slope  ma>-  be 
cstimatetl  at  .$3,340,000;  the  weight  of  unw\'ished  wool  used  b)'  them  is 
5,750  tons,  costing  on  an  average  22  cents  a  pound,  or  $2,530,000  in  the 
aggregate;  and  they  consume  300  tons  of  cotton  worth  14  cents  a  pound, 
or  $84,000.  The  entire  value  of  all  manufactured  fabrics,  which  include 
blankets,  hor.se,  mining,  and  ice  jjlanketings,  flannels,  cassimeres,  doeskins, 
latlies'  cloaks  and  ulsters,  coat  and  o\erall  linings,  glove-cloth,  and  knit 
liose  and  underwear,  may  be  estimated  at  $4,850,000.  About  93,000  pairs 
of  blankets,  800,000  yards  of  flannel,  and  700,000  yards  of  cloth  and 
tweed  are  manufactured  every  year  in  San  I'^rancisco.  The  doeskins  and 
cassimeres  a\erage  about  17)4  ounces  to  tiie  s(]uare  yard;  the  tweeds  about 
I  5  ounces. 

At  the  close  of  1881  the  following  were  the  prices  of  the  leading  descrip- 
tions of  good.s  manufactured  at  the  Pioneer  and  Mission  Woolen  Factory, 
in  San  Francisco,  the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific 
Coast:  Mission  lambs'-wool  blankets,  $14.50  to $15  a  pair;  colored  blankets, 
$3.75  to  $15.50;  flannels, 40 cents  to  $1.25  a  yard;  cassimeres  antl  doeskins, 
$1  to  $1.75  ;  tweed.s,  50  cents  to  $1.25  ;  check  shawls,  $10.50  to  $36  a  dozen  ; 
plaid  shawls,  $42  to  $78;  gra\'  shawls,  $36  to  $72;  flannel  overshirts,  $16  to 
$45;  knit  underwear,  $15  to  $.48  ;i  dozen. 

Il  is  usuall\-  estimated,  that  in  a  factory  which  produces  all  classes  of 
articles,  3  pounils  of  unscoured  wool  arc  required  to  make  one  pound  of 
finished  goods,  and  that  the  manufactured  fabrics  arc  worth,  on  an  average, 
$1.30  a  pound  at  wholesale.     Accejjting  this  estimate,  it  will  be  found  that 


■■ 


TKXTII.K    lAllKICS. 


kV 


the  woolens  proiluceil  on  the  I'.Ritlc  Coast  in  iSSi  were  worth  ahoiii 
$5,000,000,  instead  of  $4,,S5o,oaD  as  above  stated;  but  the  dilVerenco  is 
.nccountetl  for  by  the  fact,  th.it  some  of  tlie  smaller  mills  limit  llieir  opera- 
tions maiiil}-  til  the  production  of  blankets  and  eoiuse  flannels. 

The  .imoimt  paid  out  for  wa'j;es  in  1S81  m.iy  be  stated  approximately  at 
$1,000,000,  anil  the  number  of  hanils  employed  at  2,150,  of  whom  71X)  to 
Soo  are  Chinamen,  anil  the  remainiler  white  operalivi:>.  The  proportion  of 
Chinese  to  white  labor  would  lie  much  ^Meatjr,  but  for  the  fact  that,  in  the 
woolen  mills  of  Utah  Territor}-,  white  la!^)r  is  cmjiloyed  exclusivel)-. 

( )f  the  I?  woolen-mills  now  in  operation  in  California,  2  are  loc.Ued  in 
San  I'rancisco,  and  one  each  at  San  Jose,  Sacr.imento,  Sti  ckton,  Sant.i 
Ros.i,  Marysville,  Merced,  Los  Anf,'clcs,  and  San  Hcrnardino.  There  are  in 
Ore.Ljon  5  woolen-mills,  which  are  located  at  Oregon  City,  UavLon,  Ashlaiul, 
Urownsville,  anil  Dallas.  Utah  contains  10  factories  liie  largest  of  which 
is  situated  at  I'rovo  City.  Tlie  others  arc  located  at  Salt  l^ake  City,  Heaver 
Cit)-,  l^righ.un  City,  Ogden,  liig  Kanyon  Creek  (near  .Salt  Lake  City), 
Springville,  ^L'u^ti,  and  St.  George.  The  13  woolen  mills  of  C'alifornia  have 
in  operation  64  sets  of  cards  and  .ibout  260  looms,  in  atlilition  to  knitting 
machiner)-  equal  in  power  to  that  of  .4.0  or  50  additional  looms.  With  .111 
in\esteil  capital  of  about  $2,400,000,  tliey  manufacture  $1,200,000  worth  ,1 
)-ear  of  material  into  goods  valued  at  nearly  $3,000,000,  and  [rdy  about 
$630,000  in  wages.  The  total  number  of  employes  may  be  set  ilow  n  at 
1 ,600. 

Importation  of  Woolens.  — It  is  estimated  by  2  of  the  largest  importing 
houses  in  .San  Francisco  that,  4  )ears  ago,  the  value  of  woolen  goods 
brought  overland  by  rail  included  40  per  cent,  of  Eastern,  and  Go  per  cent, 
of  foreign  fabrics,  but  that  for  the  j-car  1880,  75  per  cent,  were  of  ICastern, 
and  only  25  per  cent,  of  foreign  manufacture.  The  indications  are  that, 
inste;id  of  sending  abroatl  four  fifths  of  our  wool  crop,  and  e.vpeniling 
nearl)-  the  entire  sum  received  for  it  in  the  importation  of  woolen  goods, 
the  I'acitlc  Coast  will,  in  course  of  time,  manufacture  largel)-  f<ir  export. 
Uin-ing  the  )-car  1880,  nearl)-  500  cases  of  clothing,  princip.dl)- woolens  of 
home  production,  were  shippeil  from  .San  h'rancisco  to  China,  the  Ilauaii.in 
Islands,  and  other  foreign  countries  ;  ;uul  the  trade  of  at  least  one  of  oin- 
factories  has  g.iined  some  foothold  e\en  in  ICngkinil.  .Vs  matters  now 
stand,  the  wool  m.inufacturing  indiistr\'  is  m.aking  rapid  progress  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  as  will  be  seen  from  a  comparison  of  the  statistics  just  gi\en 
with  tlio.se  for  the  )-ear  1S70.  During  that  year  there  were  but  |S  factories 
in  oix.ration  on  the  coast,  manufacturing  .$903,000  worth  of  m.iterial  into 
$i,7'jO,ooo  worth  of  goods.     Comparing  the.se  with  the  figures  for  1881,  we 


i't 


1'!^ 


;'! 


ill 


4i« 


MANII  ACirUKS. 


find  an  iiicrcisc  in  thu  cost  of  material  of  i<So  jkt  cent.,  anil  in  the  \aliie 
of  labric  pioiliicod  of  al>oiit  177  jilt  cent. 

In  tiie  centennial  \ear,  when  oiu' wool  clip  reached  its  ina.viniuni,  and  the 
])rice  (jf  wool  fell  to  the  low  a\eraL;e  of  14,'j  cents  ])er  pound,  the  factories 
on  this  coast  were  runnini,'"  up  to  their  full  ca|)acity,  turning;  out  ifoods  that 
\wiul(l  he.ir  cfini]);irison  with  any  in  the  L'nion,  while  I''.astern  manufacturers 
\\ere  complainitiLj  of  dull  times  and  o\er-pnnluctioi-..  A  brief  com[)ari.son 
of  the  o])erations  of  Californian  and  Ore^^'on  mills  for  the  )-ear  1S70  with 
those  for  1.S76  will  show  the  lluctuations  to  which  this  branch  of  indus- 
tr_\-  is  liable.  In  both  years  the  a\eraL;e  jjrice  of  wool  was  almost  identi- 
cal, 14  cents  in  iS7oaL;ainst  14, ':i  cents  in  1876.  Ik'tween  tliese  dates  the 
wool  clip  had  increasetl  threefold,  from  9,500  to  30,500  tons.  In  1870  we 
fmd  that,  witli  a  capital  of  a  little  over  $2,000,000,  I  I  factories  in  California 
and  ()rey;on  (Utah  is  not  iiicUuled,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  in  obtaininjj 
e.\act  figures  for  1876)  were  manufacturint;f  $800,000  worth  of  inatcrial  into 
fabric  valued  at  $1,600,000,  and  paying  out  $340,000  a  j-ear  in  wages.  In 
1876  we  find  only  9  woolen-mills  in  operation,  but  with  nearly  the  same 
amount  of  cajiital,  making  up  $1,200,000  worth  of  raw  material  into  $3,000,- 
000  worth  of  ilnished  goods,  and  paying  out  $600,000  for  wages. 

The  (|uantity  of  woolen  goods  imp(jrtcd  to  the  Pacific  Coast  from  the 
Kast  anil  from  abroad  is  estimated,  from  inquiry  carefully  made  among  gen- 
tlemen largely  interested  in  this  branch  of  business,  at  $5,000,000  to  $6,000,- 
000.  against  $4,850,000  worth  of  home-manufactured  fabrics,  including 
cassimeres  and  doeskins  sent  ICast  either  for  sale  or  to  be  made  up  and  re- 
turned to  this  coast  as  read)'-made  clothing.  The  enormous  glut  of  woolen 
goods  that  accumulated  after  the  close  of  the  civil  war,  and  during  the  busi- 
ness prostration  of  1873  and  subsequent  )cars,  no  longer  exists,  and  the 
recent  revival  of  commercial  activity  has  done  much  to  clear  off  surplus 
.stocks,  and  to  lea\e  the  markets  gcnerall)-  in  fair  condition,  with  a  sfiecial 
demand  for  some  lines  iif  goods  both  on  the  Pacific  Coast  an.d  in  the  ICastern 
States.  The  substantial  quality  of  Californian  and  Oregoni.ui  blankets, 
cloths,  and  fiannels  is  rapidly  gaining  for  them  a  jireference  o\er  those  of 
l''.astcrn  or  foreign  manufacture.  Cassimeres  and  dcjeskins  made  on  this 
coast  are  l;irgcl_\'  in  request  f)r  the  cheaper  classes  of  clothing.  The  manu- 
ficture  of  the  finest  ijualitiesof  woolens  has  not  jet  been  attempted  here  on 
a  large  scale,  but  it  seems  probable  that  our  greatest  production  may  even- 
tii.ill)-  be  in  these  fine  goods,  which  can  best  bear  the  large  freights  that 
obstruct  our  access  to  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Early  Woolen  Manufacture. — .A  brief  sketch  of  the  gniwth  and  de\el- 
oinnent  of  this  inqjortant   branch  of  our  Pacific  Coast  industries,  aiul  a  de- 


Ti:\  1  11.1      1  AllKKS. 


■t>9 


scriptidii  of  the  [Mcsciit  cdiuliticn  nf  a  few  Icailin^r  factories,  may  not  lie 
without  interest  to  tlie  reader,  l"or  mailj-  a  lialf  ceiitiii)-,  whiU-  tlu-  iiiis- 
,sions  of  California  were  in  a  prosperous  condition  under  the  dominion  of 
S[)ain  ami  the  inana^cinent  of  tiie  l'"ranciscan  friars,  wcoi  was  mamifaetured 
into  roui^h  blankets  of  the  coarsest  (pialit}-.  When  the  missions  were  sei/.ed 
and  plundered  l)\-  the  civil  auth(jrities,  the  herils  were  killetl  and  the  looms 
abandoned,  I.oiil;  after  1849,  W'>ol  and  pelts  were  throvMi  away  as  refuse, 
and  for  years  there  was  scarcely  any  market  for  them  eMii  in  .S.ui  l"rancisco, 
onl}- the  carcass  beiiiL;  in  demand.  An  idea  of  the  conditicjii  of  the  wool 
industi)'  in  early  days  ma\-  he  obtained  from  an  adverliseinent  in  the  .l//<r 
of  June  15,  1854,  in  which  I).\KI('S  .SlXJKICS,  IJ9  .M(jnt|4omer\-  .Street,  "  be^'s 
rcs[)ectful!y  to  inform  dealers  in  wool  that  he  is  pre])ared  to  pack  wool  and 
goods  of  all  descriptions  in  large  or  small  bales,  and  that  he  also  buj-s  old 
clothes."  Among  an  assorted  cargo  of  old  junk,  rope,  rags,  n.iils,  ,iiid  cop- 
per, a  few  bales  of  wool  occasionally  found  their  wa,\'  to  the  New  ^'ork 
market. 

With  a  good  supply  of  skillful  and  steati)'  laborers,  and  protectetl  b_\'  the 
great  cost  of  exporting  wool  ami  importing  clothing  over  1,000  miles  of 
wagon-roatl,  Mormon  entcri)rise  built  the  first  I'acific  woolcii-miU  at  West 
Jordan  in  1853,  and  mailc  a  success  of  the  business.  (Oregon  started  her 
first  mill,  the  W'illamctte,  in  1857,  at  Salem,  but  obtainetl  no  profit  from  it 
until  after  the  ci\il  war  began.  California  opened  her  first  woolen-mill 
at  a  period  when  industrial  labor  was  scarce  and  extravagant!)-  high;  when 
the  raw  materirl  was  difficult  to  obtain  and  of  inferior  c|uality,  and  when 
interest  was  at  least  double  its  ])rcsent  rates.  The  manufacturer  had  to 
struggle  against  all  the  difficulties  incident  to  starting  a  new  industry,  wliile 
Eastern  trade  influence  helped  t(j  check  the  growth  of  a  branch  of  enter- 
prise that  is  now  second  to  none  on  the  I'acific  Coast.  When,  in  1861,  it 
became  evident  that  armies,  drawn  from  the  productive  industry  of  the 
nation,  were  to  be  clothed  and  ccjuippcd;  when,  in  I'lastern  cities,  old  mills 
were  being  enlarged  and  new  ones  hurried  into  operation ;  when  every  card 
and  s])indle  and  loom  was  taxed  to  its  utmost  capacity,  the  I'acific  woolen- 
mills  began  to  reap  the  benefits  which  the  energy  and  sorely  taxed  patience 
of  their  promoters  had  so  well  dcscrvcil. 

The  blankets  from  the  mills  of  California  ami  Oregon  were  ikjI  only  thick, 
warm,  and  durable,  but  were  made  of  a  fine  wool  that  seldom  got  into 
Eastern  blankets,  and  they  sijon  achie\'ed  a  reputation  as  uncqualed  an)- 
wherc.  The}-  i)resenicd  a  remarkable  contrast  to  the  miserable  shoddy 
blankets  serveil  out  to  mail)'  of  the  soklicrs,  and  they  were  supplied  in  large 
(|uantit)-  for  the  American  ami)-,  and  also  fijr  some  luiropean  armies.  The 
rcputaticjii  then  acijuired  has  been  maintained  since  and  extended  to  other 


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grades  of  I'acific  Coast  blankets,  and  to  otlicr  descriptions  of  woolen  goods, 
cspcciall)'  to  tweeds  and  cassimeres.  In  the  face  of  main-  (jbstacles  and 
dilficiillies,  (iiir  woolen-mills  have  been  stcailil\-  gaining  groinid  of  late,  and 
the  )ear  l.SSi  closed  with  a  verj'  promising  outlook  for  the  future.  iJuring 
the  fall  and  early  winter  months,  the  demanil  for  their  fabrics  was  so  urgent 
that  many  of  them  were  unable  to  fill  their  orilers. 

Pioneer  Mill.— Til  lo  1'|i)Ni:i:k  Whii.kn-Mii.i.s,  built  at  Hlack  Point  in 
■iSi.S  b>-  Ilt.VM;.M.\N,  I'K  K  i^-  t'l  I.,  merchants  of  San  l-'rancisco,  were  the 
fir-l  woolen-mill  enterprise  in  C'alitornia.  The  jjroject  started  in  the  mind 
of  Mr.  I'll  K.  who  ga\e  his  attention  to  the  sui)icct.  antl  satisfietl  himself 
tiiat  the  W(jol  ji',;ld  of  the  coa^l  woukl  continue  to  increase  rapitlly,  that  the 
necessity  of  exporting  the  bulk  of  the  clip  wouKl  give  a  great  ailvantage  to 
the  San  I'rancisco  inainifaclurer,  in  the  (piality  and  price  of  his  wool,  atid 
tlial  the  \\ea\ing  of  coarse  woolen  goods  must  be  a  source  of  profit  after  a 
few  jears.  J  ust  when  the  market  began  to  assume  a  most  promising  appear- 
ance for  the  San  I'rancisco  woolen  manufacture,  in  October,  iSfii,  the 
Pioneer  .Mills,  whici'  tlun  had  4  sets  of  cards  and  16  loom.s,  were  burned 
down.  In  iJecember  of  that  )xar  a  company  was  incorporated  to  purchase 
the  business,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  afterwards  increaseil  to  $500,000. 
Xcw  mills,  erected  at  the  same  j)lacc,  commenced  running  in  June,  1S62, 
with  machiner_\-  for  9  sets  of  cards,  31  looms,  anil  2,800  spintlles.  h'or  some 
time  almost  the  entire  capacit)'  of  the  mill  was  reipiired  to  meet  the  demand 
for  blankets  and  flannels,  ,ind  all  the  goods  manufactured  were  consumed  on 
this  coast.  In  conjunction  with  the  Mission  Mills,  they  had  within  5  )cars 
almost  dri\en  out  of  the  market  all  woolen  goods  of  the  kind  they  manu- 
factured. Their  flannel  was  of  much  better  wool  than  that  of  the  Mastern 
make,  and  was  seweil  up  into  shirts  on  the  [)remi.ses,  50  or  60  .sewing- 
machines  being  keep  in  constant  operation  for  the  purpose.  In  the  article 
of  blankets,  nothing  made  at  the  East  found  such  fa\()r  among  jjurchasers 
as  those  manufactured  in  this  citj'.  The  Pioneer  Mills,  which  ha\e  now 
absorbed  the  Mission  Mills,  occup)-  the  4-story  brick  building,  (xjb)' 400  feet, 
that  stands  out  as  so  prominent  a  feature,  close  to  the  reservation  of  Point 
.San  Jose,  In  adilition  to  .^S  sets  of  cards,  1  50  looms,  and  1 2,000  spindles, 
the)-  ha\e  knitting  inachiner)-,  taken  from  the  Pacific  Mills,  with  a  jjower 
ecpial  to  that  of  24  looms. 

The  yearl\-  i)roduction  of  g(]odN  i-.  at  least  30,000  pair  of  blankets,  white, 
gra) ,  and  colored;  flaimels  of  all  kinds  in  white,  gra_\',  blue,  antl  scarlet, 
cassimeres  antl  doeskins;  robes,  chiell)'  for  buggies;  ladies'  cloakings,  prin- 
cipall)-  colored,  and  for  orilinai)-  use.  .\bout  3,5oo,tx.X)  pounds  of  wool  and 
100,000  pounds  of  cotton  are  consumed  )early,  as  raw  material.     Though 


II 


Ti:.\iii.K  I  \i;ui(  s. 


441 


their  Eastern  tnulc  li:is  falk-n  oil"  soincu hat,  ^'cmral  Inisiiicss  is  icpoitcd  to 
be  in  a  fair  coiuhtioii.  AllDwiii^'  3  pounds  of  wool  at  20  cents  (tiicir  ma- 
terial bein^  purchased  at  low  rates  and  in  larj^e  iiuantityl  to  one  of  manu- 
factured ^'(jods,  worth,  on  an  averai^e,  $1.30  per  pound,  the  ccjst  of  material, 
inchidin^  cotton,  a  little  exceeils  $rK)0,00O,  while  the  total  value  of  their 
manufactures  amounts  to  $i,500,0CX).  The  i)a>-roll  and  runninj^  expenses 
are  about  $350,000  a  jear.  The  single  item  of  coal  costs  $70  a  day,  and 
that  of  water  $700  a  month.  As  the  factory  furnishes  emplo)-ment  to  <Soo 
liands,  including;  50D  wliite  jiersoTis,  and  Jiajs  out  at  le.'st  $25,000  ;i  month 
in  uayes,  a  sketch  of  its  rise  and  |)rot,ness  may  not  be  without  interest. 

Mission  Mill.-  Till ;  Mis.sioN  Wooija-Mii.i.s,  started  and  maintained 
for  14  years  as  a  separate  cntcrpri.se,  tlu)ui,'h  now  owned  by  the  s.ime  com- 
pany which  has  the  I'ioneer  Mills,  were  founded  in  iX^i.)  by  UoN.M.D  Mc- 
I,i:nn.\N  and  John  C'i;N"II;u,  .ind  bej^ran  to  run  in  Novcmbe  •  of  that  year, 
with  2  sets  of  cards  ami  10  looiTis.  In  December,  Mi  1. i:\N.\N  Ijecame  the 
sole  ])roprietor,  and  hi'  had  not  a  little  difTiculty  in  kecpiuL,'  the  establish- 
ment ^"iuL;  for  several  je.irs.  The  war  made  a  m.uket  for  him  .is  lor 
others,  and  then  capitalists  c.ime  to  his  aitl.  l,.\/.\iui  l"l<i:Kts  b<)UL;lU  a 
l.u'ne  interest  in  the  mills  in  1S63,  and  30  looms  \\()\e  650  tons  of  wool 
annually  into  manuOictured  .irticles  \\orth  $500,000  a  year.  In  1.S64 
the  propert)'  was  sold  to  ,in  incorporited  company  with  a  capit.il  of 
$500,000.  The  next  \ear,  \V.  (".  R.M.s  |(  )\  bou,i;ht  up  the  stock  so  as  to 
become  almost  the  exclusi\e  owner;  and  at  that  time  the  (|uanlit)- of  the 
raw  m.iterial  consumed  annuall)'  amounted  to  1,150  tons,  and  the  \aliie  of 
the  manufactured  product  to  $1,000,000.  The  mills  took  a  premium  't  the 
Paris  I'^xposition  of  1867  for  their  goods,  and  in  1S70  the)-  received  an 
oriler  from  A.  T.  S  ri;\V.\u  i'  &  Co.  for  blankets  ami  robes,  to  the  amount 
of  $375,000.  Hlankels  from  the  Mi.ssitm  Mills  took  the  i;i)ld  medal  for  the 
best  .article  of  its  kind,  either  foreign  or  dor  .;stic.  The  .Mission  Mills  ha\e 
been  now  for  about  5  >'ears  under  their  present  ownership. 

Golden  Gate  Mill.  -^Tl  IK  Gui.DKN  ti.vit.  W  <K)I,1.N-Mii,!,s,  on  Hrjani 
Axenue,  occup)-  a  site  200  b)'  40S  feet,  between  Nineteenth  .md  Twentieth 
streets.  Their  two-story  brick  buikling  extends  the  entire  length  of  the 
lot,  and  has  a  depth  of  50  fc'et.  The  property  is  owned  liy  a  joint  stock 
company,  incorporated  with  a  ca|)ital  of  $JOO,ooo.  The  experience  of  Mr. 
Do.NAl.i)  Ml  Ll.WAN,  the  manager,  has  en.iblctl  him  to  pl.in  and  obt.iin 
the  most  recent  inventions  and  the  most  perfect  appliances.  It  is  said  th.it 
the  factory  cont.iins  ever)-thing  needed  to  transform  the  Heece,  as  it  le.ives 
the  sheep's  liack,  into  cloth  of  the  fmest  (piality.  .\t  present  there  ;ire  in 
operation  0  sets  of  cards,  S  spinning-mules,  ami  36  looms.  The  engine,  of 
56 


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443 


MAM  I  AlTirUKS. 


130  horsc-powci-,  uiis  made  b>  I'liKsroTT,  .S(  orr  &  Co.,  and  has  a  fly- 
wliccl  iS  feet  in  diameter,  ueii^liinj,'  23,000  ijoiinds.  The  limit  of  their 
present  capacit)'  for  turnin<^  out  j^oods  is  about  $400,000  a  year,  but  this 
coukl  readily  lie  increased  to  $600,000.  An  artesian  well  on  the  premises 
furnishes  the  needed  supply  of  water.  The  first  cost  of  such  a  well  need 
not  exceed  $1,000,  ami  the  expense  of  raisint,' water  by  steam-power  to  a 
IieiLjht  of  60  feet,  is  but  half  a  cent  per  1,000  gallons. 

The  mill  went  into  operation  in  October,  1.S80,  just  6  months  after  the 
corner-stone  was  laid.  They  will  manufacture  woolen  goods  of  every  de- 
scription, from  the  heaviest  blankets  to  cloth  of  fine  grade.  For  the  3 
months  ending  Mav  31,  iSSi,  the)- used  about  250,000  [)ounds  of  wool, 
costing  on  an  average  22  cents  per  pour-!,  while  the  production  is  now  1,000 
pounds  of  finished  goods  per  day.  Theic  are  70  men  employed  at  $1.75  to 
$2  ])er  da>',  50  women  and  girls  at  50  cents  to  $i.rx:),  10  boys  at  50  cents 
to  73  cents,  and  40  Chinamen,  at  an  average  of  about  $I  a  day.  H.  G. 
Kriii,,  the  secretary  of  the  compan)-,  makes  the  following  statement,  which 
he  was  kind  enough  to  write  out,  on  the  subject  of  employing  Chinese 
labor;  "  It  was  the  intention  of  the  management  to  employ  none  but  uhitc 
labor,  but  after  a  trial  of  a  jear,  it  was  found  difficult  to  make  the  bo)sand 
girls  |)ay  sufficient  attention  to  their  work,  anti  from  this  and  other  reasons, 
a  gang  of  Chinamen  was  |nit  to  work  in  the  mill  on  the  first  of  September, 
18S1.  IIa\ing  U)  compete  with  other  mills,  we  find  that  white  labor  cxclu- 
si\el\-  will  not  do.  Our  \'oung  ])opulnlion  are  not  steady  and  iniluslrious 
enough,  and  think  that  after  working  a  few  weeks  their  wages  ought  to  be 
doubled." 

San  Jose  Mill.— Til K  San  Jo.sE  Woolen  Mills  Company  was  incor 
])()ratcd  it)  1S69  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  It  was  estimated  b)'  Judge  R. 
1".  I'i:i'KIL\M,  who  was  the  main  projector  of  the  entcri)rise,  and  has  been 
the  president  and  general  agent  of  the  company  since  its  organization,  that 
$200,000  would  be  necessar)'  to  establish  the  business  of  a  fi-set  mill,  but 
it  was  determined  to  defer  the  raising  of  the  second  half  of  the  cajiital 
stock  until  the  mills  should  be  ready  for  o|)eration.  The  first  $100,000  was 
subscribed  by  residents  of  Santa  Clara  County,  more  to  assist  in  building  up 
a  |)til)lic  industry  than  in  expectation  of  gain.  Subscri|)tions  fiir  the  re- 
maining $100,000  amounted  only  to  $17,100.  The  company  was  left  with- 
out atletjuate  funds,  and  thi^  enterjirise  had  to  be  abandoned  or  carried  on 
with  bnrrowcil  capit.il.  This  drawback,  added  to  the  inexperience  of  work- 
men who  damaged  stocks  and  made  imperfect  gooils  that  could  only  be 
solil  at  ruinous  prices,  was  a  great  clog  on  the  early  effiirts  of  the  company. 
No  profits  coukl  be  accumulated.  The  income  would  hardly  meet  expenses 
and  interest  on  borrowed  money. 


ll.Xlll.i;    lAllKK  S. 


44? 


Thiiifjs  went  on  from  bad  to  worse  until,  in  April,  I.S;^,  it  h.id  Ijccomc  an 
absolute  necessity  that  the  stockholders  should  take  measures  to  obt.iin 
fresh  working'  cipital,  or  that  the  conipan)-  sii.iiild  ^o  into  liiiuidation  and 
sacrifice  the  amount  .-ilready  subscribed.  This  was  jilainl)-  stated  in-  the 
president  at  a  mcetini;  lield  .it  that  time.  After  much  discussion,  it  was 
aLjreed  that  the  capital  siiould  be  increased  to  $400,000,  and  tliat,  when  one 
third  of  their  face  value  had  been  ])aid  on  the  new  sjiares,  the_\- should  stanil 
on  an  ec|ual  foolin;^'  in  all  respects  with  the  new  stock.  I^noUL;!)  was  soon 
subscribed  to  |)a_\-  off  all  indebtedness,  'ilie  company  h.id  now  fairly  oxer- 
come  its  eail\-  dilTicultics,  and  under  tiie  skillful  and  energetic  management 
of  the  president  and  of  AKCllIiiAI.l)  Mc  I)o.\.\I.l),  formerly  of  the  Pioneer 
and  Mission  Mills,  a  surplus  of  .'fc^o.ooo  has  been  added  to  the  paid-up  cap- 
ital of  $21 1,400,  and  dividends  have  been  declared  amounting  to  $168,000. 
'I'he  suri)lus  and  dividends  earned  since  1873  show  a  net  profit  of  nearly  14 
I)er  cent,  a  year,  while  for  the  jear  i8iSo  the  diviilend  was  30  per  cent.  The 
excellent  (juality  of  the  company's  goods,  especially  in  the  line  of  blankets, 
is  now  recognized,  not  only  in  local,  hut  in  ICastern  markets,  and  has  even 
gained  for  them  some  foothokl  in  I'.ngl.nid,  China,  and  Jajjaii. 

The  San  Jose  factory  gives  emplojTncnt  to  ;i  large  number  of  operatives, 
iiearl}'  all  of  whom  arc  white  persons.  Hesides  pa)ing  wages  averaging  for 
wiiite  men  nearl)-  $2,  for  women  ;ibout  $1.30,  and  for  children  over  85  cents 
a  day,  a  sum  is  distributed  yearly,  among  white  ojieratixes  only,  in  |)ropor- 
tion  to  the  wages  earned  by  each.  Tor  1880,  this  sum  amounted  to  $4,500, 
or  a  bonus  of  17  jjer  cent,  added  to  the  year's  wages  of  each  individual. 

The  )'ear  1881  was  a  very  i)ros[)erous  one  for  this  establishment.  The 
amount  paid  out  for  wages  amounteil  to  about  $75,000,  and,  at  the  close  of 
the  year,  the  mills  had  orders  on  liand  from  New  York  for  all  the  blankets 
they  could  m.ike  until  September,  1882. 

'I'he  iuliclcs  manufactured  are  blankets,  white  and  colored,  horse  blanket- 
ings, flannels,  and  nanncl  shirtings,  glove  cloth,  coat  linings,  and  cassimcrcs. 
The  president  states  that  the  protection  afforded  by  the  high  tariff  rates 
of  the  railroad  comi)anies  has  .done  renderetl  it  possible  for  the  San  Jose 
mills  to  e.\ist,  and  that  if  the  amount  of  gooils  mrnle  by  the  factor)'  had 
been  brought  bj-  rail  from  Xew  N'ork,  the  freight  would  ha\e  eciualed  all  the 
profits  ever  made  b)-  the  coini)anj'. 

Sacramento  Mill.— Tin:  C.M'IT.M,  Woni.r.X  Mll.l.s,  Sacramento,  have  4 
sets  of  cards,  and  17  looms.  The  factor)-  was  built  in  1870,  and  after  being 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1875,  was  rebuilt  in  the  fall  of  1876.  The  main  build- 
ing occupies  a  site  60  by  250  feet.  In  connection  with  the  mills  is  a  cloth- 
house  and  tailoring  establishment  on  J  Street,  between   Ilighth  and  Ninth. 


11 


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444 


MAMIAl    ll'KKS. 


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Tlic  enterprise  was  cstahlisliecl  by  an  incorpdratinn  with  a  capital  of  $200,- 
cxxi.  Tile  {joods  manufactured  are  white  and  colored  l)lankets,  rcil,  white, 
and  check  flannels,  and  flannel  um.lerwear,  cassiincrcs,  tweeds,  and  water- 
proofs. Most  of  these  proilnctsare  marketed  in  California  antl  Nevada,  but 
the  trade  of  the  factor)'  cxtenils  over  all  portions  of  the  Pacific  Coast  be- 
tween \\'asliin;.^ton  Territorv  and  Xew  MeNico.  (juite  a  lar^e  percentage 
of  them  funis  a  market  in  San  I'"rancisco.  DuriuL;  iSSi  thcdemand  for  tile 
goods  of  this  factory  was  greater  tlian  it  could  supplj-,  and  early  in  I.S,S2  the 
capacit)'  of  the  mills  was  increased,  and  the  inachiner)-  furnished  with  the 
l.itest  in\entions,  in  order  to  improve  still  further  the  (|uality  of  the  goods. 
It  is  anticipated  that  there  will  soon  be  emiiloymcnt  for  125  hands,  and  that 
the  consumption  of  wool  will  be  at  the  rate  of  1,200  jiounds  a  day.  Occu- 
])ation  is  given  at  the  mill  to  125  hands,  of  whom  50  are  Chinamen.  I'.m- 
|)lo)-mcnt  is  affortled  to  ^5  or  40  additiotial  hands  in  the  tailoring  depart- 
ment, where  suits  and  flannel  underwt'ar  are  made  to  order.  J.  S.  Tk\(>.\ 
is  till-  president  i\tu\  su|)erintendent  of  the  compaii)'. 

Other  Californian  Mills.  -The  woi'.en-mill  at  Stockton  commenced  the 
manuf.icture  of  flannels  and  blankets  in  I1S70,  and  now  claims  to  be  turn- 
ing out  more  goods  than  any  other  mill  of  the  si/.e  f)n  the  coast.  l)()li;irr\ 
&  T.\l  ri;usux,  the  owners,  have  invested  $,^o,0(X3  in  the  enterprise.  I'or  a 
mill  with  2  sets  of  cards  and  200  s|)indles  a  \ery  large  amount  of  goods  is 
turned  out,  among  which  the  6-ounce  check  flannel,  and  three-(|uarter  gray 
and  magenta  blankets  are  sjiecial  features.  There  are  24  men  emplo)'ed, 
18  of  whom  are  Chinamen,  and  good  accounts  are  given  of  the  results  of 
their  labor. 

Till-;  S.\\T.\  K<)s.\  WoDl.l'.N  CoMr.V.NV  was  incorporated  in  1S77,  with  a 
cai)ital  of  $100,000,  of  which  $50,000  is  paid  up.  There  arc  but  4  stock- 
holders--C.  C.  I'".\kmi;k,  v..  T.  F.\rmi:k,  John  W.m.kku,  and  I"..  C.  I'l'.ucr- 
SON.  The  factory  occupies  a  brick  building,  C>o\  1  20  feet,  2  '  i  stories  in  height, 
ll  is  a  .V*<--t  mill,  and  is  furnished  with  the  best  Eastern  machinery.  I'he 
nianufactun^s  consist  of  7-ounce  flannel,  blankets,  yarns,  bugg)-  robes,  tweeds, 
and  cassimercs.  The  enterprise  was  not  fairlj-  in  operation  until  January, 
1S81.  \V'ithin  6  months  from  that  date  the  factory  turned  out  goods  to  the 
v.alue  of  $35,000,  and  when  working  at  its  full  capacit}'  can  make  u])  $85,000 
worth  of  goods  a  yciir.  The  proilucts  of  the  mill  are  marketed  in  San 
Trancisco. 

In  the  spring  of  1867  after  A.  Slllia.DS  and  \V.  II.  l'.\KKS  had  can- 
vassed \'uba  and  Sutter  counties  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  necessary 
funds.  Tin;  M.srvsviij.k  Wooi.kn  Mills  Company  was  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and   I).  I'..  Knic.HI',  the  present  superintendent. 


TIATII.K    IAI;KI(S. 


445 


went  I'-ast  to  purcliasc  machinery  fnr  a  4-sct  mill.  The  pnipoit)- of  TllE 
Cai.IIorma  S1'A(;K  fo.MI'AW,  (in  15  and  Second  streets,  on  which  stood  a 
brick  building  140x160  feet,  was  puichascd,  and  the  factory  went  into 
operation  in  September  of  the  same  jear,  (iood  mana^;enient  and  the 
cheapness  of  wool  enabled  the  comp,ui\-  to  declare  a  25  [)er  cent  di\idend 
the  first  \'ear.  The  same  dividend  was  paid  the  second  }-ear.  IV'lween 
1867  and  I1S79,  the  factor)-  earned  enough  to  pa>-  out  $500,000  for  material 
and  $300,000  for  labor,  to  make  additions  to  the  buildings  of  2  substantial 
and  c.\i)ensive  rooms,  anil  to  make  very  handsome  returns  to  stockholders, 
either  as  dividends  or  additions  to  capital  stock.  'I'he  ilividend  for  the  )iar 
iiScSo,  was  18  per  cent.  Tiiere  are  6  sets  and  JO  looms  in  operation,  giving 
em])loyment  to  45  white  men,  several  women,  and  30  Chinamen,  the  latter 
receiving  the  high  wages  of  $1.15  per  day.  The  superintendent  states  that 
he  could  not  make  the  mill  jiay  unless  Chinamen  were  emi)lo\-ed.  lie  rc- 
])orls  an  excellent  state  of  business,  a  ready  market,  and  very  good  pros- 
pects. . 

Oregon  Mills. — There  are  in  Oregon  5  woolen-factories,  one  of  which, 
owned  by  Till',  ()ur.r;o\  CiTV  Woni.  Manci  ACTLRINC  Compaxv,  ranks, 
in  i)oint  of  capital  and  ca])acity  for  turning  out  fabric,  second  only  to  the 
rioneer  and  Mission  Mills  of  San  Francisco.  Cloth  and  blankets  of  Oregon 
manufacture  are  of  superior  tiuality,  the  long  stajile  of  the  Oregon  wool 
being  better  for  certain  classes  of  goods  than  the  shorter  and  finer  merino 
of  California.  The  entire  capital  invested  in  this  branch  of  industry  in  the 
State  of  Oregon  may  be  estimated  at  $450,000  to  $500,000,  and  her  factories 
ha\e  in  operation  about  lO  sets  of  cards  and  75  looms,  manufacturing  nearly 
$400,000  worth  of  material  into  about  $840,000  worth  of  fabric. 

Tin:  Wll.l.AMKTl'i:  Wool.liN  Mli.l,.sat  Salem  were  established  in  [S57, 
at  a  cost  of  $75,000,  and  were  then  the  most  important  cnter])rise  of  this 
nature  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  l-'or  some  time  the  Willamette  factor)-  w-as  a 
source  of  little  (irofit,  but  of  much  cheap  ridicule  to  the  ^surrounding  com- 
munity, and  of  vexation  to  stockholders.  Within  a  few  years  the  skill  and 
jjcrseverance  of  its  managers  liad  achieved  for  this  undertaking  a  success 
seldom  equaled  in  the  histor)-  of  manufacturing  enterprise;  and  the  com- 
pany's stock  had  ri.scn  from  a  heav)-  discount  to  1 100  per  cent,  premium. 
After  a  long  and  prosperous  career,  ami  considerable  enlargement,  the  mills 
were  burned  to  the  ground  in  Ma)-.  1876.  The  main  edifice  of  the  Willa- 
mette factor)-  w-as  the  largest  one  of  the  kind  on  the  I'acific  Coast,  measuring 
200.x  541  feet. 

Tin;  ORKdON  Cut  W^)()I.  Manuiactikinc  Cmii-ANv  was  organized 
in  April,  1864,  with  a  capital  of  $60,000,  and  went  into  operation  the  follow- 


i 


llr 


446 


M  wr 


Tl  i;rs. 


\in 


in^  year  witli  5  sots  u(  inachinciy.  Tlic  ])rcs<'nt  capital  is  $500,000,  a  pov- 
tinn  of  which  represents  the  accumulatci!  eainiir^s  Dfthe  mill.  The  factory 
was  biirneil  ilown  in  iS/j,  ant!  rebuilt  tlic  lollouint,'  scar.  It  is  now  in  lull 
operation,  with  I  1  sets  of  cards  and  4.S  looms.  The  annual  consnnijjtion  of 
wool  is  little  less  than  1,000,000  ponnds.  The  tjoods  manufactured  are 
mainly  blankets,  llannels,  tweeds,  and  cassimeres,  to  the  \alue  of  $40,ocx)  to 
$45,000  a  month.  Their  excellent  qiialit)-  fmds  for  them  a  ready  market. 
Small  i|uantities  occasionally  sent  to  New  \'nvk  are  eajjerly  taken  by  the 
trade;  but  the  tlemand  for  these  i^oods  in  Oreijon  and  C!aliornia  is  now  so 
threat  tliat  there  is  little  surplus  left  for  more  distant  markets.  Connected 
with  the  establishment  is  a  clothin|.j  department,  givintj  cmijloymcnt  to  ,1 
number  of  skilled  cutters  and  about  50  tailors.  The  superior  (pialit)' of  tie 
cloth  is  ;it  once  noticed  t)\-  visitors,  w  hile  in  price  it  is  be'.ow  that  of  liastern 
make.  In  .S.ui  l'"rancisco  th(.'  mills  are  rcpre.sented  by  Rrown  Hro.s.  &  Co, 
24  aiid  26  Sansome  street,  who  manufacture  cloth  and  flannel  from  the 
()l-eL;on  City  Mills  into  j^'ootls  valued  ato\er  $400,000  a  \car.  The  \alue 
to  a  communit)-  of  such  an  institution  as  the  ()rej;on  City  I'actory  can 
hardly  be  overestimated.  ISesitles  jiajMn;,'  out  nearly  $250,000  a  vx-ar  to 
wool-grovvcis,  anil  about  $90,000  a  year  in  wages  to  150  hands  (the  greater 
portion  of  whom  are  white  operatives),  cmjiloyment  is  furnished  to  hundreds 
of  persf)ns  in  makinj;  up  cloth  and  flannel  into  suits  and  clothini;.  Nearly 
all  the  money  paitl  out,  for  whatever  purpose,  is  circulateil  on  this  coast  and 
fmds  its  way  into  tlifferent  channels  of  trade. 

Tin;  HkownsVII.i.i:  Wooi.KN  Mii.I,  CoMI'.WV  was  established  at  Browns- 
ville, I, inn  County,  in  1875.  ft  has  now  4  sets  of  machiner}'.  At  the 
anini.il  meeting;  of  the  compan)-  held  in  kSSi,  it  was  found  that  the  concern 
liad  paiti  well  durinij  the  precetling  jear.  The  factorv  has  not  been  kept 
steadilv-  runnini;,  but  has  all  the  machinery  needed  for  turnini;  out  cassi- 
meres, doeskins,  tweeds,  satinets,  flannels,  and  blankets,  which  have  been 
produced  in  considerable  <|uantitv'  since  the  mill  went  into  operation.  The 
coinpan)-  has  a  paid-up  capital  of  $36,000.  I'-mi)loyment  is  ;4iven  to  40 
operatives,  all  white  persons,  and  the  sales  amount  to  about  $150,000  worth 
a  year  of  goods,  which  are  iiK'rketed  in  Oregon,  California,  Idaho,  and  Wash- 
ington.    I).  l).\U;i,i;isil,  71   I'Vont  Street,  Portland,  is  the  agent. 

TlllC  .\silL.\.\l)  \\'(>{)l,i:\  Mil.l.s,  a  joint  stock  incorporation,  are  (cated 
in  Jackson  Count)-,  315  miles  south  of  Portland,  and  on  tlie  line  of  the  Cal- 
ifornia antl  Oregon  overlaml  stage  route.  Though  at  present  only  a  one- 
set  factory,  with  4  looms  anil  3  knitting  machines,  the  mill  building  is  of 
sufficient  size  to  atlmit  machiner)'  for  another  set  of  cards.  The  goods  man- 
ufactured consist  chiefl)-  of  cassimeres,  doeskins,  tweeds,  blankets,  ami  ho- 
siery, to  the  value  of  .$40,000  or  $50,000  a  year.     It  is  claimed  tiiat  the  power 


if 


ri;\  iii.i:  iai;ki(S. 


447 


cicrivcd  from  Ashland  Creek  would  he  sufTiciL'tn  to  drive  all  the  inacliincry 
of  Uiriniiv^ham. 

Tin:  UavHin  \Vo(i1,i:n  Mills  were  founded  in  iV,/2  at  the  county  seat 
of  Columbia  Count}-,  on  a  site  which,  a  few  months  previously,  was  the 
center  of  a  lar^e  j^rain  ranch,  tnvncd  by  J.  X.  D.W.  Ihe  president  of  the 
mill.  S.  M.  Wait,  is  a  native  of  Vermont,  and  caine  to  California  in  1.S50 
at  the  a^e  of  28.  In  1851,  he  took  an  immense  drove  of  ho<^'s  fthc  first 
venture  of  the  kind/  from  the  Willamette  Valley  to  California,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  made  the  same  trip  with  a  lar;j;e  band  of  cattle.  MnLjaginj; 
afterwards  in  various  enteqiriscs,  Mr.  WAIT  became  ac(|uainted,  durin^j  hi.s 
travels  in  (Oregon,  with  the  ca])abilities  and  \»ants  of  the  counlr>-  ihrou.Ljh 
which  he  passed.  In  the  course  of  his  journeys  he  frequently  had  occasion 
to  pass  through  the  ranch  of  Mr.  Day,  and  often  spoke  to  him  of  the  many 
;idvantages  it  possesseil  as  a  town  site.  The  woolen  mill  cost,  with  ma- 
chinery. $40,CXX3,  and  distributes  every  }'ear  over  $30,000  for  material  pur- 
chased in  its  vicinity,  besides  disbursing  nearly  $25,000  a  year  for  wages. 

Utah  Mills.  — Utah  contains  10  woolen-mills,  one  of  which — Tin;  Ru> 
Virgin  Manuia(TI:ki\(;  Comi-ANV — also  i)roduccs  cotton  fabrics.  From 
the  lx;st  information  th.it  can  be  obtained  from  so  distant  a  territory,  her 
woolen  factories  are  furnishcil  with  20  sets  of  cards,  118  looms,  and  about 
6,300  spindles.  The  capital  invested  may  he  set  down  at  $650,000.  the  cost 
of  raw  material  used  at  .$600,000,  and  tiie  value  of  goods  manufactured  at 
$1,300,000.  The  vcr)'  large  quantity  of  wool  forwarded  bj-  rail  from  Salt 
Lake  City  to  Ogden,  and  the  sm.ill  .unount  of  that  staple  foruardetl  from 
Ogt'.cn  to  any  part  of  Utah  Territor)',  indicates  that  the  wocil  used  is  al- 
most entirely  of  local  production.  Utah  may  claim  to  have  established  the 
pioneer  woolen  factory  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  the  Disnrt  Nci>.<s  of  April 
19,  1853,  Mr.  Gaunt  informs  his  patrons  "that  he  has  commenced  wea\ing 
satinets  at  his  factory  at  Western  Jordan,  and  that  very  .soon  he  will  full 
and  finish  some  cloth." 

The  largest  woolen-mill  between  the  Missouri  River  and  San  I-Vancisco 
is  that  of  Tilii  Provo  Manufacturinc  Company,  at  Provo,  Utah  County. 
This  factory  occupies  a  four-story  stone  building.  60  by  140  feet,  and  is  fitted 
uj)  as  an  8-card  mill,  with  2,880  spindles.  In  addition  to  the  main  eili- 
fice  is  a  building  30  by  140  feet,  used  for  ofliccs,  store-rooms,  carpenter  and 
machine  shops,  and  a  dye-house  30  by  60  feet,  containing,  among  other 
ai)paratus,  a  h)-dro-extr;icter.  fi)r  drying  purposes.  The  machinery  is  run 
by  35  and  40-inch  turbine  wheels.  The  fini'-li'ng-housc,  30  by  70  feet,  is  2}^ 
stories  high.  About  $100,000  worth  of  v.ool  is  made  annually  into  fabric, 
consisting  of  blanket.s,  pl.iin  and  twilled,  white,  and  of  various  colors,  twccd.s, 


t,! 


Si; 

m 


li 


I 


44« 


MAM   I   \(Tri<l',S. 


jiMii-i,  linsoy^,  and  otlicr  clntli  for  male  ami  fcinali-  attirr,  nf  in.Uorial  liLjIit 
cnnuL,'h  lor  sumnur  wear,  or  lu'aw  (.-nou^'h  fur  ovcrcciats.  The  wool  used  is 
vcr)'  carcfull\-  ^^raded.  That  which  is  of  poor  or  unserviceable  (|ualit,\'  is 
sent  to  l'"astern  markets.  ICmployment  is  i^'iveii  to  about  IJ-;  hainls,  ^o  of 
whom  arc  men,  and  the  remainder  women  and  boys.  The  pay-roll  ainoimts 
to  about  .$45,000  a  )-ear.  making'  averaije  earninsijs  of  about  $1.15  a  day  for 
each  operative.  The  hanils  are  eiiiplo)-ed  on  the  piece-work  system.  The 
Iniiklinj^s  were  erected  in  I.S72,  on  the  cotiperativc  plan.  l'.;ich  citi/en  of 
the  countv'  was  solicited  to  Cf)ntribute  means  or  labor  for  the  enterprise,  and 
building  material,  rock,  lime,  sand,  and  lumber  were  procured  at  the  exiK'Use 
of  \ery  little  moncs'. 

rilK  RK)  VlKi.ix  M.\Nni'ACllklN(.  Cfi.Ml'.WV,  at  St.  George,  Wash- 
ington County,  lias  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  factory  has  3  sets  of  cards 
and  22  looms  ff)r  the  production  of  woolen  fabrics,  and  4  cards  with  24 
looms  for  the  making  of  cotton  goods.  The  chief  articles  j)roduceil  are 
jeans,  linsey.s,  kerseys,  doeskins,  and  ginghams. 

There  is  not,  at  present,  any  woolen  factory  in  o|)eration  in  the  .State  of 
Nevad.'i,  or  in  aiu'  of  the  'l"erritf)ries  on  the  I'acific  Coa.^t,  with  tlie  excep- 
tion of  Utah.  .\  mill  was  established  in  Arizona,  and  turned  out  its  first 
blanket  in  December,  1S74,  but  is  now  closed. 

In  X'ictoria  a  factor)-  was  engaged,  some  years  ago,  in  tlie  manufacture 
of  twe^'d  cloth,  and  jjroduccd  in  all  not  less  than  250,000  >ards.  The 
result  of  its  operations  was,  that  the  banker's  account  was  overdrawn,  and 
IK)  return  w.is  made  to  stockholder-,  e.\ccpt  a  5  per  cent,  dividend  to  be 
taken  out  in  clotli.  The  corjjoration  of  Victoria  offers  a  bonus  of  $5,000, 
and  the  I'ro\incial  Government  of  Hritish  Columbia  a  like  amoimt,  towards 
the  establishment  of  a  woolen-mill  at  Victoria. 

Hosiery  and  Knit  Goods. —  These  classes  of  goods,  known  to  the  trade 
under  the  term  of  "domestic  underwear,"  include  such  articles  as  knit  under- 
shirts, drawers,  and  half-hose  for  men  and  boys;  and  \'csts  and  hose  for 
women.  During  icSSi  thi;re  was  but  a  single  factory  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
exclusively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  knit  goods — TlIK  C.\MI'OK\I.\ 
Hf)S!i:KY  CoMP.WV,  located  at  Oakland.  This  establishment  has  been  in 
o|)cration  only  since  January  of  that  year,  and  has  .so  far  been  very  suc- 
cessful. TiiK  rio.VKKK  A\D  Ml.ssiON  Wooi.KN  Mli-LS  of  .San  Francisco 
fof  wliich  a  general  .account  has  been  given  heretofore)  produced  in 
1 88 1  about  $200,000  worth  of  domestic  underwear.  One  of  the  Oregon 
mills,  and  2  at  least  of  the  Utah  factories,  have  also  a  few  knitting-ma- 
chines in  operation.  The  entire  consumption  of  all  the  hosiery  and  knit 
goods  inanufactureil  on   the  I'acific  Coast  may  be  estimated  at  $450,000  a 


> 


Tr.xTii.i:  I  \iiuit  s. 


44') 


year;  the  cost  of  tlic  wool,  cottnii,  ami   other  materials  used   at   $150,000; 
the  smfl  expemleil  for  lahor  at  $175,000,  di  .tributetl   ainoii^  5(.X)  o[Kratives. 

Cotton  can  now  lie  iinporteil  from  I'cxas,  hy  the  Southern  I'acifu:  Rail- 
road, as  cheapl),  or  very  lU'arly  so,  as  it  can  he  laid  down  in  Lowell,  or 
other  larj^e  m  inufacturinL;  cities  in  tlie  I'.astern  States.  I'reii^ht  to  San 
Francisco  by  this  route  is  1  J;^  cents  a  pound.  'I'he  iiroduction  of  Caiifor- 
nian  cotton  was  estimated  for  iSSi  at  500  hales,  nf  401)  pounds  each, 
or  about  103  tons  in  all.  At  present  ah.)ut  300  tons  of  cotton  are 
consumed  every  year  b)-  the  I'acific  Coast  Mills.  Takinj^  int<i  account 
the  lower  price  of  wool,  it  is  probable  that  the  cost  of  material  is  less 
than  in  Eastern  factories,  while  the  operatives  eini)loyed  consist  largely  of 
boys  ami  ^jirls,  whose  waj^es  are  little  if  any  abo'c  l'"astern  rates.  It  is 
therefore  reasonable  to  exjiect  that,  in  the  near  future,  there  will  be  a  con- 
sitlerable  development  in  this  branch  of  industry.  jM(jreover,  the  advance 
which  has  occurred  within  the  last  few  j-ears,  in  I'lastern  markets,  in  the 
price  of  all  textile  fabrics,  tells  very  much  in  favor  of  manufacturers  on  this 
coast.  There  is  still  a  larj^c  importaticin  of  hosiery  and  knit  goods,  but  on 
the  other  haml.  domestic  umlerwear  made  by  Californian  mills  has  alreaily 
g.iined  some  foothoUl  in  Chicago,  Hoston,  and  New  York. 

In  the  fall  of  the  year  1880,  a  number  of  enterprising  business  men 
formed  themselves  into  a  comjiany,  bearing  the  name  of  Till".  C.M.II'oKMA 
HosiKRV  Co.\tl'.\N'v,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  mill,  where  hosiery 
and  underwear  of  all  kinds  could  be  manufactured.  A  sum  of  monej-  was 
at  once  raised,  an  expert  sent  East  to  purchase  the  required  machiner)-,  and 
within  a  very  few  months  the  factory  was  in  operation  at  the  corner  of  l-'irst 
and  Jefferson  streets,  Oakland.  The  main  building  is  of  brick,  with  numer- 
ous adjuncts  in  the  way  of  drying-sheds,  store-rooms,  receiving  warehou.scs, 
etc.  The  driving  engine  of  the  works  is  of  60-horse  power,  and  was  manu- 
factured by  Mr.  lvi-;.s  ScoviLLK,  of  the  Oakland  Iron  Works.  The  mill  is 
furnished  with  all  necessary  machinery,  of  the  latest  patents,  for  4  sets  of 
cards,  and  turns  out  daily  40  dozen  of  undershirts,  and  various  articles  of 
underwear,  and  60  to  100  dozen  of  hose.  These  goods  are  markctetl  in 
San  I'rancisco,  New  York,  Hoston,  and  Chicago.  Californian  and  Oregon 
wools  are  u.scd  in  about  equal  proportions.  Employment  is  given  to  about 
240  hands,  at  wages  varying  from  50  cents  to  $4  per  day — the  former  rate 
for  boys  and  girls  as  young  as  15.  Not  a  single  Chinamen  is  to  be  seen  on 
the  prcmi.ses.  The  factory  is  now  running  on  orders.  Mr.  JoilN  A.  SWEN- 
AKTON',  who  may  be  called  the  founder  of  the  company,  is  the  present  man- 
ager. The  railroad  to  San  Jose  passes  within  1 5  or  20  feet  of  the  mill,  and 
large  vessels  can  discharge  cargo  at  a  distance  of  200  yards  from  the 
establishment. 
57 


m 


450 


M.wriAc  nurs. 


i 


i!    !; 
I: 


Wool  Scouring.  — L'ntil  1S77  all  the  wool  rorwaidid  Mast  from  tin- 
Tacific  Coast  vvas  unscdurctl  unol;  hut  of  late  jcars  several  firius  jn  San 
I'rancisco  have  entered  into  the  business  of  unol  scomin;.,'.  The  object  of 
the  process  is  to  cleanse  the  staple  fmni  all  inii)inities,  and  render  it  lit  for 
manufacturers'  use.  Most  of  it  is  shi|)|)ed  to  I'.astern  markets,  as  the  mills 
on  the  Pacific  L'oast  are  iisuaii)'  furnished  with  apparatus  for  scouring  ti'  .'ir 
own  wool.  The  (|aantity  pnpared  for  shipment  during;  iSSi  was  about 
S,ooo  tons,  or  about  J.S  per  cent,  of  the  entire  clip.  It  is  estimated  that  for 
i8Sj  the  amount  will  be  increased  to  \  2,000  or  1  ^,000  tons;  and  it  is  |)rob- 
able  that,  before  loni,',  nearly  all  the  wool  shipped  I'last,  from  S;"i  .''"rancisco, 
will  be  scoin-ed  wool.  In  every  pounil  of  wool  taken  from  the  back  of  the 
sheep,  two  thirds  of  the  wei^jht  consists  of  jjrcase,  dust,  burs,  {^^rass-sccils, 
and  other  iini)urities,  which  are  reinoveil  b>'  the  scourin^r  process.  H)-  first 
cleansinj,'  the  wool,  the  shipper  therefore  saves  two  thirds  of  the  frei^'ht. 
y\s  the  bulk  of  our  wool  is  ship])cd  ilast  by  rail,  the  saving;  is  \ery  consid- 
erable. .\t  present,  about  5,750  tons  a  year  arc  used  b)-  the  I'acific  Coast 
woolen-mills,  and  nearl)-  iQ.cxX)  tons  are  forwardeil  ICast,  of  which  about 
1  1,000  tons  are  shipped  in  the  (grease.  As  two  thirds  of  the  weii;ht  of  un- 
scoured  wool  consists  of  refuse,  and  the  freif^ht  i-;  1  yl  to  2  cents  a  pound,  it 
follows  that  at  least  $220,000  were  paiil  out,  in  1881,  for  the  trans])ortation 
of  over  7,300  tuns  of  ^Tease,  dust,  burs,  etc. 

The  Icadiii};  firms  at  present  engaj^cd  in  wool  scourinj,'  are  I''.\1,km;k, 
liixi.  &  Co.,  L.vKiiNi.u  &  Lr.K,  G.<t.s.\u  &  Co.,  Simo.n  &  nKi:si..\ii:u, 
I'K.VNK  I'.  Mi;Li;.\N.\N,  and  John  I-".  Knox.  The  2  first  mentioned  pre- 
pare .ibout  2,000  tons,  and  the  others  about  800  tons  each  a  >car  About  100 
men  are  emplo>etl  in  this  industry,  and  the  business  is  at  present  restricted 
to  San  I'Vancisco.  The  need  is  felt  of  a  mill  for  spinnint,^  woolen  yarn  for 
shipment  I^ast,  instead  of  sending  the  waol  in  its  raw  state;  and  it  is  ))rob- 
able  that  such  an  establishment  will  soon  be  in  operation. 

Clothing. —  The  I'acific  States  and  Territories  import  ready-made  cloth- 
ing and  under-clothing  to  the  value  of  $20  annually  for  every  man,  woman, 
and  child  of  their  population.  Not  more  than  one  fifth  of  our  wool  crojj  is 
manufactureil  on  this  coast,  and  even  of  this  some  |5ortion  is  exported  in 
the  shape  of  doeskins,  cassimeres,  and  tweeds,  to  return  as  ready-made  suits. 
Supposing  that  the  wool  in  a  suit  of  clothes  costs  about  one  tenth,  and  that 
Eastern  manufacturers,  merchants,  and  railro.id  incorporations  ab.sorb  the 
remaining  nine  tenths,  we  make  our  profit  on  but  a  small  portion  of  the 
material.  The  quantity  of  cloth  sent  East  for  sale  or  manufacture  can  not 
easily  be  estimated,  but  the  amount  of  wool  exported  for  the  )-ear  1881  was 
about  20  i)cr  cent,  of  the  total  crop.      It  may  be  stated,  with  a  very  near 


nXTIIl.    I  AI'.UK  S, 


451 


approximation  to  truth,  tli.it  uc  ^cml  .il)ni.i<l  lniir  fiftln  <il  mir  uDni  crop, 
and  (.'.xpcnii  on  iin|)orteil  woolen  ^joods  an  amount  aluiost  n|ual  ti),  .ind, 
according;  to  some  estimates,  exceeding,'  tlie  marki't  |)rice  of  the  clii). 

Tile  entire  \alue  of  ciothii)!,'  manufactured  in  San  I'Vancisco,  including,' 
suits,  o\erails,  ,ind  underwear,  is  estimateil  at  $.5,'')5  '  ■ ),  and  the  niunt)erof 
men,  women,  and  Chinamen  employed  in  this  branch  >  1  industry,  the  )ear 
round,  at  i,.Soo,  of  whom  at  least  1,400  are  Chinamen.  The  number  of 
Chin.imen  em|)lo\-e(l  is  much  i.-irijer  ;it  times,  I-'or  the  year  1S70  the  value 
of  men's  clothinj,'  manufactured  in  San  I"ranc'  <  .,  includinji  cu^toia  work, 
w;i  stated  in  the  Criisi/s  Kifor/  at  $964,750,  and  the  number  of  hands  em 
j.^  yed  ;it  450. 

Durini;  iS.Si  s.iles  of  clothiii<;  exceedeil,  by  at  L.ist  JO  ])i  r  cent.,  those 
of  the  pre\  ious)'ear.  The  fall  trade  was  especi.illy  prosperous.  A  feature 
in  the  )e.ir's  business  was  tlie  increased  demaiul  for  twe<(!s,  eassimeres,  and 
doeskins  of  I'.icific  Coast  manufacture.  I'"or  the  m.ikin^  of  suits,  cloth 
manufactured  at  the  Pioneer  and  Mission  Mill,  San  I'V.incisco,  anil  at  th. 
(Irej.jon  C'it\-  Woolen  Mills,  is  ver)-  much  in  dem.md.  It  is  ailmitted,  that 
Californian  and  Oreijon  cloth  wear  lx;tter  than  I'.astern  j,foods,  thouijh  less 
fine  as  to  face,  finisli,  and  neatness  of  pattern.  If  this  defect  were  reme- 
died, the  dem;ind  for  Californian  and  (")rc<^on  cloth  would  be  more  general 
instead  of  bein;,'  limiteil,  as  it  now  is,  almost  exclusively  to  the  laboring 
classes. 

Im|)orts  of  clothint;,  for  iS.Si,  amounted  to  7,5(X)  casf  ,  I'"or  i<S7iS,  1879, 
and  icSSo,  they  were  about  5,700  cases;  for  1877,  _-,ooO  cases;  and  for  KS76, 
7,000  cases.  The  large  imports  for  1881  were  not  caused  by  any  falling  off 
in  home  manufacture.  On  the  contrary,  more  clothing  was  made  on  this 
coast  in  that  j'ear  than  during  any  previous  twelvemonth.  All  the  sister 
States  and  Territories,  with  the  exce])tion  perhaps  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  consume  a  fair  amount  of  California-made  clotliing,  anil  there  is  a 
small  but  increasing  export  trade  amounting,  for  1881,  to  553  cases,  against 
478  cases  for  1880.  Our  best  foreign  customers  are  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
which  took  from  us  (in  1881)232  cases;  Uritish  Columbia,  which  took  ^j 
ca.scs;  China,  42  cases;  and  Mexico,  41  ca.ses.  Some  of  these  goods  were, 
no  doubt,  F.astern  clothing  in  transit,  but  the  bulk  of  them  were  of  home 
production. 

A  considerable  quantity  of  the  .'oth  manufactured  on  this  coast,  cspeci- 
all)'  in  the  line  of  eassimeres,  is  still  sent  I'.ast,  jiartly  for  the  reason  that 
sufficient  labor  can  not  be  obtained  to  make  them  into  clothing,  at  prices 
that  manufacturers  can  afford  to  pay. 

The  prospects  in  the  business  of  manufacturing  clothing  arc  thus  ex- 
pressed by  Mr.  GKi;i;Ni;ii.\l!M,  the  proprietor  (<f  a  factory  in  which  girls  are 


ai 


452 


MWriACTURKS. 


larjjcly  omplnycd :  "The  outlook-  for  the  future  is  good.  All  that  we  need 
is  while  labor,  Ljood  and  experienced  hands,  u  liich  are  not  in  San  I'"ranciscn 
at  present,  and  will  not  be,  until  mothers  and  dauijhterslay  aside  their  pride, 
and  are  willinij  to  work,  and  not  ashamed  to  Ix;  called  factory  hands."  In 
establishments  cni^a^ed  in  the  manufacture  of  frinj^e,  {^imp,  braid,  regalia, 
etc.,  no  Chinamen  arc  to  be  seen,  but  there  are  numbers  of  contented  and 
healthy-lookinij  women  and  ^nrls,  wIk)  commence  as  apprentices  at  $3  or  $4 
a  week,  and  after  learning  their  trade  can  earn  $S  to  $IJ,  and  sometimes 
even  $20  a  week.  The.sc  establishments,  however,  can  emplo)-  but  a  small 
number  of  i)crsons.  The  chief  branches  of  manufacture  that  could  afford 
cmphnnicnt  to  women  who  ha\e  to  depend  on  sewing  for  a  livelihootl,  are 
those  of  clothing,  unilcr-clothing,  and  shirtmaking.  At  least  four  fifths  of 
all  this  wo'k  is,  at  [jresent,  in  the  hands  of  Chinamen,  who  receive  every 
)-ear  in  wages  at  least  $850,000. 

If  large  clothing  factories,  suc'ri  as  e.Kist  in  l^astcrn  cities,  wore  established 
in  .San  I'rancisco,  there  is  no  iloubt  that  bu_\ers  from  the  country  would 
patronize  them,  in  preference  to  purchasing  from  importers.  Thcj-  would 
be  able  to  purcha.sc  goods  maile  up  in  new  and  varied  style  instead  of 
those  that  have  lain  on  the  shelves  of  Eastern  manufacturing  houses  per- 
haps f<ir  6  or  12  months,  and  on  those  of  San  Fiancisco  importing  houses 
almost  as  long.  It  is  estimated  that  if  all  the  outer  and  under  clothing  that 
is  ,;old  in  San  Franci.sco  were  manufactured  in  that  city,  thirty  large  facto- 
ries could  be  ke[)t  constantly  in  operation,  and  employment  could  be  fur- 
nished to  S.ooo  or  10,000  hands. 

'Jlothin^  Operatives, — Complaint  is  made  by  several  leading  houses  in 
San  I'-ranci.sco,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cloth  suits  and  of  undf  r-cloth- 
ing,  that  the  supply  of  skilled  labor  is  not  sufficient  to  enable  them  to  kecj) 
pace  with  the  demand  for  their  goods.  Such  an  institution  as  an  organized 
clothing  factory,  conducted  b)-  white  labor,  can  hardly  be  said  to  exist  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  The  industry  is  at  present  mainl)'  in  the  hands  of  China- 
men. White  operatives  work  by  the  piece,  and  their  earnings  average,  for 
skilled  workmen  $[2  to  $18,  ami  for  exjjcrt  women  $8  to  $10  a  week.  These 
wages  are  about  the  same  as  I-^astern  rates,  except  for  female  operatives, 
and  ma>'  be  taken  as  the  a\  ''rage  earnings,  whether  on  piece-work  or  by 
daily  wage.  In  Eastern  cities  an  advertisement  will  at  once  be  p.nswcred 
b)-  200  or  300  skilled  applicants,  and  work  is  done  on  what  is  called  the 
gang  system.  A  gang  consists  of  a  pressman,  who  shapes  the  garment  after 
it  is  cut,  and  a  number  of  sewing-machine  girls  anil  assistants,  each  of  whom 
works  pnl)'  at  one  portion  of  the  garment.  Skilletl  sewing-machine  oj)era- 
tives  receive,  in  the  I'^ast,  $10  to  $1  J  a  week,  and  assistants  $6  to  $8.     The 


•rKXTll.K    I  AIIKICS. 


453 


extent  to  which  Cliincsc  workmen  are  cmpl(>)'cd  in  San  Francisco,  in  thii 
branch  of  industry,  is  pcrliaps  hardly  ai)])rcciatcd.  By  far  tlic  j^rcater  part 
of  the  read_\'-madc  clothint(  and  nearly  all  the  under-clothing  inade  in  San 
Francisco,  for  both  sexes,  is  manufactured  by  Chinamen. 

There  are  numerous  Chinese  firms  working  for  wholesale  houses,  and 
employing  probabi}'  not  less  than  i,OOohands  in  the  aggregate.  Their  fac- 
tories are,  of  course,  located  in  the  Chinese  quarter.  There  are  also  num- 
bers of  Cliin.imen  working  under  the  superintendence  of  white  foremen  at 
small  factories  in  the  suburbs  of  San  Francisco.  The  bulk  of  the  gooels 
manufactured  by  Chinese  labor  consists  of  overalls,  jumpers,  and  pants  made 
of  imported  l<"astern  denim  and  duck,  over  and  under  shirts  of  Californian 
flannel,  and  cloth  pant.s,  chiefl)-  of  home-made  tweeds  and  cassimeres.  Over- 
alls ana  other  goods  of  duck  and  denim  arc  .sold  chiefly  to  miners  and  to 
laborers  on  ranches.  The  importation  of  this  class  of  goods  has  now  almost 
entirely  ceased.  It  is  estimated  by  a  leading  firm  in  San  I'rancisco  that 
not  less  than  $750,000  worth  a  year  of  ducks  and  denims  (cotton  fabrics, 
dyed  in  blue  or  brown)  are  manufactured  on  this  co;ist,  and  that  not  more 
than  $75,000  worth  are  imported.  .Suits  made  of  these  goods  are  usually 
lined  with  Californian  blanket  lining.  H\-  etnploying  Chinese  labor,  manu- 
facturers can  afford  to  pay  3  cents  a  jxiund  for  freight  on  the  material,  which, 
w  ith  the  exception  of  the  blanket  lining,  is  all  imported,  and  not  only  sup- 
pi)-  ncarlj-  all  the  demand  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  but  sell  their  goods  at  a 
profit,  nearly  as  far  East  as  New  York,  after  paying  a  second  freight. 

Besides  the  regular  Chinese  firms,  there  are  small  co-operative  bodies  of 
4  or  5  who  work  on  their  own  account,  and  :-,end  out  one  of  their  number  to 
effect  sales.  In  addition  to  our  large  wholesale  houses,  some  of  the  smaller 
ones  also  employ  Chinamen.  Their  earnings  average  about  $i.50ad€'iy, 
and  aggregate  (for  1,400  em))l()yees,  working  7  days  a  week)  about  $765,- 
000  a  jear.  This  sum,  added  to  the  profits  made  by  Chinese  employers, 
would  furnish  work  to  an  equal  number  of  female  operatives  on  the  system 
and  at  the  rates  of  wages  [)rcvailing  in  Eastern  clothing  factories.  As  the 
case  now  stands,  white  women  and  girls  can  find  more  reinunerative  em- 
ployment in  domestic  service  than  in  work  on  clothing,  though  a  small 
number  make  living  wages  mainlj-  by  working  for  custom  tailors.  Manu- 
facturers state  that  but  for  the  aid  <i{  Chinc^;e  labor,  the  making  of  ready- 
made  clothing  would  amount  to  almost  nothing  on  this  coast.  A  single 
illustration  will  show  that  the  real  trouble  is  rather  the  lack  of  proper 
organization,  th.m  the  want  of  cheap  white  labor.  Some  years  ago  a  tirm, 
who  let  out  large  contracts  for  clothing  of  various  descriptions,  h.ad  paid 
from  $27  to  $30  a  dozen  for  the  making  of  certain  articles  of  boys'  wear. 
They  shipped  an  invoice  of  the  material  to  I'hiladelphia.     It  was  made  up 


1] 


V 

I 

i 


454 


MANllACTrUKS. 


■'\- 


J'-l 


4 1 1 


in  a  better  and  more  substantial  manner  tiian  similar  work  hatl  been  done 
here,  and  rctiirnctl  at  a  cost,  incliRlin_Lj  frcicjht  both  ways,  of  only  $i8  a 
dozen.  The  waives  of  clothing  hands  in  I'hiladclphia  arc  fully  equal  to 
tiiose  <)f  while  operatives  in  San  Francisco,  and  for  skilled  labor,  nearly 
double  the  rates  paid  to  Chinamen.  Vet  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  San 
I'rancisco  contractor,  while  receivin}.;  from  $27  to  $30  a  dozen,  employed 
mainly  Chinese  labor  at  about  $1  a  ilay,  while  the  Philadelphia  manufac- 
turer ])aid,  on  an  a\crage,  perhaps  $1.50  a  day.  The  e.vplanation  of  the 
matter  lies  parti}'  in  the  fact  that,  in  ]'"astern  cities,  operatives  work  only  on 
one  i)ortion  of  the  garment,  while  in  San  I'-rancisco,  a  single  person  makes 
U[)  the  whole  g.irment,  and  often  the  entire  itt.  In  Philadelphia,  clothing 
hantls  work  for  \ears,  and  with  the  best  appliances,  on  .separate  pieces  of 
one  article  of  attire.  It  is  probable  that  one  thus  working,  say  for  instance 
on  coat-slee\es,  can  perform  labor  equal  to  at  least  double  the  value  of  that 
done  by  operatives  who  make  up  a  complete  garment  or  suit.  The  fault 
rests  not  with  the  manufacturer,  nor  with  the  operative,  but  with  the  sys- 
tem. There  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  why,  with  proi)er  organization, 
clothing  factories,  employing  white  labor,  should  not  be  established  in  San 
Francisco  to  utilize,  more  largely,  the  excellent  fabrics  produced  on  this 
coast. 

Various  Factories. — Tlicre  arc  but  2  substantial  houses  iVi  San  Fran- 
cisco largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  ready-made  cloth  suits  for  men- 
and  bo}s— Bkown  HrotiiKR.s  &  Co.,  an<l  STRAUS  &  Lew.  Neither  estab- 
lishment possesses  anj-  workshop  or  factory;  all  work  of  whatever  description 
being  let  <nit  by  contract.  Other  clothing  houses  manufacture  small  quan- 
tities of  home-made  cloth  suits,  and  numerous  firms  let  out  contracts  for 
duck  goods,  fl.annel  underwear,  etc.,  but,  as  already  stated,  such  an  institu- 
tion as  a  clothing  factor)-,  in  its  proper  sense,  for  the  making  (jf  outer-cloth- 
ing, does  not  e.\ist  in  this  State,  and  probably  not  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  with 
the  exception  of  an  overall  factory  at  .Sacramento,  established  in  1S79  by 
L.  Flkl  s  K-  Co.  Str.M's  &  I.r.vy,  22  S.msome  Street,  manufacture  chicily 
boj's'  clothing,  for  which  purpose  they  use  both  Californian  anil  Oregon 
cloth.  Their  sales  a\erage  .$200,000  a  jcar,  one  half  of  which  consists  of 
goods  made  by  the  firm;  the  remainder  being  imported.  Employment  is 
given  to  about  70  persons,  white,  Chinese,  and  Mexicans,  at  wages  averaging 
$40  a  month.  The  trade  of  the  firm  extcnils  over  California,  Oregon,  Idaho, 
and  Arizona. 

Brown  Bros.  &  C(j.,  24  and  26  Sansome  Street,  are  the  largest  manu- 
facturers of  read>--made  clothing  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  '  The  value  of  goods 
matle  up  by  this  one  firm  is  about  $550,000  a  year.     Tiieir  trade  extends 


TKXTII-K    lAliURS. 


455 


a.  5 


all  over  the  I'acific  States  and  Territories,  and  as  far  cast  as  New  York. 
They  arc  sole  af,'cnts  for  the  Orkgon  Ch  Y  Woolkn  Mills,  and  manufac- 
ture from  cloth  made  in  that  establishment,  read\'-niade  suits  to  the  value 
of  $300,000  a  )-car,  in  addition  to  flannel  underwear  and  other  floods,  worth 
$150,000,  from  material  produced  at  the  same  establishment.  They  also  do 
a  large  business  in  goods  of  Eastern  make.  In  duck  goods  alone,  such  as 
overalls  and  blanket-lined  pants  and  <."ats(the  material  for  which  is  entirely 
imported),  their  trade  exceeds  $ioo,ooo  a  year.  The  firm  complain  that 
they  can  not  obtain  labor  at  prices  which  they  can  affcjrd  to  pay,  sufficient 
to  manufacture  goods  up  to  the  full  extent  of  the  demand. 

Nkustautkr  HROTm:RS  manufacture  large  quantities  of  cloth  suits,  and 
various  descriptions  of  under-clothing.  The)-  are  better  known,  however,  as 
the  proprietors  of  the  Stand.vrd  SliiRT  Factory,  on  Gough  and  Grove 
streets,  and  mention  is  made  of  their  establishment  under  the  heading  of 
shirts. 

The  overall  factory  of  El.KUs  &  Co.  occupies  the  second  story  of  a  build- 
ing on  J  Street,  Sacramento,  together  with  2  small  shop:-.,  run  by  Chinamen, 
and  situated  on  the  same  street.  In  addition  to  Samson  pants  (overalls), 
the  firm  manufacture  Canton  flannel  shirts,  cotton  shirts,  and  blanket-lined 
clothing.  Starting  only  -^  ars  ago,  with  a  nominal  capital,  their  sales  now 
amount  to  $79,000  a  year,  '  their  goods  already  find  a  market  in  portions 
of  Nevada,  though  sold  man  m  the  mining  districts  of  California.  Twenty 
Chinamen  are  employed,  who  work  by  the  piece,  and  16  girls,  who,  working 
also  by  the  piece,  make  about  $  I  a  da)-.  The  material  used  includes  flannel 
made  in  San  Francisco,  though  the  cheaper  grades  of  flannel  are  brought 
from  the  East.     The  firm  reports  a  thriving  business  and  excellent  prospects. 


m 


II 

i 


P 

M 


- 
■VI 

y 


Furnishing  Goods. — Mention  has  already  been  made  of  some  of  the  arti- 
cles which  come  under  the  definition  of  furnishing  goods.  Hosiery  and 
knit  goods,  shirts  and  linen  underwear,  have  been  noticed  imder  those  head- 
ings; neckties  and  .suspenders  will  also  be  spoken  of  .separately,  becau.se 
there  arc  factories  in  San  Francisco  engaged  in  making  those  articles.  The 
manufacture  of  furnishing  goods  is  so  widely  distributed  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  form  any  exact  or  even  approximate  estimate,  as  to  the 
quantity  and  value  of  all  the  different  descriptions.  Most  of  the  dry-goods 
houses  employ  women,  antl  some  employ  Chinamen  to  make  up  goods  in 
stock,  and  large  numbers  of  Chinamen  are  engaged  in  this  line  of  business 
on  their  own  account,  working  in  small  gangs  and  employing  one  of  their 
number  to  effect  sales.  The  larger  portion  of  this  class  of  work  is  done  by 
Chinamen,  and  a  single  circumstance  will  show  the  extreme  difficulty  ex- 
perienced by  sewing-women  in  competing  with  them.     The  price  usually 


45^' 


MANUFACTURKS. 


paid  to  women  for  making  the  button-holes  of  shirts  and  some  otiicr  arti- 
cles, is  50  cents  a  dozen,  and  Chinamen  are  willing  to  do  the  same  work  for 
7J'.<  cents,  or  15  jjcr  cent,  of  the  price  paid  to  seamstresses. 

There  are  two  factories  in  San  I'Vancisco  engaged  in  the  making  of  men's 
furnishing  goods.  Neustadter  BROTHERS  are  the  proprietors  of  an 
establishment  at  which  the  manufacture  of  shirts  is  made  a  specialty,  and 
their  factory  has  therefore  been  mentioned  under  that  heading.  The  other 
one  is  worthy  of  special  mention,  as  it  presents  some  features  of  general 
interest. 

B.  &  O.  Greenebaum.— B.  &  O.  Greenf.haum,  1047  and  1049  Market 
Street,  are  the  proprietors  of  a  factory,  in  which  men's  furnishing  goods  of 
all  descriptions  arc  made  up  specially  for  wholesale  houses  in  San  Francisco. 
Their  establishment  occupies  2  stories  of  a  buihling  50  feet  by  165,  and  af- 
fords occupation  to  more  than  200  op,.ratives  When  Messrs.  Gkeexe- 
liAl'M  commenced  business  in  iXjiS,  they  employed  only  10  persons.  They 
now  distribute  over  $60,000  in  wages,  and  manufacture  goods  of  excellent 
qualit)-  to  the  value  of  $750,000  a  year.  At  least  1 50  of  the  employees  are 
women  and  girls.  The  Chinamen  do  not  number  more  than  50 ;  they  are 
employed  (Mily  on  heavy  work,  at  which  women  can  not  earn  fair  wages,  and 
arc  kept  in  an  apartment  bj-  themselves.  Skilled  seamstresses  make  $9  to 
$12  a  week,  and  apprentices  $3  to  $5.  The  sewing-machines  are  all  run  by 
steam-power,  and  are  employed  on  all  grades  of  men's  furnishing  goods, 
from  the  finest  to  the  heaviest.  Large  quantities  of  duck  and  denim  goods 
are  also  manufactured.  Messrs.  Greene1!.\UM  consider  that  the  prospects 
of  their  trade  are  good,  and  ba.se  their  opinion  partly  on  the  fact  that  the 
supply  of  white  labor  is  gradually  increasing.  They  state  that  they  are 
now  constantly  receiving  applications  for  employment  from  girls  belonging 
to  respectable  families.  With  regard  to  the  question  of  employing  China- 
men, they  remark  that  Chinamen  can  not  compete  with  girls  in  fine  work, 
and  that  on  the  other  hand  girls  can  not  compete  with  Chinamen  in  rough 
work.  They  believe  that  the  goods  made  up  by  Chinamen  are  losing  caste 
in  the  market  every  ilay,  and  that  those  made  by  white  labor  arc  rapidly 
taking  their  place.  They  find  that  Chinamen  will  do  good  work  on  the 
portion  of  the  garment  that  is  likely  to  be  inspected,  but  will  take  no  pains 
with  the  other  portion,  while  sewing-women  will  do  all  their  work  carefuUj'. 
Moreover,  if  a  Chinaman  be  ordered  to  make  a  seam  in  a  manner  or  direc- 
tion differing  from  the  previous  custom,  he  will  look  upon  it  as  some  new 
process,  and  demand  extra  pay.  On  moving  into  their  present  quarters, 
Messrs.  Greeneu.VU.M  iletermined  not  to  employ  Chinamen  on  any  ile- 
scription  of  fine  work,  but  to  have  their  more  expensive  goods  made  up 


:;  M 


TKXTIl.K   I'-AURICS. 


457 


entirely  by  sewin^r-j^irls,  who  thus  have  an  opportunity  to  make  good  rates 
of  wages.  The  firm  deserve  credit  for  the  assistance  they  render  to  sewing- 
women  by  always  emi)loying  them,  when  possible,  in  preference  to  China- 
men, and  paying;  them  the  highest  rates  of  wages  that  the  business  will  af- 
ford. In  .several  instances  there  are  3  or  4  members  of  the  same  family 
employed  at  their  establishment,  and  their  joint  earnings  afford  them  the 
means  of  a  comfortable  livelihood. 


It::  ; 


Cotton  Underwear. — Among  dr}'-good.s  houses  in  San  Francisco,  cotton 
fabrics  are  included  in  the  word  "  domestics,"  and  would  therefore  include 
goods  made  of  duck  and  denim,  of  which  mention  is  made  under  the  head 
of  "clothing."  The  value  of  imported  domestics  is  estimated,  by  one  of 
the  leading  importing  houses  of  this  city,  at  $5,000,000  to  $6,000,000,  of 
which  about  yo  per  cent,  is  manufactured  into  garments  in  San  I'rancisco, 
the  remaining  10  per  cent,  being  brought  here  in  the  .shape  of  ready-made 
clothing.  Apart  from  duck  and  denim,  the  importation  of  cotton  goods  and 
of  linens  and  muslins,  which  are  not  included  in  the  term  "domestics,"  may 
be  estimated  at  $4,000,000  to  $4,500,000. 

l^adies'  underwear,  to  the  value  of  about  $200,000  a  year,  is  manufactured 
in  San  Franci.sco,  and  about  $250,000  worth,  chieflj' of  the  finer  descriptions, 
is  imported.  There  arc  employed  at  this  branch  of  sewing,  on  the  average, 
about  130  Chinamen,  and  not  more  than  20  white  women,  although  the 
number  so  employed  for  a  portion  of  the  year  is  very  much  larger.  The 
earnings  of  all  operatives  average  about  90  cents  a  day ;  and  this  is  one  of 
the  very  few  instances  in  which  the  price  of  labor  falls  below  Eastern  rates. 
The  average  earnings  of  sewing-women  employed  on  cotton  and  linen  un- 
derwear in  any  large  Eastern  city  are  not  less  than  $1  a  day.  The  cost  of 
material  in  this  branch  of  manufacture  is  estimated  at  60  per  cent.,  and  of 
labor  20  per  vont. 

Shirts. — The  average  number  of  white  persons  employed  in  San  Fran- 
cisco the  year  round  on  making  white  .shirts,  is  about  450,  and  of  Chinamen 
about  200.  The  quantity  made  is  estimated  at  37,500  dozen  a  year,  and 
their  value  at  $600,000,  against  $450,000  worth  of  imported  shirts.  Al- 
though articles  of  fair  quality,  made  by  Chinamen,  are  sometimes  .sold  as 
low  as  $9  a  dozen,  the  goods  made  up  in  San  Francisco  consist  almost  en- 
tirely of  the  more  expensive  grades.  Shirts  that  sell,  let  us  say  at  $1 
apiece,  can  not,  as  a  rule,  be  made  at  a  profit,  mainly  for  the  reason  that  the 
prices  paid  for  finishing  are  too  high  to  allow  of  competition  with  cheap 
articles  of  Eastern  make.  On  the  price-list  of  one  factory,  goods  are  marked 
as  low  as  $10.50  a  dozen,  but  this  is  probably  the  only  instance  of  the  kind, 
58 


I 


"W- 


458 


MANUI  ACTUKKS. 


and  the  reason  fcir  it  is,  that  this  establishment  is  the  only  one  engaged  in 
manufacturing  on  anj-  large  scale,  for  the  general  market;  other  houses  pro- 
ducing goods  onl)'  to  order,  or  at  least  not  making  uj)  any  great  quantity  of 
stock.  The  entire  \alue  of  shirts  made  up  in  San  I-Vancisco,  othenvisc  than 
to  order,  is  probabl)-  not  more  than  $250,000  a  )ear,  and  this  work  is  done 
almost  entirel)-  b)'  Chin  .nen.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cost  of  material  is 
about  50  per  cent.,  and  of  labor  25  to  30  per  cent,  of  the  wholesale  value 
of  the  goods  produced,  leaving  20  or  25  per  cent,  for  rent,  profit,  and  mis- 
cellaneous e.xpcnses. 

In  the  making  of  shirts,  as  in  other  branches  of  sewing,  about  80  per  cent, 
of  all  the  goods  made  up  in  stock  are  manufactured  by  Chinamen,  and  the 
remaining  20  per  cent.  b_\'  white  operatives.  In  the  case  of  goods  made  up 
to  order,  these  conditions  are  reversed.  At  least  80  per  cent,  of  such  work 
is  done  by  white  men  and  W(jmen,  and  only  20  per  cent,  by  Chinamen. 
Women  arc  paid  12 'i  to  50  cents  a  dozen  more  than  Chinamen,  but  e\en 
with  this  advantage,  fail  to  make  anj-thing  near  the  same  wages.  The  earn- 
ings of  skilled  seamstresses  average  $7.50  to  $8,  and  of  e.vpert  Chinamen 
about  $9.50  a  week.  A  few  highly  skilled  women,  who  also  possess  the 
requisite  strength  can  make  $10  to  $1 1,  but  these  instances  are  very  rare. 
Apprentices  receive  $3  a  week,  and  have  to  work  about  2  j-ears  before  they 
can  earn  as  much  as  $6  a  week.  The  only  process  at  which  women  can,  as 
a  rule,  earn  good  wages  is  that  of  ironing  unlaundried  shirts.  At  this  work, 
a  strong  and  skillful  woman  may  earn  as  much  as  $14  or  $15  a  week,  but 
the  average  is  not  more  than  $12. 

NlX'sTADTER  Huos.  commenced  the  manufacture  of  shirts  in  1874,  at  a 
small  factory  on  the  corner  of  Market  and  First  streets.  Within  one  year 
their  business  increased  so  largely  that  it  became  necessary  to  .secure  very 
ample  accommodation.  A  site  was  ])urchased  on  the  corner  of  Gough  and 
Gro\e  streets,  and  a  3-.story  building,  137J.J  by  150  feet,  was  completed 
in  August,  1875.  Goods  arc  now  manufactured  to  the  value  of  several 
hundred  thousand  dollars  a  year.  Of  late  years  the  firm  has  engaged 
largely  in  the  making  of  various  descriptions  of  under-clothing.  There  arc 
constantly  employed  at  the  factory  about  400  hands,  a  large  portion  of 
whom  are  Chinamen,  making  from  $9  to  $11  a  week.  I*'emale  operatives 
earn  from  $3.5010  $10,  averaging  not  more  than  $6  to  $7  a  week.  Employ- 
ment is  al.so  furnished  to  a  large  number  of  sewing-women  who  work  out- 
side the  factor)'. 

n.  &  O.  GREKNKli.VU.M  make  some  shirts,  but  the  account  of  their  estab- 
lishment will  be  given  under  the  head  of  under-clofhing,  which  is  their  main 
product.  In  W.  A  Stili.M.vn's  factory,  San  I'Vanci.sco,  goods  consisting 
of  shirts  and  men's  underwear,  are  made  up  at  the  rate  of  about  $5,000 


TEXTILK    lAURICS. 


459 


a  month.     Employment  is  given  to   lo  white  men  at  $3  a  day,  and  to  40 
girls,  whose  average  earnings  arc  $8  a  week. 

Regalia. — The  great  number  of  secret  societies  on  our  slope,  and  espe- 
cially in  California,  where  such  associations  thrive  with  a  luxuriance  un- 
equaled  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  has  made  ;i  large  demand  for 
regalia,  a  term  applied  originally  to  the  symbols  and  paraphernalia  of 
royalty,  but  afterwards  extended,  by  common  usage,  to  the  special  articles 
of  dress  worn  by  the  members  of  the  Masonic,  Odd  Fellows,  and  similar 
organizations.  Collars,  sashes,  and  aprons  that  can  be  convenicntl)'  slipped 
on  over  the  ordinary  dress,  and  badgas  that  can  be  fastened  to  it,  as  marks 
of  membership,  or  of  different  grades  of  advancement  or  of  office,  are  re- 
quired to  be  worn  in  their  meetings  or  on  public  occasions;  and  these  arc 
made  of  velvet,  silk,  satin,  or  fine  cloth,  elaborately  embroidered  with  silk, 
or  gold, or  silver  thread.  Much  skill  and  taste  is  needed  in  the  production; 
but  there  is  a  great  scarcity  of  competent  seamstresses,  though  the  wages, 
for  the  best,  range  from  $15  to  $20  a  week.  Orders  arc  often  delayed  for 
months  before  they  can  be  filled,  and  a  small  proportion,  perhaps  5  per 
cent,  of  the  total  supply — -which  amounts,  in  the  opinion  of  Plate  &  Co.  to 
$50,000  a  year — is  obtained  from  Ea.stcrn  cities,  the  remainder  being  made 
in  San  Francisco.  The  regalia  seamstresses,  including  w^omcn  and  girls, 
number  about  30,  and  their  wages  range,  according  to  skill,  from  $9  to  $20 
a  week. 

The  firm  of  A.  J.  Platk  &  Co.,  418  and  420  Market  Street,  San  Fran- 
cisco, manufacturers  of  uniforms  and  equipments  for  military  and  civic 
societies,  .as  well  as  regalia,  was  established  in  1850,  although  the  regalia 
department  was  not  added  until  1865.  Its  business  and  credit  have  grad- 
ually extended  as  it  became  better  known,  until  it  stands  at  present  at  the 
head  of  the  trade.  Within  the  last  few  years  there  has  been  an  increase  of 
500  per  cent,  in  the  demand  for  regalia.  Most  of  the  work  is  done  in  ele- 
gant style,  and  the  house  has  in  its  .service  workers  as  skillful  as  can  be 
found  anywhere.  NORCROSS  &  Co.,  6  Post  Street,  was  established  in  1849, 
and  commenced  manufacturing  regalia  3  years  later.  They  now  manufac- 
ture, in  addition  to  regalia  and  society  articles,  naval  and  military  goods, 
flags,  swords,  costumes,  and  carry  stocks  of  laces,  fringes,  bullions,  and  other 
decorations  required  for  theatrical  and  masquerade  costumes.  Several 
other  houses  make  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  regalia  a  minor  feature 
of  their  business,  but  the  firms  mentioned  arc  the  only  ones  that  engage 
in  it  on  a  large  scale. 

Flags  and  Bunting. — Owing  to  the  great  variation  in  the  demand  for 
flags  from  year  to  year,  and  the  fact  that  the  active  demand  for  them  is 


I! 


m 


li 

ii 


4f3o 


MANLi'Ai.rL:ui;s. 


i   i 


limited  to  ,i  few  weeks  preccclini,^  the  annivers;ir\-  of  our  national  inilepcntl- 
cnco,  it  is  more  eonvenicnt  to  dealers  to  have  their  flags  manufactured  on 
this  coast,  tlxiui^h  previous  to   1.S74  the}-  depended  mainly  on  importation. 

B.  Pasquale.— .\b('Ut  1.S61,  15.  Pasqiai.i:,  an  Italian  educated  in  I^ancc 
to  the  silk  manufacture,  rcsidinLf  at  San  I'rancisco  since  1^49,  started  a 
manufactory  of  flags  at  650  Washington  Street,  where  his  establishment 
has  since  been  maintained.  His  business  expanded  as  he  became  kniiwn, 
until  it  rcacheil  its  greatest  development  in  the  centennial  year,  when  his 
.sales  amounted  to  $23,000,  leaving  him  a  profit  of  $5,000.  He  gives  a 
pleasant  employment  to  a  number  of  women,  as  many  as  60  at  one  time — 
working  at  home.  This  business  includes  banners  of  all  sizes,  materials,  and 
national  patterns  for  use  on  land,  or  on  merchant  or  marine  vessels.  He 
gives  special  attention  to  orders  for  fine  silk  flags. 

J.  &  \\\  IIannw,  deal<  -;  in  bags,  duck,  felt,  twine,  etc.,  at  308  Davis 
Street,  have  a  flag  department,  in  which  their  stock  of  goods  is  worth  about 
$20,000,  and  they  do  a  large  business  in  the  line  of  bunting.  The)-  pre- 
sented a  flag  24  feet  wide  and  40  long,  with  ,1  streamer  (jo  feet  in  length, 
worth  about  $300,  to  the  Golden  Gate  Park,  where  it  was  hoisted  by  order 
of  the  commissioners.  May  17,  1881.  I'or  such  banners,  Washington  fur- 
nishes magnificent  flag-staffs  150  feet  high  at  a  cost  of  about  $250.  Nou- 
CROSS  &  Co.,  who  devote  their  chief  attention  to  regalia,  also  manufacture 
flags  and  banners  of  all  kinds,  but  most  of  the  material  which  they  use  is 
of  fine  quality.  We  have  no  information  that  the  manufacture  of  flags  is 
conducted  as  a  regular  business  or  department  of  business  by  any  house 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  save  the  three  mentioned. 

Neckties. — Not  less  than  $1,000,000  a  year  is  remitted  by  San  Francisco 
merchants  to  New  York,  and  el.sewherc  in  the  I'^asl,  for  this  small  article  of 
dress;  and  not  more  than  $125,000  worth  a  year,  or  about  11  per  cent,  of 
the  entire  consumption  are  made  on  this  coast.  The  materials  used  in 
making  neckties,  as  silk,  .satin,  lawn,  and  cambric,  are  all  imported  to  the 
value  of  about  $75,000  a  year.  The  cost  of  manufactured  articles  varies 
from  $1  to  $(jO  a  dozen,  and  averages  not  less  than  $5  to  $6  a  dozen.  The 
freight  on  a  dozen  of  neckties  is  but  a  small  fraction  of  one  per  cent,  on 
their  value,  and  the  difference  in  freight  between  the  material  and  the  fin- 
ished goods  is  almost  imperceptible.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  that 
merchants  cm  import  articles,  made  up  principally  in  the  tenement-houses 
of  New  York,  at  cheaper  rates  than  they  can  be  made  for  on  this  coast. 
There  arc  three  parties  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  at  Dutch  i'Mat,  who,  in 
connection  with  other  business,  employ  hands  the  year  round  to  make  up 
neckties.     The  industry  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  women,  who  work  by  the 


m 


■:l    I 


Tr.XTir.i;  i  aiiuics. 


461 


])iccc,  and  the  number  of  operatives  employed  depends  vcr}-  mucli  on  the 
qiiantit)-  of  imported  •joods  on  the  market.  The  averaije  number  engac;ed 
on  this  work  is  not  more  than  30  or  at  most  35;  but  there  is  a  number  of 
women  and  ^irls  who  fill  up  their  spare  time  by  making  up  floods  for  stores, 
when  not  entjaL^cd  on  more  profitable  work.  An  expert  operative  can  make 
$9  or  $10  a  week,  but  there  is  not  work  enough  to  keep  anj-  considerable 
number  steadily  employed.  11.  M.  IIKIMC.M.VN,  who  makes  up  more  than 
half  the  neckties  manufactured  in  San  Francisco,  has  sometimes  as  few  a.s 
5,  and  at  other  times  as  manj-  as  25  hand.s.  The  same  gentleman  states 
that  the  cost  of  material  averages  about  60  per  cent.,  and  of  labor  about  1 5 
per  cent,  of  the  wholesale  price  of  the  finished  goods,  leaving  only  25  per 
cent,  for  profit,  rent,  insurance,  and  all  other  expenses. 

Suspenders. — In  the  making  of  so  simple  an  article  as  a  pair  of  suspend- 
ers, c:ven  of  the  commonest  kind,  there  are  at  least  5  different  materials 
used.  These  are  the  clastic  webbing  and  the  trimmings,  the  buckles  and 
rings,  and  the  leather.  All  the  webbing  and  trimmings  u.sed  on  this  coast, 
for  this  or  for  other  purposes,  arc  imported  from  New  York  or  from  German)-; 
the  buckles  and  rings  arc  obtained  direct  from  \ew  Mngland  manufacturers, 
and  the  leather  is  of  home  production.  Were  it  not  that  California  oak- 
tanned  leather  can  be  purcha.sed  for  the  same,  or  for  less  monej-,  than  Eas- 
tern manufacturers  have  to  pay  for  their  less  durable  hemlock-tanned 
leather,  it  would  hardly  be  possible  to  make  suspenders  on  this  coast  at  .1 
profit.  Even  with  this  advantage,  M.VTilt.s  &  Co.  arc  the  only  house  on 
the  entire  Pacific  Coast  that  makes  this  its  chief  business,  and  only 
one  other  (M.  M.  IIkixem.Vn)  makes  up  any  considerable  quantitj-  of 
goods.  Hoth  of  them  arc  in  San  Francisco,  and  though  recently  started, 
and  therefore  doing,  as  yet,  a  small  business  in  this  line,  they  look  for  a 
large  increase  of  patronage,  when  the  superior  quality  of  their  goods  be- 
comes more  generally  known.  They  make  at  present  about  $20,000  worth 
of  suspenders  a  year,  varying  in  price  from  $1  to  $6  a  dozen  at  wholesale. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  material  costs  50  to  C5  per  cent.,  and  labor  15  to  20 
per  cent,  of  the  value,  leaving  about  iy^y4  per  cent  for  profit  and  contingent 
expenses.  The  low  price  of  goods  made  in  San  Francisco  is  accounted  for 
by  the  fact  that  it  is  not  yet  profitable  to  make  up  anj-  but  cheap  and  heavy 
lines  of  suspcndcr.s.  All,  or  very  nearly  all  the  finer  grades  are  still  im- 
ported. Not  more  than  3  or  4  men  and  about  half  a  dozen  boys  are  at 
present  cmplo)'e<l  at  this  trade.  The  highest  rale  of  earnings  for  a  man  is 
$15  a  week,  and  boy.s,  working  by  the  piece,  can  make,  after  a  brief  appren- 
ticeship, about  $1  a  day. 


«r 


fiiji 


! 


# 


1 

ill 

-J* 

— ; — .::^tau.. 

462 


MWriAfTURKS. 


Hats  and  Caps.— Silk  hats,  or,  as  tlic>-  arc  termed  b\-  the  trade,  silk- 
phish  hat.^,  are  now  ahnost  the  only  kind  made  in  San  Francisco.  In  iii/2 
tlic  silk  hat  factories  had  more  business  than  thc\-  could  attend  to.  In  18S1 
there  were  only  15  to  20  men  and  about  (>  women  employed  in  that  branch 
of  manufacture,  making  up  goods  to  the  value  of  $100,000  a  jear.  The 
entire  capital  at  present  engaged  in  the  industrj-  is  about  $25,000,  invested 
jjrincipally  in  stocks  of  material.  The  necessary  tools  and  machinery  cost 
but  little.  As  silk  hats  arc  entirely  an  article  of  fashion,  the  demand  fluc- 
tuates largel)-  from  year  to  year,  and  the  trade  is  therefore  very  uncertain. 
The  quantitj-  manufactured  is  now  much  smaller  than  it  was  3  years 
ago.  Stiff  felt  hats  have,  to  a  great  extent,  driven  silk  hats  out  of  the 
market,  not  onl)-  on  this  coast,  but  in  the  ICastcrn  States  and  in  ICuropc. 
The  imi)ortation  of  silk  iiats  has  entirely  ceased.  The  framework  or  body 
of  the  hat  was  formerly  made  of  felt.  Muslin  bodies  arc  now  commonly 
used.  The  muslin  is  manufactured  in  ICngland  at  a  cost  of  r2  to  19  cent.s 
a  yard.  Silk  plush  is  imported  from  I'rancc,  and  the  quality  used  in  San 
I'raneisco  is  worth  $6  to  $6.50  a  yard. 

In  making  a  silk  hat  there  are  several  different  processes.  The  first  one  i.s 
to  dip  the  framework  in  a  solution  of  shellac  and  alcohol,  for  the  |)ur- 
posc  of  stiffening  it.  The  difference  between  a  light  hat  and  a  heavy  one 
is  but  one  ounce,  and  this  is  caused  b)'  the  quantit)-  of  the  .solution  that  the 
muslin  is  allowed  to  absorb.  The  framework  is,  therefore,  only  allowed  to 
retain  enough  to  give  it  the  requisite  amount  of  stiffness.  The  ne-\t  pro- 
cess is  to  varnish  it  with  a  coaling  of  .secdlac.  The  silk  plush  is  then  ap- 
plied, and  for  this  purpose  heated  irons  are  used  as  in  laundry  operations. 
The  heat  causes  the  \arnish  to  act  like  a  cement,  and  makes  the  outer 
covering  adhere  \ery  firmly  to  the  framework.  This  operation  requires 
great  care  on  the  part  of  the  workman.  If  the  iron  is  overheated,  or  drawn 
too  slowly  across  the  hat,  the  varnish  is  apt  to  come  through,  and  cause  a 
stain  on  the  outside.  For  linings,  \arious  substances  are  used.  The  one 
most  in  favor  is  made  of  cork,  which  is  cut  as  thin  as  a  sheet  of  paper. 
The  hat  is  now  ready  to  be  trimmed,  a  process  that  is  always  performed  by 
women.  The  nap  is  then  smocHhed  with  a  small  concave  iron.  The  last 
process  is  that  of  curling  or  shaping,  which  is  done  either  by  hand  or  by  an 
instrument  called  a  conformateur,  that  gi\'es  to  the  brim  its  elliptical  shape. 

llatmakers  form  a  guild  exercising,  perhaps,  more  influence  in  their  trade 
than  any  other  class  of  operatives.  All  work  is  done  by  the  piece.  The 
cmp'o\er  is  only  allowed  to  have  one  man  on  wages,  who  acts  in  the  capac- 
ity of  foreman.  None  of  the  hands  can  obtain  employment  the  year  rountl. 
There  are  2  busy  seasons,  each  of  3  months,  commencing  in  F'cbruary  and 


Tl.XriI.I.    lAliKICS. 


463 


in  Auf^ust,  (JuriiifT  which  cvcrj'  one  is  i<c|)t  fully  occupied.  I''or  about  6 
weeks  after  each  season  there  is  half  work,  and  lor  the  reniainin;^  6  weeks, 
before  tile  .'uhent  of  the  next  busy  periixl,  operatives  have  \ery  little  to 
do.  Durin}^  the  season,  the  earnings  of  liatinakers  vary  from  $30  to  $35  a 
week  for  men,  ;ind  $15  to  $20  for  women.  Apprentices  are  not  taken  in 
the  business,  as  it  costs  too  much  to  teach  them,  Moreover  there  are  usually 
more  hatmakers  in  San  Francisco  than  can  find  employment,  and  if,  on 
occasion,  mfire  operatives  be  needed,  they  can  readily  be  procured  from  the 
I'"astern  States. 

Railroad,  military,  and  naval  caps,  and  caps  for  children,  are  manufac- 
tured in  San  I'rancisco  to  the  extent  of  about  Soo  dozen  per  month,  and  to 
the  value  of  $40,000  or  $45,000  a  year.  The  imjjortation  is  not  more  than 
200  to  250  dozen  a  year.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cost  of  material  is  about 
one  lialf,  and  of  labor  about  one  fourth  of  the  value  of  manufacture,  leaving 
25  per  cent,  for  profit  and  miscellaneous  expenses.  There  are  5  small 
factories  in  operation,  giving  einployment  to  25  hands,  nearly  all  of  whom 
are  women.     The  materials  used  are  principally  silk,  cloth,  satin,  and  velvet. 

Dress  and  Upholstery  Trimmings. — A  singular  contrast  is  presented  in 
these  branches  of  manufacture.     While  there  are  6  houses  whose  business 
is  the  importation  of  dress  trimming.s,  and  while  our  local  factories  only 
exist  by  making  to  order  goods  that  can  not  be  obtained  at  the  stores,  the 
importation  of  upholstery,  fringes,  etc.-,  is  but  a  small  percentage  of  the 
home  manui'acture,  and  in  a  couple  of  years  more  will  probably  cease  en- 
tirely.    Of  the  4  leading  establishments  in  this  line,  all  i.    "-.in  I'rancisco, 
FroMM  &  Scil.AEl'KK  make  upholstery  trimmings  exclusively.     The  busi- 
ness of  Fttinckk  &  Co.  is  restricted  to  dress  trimmings.     G.\i:tii  &  Roi.ii- 
klGS  and  Allwukth  &  TiiomI'SON  manufacture  both  kinds.     The  capital 
employed  by  these  firms  amounts  to  $40,000.     The  silk,  worsted,  and  other 
material  used  may  be  valued  at  a  little  over  $40,000,  antl  the  production  of 
goods  at  a  little  below  $i  io,ooo  a  year.     Employment  is  given  to  90  per- 
sons, about  fifty  of  whom  are  girls,  at  wages  averaging  about  $9  a  week. 
Seventeen  men  receive  $2  to  $3  per  day,  and  young  girls,  in  the  first  stage 
of  apprenticeship,  as  little  as  $2.50  a  week.     Gaeth  &  Rc)i:ilRlc;s  estimate 
the  value  of  home-manufactured  dress  trimmings  at  less  than  20  per  cent, 
of  importation.     Deducting  $35,000  for  the  value  of  upholstery  trimmings 
from  the  total  of  $1 10,000,  and  accepting  the  remaining  $75,000  as  one  fifth 
of  the  imports,  we  have  the  sum  of  $375,000  sent  abroad  every  year  for 
trimmings  for  ladies'  dresses. 

Fkomm  &  ScilAEKER  manufacture   the   greater  portion   of  the  uphol- 
stery trimmings  used  by  such  houses  as  that  of  I'l.u.M  &  Co.  and  The 


t 

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4' -4 


MAM  lACTL'Rr.S. 


.     I 


\Vi:sT  Coast  FrRMTUUi:  Company.  The  must  expensive  fringes,  re- 
quired for  the  best  class  of  furniture,  are  made  entirely  in  this  cit)-.  The 
firm  buy  all  their  silk  of  Tin:  Cai.II'OUXIA  Silk  ManiiactI'UINC  Com- 
I'ANV,  pa)iiij^'  from  $S  to  $i  J  per  pound.  The  worsted  is  ])urchased  from  one 
of  the  lar^a-st  houses  in  \e\v  York,  at  the  low  price  of  $1.35.  .Some  of  the 
most  beautiful  specimens  of  trimminj;s  fur  furniture  anil  drapery  are  i)ro- 
duced  at  this  establishment,  but  to  appreciate  their  effect  they  must,  of 
course,  be  seen  in  drawinij-rooms.  ICmployment  is  given,  at  full  waj^es,  to 
about  20  persons;  and  there  are  10  weaving,'  looms  at  work,  besides  braid- 
ing, chenille,  and  ruff  machines. 

The  houses  mentioned  find  their  market  almost  entirely  in  thi>  cit)'.  A 
small  ijuantity  of  braid  is  manufactured  here,  but  this  article  is  almost  en- 
tirely imp(jrtcd.  Gimp  and  tassels  are  of  course  usually  made  up  with  the 
fringe.  Now  th.it  the  house  of  {■"Romm  &  .SciIAl-.l  T.U  is  rapidly  driving  out 
of  the  market  importeil  fringes  antl  gimps  for  upholstery,  there  is  reason  to 
hope  that  other  firms  will  soon  compete  more  largely  with  the  I'.astern 
manufacture  of  ladies'  dress  trimmings.  1CttiN'(ji:u  &  Co.  report  s.ile.s 
exceeding  $26,000  a  year.  L'ntil  recently  they  liave  never  ke[)t  any 
stock  of  goods  on  liand,  ;uid  are  just  beginning  to  attempt  competition 
with  the  I'.astcrn  trade.  The\-  are,  at  present,  the  only  firm  that  manufac- 
ture ilress  trimmings  in  adwince  of  orders,  and  are  hopeful  of  ultimate  suc- 
cess. Ci.M.ril  &  RoiMiKics  are  well  satisficil  with  the  business  the)' have 
done,  during  the  5  )cars  that  their  factory  has  been  in  o[)eration.  Thty 
manufacture  fringes,  gimps,  cords,  tassels,  buttons,  etc.,  anil  sell  about  the 
s.ime  .amount  of  goods  as  Ettincicr  &  Co.  I'"or  a  portion  of  their  silk 
they  paj- as  much  as  $13  a  ])ound,  and  for  worsted  $1.60.  They  have  8 
hand  looms  ;it  work,  4  spooling  machines,  5  twisting  reels,  3  spinning,  anil  3 
chenille  machines.  A  spare  hour  maybe  spent  vcrj'  pleasantly  in  watching 
their  process  of  manufacture.  The  factory  of  AllwoRTI I  &  TlIO.MINON, 
though  established  I  7  years  ago,  passed  into  the  hands  of  its  [jrescnt  owners 
in  1879.  They  use  1,000  pounds  of  worsted,  worth  $2  per  pound,  and  500 
pounds  of  silk  at  $12  per  pound,  for  an  average  year's  consumptiijn,  and 
market  tlieir  goods  for  $15,000  to  $20,000.  They  complain  very  much  of 
the  difficulties  causeil  by  excessive  importations  from  New  York. 

Straw  Hats  — About  3,000  dozen  a  year  of  straw  hat.s,  for  male  and 
female  wear,  are  made  in  San  Francisco.  Their  value,  without  trimmings, 
is  on  an  aver.age  about  $5  a  dozen,  or  a  total  of  $15,000.  When  trimmed,- 
they  are  estimated  to  be  worth  $8.50  a  ilozen.  One  half  of  the  wholesale 
price  is  required  to  pa>-  for  the  cost  of  material,  and  after  paying  for  labor 
and  other  items  of  e.xpcnsc,  a  small  profit  is  usually  left  over  from  the  re- 


r 


Tr.XTII.K    lAIlRirs. 


465 


iiKiinint;  half.  Apart  from  hats,  all  the  straw  goods  used  on  this  coast  arc 
imported,  and  there  arc  none  of  any  kinil  made  oittside  of  San  I'rancisco. 
The  straw,  which  is  entirely  imported,  comes  in  bales  of  130  to  145  pounds. 
The  cheaper  grades  come  from  China,  and  were  formerly  ordered  as  reciuiretl, 
from  New  York  houses,  but  within  the  last  >ear  manufacturers  have  com- 
menced to  import  directly  from  China.  Ivich  bale  contains  240  bunches, 
and  costs,  when  laid  down  in  San  I'lancisco,  about  $140.  Tlie  inore  expens- 
ive descriptions  of  straw  are  importetl  from  ICngland,  Ital\',  and  Japan. 

The  quantity  of  ladies'  hats  made  on  this  coast  is  vc/y  inconsiderable, 
but  a  gooil  business  is  done  in  dyeing  and  renovating  then,  and  in  altering 
the  shapes,  both  of  straw  and  felt  hats.  This  branch  of  industry  is  almost 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  women  and  girls,  whose  earnings  average  about 
$7.50  a  week.  The  busy  seascjn  for  the  making  of  men's  hats  lasts  from 
April  to  July,  for  the  making  and  relating  of  wom-'n's  hats  from  April  to 
August. 

The  process  of  maimfacturing  men's  straw  hats  is  a  very  simple  matter. 
The  narrow  strips  of  straw  are  first  stitched  together,  according  to  quality 
and  shades  of  color;  the  hats  arc  then  blocked;  the  different  bands  and  rib- 
bons stitched  on;  and  after  being  assorted  and  "nested"  (packed  one  into 
the  other)  in  tlozens,  they  are  ready  for  market. 

The  "American  Straw  Machine,"  a  patented  invention  resembling  some- 
what the  Wilcox  &  Gibbs  sewing-machine,  is  the  one  commonly  used  in  San 
Francisco. 

At  The  Ati..\ntic  Sth.v\v  Works  of  J.  M.  KoRRiisr  in  San  Francisco, 
besides  straw  hats,  frames  arc  made  of  buckram  and  stiff  net.  The  mate- 
rials for  these  frames  are  imported  fiom  New  York,  and  after  being  made  into 
desired  .shapes  by  first  steaming,  and  then  pressing  on  blocks  made  for  the 
purpose,  the  frames  arc  ready  for  covering  with  silk,  velvet,  or  any  of  the 
different  materials  u.sed  by  milliners.  The  value  of  work  turned  out  an- 
nually at  this  establishment  is  from  $16,000  to  $18,000.  The  only  straw 
works  now  in  operation  on  our  coast  for  the  manufacture  of  gentlemen's 
straw  hats  is  Till:  ENTiiRPRisi-;  Str.vw  Work.s,  in  San  Franci.sco.  F.  A. 
II.\Lsi;v  is  the  founder  and  present  owner.  Employment  is  given  to  25 
persons,  of  whom  20  are  women,  engaged  in  arranging,  plaiting,  and  .sew- 
ing straws.  About  600  dozen  of  hats  arc  made  monthly,  during  the  summer 
season,  when  straw  goods  arc  in  most  demand. 

Parasols,  etc. — The  price  of  an  umbrella  varies,  in  San  Franci.sco,  from 
60  cents  to  $20,  and  of  a  parasol  from  $1.75  to  $75.     The  value  of  um- 
brellas made  on  this  coast  is  about  $35,000  a  year,  and  of  parasols  about 
$55,000.     There  arc  20  different  patterns  of  umbrellas  made  in  San  Fran- 
59 


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4GG 


MAMlAlTL'RKS. 


Cisco,  and  J5  of  parasols.  The  \aluc  of  imported  parasols  and  umbrellas, 
consisting  chiefly  of  inferior  grades  of  goods,  but  including  nearl)-  all  de- 
scriptions, is  a  little  larger  than  that  of  home-manufactured  articles.  Of 
paiasols  about  $l.?0,ooo,  and  of  umbrellas  $75,000  worth  arc  yearly  im- 
jxirted. 

The  materials  used  in  making  parasols  and  umbrellas  are  almost  entirely 
imported.  The  frames  come  from  iMigland  and  from  the  ICast;  the  co\'er- 
ings  and  linings,  as  silk,  alpaca,  gingham,  cotton,  and  Chinese  silk,  and  the 
handles  of  wood,  ivor)-,  bone,  and  a  composite  material  resembling  cellu- 
loid, are  none  of  them  of  home  [)roduction.  Some  of  the  prettiest  designs 
in  handles  come  from  I'rancc  and  (jcrmany.  There  are  in  San  I'ranci.sco 
.S  establishments  engaged  in  making  and  repairing  jiarasols  and  umbrellas. 
They  ha\e  about  $30,000  of  cai)ital  invested,  distribute;  $15,000  for  labor 
among  10  men  and  49  women,  and  manufacture  $45,000  worth  of  material 
in  $90,000  worth  of  goods.  Labor  represents  about  17  per  cent.,  and  ma- 
terial 50  per  cent,  of  the  gross  value  of  production.  The  amount  paid  out 
for  labor  does  not  include  the  sum  expended  for  repairs,  which  would  con- 
siderabl)-  swell  the  average  earnings  of  operatives,  some  of  whom  make  as 
much  ;is  $iS,  and  none  less  than  $5  a  week.  Most  of  the  hands  work  at  their 
own  homes,  and  many  of  them  are  only  employed  for  a  portion  of  the  j'ear; 
all  work  by  the  piece.  In  New  York  labor  costs  over  25  per  cent,  of  the 
\alue  of  the  goods  manufactured,  against  17  per  cent,  in  San  Francisco; 
but  in  ]'"astern  factories  the  frames,  coverings,  and  handles  are  usually 
made  on  the  premises,  while  in  San  I'Vancisco  they  are  simply  put  together. 
There  are  man)-  shops  on  the  co.ist  that  tlo  repairing,  but  the  i)rincipal 
factory  is  that  of  JollN  U.  H.AKU,  323  Hush  Street,  San  I-"ranci.sco.  After 
acquiring  an  extensive  experience  in  New  York,  Mr.  B.M'IR  came  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1864  and  oi)ened  a  shop  with  no  help  save  that  of  his  wife;  and 
his  business  has  graduall\-  increaseil  until  he  is  now  the  proprietor  of  a  large 
establishment,  ami  imports  his  own  material. 

Oil  Clothing.— The  consumption  of  this  class  of  gootls  does  not  exceed 
in  \alue  $C>o,ooo  a  year  ff)r  all  the  .States  and  Territories  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  dr\-  clim.ite  of  the  Pacific  Coast  renders  oil  clothing  un- 
neccssar)-,  except  for  [lersons  engaged  in  outdoor  work  durins;  the  winter 
months.  There  is  also  a  small  dcmanil  from  seafaring  men  and  fromtho.se 
engaged  in  hydraulic  mining.  Oil  clothing  is  less  heating  than  rubber 
clothing,  and  eiiuall)-  imper\ious  to  water.  The  articles  that  come-under 
the  defmilion  of  oil  clothing  include  coats,  jxmts,  hats,  caps,  tarpaulin.s,  and 
wagon-covers.  I'^rom  500  to  f'lOO  dozen  of  suits  s.itisfy  the  demands  of  the 
entire  coast,  and  about  90  per  cent,  of  the  ilemand  lor  all  clas.ses  of  articles 
is  supplied  by  .San  i'ranciscd  n:anufacturLrs. 


<^i  ■  »■  ■ 


TKXTILK    lAURICS. 


467 


The  cliicf  materials  used  in  the  makiiiLj  of  oil  suits  are  ICastern  cotton, 
both  bleached  and  unbleached,  and  linseed  oil  of  Californian  production. 
In  the  process  of  manufacture,  the  suits,  after  being  cut  into  shajje,  arc 
Jianded  o\er  to  needle-women,  who  usual!)-  stitch  and  make  them  up  at 
their  own  homes.  The  goods  are  tlieii  returned  to  the  manufacturer,  and 
the  ne.\t  [jrocess  is  to  boil  them  in  linseed  oil,  in  whicli  is  dissoKctl  a  quan- 
tity of  becswa.\.  When  sufficicntlj-  impregnated  with  the  solution  the)'  arc 
hung  uf)  to  dry ;  an  operation  wiiich  requires  from  30  to  90  da)s.  When 
finished  the  suit  lias  usually  a  bright  yellow  hue.  Oil  clothing  is  also 
colored  in  bl.ick,  by  a  process  that  manufacturers  do  not  care  to  reveal.  One 
establishment  in  San  I'rancisco  uses,  in  place  of  becswa.x,  a  certain  liijuid, 
which,  it  is  claimed,  absorbs  tiie  combustible  properties  from  the  oil,  and 
renders  the  clothing  less  liable  to  catch  fwc  than  that  prepared  by  the  usual 
method. 

The  busy  .season  for  manufacturers  lasts  from  October  to  the  end  of  Jan- 
uar\-,  or  a  little  later  if  the  winter  happens  to  be  unusually  stormy.  There 
are  4  factories  in  San  Francisco,  one  in  Portland  and  one  in  y\storia,  Ore- 
gon, making  up  into  goods  valued  at  $55,000  a  )ear,  and  distributing  about 
$7,000  for  wages  among  30  operatives,  who  arc  empto)-ed  onl)-  fur  a  portion 
of  the  )car.  With  the  exception  of  a  ver)*  small  quantit)-  of  oil  suits  im- 
ported into  the  State  of  Oregon,  the  retjuirements  of  the  Pacific  Coast  arc 
met  b\-  goods  of  home  manufactm-e.  The  w  holesale  price  of  oil  coats  ranges 
from  $18  to  $72  a  dozen,  of  pants  from  $12  to  $18  a  dozen,  and  of  hats  from 
$3  to  $0  a  dozen.  The  factories  on  this  coast  engaged  in  the  production  of 
oil  clothing,  are  those  of  C.  SUTTON,  Jr.,  A.silKK  i^'  S.MITIl,  and  M.  M.\RK,S 
in  San  l-'rancisco,  Is.VAC  Makks  in  Portlantl,  and  W.  ^I.  McCoR.MlCK,  in 
Astoria. 


i  i 
1 


i 


Bedding. — Of  the  \arious  articles  used,  apart  from  natural  hair,  for  mat- 
tress antl  c)ther  fillings,  onl)-  two,  luireka  hair  and  shoddy,  or  patent 
wool,  are  manufactured  on  this  coast.  The  consumption  of  tlie  former  i.s 
about  30J  tons  a  year,  worth  as  raw  fiber  $(jo,  and  when  prepared  for  u.se 
$250  a  ton.  Of  shoddy  about  400  tons  are  made  up,  and  its  price  ma)' 
be  stated  at  "jj  cents  a  poimd.  l'"xcelsior  is  now  entirely  imported,  and 
is  consumed,  in  about  the  same  quantity  as  shodd)'.  It  present  value  is  $3 
to  $3.25  per  cental.  New  Orleans  moss,  worth  10  cents  a  pound,  is  used  to 
the  extent  of  at  least  60  tons  a  year;  ami  the  annual  consumption  of  bris- 
tles and  cow-hair,  togctlier  with  the  small  amoimt  of  real  horse-hair  that 
finds  its  way  to  this  market,  ma)-  be  estimated  at  300  tons.  Tliese  are  the 
chief  articles  used  for  filling  purposes,  and  their  total  value  probabl)' exceeds 
$300,000.     Of  this  amount,  material  to  the  value  of  nearly  $200,000  is  man- 


t'i 


I] 


i- 


w 


m^ 


wm 


468 


MAXriACTLRKS. 


1      ■■'I 


Nil 


ufactuicd  on  this  coast,  and  35  to  40  per  cent,  of  tlic  entire  consumption  is 
imported,  mainly  from  New  York.  I'or  real  horse-liair  there  is  httle  demand 
in  this  market.  The  best  quality  sells  at  60  cents  a  pound,  and  the  aiticlc 
that  pas.scs  under  that  name  is  usually  a  mixture  of  cows'  and  hogs'  hair. 
Cow.s'  hair  is  worth  about  26  cents,  and  hogs'  hair  (or  short  hair,  so  called)  4 
or  5  cents  per  poimd.  Nearly  all  the  short  hair  is  obtained  here,  but 
about  nine  tentlis  of  the  consumption  of  cow.s'  hair  is  supplied  from  the 
F-ast.  One  giving  an  order  for  horse-hair  can  be  supplied  at  rates  vary- 
ing from  10  to  50  cents  per  pound,  and  a  mi.vture  is  made  of  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  liair,  wliether  horse,  hog,  or  cow,  in  proportion  to  the  price 
paid.  I'ulu,  a  moss-like  vegetable  growth  from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  was 
largely  used  in  former  years  for  mattress  filling,  but  has  now  almost  entirely 
disappeared  from  the  maikct. 

The  wages  in  this  branch  of  manufacture  are  not  higher  than  those  of 
Eastern  cities.  In  San  Francisco,  spring  and  top  mattress  makers  are  paid 
from  $2  to  $3  a  day,  the  difference  being  due  not  to  the  class  of  work,  but 
to  the  experience  and  dexterity  of  the  oiicrative.  Unskilled  labor  is  paid 
as  low  as  $1  a  da)'.  I:i  New  York  anil  Chicago  the  highest  wages  are  $3  a 
day,  and  the  lowest  $1.50,  but  the  a\erage  is  about  the  same  as  in  this  city. 
I'illow  makers  are  ]3;'.id  the  same  rales  as  top  mattress  men.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  shodd)'  wool,  material  assorters  receive  $1.50  to  $2  a  da_\',  and 
pickers  $2  to  $3.  In  San  I'"rancisco  onl)'  men  and  boys  work  at  this  occu- 
pation, but  in  Eastern  cities  women  are  also  employed,  atitl  the  wages  are 
little  more  than  half  the  ab(j\c  rates.  (Operatives  in  all  branches  work  10 
hours  a  da\-,  unless  employed  on  piece-work.  The  entire  number  of  hands 
cngagetl  in  .San  I'"rancisco  in  the  manufacture  of  bedding  (not  including 
comforters),  ma)'  be  estimated  at  300,  and  the  value  of  the  different  articles 
manufactured  during  the  year  1S81,  at  $800,000. 

The  r.\ciFic  Si'RiNc;  and  Mattress  Co.mpany,  25  and  27  New  Mont- 
gomery Street,  luanufacture  and  .sell  to  the  trade  mattresses,  [jillows,  and 
betiding  niateri;il  of  all  descriptions.  At  their  factory  on  Sixteenth  and 
I  larrison  streets,  they  make  up  from  rags  a  large  quantity  of  "  Lane's  Pu- 
rified Wool."  It  is  claimed  "  that  the  process  used  in  its  preparation  and 
purification  is  such  that  it  is  imi)ossible  for  it  to  contain  anything  that  could 
prove  in  any  way  injurious  to  health."  Tlicy  have  the  signature  to  this 
effect  of  W.  T.  WknzkLI.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  College  of  Phar- 
inacy. 

Such  houses  as  CoLic  &  Co.,  Gu.iuiR'i'  Ai  Mnoui:,  and  Till.  West  Coast 
FURMTURI-;  Co.Ml'ANN',  are  importers  of  material,  and  manufacture  the 
different  articles  of  bedding,  but  as  no  separate  Jkccounts  are  kept  of  this 
branch  of  their  business,  a  statement  in  detail  is  not  obtainable.     In  bed- 


'IICXI'IIJ;    I'AURICS. 


469 


ding,  soap-root  fiber,  known  in  the  trade  as  lun-cka  hair,  and  wood  fiber, 
styled  I'-xcelsior,  are  used  to  a  small  extent.  Further  mention  of  them  will 
be  found  under  the  head  of  upholstery. 

Comforters. — The  making  of  comforters,  an  article  that  is  rapidly  coming 
into  favor,  on  account  of  its  lightness,  and  the  preference  entertained  by 
certain  insects  for  woolen  blankets  as  a  lurking-place,  was  commenced  on  a 
very  small  scale  by  WlIJ.I.VM  B.WK.s,  in  San  Francisco,  in  i860.  F.  F.  Du 
Rosii,  29  Second  Street,  San  Francisco,  who  succeeded  to  the  business,  now 
reports  sales  of  $2,500  a  month.  This  is  a  small  part,  probably  less  than 
10  per  cent.,  of  the  entire  consumption.  Mr.  Du  ROSE,  at  present  the  only 
manufacturer  of  comforters  on  this  coast,  is  doing  a  constantly  increasing 
business.  He  supplies  many  large  hou.ses  in  San  Francisco,  and  has  cus- 
tomers in  Utah,  Idaho,  Nevada,  and  Arizona.  Comforters  of  average  size 
weigh  6  pounds,  ,ind  are  6  feet  square.  Extras  weigh  8  pound.s,  and  measure 
7  feet  by  6.  The  former  article  is  sold  to  the  trade  at  from  $18  to  $25  a 
dozen,  and  the  larger  size  lor  $30  to  $36.  The  covering  of  print  is  filled 
entirely  with  cotton  batting;  not  a  particle  of  shoddy  or  patent  wool,  as  it 
is  called,  is  used  in  this  establishment.  Shoddy,  which  is  in  fact  ground 
rags,  is  mainl)-  used  in  the  filling  of  Fastcrn-made  comforters.  Mr.  Du 
RosK  uses  about  15  thousand  yards  of  print  and  3,000  pounds  of  batting 
per  month.  These  are  average  figures;  the  winter  is  more  than  double  the 
summer  trade.  Employment  is  furnished  to  8  or  10  women  and  girls.  The 
lowest  wages  arc  $6  to  $7  a  week,  paid  to  those  who  work  only  at  sewing 
together  the  print.  Rasters,  who  put  in  the  wadding,  and  makers  or  finish- 
ers, who  complete  the  manufacture  of  the  comforter,  receive  $9  to  $10.  All 
the  hands  arc  employed  10  hours  a  day.  Eastern  work,  both  sewing  and 
filling,  is  done  by  machinery,  and  it  would  not  be  possible  to  compare  the 
rates  of  wages. 

Pillows.— J.  Wi:.si!i.M,L,  764  Mission  Street,  San  Francisco,  restricts 
his  m.mufacture  solely  to  the  making  of  pillows.  Me  combines  with  this 
business  the  sale  of  feathers,  German  ticking,  and  linen.  All  feathers  used 
or  sold  by  Mr,  W'KsriiALl,  arc  thoroughly  cleansed  by  his  "patent 
steam  renovator."  The  price  of  an  ordinary  pillow  varies  from  75  cents  to 
$5,  while  down  pillows  sell  for  $15  to  $iS.  The  cheapest  feathers  cost  6 
cents  a  jjound,  and  after  undergoing  the  cleansing  process  are  salable  at 
10  cents.  The  best  geese  feathers  are  worth  70  cents  when  fit  for  use,  and 
the  price  of  different  descriptions  ma)-  be  averaged  at  a  little  under  40 
cents  per  |)ounil.      Down  sells  fur  $j  a  pound. 

Including  $25,000  expended  for  lot  and  building,  Mr.  WliSTllALI,  has  a 
capital  invested  of  $40,000.     His  purchases  of  ticking  .amount  to  $2,000  a 


i  i  i 


. 


,' 


:'  t 


470 


MAXUKACTURnS. 


)'car.  He  claims  that  liis  patent  machinery  for  clcaninij  and  curing  feathers 
docs  that  work  more  effectually  than  any  other  on  the  coast. 

Owi'.N  McCabe,  921  Market  Street,  also  makes  a  specialty  of  manu- 
facturing pillows,  though  also  engaged  in  mattress-making  and  in  selling 
articles  used  in  the  pillow  and  mattress  trade.  He  also  has  a  "patent 
steam  renovatcjr,"  but  not  of  the  same  description  as  that  used  by  Mr. 
WrcSTIIALt..  His  business  has  been  established  19  j'cars,  and  is  now  in  a 
vcr>'  prosperous  condition. 

Three  fourths  of  all  the  feathers  used  here  are  imported  from  the  I'last 
or  from  German)- ;  some  even  from  Australia.  These  2  firms  alone  use 
about  25  tons  of  feathers  a  )car,  which,  at  an  average  of  40  cents  per  pound, 
would  cost  $20,000.  A  description  of  the  3  articles  mainly  used  as  sub- 
stitutes for  natural  hair  in  the  filling  of  mattresses,  etc.,  will,  perhaps,  be 
of  interest.  These  are  Eureka  hair.  Excelsior,  and  Patent  Wool,  and  they 
will  be  mentioned  in  this  order. 


.  ^i'; 


Soap-Root. —'["he  soap  \>\a.nt  (C/i/orogaliiii'.  pomcridiaiiiiiii)  wa'a  used  by 
Spani.irds  and  Indians  for  washing  purposes,  long  before  California  was 
numbered  among  the  States.  For  some  cutaneous  eruptions  its  lather  jjos- 
.sesses  medicinal  qualities  of  great  value.  The  fiber  of  the  mature  plant, 
when  manufactured  into  Eureka  hair,  is  dry,  cool,  flexible,  and  almost  in- 
capable of  destruction.  It  does  not  mat,  nor  breed  vermin,  nor  harbor 
moths,  and  can  be  renewed  at  a  trifling  expense,  no  matter  how  long  in  use. 
It  is  now  employed  for  bedding  purposes  at  our  public  infirmaries,  almost 
to  the  exclusion  of  other  material.  At  the  Centennial  Exhibition  a  medal 
and  diploma  were  awarded  to  HkR'I'ZOc;  &  Co.  for  producing,  in  this  article, 
one  of  the  best  substitutes  for  hor.sc-hair.  MORKIS  Cahn,  the  present 
owner  of  the  business,  has  letters  in  his  po.sscssion  from  the  commissioners 
of  the  (ierman,  .Swiss,  and  Austrian  go\-ernmcnts,  who  were  desirous  of  ob- 
taining it  for  bedding  purposes.  In  1876  the  export  had  reached  700  tons^ 
hut,  unfortunatel)',  the  fiber  was  shipped  in  its  raw  state,  and  being  unskill- 
fiiUy  treated,  the  experiment  pn)\-ed  a  failure.  Its  high  price  also  (the  cost 
of  la\Mng  (low  n  the  raw  material  being  $60  a  ton)  pre\-ented  any  large  expor- 
t.ition.  The  soa[)  plant  is  a  bulbous  root,  with  ;i  very  tough  and  supple 
fiber,  resembling  somewhat  the  husk  of  the  cocoanut.  It  is  found  only 
on  the  Pacific  Coast,  as  far  south  as  Mexico,  but  the  best  roots  are  obtained 
in  (.California  or  .Vev.ula,  near  the  snow  belt  of  the  .Sierr.i,  and  on  the  shaded 
side  of  the  mountains.  Th.it  which  grows  on  low  and  sandy  soil  is  imfit  for 
manuf.icturing  purposes,  on  account  of  the  coarseness  (jf  its  fiber. 

The  roots  ,ire  first  put  through  a  picker,  worked  by  steam-power,  sim- 
ilar to  a  threshing-machine.     This  separates  the  fiber  into  a  hair  8  or  10 


m. 


TKXTII.I-.    lABRICS. 


471 


inches  lon^,  whicli  is  placed  in  a  iaii^c  vat,  or  steamer,  till  it  becomes  flex- 
ible, ami  is  freed  from  all  glutinous  matter.  It  is  then  driei)  in  the  sun, 
put  throuijh  another  finer  picker,  twisteil  into  ropes,  and  after  l)int(  for  some 
time  to  f,rive  it  a  curl,  it  is  steamed,  opened,  and  picked  over  a,ijain,  and  is 
then  ready  for  market.  The  natural  color  is  brown,  but  if  colored  black,  as  it 
can  easily  be,  it  will  take  an  expert  to  tell  it  from  the  best  curled  hair.  So 
man)-  substitutes  ha\e  come  into  the  market  duririLj  the  last 4  years  that  the 
production  of  fiber  has  fallen  off  to  300  tons  a  year.  I'rom  100  to  150  root- 
Ljatherers  divide  amon<^  them  $18,000  for  the  earnintjs  of  an  avera^je  season. 

Excelsior. — The  article  known  as  excelsior  is  now  entirely  imported, 
thoutjh  until  recently  it  was  produced  in  Washington.  Excelsior  is  a 
threatllike  wood  shaving,  and  was  first  used  in  filling  mattresses,  etc.,  as  ;i 
.substitute  for  pulu.  In  the  Eastern  States  the  fiber  of  the  poplar  is  com- 
monly in  use,  but  that  of  the  cotton-wood  tree  is  preferred  on  this  coast. 
Its  fiber  is  lighter,  stronger,  pnd  less  liable  to  pack.  Its  weight  in  equal 
bulks,  as  comi)ared  with  that  of  the  poplar,  is  one  si.xth  less.  J.  J.  Sr.MJLO- 
l.\"(i,  in  conjunction  with  FLINt,  TKAliODY  &  Co.,  established  at  I'uget 
Sountl  a  factory  which  almost  drove  I'astern  excelsior  out  of  the  market. 
Unfortunatcl)' for  the  trade,  this  factory  was  burned  down  last  year.  Before 
this  accident  Mr.  Sl'.VL'l.DIXC  sold  excelsior  as  low  as  $1.50  per  cental.  Of 
late  it  is  .scarce.  It  is  almost  a  necessity  for  packing  purjioses  .and  for 
upholstering,  one  layer  being  placed  over  the  springs  of  couches,  etc.,  before 
the  hair  is  inserted.  It  is  ver\'  probable  that  the  home  manufacture  of 
excelsior  will  soon  be  renewed,  and  if  its  price  remains  at  anything  near 
present  rates,  such  an  enterprise  can  hardly  fail  of  success. 

I'atent  wool,  or  shoddy,  or  ground  rag.s  (for  the  material  is  known  by  all 
these  names),  forms  at  the  East,  and  here,  too,  a  staple  article  of  connncrcc. 
It  is  used  extensiveK-  for  filling  mattresses  and  lounges,  and  takes  the  place 
of  cotton  batting  in  the  manufacture  of  Eastern-made  comforters. 

Spring  Mattresses. — Not  many  years  ago  all  the  springs  used  b)'  furni- 
ture houses,  whether  for  mattrcs.se.s,  lounges,  o"-  chairs,  were  impr  :tcd  from 
the  I'.ast.  During  the  )ear  1880  two  thirds  of  the  home  consumption 
of  these  articles  were  manufactureil  in  San  I'raneisco.  About  600  tons  a 
year  of  Hcssemer  steel  wire  are  u.sed  in  this  branch  of  business,  costing,  at 
an  average  of  10  cents  a  pound,  the  sum  of  $120,000,  and  worth,  when  man- 
ufactured, a  little  over  $200,000.  The  wire,  in  its  immanufaetured  state,  is 
all  imported,  and  is  copper-covered,  with  the  exception  of  about  25  tons  of 
tinned  wire,  u.sed  in  making  what  are  called  wovcn-wirc  mattresses. 

Three  houses  in  .San  I'rancisco  are  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  springs, 
and  employ  from  20  to  25  men.     Those  who  work  only  at  making  springs 


■;■  ! 


f' 


:1i 

f. 


4/2 


MANUIACrrKKS. 


earn  from  $1.50  lo  $2  a  day,  for  10  hours'  work,  while  2  or  3  operatives, 
who  combine  other  branches  of  business,  receive  as  much  as  $20  a  week. 
In  Eastern  factories  tlic  usual  rate  is  $1.50  a  ila)-. 

Tile  process  of  making  springs  is  so  sinij)!e.  that,  at  the  establishment  of 

TiiK  California  Spring  Manufacturing  Company,  8  or  9  workmen 

j)rotlucc  springs  worth  no  less  than  $50,000  a  j-ear.  From  a  reel  the  wire  is 
wound  on  a  form,  which  gives  to  the  spring  the  rec|uisite  shai^e.  It  is  after- 
wards pressed  for  the  purpose  of  testing  its  qualities.  The  spring  is  then 
held  in  a  vice,  and  the  ends  are  knotted  by  an  ingenious  little  machine, 
invented  for  the  purpose.  One  man  performs  all  these  operations,  and  easily 
turns  out  2  or  3  springs  to  the  minute.  In  Eastern  factories  there  are  sep- 
arate workmen  for  the  different  processes,  known  as  winding,  knotting,  and 
packing;  and  an  operative,  coming  fre.sh  from  New  York,  can  not  make 
an  article  complete  in  all  its  parts. 

TiiK  California  Spring  Manufacturing  Company  make  springs 
of  all  sizes,  and  combine  witli  this  business  the  sale  of  bedding  and  other 
material.  The  consumption  of  material  is  1 5  tons  of  wire  a  month,  and 
sales  are  reported  in  this  one  department  of  over  $4,000,  against  a  monthly 
outlay  for  materia!  and  wages  of  about  $3,000.  A.  S.  \V.\RNl'.k  and  WiLi.iAM 
Ck.WVFORO  are  the  proprietors  of  the  business,  and  have  a  branch  estab- 
lishment at  224  F"irst  Street,  Portland,  under  the  management  of  J.  C. 
Kim  HALL. 

SamukL  Bfalf,  47  to  53  .Seconil  Street,  makes  springs  and  spring  mat- 
tresses, and  is  an  importer  and  dealer  in  bedding  material.  lie  uses  50 
tons  a  year  of  Hes.semer  wire,  and  about  27,000  yards  of  ticking.  His 
sales,  chief!)' of  mattresses,  amount  to  $30,000  or  $35,000  a  jear.  Employ- 
ment is  given,  in  all  tlie  departments,  to  16  liands. 

Tin;  Pacific  Sprini;  and  M.vttre.ss  Company  use  about  100  tons 
of  wire  a  )ear,  and  have  4  hands  constantly  employed  in  making  springs. 
In  addition  to  those  mentioned,  there  are  2  or  3  houses  in  San  I-'rancisco, 
and  one  at  Sacramento,  tliat  manufacture  springs  in  small  quantity,  cliief!)- 
for  tlieir  own  u.se. 

Truman  S.  Cl.VRK  &  Son,  21  Montgomery  Street,  are  probably 
the  only  firm  on  this  coast  engaged  in  making  woven  wire  mattresses. 
In  their  busiest  seascMis  the)-  use  about  2  tons  a  month  of  Hessemer 
tirmetl  steel  wire,  wortli  $250  a  ton.  Female  operatives,  of  whom  there 
are  6  or  8,  earn  b)'  jjiece-work  from  $1.50  to  $2  a  day.  While  learn- 
ing the  business  they  are  paid  $1  a  day.  Eastern  wages  are  about 
25  per  cent,  lielow  tliese  rates.  With  the  exception  of  the  wire,  all  the 
materia!  used,  even  to  the  castings,  is  (jf  home  production.  In  making 
up  the  mattress,  the  wire  is  wound  off  a  reel,  and  passed  through  a  sta- 


11 

i 

H' 

i 

j^' .  .a 

TKXTILK    lAIiUICS. 


473 


tionary  tube.  This  tube  ^ivcs  it  the  necessary  coil,  and  the  machinery  is 
made  so  that  it  can  be  atljustcd  to  the  size  of  the  wire,  hke  the  stitch  of  a 
sewing-machine.  Hy  clianging  the  tube,  14  or  15  different  varieties  of  mat- 
tress can  be  made,  with  larger  or  smaller  coil.  What  is  termed  the  "treble- 
weave  mattress"  is  made  of  the  finest  wire  used  for  the  purpose,  and  sells  for 
$10.50  for  the  full  size  of  5  feet  by  6  feet  2  inches.  The  "single  weave,"  of 
coarser  wire,  and  of  the  same  dimensions,  is  worth  $8.  The  bedsteads,  to 
correspond,  are  made  of  gas-pipe  iron,  and  the  attachments  of  angle-iron 
clamps.     These  are  specially  suited  to  warm  climates. 

Flax.— A  flax-mill,  established  in  1877,  at  Albany,  Oregon,  is  the  only 
cntcrpri.se  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  flax  is  raised  in  Linn 
County,  b)-  tenant  farmers,  who  work  on  shares,  recciv  ing  one  third  of  the 
crop  after  it  is  rotted,  broken,  and  scutched  (dressed  by  beating  and  sepa- 
rating from  the  woody  substance).  The  mill  takes  the  entire  crop,  allowing 
the  tenant  12  cents  a  pound  for  his  share  of  the  fiber.  The  seed  is  divided 
in  the  same  proportion  as  the  fiber,  but  the  tenant's  share  is  not  purchased  by 
the  mill.  It  is  estimated  that  a  good  crop  will  produce  fiber  worth  $42  and 
.seed  worth  .$45  per  acre.  The  mill  has  a  capacity  for  turning  out  5,000  pounds 
of  manufactured  goods  per  month,  and  makes  up  all  kinds  of  linen  twines 
and  threads,  including  fishing-twine,  bagging-twine, twine  fi)r  .self-binders, etc., 
worth  on  an  average  50  cents  a  pound,  and  valued  at  $30,000  a  yciu:  The 
goods  are  marketed  in  Oregon,  California,  and  Washington.  Employment 
is  given  to  5  men  at  $3  a  day,  and  20  girls  at  $3  to  $5  a  week.  Connected 
>vith  the  establishment  is  a  scutch  mill,  where  the  fla.v  is  broken  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  woody  substance,  giving  work  to  8  Chinamen  at  $1.10  a  day. 
The  pay-roll  of  the  factory  is  $1 1,500  a  year,  and  the  consumption  of  ma- 
terial about  80,000  [rounds  of  fla.\  per  annum,  worth,  at  12  cents  a  pound, 
$9,600.  If  cash  were  paid  for  all  the  material,  it  is  evident  that  the  enter- 
prise could  not  be  profitable,  but  by  letting  their  land  on  shares,  and  pajing 
only  for  one  third  of  the  material,  receiving  from  the  tenant  the  remaining 
two  thirds  in  consideration  of  rent,  etc.,  the  proprietors  manage  to  do  a 
profitable  business. 


■*  ii 


t 


Upholstery. — Upholstery  in  California  during  the  Mexican  pcs.scssion.likc 
upholstering  in  all  the  Spanish-American  States,  was  limited  in  quantit)-  and 
crude  in  design.  The  mild  climate  did  not  force  attention  to  upholstery  as  an 
essential  element  of  home  comfort,  as  do  the  colder  regions  of  the  north,  and 
the  outdoor  habits  of  tlie  native  people  led  to  a  neglect  of  the  refinements  and 
pleasures  affijrded  by  tasteful  and  artistic  upholstery,  which  the  indoor  as- 
sociations of  home  develop,  where  the  winters  are  long  and  rigorous, 
60 


iinr^ 


474 


M.\NriA(   IlKKS. 


When  tlic  pioneers  ni;ide  tlieir  appearance  on  this  coast,  many  of  thcin 
having  left  l'!astern  lioines  in  which  the  decorative  taste  anil  skill  of  the 
upholsterer  had  aitled  to  make  life  enjoyable,  their  first  effort  was  in  ever  so 
rude  a  fashion  to  improvise  from  the  material  at  hand  at  least  soine  articles 
of  comfort.  The  eager  struggle  to  obtain  the  necessaries  of  life  too  often 
])revented  the  newcomers  from  giving  any  thought  to  the  adornment  and 
comforts  of  their  temporary  homes,  and  it  was  a  rare  exception  to  find  a 
habitation  having  an)-  pretensions  to  taste  ami  refinement.  As  earij-  as 
1850,  however,  there  were  eviilences  of  impro\einent.  ICstahlishments 
began  to  be  opened  for  the  purpose  of  suppU'ing  materials  with  which  to 
make  life  more  endurable.  Like  all  manufacturing  intlustries  of  that  ila}', 
the  upholstery  business  was  dependent  for  the  raw  materials,  ])artly  manu- 
factured articles,  and  supplies,  upon  imi)ortation,  which  was  so  verj-  irreg- 
ular and  uncertain  that  upholstery  shops  would  s<jmetimes  ha\e  to  suspend 
business,  from  lack  of  materials  with  which  to  carry  on  work;  ami  at  other 
times  there  woiikl  be  a  glut  in  the  market  froni  a  temporary  oversupi)l\'. 

It  was  not  imtil  the  year  1853  that  the  upholstery  business  began  to 
assume  the  ])roportions  ol  a  well-defined  industry.  -At  that  time  the  lead- 
ing furnitm'e  and  upholstery  house  of  the  city  of  San  I'rancisco  was  that  of 
I'K.WK  H.\Kl.l-i,  in  whose  small  paper-hanging  establishment  011  Cla>- Street 
the  great  fire  that  swept  the  cit,\'  in  [H~,i  is  s,;h1  to  have  had  its  origin,  and 
he  did  a  large  and  prosperous  business,  though  there  were  sexeral  other 
sm.dler  establishments  doing  a  fair  business.  In  the  rebuilt  cit\'  many 
families  from  the  I'^astern  .States  and  some  from  I'.urope  beg.in  to  settle 
and  make  homes,  at  least  temiKjrary  homes  for  a  few  )-ears,  and  there  was 
an  immense  sale  of  furniture,  much  of  which  was  well  upholstered,  but 
generally  in  rather  plain  st)'lc.  So  profitable,  indeed,  was  the  business  of 
house-furnishing,  including  carpets  and  jilain  and  ui)holstered  furniture,  that 
many  dealers,  in  a  (i^w  years,  made  small  fortunes,  on  which  the\-  retired 
from  trade.  T'l^.V-NK  liAKKR,  it  is  said,  found  himself  so  well  off  from  the 
profits  of  his  business  that  during  a  visit  to  New  York  in  i.SGj,  he  embarked 
in  Wall  .Street  speculations,  disjiosed  of  his  business  to  his  eTnploj'ces,  and 
ne\er  saw  California  again.  The  chief  aim  of  dealers  at  that  time  was  to 
produce  an  article  that  would  sell,  rather  than  one  of  artistic  taste  and 
mechanical  merit.  This  era  of  bad  taste  continued  longer  than  it  otherwise 
would  had  our  people  sooner  discovered  the  fact  that  California  w.is  not  only 
a  good  country  in  which  to  make  money,  but  also  to  live  and  to  build  up 
homes  of  refinement,  which  would  riv.il  those  of  any  other  laml.  Hut  the 
demand  for  a  better  class  of  upholstered  furniture  beg.in  to  be  more  pro- 
nounceil,  and  in  1862  B.  1'.  M(X)Rr.,  at  present  secretary  and  a  leading 
member  of  TiiK  C.\Lii'ORM.\   FL'RMruKK  M.VNUK.vcTURiNi;  Comi'.\N'Y, 


m 


}''i 


TKXTII.I-:    1  AliUICS. 


475 


started  tlic  first  rcijular  upholstery  factory  for  the  manufacture,  in  San  I'ran- 
cisco,  of  a  superior  class  of  modern  and  imtique  furniture,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued until  his  business  was  absorbed  in  that  of  the  Ljreat  compan>-  in  \\  hich 
he  is  now  an  active  member.  At  about  the  same  time  the  house  of  i'l.l'M 
&  Co.  be_i;an  to  make  a  specialt)-  of  fine  upholstery,  in  which  they  have  since 
made  a  mark'  for  superior  taste  and  artistic  finish. 

Soon  after  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  many,  perhaps  a  majority,  of  the 
prosperous  business  men  of  California,  abandoned  their  lon;4-cherished  wish 
and  intention  to  make  their  permanent  homes  on  the  Atlantic  slo|)e,  so 
.soon  as  tiie)-  coukl  accumulate  a  competence  in  the  land  of  j^'okl.  That  was 
the  beyinniiiLj  of  a  new  era  for  this  coast.  About  the  same  time  trade  anil 
industr)-  became  more  profitable  tiian  thej-  had  been;  wealth  accumulated 
rapidly  ;  and  the  inlluence  of  the  chant;e  w  as  felt  in  man)-  departments,  |)er- 
hai>s  in  none  more  striking!)-  than  in  upholster)-,  which  ser\ed  to  !j;i\e  ele- 
gance anil  splendor  to  the  homes  of  the  wealthy.  The  numerous  millionaire 
fortunes  of  the  I'.icific  metropolis  found  their  reflection  in  the  costly  furni- 
ture and  upholster)-  of  their  owners. 

In  the  language  of  one  of  our  principal  dealers  in  San  I'Vancisco,  "  It 
ma)-  be  calleil  an  outburst  of  latent  ta.stc  and  culture,  as  exhibited  by  the 
railroad  and  bonanza  kings,  and  .the  wealthy  families  of  our  coast,  which 
has  ilevelopeil  to  such  an  e.Ktent  as  to  excite  the  surprise  of  all  culturcil 
people  of  the  older  States  and  Europe  who  have  visited  us,  and  to  ta.\  the 
resources  of  manufacturers  for  the  production  of  the  rarest  articles  made 
up  w  ith  the  costliest  fabrics."  The  same  authority  also  says:  "  So  persist- 
ently has  this  advance  of  refinement  extended  into  the  homes  of  our  peo- 
ple, anil  so  general  has  become  the  desire  to  discard  the  gaudy  and 
unrefined  of  the  jjast  for  the  harmonious,  tasteful,  and  artistic  style  of  the 
present,  that  wc  claim  front  rank  on  the  .score  of  beauty  in  design  and 
intrinsic  value  of  product  with  any  of  the  older  countries,  and  the  tastes  of 
our  people  arc  as  esthetic  and  generous  as  those  of  any  other  people.  It 
can  rea.sonabi)-  be  said  of  the  upholstery  business  on  our  coast,  that  it 
deserves  as  much  credit  for  the  present  high  state  of  advancement  as  any 
other  branch  of  industry." 


? 


t 


i 


Upholstery  with  Furniture. — It  is  the  custom  on  our  side  of  the 
continent  to  carr)-  on  the  upholstery  business  in  connection  with  the  furni- 
ture factories,  instead  of  niaking  it  a  separate  branch  of  business  as  in  the 
East,  and  .so  we  find  our  leading  furniture  manufacturers  are  itoing  their 
own  uiiholstering  as  a  rule.  The  styles  which  prevail  here  are  those  of  the 
Eastern  States,  and  the  materials  used  are  of  the  best  qualit)-,  and  mainly 
imported    from    the    East   and    from    Europe.      Silk    tapestries,  damask.s, 


11    s 


;l 


476 


MANLl  ACTURKS. 


ill 


V<r 


I      ^ 


fissured  plush,  raw  silks,  and  velours  arc  ninstl)'  used  for  covers  on  fine 
furniture;  |)atterns  of  velours  ran^in^  as  hii^h  as  $100  a  >'ard,  and  in  one 
lifiuse  in  San  I'rancisco  patterns  worth  $  1  50  a  )aril  may  be  seen,  h'or  stulf- 
ini;,  in  fine  furniture,  the  best  curled  hair  and  moss  are  useil;  in  a  ciieaper  class 
of  furniture  [^ray  hair,  soap-root,  or  liureka  hair,  excelsior,  and  tow  are  used. 
The  latest  style  of  parlor  furniture  is  in  ebony,  ant!  the  upholsterin;^  is  in 
harmony  with  it.  The  sprinyis  used  (jn  the  coast  are  nearl)-  all  of  home 
manufacture.  Soap-root  is  a  Californian  product,  and  inost  of  the  tow  used 
comes  from  Oretjon.  Cheap  and  auction  furniture  is  stuffed  with  prepared 
rags  or  .shoddy,  which  is  no  doubt  often  tlie  lurking-place  of  disease,  and  is 
always  uncleanly  and  unsafe.  There  is  no  need  of  a  resort  to  the  use  of 
rags  in  the  Pacific  States.  Indeed,  even  the  imxluction  of  suitable  cover- 
ings is  now  possible.  As  a  gentleman  of  large  intelligence,  who  has  been 
in  the  upholstery  business  since  1862,  has  exprcs.scd  it:  "We  have  the 
means  of  producing  every  kind  of  material  needed,  from  silk  to  cotton,  from 
wool  to  hem]5,  and  there  is  no  reason  wliy  they  should  not  be  converted  into 
fabrics  where  they  grow."  And  so  long  as  we  are  dependent  upon  the 
I'^astern  States  and  Europe  for  the  materials  u.sed  in  the  manufacture  <jf 
fine  upholstery,  we  shall  have  to  wait  for  a  full  profit  from  this  large  and 
important  industry. 

Wages  are  about  the  same  on  our  side  of  the  continent  as  in  the  East. 
They  var)'  according  to  the  skill  and  ability  of  the  workmen,  from  $2.50  to 
$4  antl  $5,  and  good  work  can  be  done  as  cheapl)'  here  as  there.  In  some  of 
the  large  establishments  of  our  coast  are  now  found  excellent  workmen,  who 
learned  their  trade  where  they  work,  and  have  developed  talent  and  skill 
which  will  bear  comparison  with  the  best  in  the  older  and  more  favored 
establishments  of  the  East. 

The  market  for  the  sale  of  Pacific  Coast  upholstery  is  expanding  rapidly. 
During  the  bonanza  times,  a  few  years  ago,  the  business  developed  great 
extra\agance  and  lu.vury;  and  following  immediately  came  the  days  of  the 
Kearney  agitation,  when  the  business  was  greatly  depressed,  and  underwent 
material  changes.  Ikit  once  more  it  has  reached  a  normal  state  of  growth, 
characterized  b)-  richness  of  quality  and  refinement  of  taste,  and  it  is  be- 
lie\ed  b)'  those  engaged  in  the  business,  that  there  is  a  prosperous  future 
belore  them.  Goods  that  are  imported  into  California  sell  at  about  the 
same  rate  as  in  the  Eastern  cities,  with  freight  added.  There  is  a  class  of 
inferior  goods  manufactured  on  the  Pacific  Coast  which  finds  a  market 
among  the  poorer  people,  because  of  its  cheapness;  but  there  is  a  decided 
preference  for  superior  goods,  and  while  some  inferior  work  finds  a  market 
here,  the  average  of  the  work  done  is  not  of  so  low  a  grade  as  the  average 
of  Eastern  work;  and  the  demand  for  upholstered  furniture  is  greater  in 


TKXTii.i:  i\nRirs. 


477 


proportion  to  the  population,  as  well  as  of  better  quality,  than  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  proprietor  of  a  leatliiig  house  in  San  Francisco, 
before  (luolctl,  refcrrin|4  to  the  market,  says:  "As  the  wealtli  of  the  Pacific 
States  increases  and  becomes  great,  which  the  near  future  nc»w  promises, 
our  business  will  grow,  and  it  can  safely  be  said  of  the  people  that  they  arc 
developing  great  taste  in  the  furnishing  of  their  home-^,  and  the  rising  gen- 
eration is  receiving  an  education  in  this  direction  which  will  entitle  the  future 
housekeeper  to  the  rank  of  artist,  and  the  embellishment  of  hor  home  a; 
liigh  art;  and  in  these  better  days  the  trade  will  flourish,  and  the  character 
of  the  work  will  impro\e."  Since  the  leading  upholsterers  are  also  dealers 
in  furniture,  mention  of  them  will  be  made  under  that  heading. 

Carpets.— In  1864  a  three-ply  carpet  made  by  DOX.VLD  McLenn.W  at 
the  Mission  Mills  was  exhibited  at  the  Mechanics'  Fair  as  the  first  one 
manufactured  in  California.  The  manufacture  of  ingrain  carpets  was  tried 
at  the  Mission  Mill  in  1873,  but  without  profit,  and  the  Provo  Woolen 
Mill  has  made  some  carpets,  probably  more  than  any  other  establishment 
on  our  coast.  The  chief  production  of  this  class  is  rag-carpet,  made  by 
perhaps  icxd  hand-looms  scattered  over  California,  Oregon,  Washington, 
and  Utah.  The  rags  are  obtained  by  tearing  up  woolen  garments  into 
strips  half  an  inch  or  three  quarters  of  an  inch  wide.  The  rags  furnish  the 
weft,  ami  cotton-twine  the  warp.  The  total  annual  product  may  be  100.- 
000  yards.  The  largest  establishment,  that  of'MACKAY  &  Co.  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, employs  only  3  male  operatives,  who  earn  $1.75  a  day;  and  the  annual 
product  of  rag-carpet  is  about  lo.cxx)  yards. 

Carpet  Lining. — Of  the  several  materials  used  for  carpet  linings,  the 
principal  are  tule,  cotton  batting,  paper,  and  Japanese  paper-carpet,  and  of 
the.se  the  only  one  manufactured  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  the  one  first  men- 
tioned. The  cotton  lining  is  the  one  most  commonly  in  use;  the  demand 
for  it  exceeding,  by  at  least  50  per  cent.,  the  consumption  of  tule  lining. 
It  is  made  of  cotton  batting  placed  between  sheets  of  paper,  and  sells  at 
to  cents  a  yard.  It  has  the  advantage  of  being  impervious  to  moths,  and 
the  disadvantage  of  offering  so  little  resistance  to  the  tread  that  it  is  soon 
pressed  almost  as  flat  as  a  sheet  of  blotting-paper.  The  tule  lining,  made  of 
the  round,  elastic,  porous  reed,  which  grows  extensively  in  the  tule  swamps 
of  our  upper  rivers,  yields  gradually  to  the  footfall,  and  resumes  its  shape 
when  the  foot  is  removed.  The  saline  qualities  of  the  tule  make  it  a 
natural  in.sect-destroyer.  While  the  cotton  lining  retains  dust  between  its 
paper  covering  and  the  carpet,  the  tule  lining  allows  the  dust  to  sift  through 
to  the  floor,  where  it  remains  until  the  carpet  is  taken  up.  The  thickness 
and  clastic  quality  of  the  pith,  that  forms  the  interior  portion  of  the  tule, 


:;  \ 


J^ 


[!l 


i    .    .Vi 


478 


MAMIAI  TlKi;s. 


J  > 


pivvi-'iU  llic  lK'a\icst  foDlfall  from  rcsouiulin^;.  IIciicc,  it  is  coiniiKin!)-  in 
use  in  the  cointiiionis  (if  San  l-"rancisci>.  It  is  also  claimed  that  tlu'  tiile 
possesses  disinfectiiiL,'  (ilialities  which  couilti  'act  the  effect  of  noxious  odors. 
The  main  objection  to  it  seems  to  l)e  that,  the  ri'eils  heitiL;  hound  closel)' 
together  before  being  used  for  carpet  lining,  the  continual  pressure  of  the 
foot  causes  the  outside  [jortions  of  the  tule,  whicii  are  of  a  wood)-  nature, 
to  rise  in  ridges  and  cause  considerable  friction  or  wear  on  tiic  carpet. 
If  this  objection  could  be  remoxed,  tlie  tule  lining  would,  no  doubt,  come 
more  into  fa\'or.      Its  price  is  10  cents  a  yard. 

Carpet  Beating. —  The  summer  winds  and  sand  dunes  of  .San  I'^rancisco 
combine  to  furnish  a  livel)- business  in  ear|)et  beating.  At  Till'.  I'KjNKKR 
C.VKI'IM'  Bi:.\TlNt;  Work.s,  on  Teliani.i  Street,  a  3  weeks'  run  gives  an  ac- 
cumulation of  6  to  8  cart-loads  of  dust  and  refuse.  At  times  they  iiave  as 
much  as  30  loads  awaiting  removal  at  the  back  of  their  machine-room. 
Let  an)-  one  tr)'  the  experiment  of  treading  for  some  time  with  ;i  jircssure 
of  150  pounds  on  a  piece  of  samJpaper  placed  over  a  ]>ortion  of  carpet,  and 
he  will  get  some  idea  of  the  friction  that  is  constant!)'  taking  |)lace.  The 
sand  becomes  well  ground  into  the  carpet,  and,  cutting  into  the  woolen 
fabiic,  remo\es  with  it  a  portion  of  the  nap  at  each  sweeping.  In  a  heavy 
\elvet  carpet,  costing  $6  a  yard,  cleaned  in  1 88 1  by  COXKLIN  HRfJTIIKR.s, 
for  Till',  I-'lRSi'  N.VTION.M,  IVWK,  there  was  an  .iccunuilation  of  dust  equal 
to-nearl)-  one  third  of  its  weight.  This  is  a  common  occurrence,  and  it  is 
claimed  that  if  carpets  are  cleaneil  once  a  )ear,  at  a  cost  of  5  cents  a  j'ard, 
the  expense  is  far  nu)re  than  coir.pensated  b\-  the  saving  in  wear  ami  tear. 
In  JCastern  cities  the  cleaning  process  is  often  performcv;  t'.^ice  a  )ear.  A 
visit  to  an)-  of  the  leading  establishments  during  the  h^ry  'cr  on  in  June, 
would  be  of  interest,  and  would  enable  the  reader  to  detcrniiii-' which  of  the 
different  m.ichines  is  least  destructive  to  the  carpet.  1  .'le  proprietors  are 
extreme!)-  courteous,  and  alwa)s  re.-idy  to  explain  llieir  process,  which  is 
in  amusing  contr;ist  with  the  times  when  carpets  were  taken  out  b)-  ncgnjcs 
and  beaten  with  sticks  over  a  fence. 

In  San  I'rancisco  there  are  5  prominent  carpet-beating  houses,  those  of 
Sr.\L-LuiX(i  &  Co.,  CoNKi.iN  liRoTiir. us,  J.\Mi;s  K.  Mnviir.i.i.,  MiDhwkll 
(^'  Gould,  and  V.  Mkrrili,.  Tlie  aggregate  c,->pital  of  the  5  establishments 
i:i  $40,CX)0,  and  the)-  clean  3,500  running  )'ards  of  carpet  dail)-,  with  the  help 
of  40  or  45  men,  all  white.  The  cost  of  laying  the  car[)ets  after  cleaning 
is  5  cents  a  )-ard.  Mr.  Si'.Ml.liINf)  uses  a  sweeping-machine  of  his  own 
invention  to  cleanse  the  carpets  after  the)'  ha\e  been  beaten. 

Silk. — Silk  has  been  manufactured  on  a  small  scale  by  half  a  dozen  dif- 
ferent establishments,  most  of  which  are  now  closed  or  arc  occupied  in  work- 


JJl 


."■auut 


( 

1     : 


I  l\  III.K    I' VIIKK  S. 


479 


'  1 


int;  up  coarser  mulcrial.  Tlu-  priiK'i|);il  lactfiry  now  in  iwistcncc  is  tliat  of 
Tin:  Calhor.nia  Sii.k  Mam  tactiuinc;  Cdmi'ans,  at  Soutli  San  I'ran- 
cisco.  This  mill  spins  io.ooo  pouiuls  of  raw  silk  annually,  aiul  makes  t«  ist, 
emhroiilery,  tailors'  and  sadtllers'  sewinij-silk,  worth  in  tht;  aj^Ljre^ate  $150,- 
txX).  The  reeled  silk,  imported  from  China  .and  Japan,  is  the  raw  material, 
which  they  prepare  Tor  the  needle  by  si)innin[;  and  dycinj;.  Their  sewini;- 
silk  has  a  hijih  reputation  for  trentjth,  smfwthness,  permanence  of  twist, 
and  excellence  of  color,  and  has  no  superior  in  the  market.  The  mill  has 
no  looms.  Employment  is  gi\cn  to  S  men,  100  women,  .iiid  man)-  children. 
Amonij  tl'.o  extinct  silk-mills,  one  to  si)in  ribbons  was  in  X'isitation  X'alle}', 
on  the  border  of  .San  Mateo  County,  and  one  which  produced  dress  silks 
was  in  the  hands  of  men  who  smuggled  as  much  cloth  as  they  wove. 

Cotton. — Nearly  every  Mexican  .State  on  the  western  slope  of  the  country 
cultivates  cotton,  antl  has  at  least  one  mill  to  convert  it  into  yarn  and  cloth.' 
These  factories  produce  nothing  for  exportation  to  foreign  countries,  and 
are  not  remarkable  for  either  size,  excellence  of  machinery,  or  qualit)'  of  the 
goods  made.  The  laborers  arc  all  natives;  the  owners  and  superintendents 
arc  in  some  states,  Colima  for  instance,  mostly  foreigners.  In  cotton  man- 
ufacture, as  in  many  other  industrial  branches,  the  Mormons  h.'ive  the  oldest 
establishments  on  our  side  of  the  continent.  They  h.ive  se\eral  sm.iU  mills 
in  the  southern  part  of  Utah,  working  on  cotton  grown  in  the  vicinity.  In 
1865  W.  FI.  RlXTOR  &  Son  built  a  cotton-mill  in  East  O.ikland,  and  made 
yarn  and  cloth  for  several  )'ears,  but  founil  it  unprofitable,  and  the  machin- 
ery was  used  for  jute,  with  which  it  has  since  been  occupied. 

Jute  Bags  and  Burlaps. — Besides  the  jute-factory  in  the  Californian 
State  I'ri^on  at  S;ui  Ouetitin,  there  is  but  one  establishment  on  this  Pacific 
Coast  that  manufactures  burlaps  from  the  raw  jute — TllE  I'ACiriC  JUTE 
M.\NU1A(  TiKiNc,  Company,  at  East  Oakland.  Nearly  all  the  burlap 
produced  at  this  factory  is  made  into  bags  of  various  descriptions  on  the 
premises.  There  are  also  several  firms  in  San  FrimcLsco  that  make  up  bags 
both  of  jute  and  cotton,  from  fabric  already  manufactured.  The  production 
of  bags  at  the  ()akland  factory  for  1S81  amounted  in  number  to  about 
5,250,000.  The  number  of  hands  employed  at  the  Oakland  works  was 
800,  and  elsewhere  in  the  making  of  jute  goods,  about  lOO.  The  amount 
distributeil  for  labor  was  estimated  at  $270,000,  or  $300  a  year  for  each  op- 
erative. The  low  average  of  wages  is  caused  by  the  fact  th.'it  the  industry 
is  mainly  in  the  hands  of  women  and  Chinamen,  and  that  man)^  of  them 
arc  not  employed  the  year  round.  Nearly  all  work  is  done  by  the  piece. 
Women  can  earn  $7  to  $io  a  week  by  making  up  goods  for  San  Francisco 


I  i 


■m 


m 


^!"»r 


480 


MANTFACTUUKS. 


I    t 


li 


firms.     Chinamen  earn  about  $r  a  day  by  working  at  the  Oakland  Jute 
Works. 

]5urlaps  arc  made  in  widths  of  40,  45,  and  60  inches.  The  principal  ar- 
ticles made  from  burlaps  are  grain-bags,  20  by  36,  and  32  by  36  inches  (the 
latter  being  the  standard  size),  with  an  a\'erage  weight  of  !2  ounces;  wool- 
bag.;  weighing  3jj  to  4  pounds;  potato  gunnies,  ore,  salt,  and  bean  bag.s,  of 
ilifferent  sizes.  California-made  goods  usuall)-  range  from  half  a  cent  to  a 
cent  a  pound  lower  than  bags  shipped  from  Calcutta. 

In  making  grain-bags,  the  burlap  is  first  cut  into  the  required  lengths  by 
means  of  a  scale,  on  which  the  material  is  folded.  Those  made  at  the  Oak- 
land jute  works  are  hand-sewed,  and  the  sewing  is  done  bj"  Chinamen. 
Goods  made  in  San  Francisco  arc  usually  machine-sewed,  and  the  work  is 
done  by  women.  An  cxijcrt  machine  hand  can  turn  out  Soo  to  1,000  bags 
a  day,  and  at  20  cents  per  100 — the  present  rate  of  payment — can  make 
fair  wages. 

Tin:  Pacific  Jutk  MAXCKACTruixc.  Comi-any,  located  on  the  San 
Antonio  Creek  at  East  Oakland,  has  a  nominal  capital  of  $1,000,000 
divided  into  10.000  shares  of  $100  each.  The  company  was  incorporated  in 
i86»,  under  the  name  of  TllF  Oakl.WI)  Coiton  Maxli'AC TURING  COM- 
]'.\NV;  but  the  necessity  of  importing  the  raw  staple,  and  the  high  price  of 
labor,  made  it  impossible  to  manufacture  cotton  fabrics  at  a  profit,  and  the 
establishment  was  converted  into  a  jute-factory.  The  machinery  in  use  was 
imported  from  England  and  Scotland,  and  the  present  capacity  of  the  works 
is  equal  to  a  power  of  120  looms,  each  producing  go  yards  of  burlap  per 
working  ilay  of  1  1  hours.  In  busy  times  the  factory  is  run  23  hours 
out  of  the  24,  and  the  production  is  then  at  the  rate  of  23  yartls  to  the  loom. 
The  goods  manufactured  are  principall)'  grain-bags,  wool-bags,  burlaps, 
twines,  and  yarns.  In  the  process  of  manufacturing  burlaps  from  the  raw 
jute,  the  greatest  ])ossible  strength  is  imparted  b_\-  means  of  close  wca\ing 
at  the  selvages  of  the  cloth,  which  become  the  seam  sides  of  the  bags,  and 
arc  therefore  subject  to  the  greatest  pressure. 

When  the  jute  works  first  went  into  operation,  a  corps  of  Scotch  work- 
men antl  woiuen  was  brought  out  from  Dundee  at  the  expense  of  the  fac- 
tory. They  soon  found  more  profitable  employment,  and  tlie  company  had 
recourse  tf)  the  only  available  substitute — that  of  Chinese  labor.  During 
bus)'  seasons,  Soo  opcrati\es  are  employed.  The  manual  labor  is  performed 
by  Cliinanien,  whose  average  earnings  are  $1  ada\-;  the  skilled  labor  by 
mechanics,  who  receive  $iiS  to  $30  a  week. 

The  goods  manufactured  are  all  sold  in  the  San  I'rancisco  market.  The 
average  price  of  grain-bags  for  each  year  since  1H70  has  varied  from  9 ^^6 
to  iG'y-i  cents.     The  average  for  tin-  5  )ears  ending  December  31,  1875,  was 


TKXTII.K    FAnRICS. 


481 


about  I3!4  cents;  f(M' the  5  jcars  ending  December  31,  1880,  less  tlian  10'^ 
cents.  At  the  former  rate  there  would  be  a  handsome  margin  of  profit;  at 
the  hitter  rate  it  would  seem  that  the  compan)'  can  only  make  a  profit  by 
takinij  acKantai^e  of  the  fluctuations  in  the  market,  for  the  labor  and  ma- 
terial in  a  yrain-baij,  apart  from  other  expenses,  cost  from  8  to  9  cents. 
Results  have,  of  course,  varied  considerably  from  year  to  year,  but  the  en- 
terprise has  proved,  in  the  main,  successful.  Laboring,  as  it  does,  under  the 
disachantage  of  having  to  pay  freight  and  duty  on  the  raw  staple,  its 
success  is  most  creditable  to  the  management.  This  corporation  dis- 
tributes $200,C!00  a  year  in  wages,  and  in  1880  paid  a  dividend  of  14  per 
cent,  to  its  stockholders. 

The  jute-factory  at  the  State  Pcnitentiarj',  San  Oucntin,  started  in  1882, 
has  a  capacity  equal  to  the  power  of  lOO  looms,  with  all  the  latest  appli- 
ances for  .softening,  breaking,  twisting,  spinning,  and  dressing  the  material, 
and  for  measuring  and  cutting  it  into  the  .shapes  required  for  sacks.  The 
motive  power  will  be  supplied  by  a  low-pressure  engine  with  steel  boilers, 
having  a  30-inch  cylinder  with  a  60-inch  stroke. 

Cordage. — Among  the  many  purposes  for  which  hemp  rope  is  used,  those 
of  ship-building,  farming,  and  mining  cau.se  the  largest  consumption.  More 
than  one  third  of  all  the  rope  made  on  this  coast  is  required  by  farmers  for 
use  in  harvesting,  etc.  This  description  is  called  baling  rope.  Very  large 
quantities  are  of  course  consumed  in  mining  operations.  Though  ship- 
building is  not  as  yet  a  very  prominent  industry  on  this  coast,  there  is  a  con- 
siderable demand  froiii  vessels  lying  in  harbor  for  the  repair  of  rigging 
damaged  by  storm,  or  rendered  useless  by  wear. 

The  materials  used  on  this  coast  in  rope-making  are  Manilla  and  Sisal 
hemp.  The  former  is  a  fibrous  material  obtained  from  the  Miisd  tiwfilis,  a 
plant  allied  to  the  banana,  and  one  th.at  grows  readily  in  the  Philippine 
Islands;  the  Litter  a  substance  obtained  from  a  species  of  aloe,  and  called 
Sisal,  from  the  name  of  a  port  in  Yucatan,  whence  it  is  imported.  Sisal  is 
less  strong  than  Manilla  rope,  but  its  first  cost  is  from  2  to  4  cents  a  pound 
lower,  and  it  is  therefore  u.sed  in  larger  quantity.  Manilla  hemp  is  imported 
in  bales,  which  are  covered  with  matting  and  bound  with  rattan.  ICach  bale 
weighs  Z/'i  jiounds.  There  are  1  ropewalks  now  in  operation  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast,  Tin:  S.\.n  Francisco  Cord.vgk  Company,  established  in 
1S56, of  which  A.  L.  &  IIlKAM  TrisD.s  are  the  proprietors;  and  one  in  Port- 
land, Oregon,  owned  by  MoLsoN  &  SONS,  which  commenced  running  on 
January  1,  1878.  According  to  the  best  available  cstim.itcs,  the  production 
of  these  establishments  is  about  -,"50  tons,  worth,  at  nil  average  of  $275  n. 
ton,  a  little  over  $750,000.  Ihe  number  of  iiands  employed  is  about  150. 
61 


!l 


482 


MANUFACTtJRKS. 


m 


The  sum  cxpcndLHl  fcir  labor  may  lie  estimated  at  $80,000,  and  for  material 
at  $530,000. 

i\'carl)"  ail  the  tliffercnt  kinds  of  rope  and  cordaije,  from  the  heaviest 
hawsers,  for  shi|)ping  use,  to  the  lightest  hay-rope,  are  made  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. Manufacturers  on  this  coast  possess  advanta,L,res  which  compensate, 
in  a  measure,  for  tlie  hiijh  price  of  labor  and  capital,  and  enable  them  to 
conii)(.'te  successfully  with  the  ICastern  trade.  These  are  the  closer  pro.ximity 
of  .'^an  I'rancisco  to  the  sources  frtim  which  supplies  of  material  are  oIj- 
tained,  aiul  the  facilit)'  for  makini,'  up  j^^oods  of  such  .t,MMde  and  size,  as  tiie 
market  may  at  the  moment  require. 

h'.arl)- in  iS.Si  Manilla  rope  w;is  quotetl  at  1410  15  cents  ;i  pound.  y\t 
the  close  of  the  jear  the  jirices  of  M.inilla  ro])e  w^-re  for  1^4  incli,  16  cents; 
l2-thrcad  rope,  i6|a  cents;  and  6  and  9  threail,  17  cents.  Sisal  bale  rope 
(t,  and  4  threads)  was  ([uoted  in  December,  iS.Si.at  12  cents.  A  dis- 
count of  $20  a  ton  is  .allowed  for  in\oices  of  5  tons  atul  upwards.  During 
tile  ye.ar  there  was  a  consiilerable  .uh'.ince  in  the  price  of  hemp,  mainly  on 
acci'uni  of  the  l'",astern  dcmantl  for  u>i;  in  h.arvest-bindin}^  machines.  The 
j'c.ar's  l.jusincss  w.as  on  the  whole  satisfactory. 

Cordage  Factories. — Till;  Sax  I'r.vnci.sco  CorDACK  COMPANY  occu- 
pies a  site  of  16  acp.s  at  the  Potrero.  The  original  factory  was  a  wooden 
structure  50  b\'  100  feet.  In  1.S7J  this  was  removed  to  make  room  for  tlic 
present  buildings,  wiiicli  are  of  brick,  most  of  them  being  fire-proof,  with 
hnck  flooring,  supported  by  iron  girders  ,ind  with  roofs  of  tiling.  The  main 
f,i'  '  is  joo  b\'  50  feet,  and  there  is  .1  storeliouse  100  by  35  feet,  an 
tii;.,  '.-room,  !)oiler-iiouse,  and  ropewalk.  The  latter  is  20  feet  in  width, 
;"i'  o\er  a  third  of  a  mile  in  length;  and  is  connected  with  a  wharf,  which 
leails  I  lut  to  water  dee]i  enough  for  schooners  of  heav)-  draught.  The  power 
is  transmitted  b)-  .1  large  wheel,  24  feet  in  diameter  and  30  inches  wide  in 
the  face,  to  machinery  more  than  a  (juarter  of  ;i  niile  distant.  A  number  of 
smaller  wheels,  connected  with  it  by  belting,  communicate  the  necessary 
power  to  different  jjortions  of  the  works. 

In  the  ])rocess  of  manufacture,  the  hemp  is  first  opened  and  the  fiber 
straighteneil  out.  It  then  has  the  ap])earance  of  wav)-  blonde  hair  of  indefi- 
nite length.  It  is  afterwards  lubricated  with  co.irse  whale  or  petrolciin  oil 
(3  pounds  of  oil  being  required  for  each  bale,  for  the  purpose  of  making  it 
run  smoothl)'  through  the  machinery.  The  hemp  is  then  run  thnjugh  a 
series  of  large  s[)readers,  which  draw  out  and  straighten  the  fiber,  by 
means  of  re\"olving  teeth,  until  it  is  in  a  condition  to  be  spun  into  rope-\-arn. 
The  ad\;mtage  in  the  use  of  >preailers  is,  that  the  hemp  can  be  worked  at 
full  length  without  injur\  tn  the  fibei        Ibis  could   not  be  done  unti'   the 


Tr.XTII.K    I-AIIKH  S. 


4«.? 


iiUroiluction  of  sprcadint^  machines,  an  iinu'iition  paUMilcd  by  JOllN  Gooi), 
of  l>ro()kl)-n,  New  York,  and  for  the  use  of  which  TlliUS  &  Co  have  pur- 
chascil  the  excUisive  rij^ht  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  After  passing  throuc,di  the 
large  spreaders  into  smaller  ones,  and  again  through  drawing  frames,  the 
fiber  is  read)'  for  the  spinning  jennies,  of  which  there  are  about  170  at  the 
compan)-'s  works.  The  jarn  is  run  from  the  jennies  on  to  bol^bins  and 
'thence  to  the  rope-making  machines  in  the  rofjcuaik.  The  tlireads  are 
unitetl  in  tightis'  twisted  strands,  several  of  which  are  joined  together  to 
form  small  ropes,  and  several  of  the  smaller  ropes  to  make  one  of  large  si/e. 
The  largest  size  made  is  14  inches  in  circumference.  After  some  further 
manipulation  the  rope  is  rolled  on  a  spindle  into  coils,  anil  the  process  of 
manufacture  is  completeil.  At  the  tarring  house,  where  ropes  are  tarred  for 
shipping  and  other  use,  the  y.irn  is  run  through  a  trough  of  t.ir,  which  is 
kept  boiling  by  coils  of  steam-pipe,  placed  untlerneath.  The  boiling  tar 
(horoughl)'  saturates  the  threads,  which  are  tlrawii  through  a  compressor, 
and  sc|ueezed  b)-  weights,  which  regulate  th.e  qiiantit)-  of  tar  to  be  left  in 
the  yarn.  Tarred  ro[)e  has  the  adwintage  of  offering  the  greatest  resistance 
to  the  action  of  nir  ;uid  water. 

The  number  of  emi)lo_vees  at  this  establishment  is  1  10,  of  whom  So  arc 
white  men,  and  the  remainder  boys  and  Chinamen.  Until  I'ebru.iry,  i.SSo, 
there  were  50  Chinamen  emi^loyed,  who  were  useful  in  doing  work  which 
in  I'jistcrn  factories  is  performed  b)-  women  and  girls;  but  white  labor 
alwa)-s  receives  the  preference,  uiul  whenex'cr  good  bo\s  can  be  obtained, 
tlieir  services  are  always  substituted  for  those  of  Chinamen,  .\bout  2,000 
tons  a  Near  of  rope  and  cordage,  of  all  sizes  and  descriptions,  arc  manu- 
factured by  'I'm:  S.\X  Fu.\NCIsc()  Cord.u;!;  Comiwnv.  The  offices  and 
store  are  at  61  I  and  613  I'ront  Street,  and  comnumicate  by  tclei)hone  with 
the  factor)-,  which  is  4  miles  distant.  During  iSSi  the  woiks  were  running 
the  entire  year  on  regular  time. 

MoLSON  &  .Suns'  establishment  at  Portland,  Oregon,  h.as  been  about 
3  years  in  operation,  and  is  now  working  up  to  its  full  capacity,  giving 
steady  employment  to  1  1  hands,  and  pnxlucing  at  the  rate  of  750  tons  of 
rope  a  )e;u.     Iv   1).   I'll'M.W  is  the  foreman  aiul  superintendent. 

Among  other  enterprises  which  have  been  started  from  time  to  time,  but 
arc  now  no  longer  in  oi)eration,  the  nu)st  important  one  was  Till'.  P.vcil'ic 
Ci)KI).\(;k  ComI'.WV,  whose  works  were  at  Melrose,  Alameda  County. 
In  1877  this  factory  cmployeil  90  hands,  and  was  producing  at  the  nite  of 
2,COO  tons  of  rope  a  )ear.  Among  the  orders  filled  at  this  establishment 
was  (jne  for  sounding-lines  for  the  use  of  the  ship  Titsativra,  in  making 
sur\eys  for  the  Pacific  Oceanic  Telegraph  Cable.  Soine  of  these  lines 
were  10  miles  in  length,  and  in  a  single  piece. 


■'  • 


mi 


>— .-  I  .SaAi . 


484 


MANUFACTURES. 


•I       I; 


Sailmaking. — The  only  establishments  on  this  coast  engaged  exclu- 
sively or  nKiiiil}-,  in  the  manufacture  of  sails,  are  in  San  Francisco.  They 
give  employment  to  40  men,  and  their  annual  production,  usually  in  com- 
pliance with  orders,  may  be  wor'  V  <  1,000.  The  wages  for  good  sailmak- 
crs  are  $3  a  day;  and  all  are  whi.j  In  material  and  workmanship  no 

sails  arc  better  than  those  made  hert  le  manufacturing  establishments 

are  those  of  Hardixc,  Bkaxn  &  PmoR  (founded  in  1853),  SlMPSOX  & 
Fisin:R,  T110MA.S  Reynolds,  W.  C.  Wood,  J.  I.  Blakiston,  C.  C.  Funk, 
and  4  or  5  others. 


LEATHER. 


48S 


CHAPTER  XXIX.— LEATHER. 

Leather  Products. — The  tanneries  of  the  Pacific  Coast  manufactured,  in 
1881,  about  8,750  tons  of  leather,  valued  at  $4,000,000.  Considering  the' 
excellent  quality  of  our  hides  and  tan-bark,  it  is  not  remarkable  that  the 
production  of  leather  should  already  have  assumed  such  large  proportions. 
The  present  condition  of  this  branch  of  industry  seems  to  indicate  that  the 
volume  of  manufacture  will  be  limited,  not  by  the  demands  of  the  market, 
but  by  the  scarcity  of  material,  already  existing,  and  threatening  to  be,  in 
the  near  future,  a  serious  drawback  to  manufacturers.  Californian  and 
Oregon  hides  are  in  such  demand,  not  only  on  this  coast,  but  in  the  Eastern 
States,  that  the  market  is  often  bare  of  desirable  qualities,  and  it  is  neces- 
sary to  import  largely  from  foreign  sources  of  supply.  During  1S81,  first- 
class  hides  were  in  such  request,  that  their  price  was  maintained  at  a  point 
which  left  but  small  profit  for  the  tanneries,  and  yet  receipts  in  San  Fran- 
cisco for  that  year  were  largely  in  excess  of  those  for  several  former  years, 
and  nearly  50  per  cent,  above  those  for  1880.  So  urgent  was  the  demand 
from  manufacturers  on  this  coast,  that  shipments  of  hides  to  the  Eastern 
States,  for  1 88 1,  were  about  55  per  cent,  below  those  for  the  previous  year. 

The  main  difficulty,  however,  that  confronts  our  leather  interests,  is  the 
scarcity  of  chestnut-oak  bark,  the  best  substance  to  add  weight  to  the  hide, 
but  being  consumed  so  rapidly  that  if  the  consumption  continues  at  the 
present  rate,  the  supply,  within  easy  access,  will  probably  be  exhausted 
within  20  or  30  years.  The  demand  for  Pacific  Coast  leather  in  the  Eastern 
States  is  constantly  increasing,  and  exports  to  foreign  countries  are  increas- 
ing in  a  still  greater  ratio.  During  1881,  2,127  •'0"^  of  leather,  valued  at 
$1 17,500,  were  shipped  to  foreign  countries,  against  1,500  rolls,  valued  at 
$81,000,  for  1880;  an  increase  of  45  per  cent,  within  a  single  year.  The 
home  demand,  however,  for  manufacturing  purposes,  for  boot  and  shoe  fac- 
tories, for  harness  and  saddlery,  for  leather  hose  nnd  belting,  for  trunks, 
valises,  nnd  satchels,  and  for  other  leathern  goods,  .;"  t.f  which  will  receive 
mention  in  this  chapter,  leaves  but  a  small  surplus  for  Eastern  or  foreign 
shipment.  In  1881,  the  volume  of  manufactures,  in  the  line  of  boots  and 
shoes,  far  exceeded  the  figures  for  any  previous  year,  and  that  in  the  face  of 
larger  imports  from  the  East  than  have  occurred  for  10  or  12  previous  years. 
Saddle  and  skirting  leathers  manufactured  on  this  coast  arc  in  such  demand 


i 

I 
1J 


'   f 

i 

■4 

} 

486 


MANUFACTURES. 


in  the  Eastern  States  that  saddle  and  harness  makers  in  San  Francisco  can 
not  ahvays  obtain  supplies  of  first-class  material,  and  yet  harness  and  sad- 
dlery of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture  find  a  market  in  the  F,aslcrn  States,  and 
in  common  with  other  leathern  tjoods,  are  exported  to  Mexico,  China, 
Japan,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  other  foreign  countries. 

The  a,L;gregate  value  of  leather  and  leathern  fabrics  manufactured  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  in  1881  may  be  estimated  approximately  at  $14,750,000,  and 
of  this  sum  $8,750,000  represents  the  additional  value  that  labor,  machinerj', 
and  other  factors  added  to  the  original  cost  of  the  leather.  In  all  its  various 
branches  this  department  of  industry  gives  employment  to  about  8,100 
operatives  and  to  $7,000,000  of  capital.  The  sum  distributed  for  labor  is 
estimated  at  $3,600,000,  and  for  material  at  $8,000,000.  The  items  of  labor 
and  expense  include,  of  course,  all  the  second  values  that  are  added  to  the 
leather  after  it  is  made  into  goods,  and  the  cost  of  imported  or  other  mate- 
rial u.scd  in  the  process  of  manufacture.  The  different  fabrics  produced  on 
this  coast,  during  1881,  include  3,000,000  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes,  $3,750,- 
000  worth  of  harness  and  saddlery,  $350,000  worth  of  trunks,  valises,  and 
satchels,  Joo,ooo  feet  of  leather  belting,  500,000  pairs  of  gloves,  and  about 
$150,000  worth  of  other  leathern  goods 

Tannage  Production.— The  aggregate  capital  of  the  different  tanneries 
anil  wool  puUcrics  in  the  State  of  California  may  be  estimated  at  a  little 
o\er  $.',000,000,  of  which  $800,000  is  invested  in  San  Francisco.  The 
value  of  material  used  during  the  year  1881  may  be  set  down  at  about 
$2,600,000,  including  hides  and  skins  to  the  value  of  $1,900,000;  28,000 
cords  of  bark,  worth  at  $20  a  cord  (the  average  price  for  1S81),  $560,000; 
600  tons  of  tallow,  3,600 "gallons  of  oil,  250  tons  of  gambier,  and  300  tons 
of  sumach,  worth  in  all,  $140,000.  The  total  value  of  leather  manufac- 
tured was  estimated  .it  $3,750,000  to  $4,000,000;  the  amount  expended  for 
labor  at  $930,000. 

It  will  be  .seen  from  these  figures  that  the  year  1881  was  not  a  pros- 
perous one  fi)r  the  tanneries  of  California.  Accepting  the  higher  estimate 
of  $4,000,000  as  the  value  of  leather  produced,  and  subtracting  the  cost  of 
material  and  labor,  amounting  in  all  to  $3,530,000,  there  would  remain  only 
$470,000  to  co\cr  depreciation  of  propert)',  repairs,  insurance,  and  other 
incidental  expenses,  to  say  nothing  of  profit  and  interest  on  capital. 

The  operations  of  a  well-conducted  tanner}',  situated  near  San  Francisco, 
may  ser\e  to  show  the  present  condition  ol'  alTairs.  The  proprietors,  who 
were  kind  einiugh  to  furnish  the  information,  do  not  wish  their  names 
to  be  published.  The  estimates  arc  made  for  the  year  1881.  The  tannery 
cost  $14,000,  carries  a  stock  worth  $40,000,  and  has,  besides,  an  a\erage  of 


ii 


li:atiier. 


487 


$20,000  worth  of  goods  sold  on  outstanding  credits,  making  a  total  fixud 
and  working  cai)ital  of  $74,000.  Tlic  sales  are  at  the  rate  of  $i:;o,ooo 
a  )'car.  The  cost  of  hides  is  $72,000,  of  labor  $10,000,  of  bark  and  other 
material  $17,000.  Insurance,  repairs,  and  miscellaneous  expenses  are  about 
$2,000  a  year,  and  $7,-4.00  (10  per  cent.)  is  allowed  for  interest  on  cajiital. 
The  entire  outlay  amounts  to  $ioS,400.  Subtracting  this  from  the  amount 
of  sales  ($120,000),  there  is  a  margin  for  profit  of  $1 1,600.  The  value  of 
waste  material  will  probably  raise  the  profit  to  $12,000,  or  a  little  over  16 
per  cent,  on  the  capital  c)f  $74,000.  At  the  establishment  in  question  this 
is  considered  rather  a  small  result  for  the  year's  business,  but  is  probabl)' 
above  the  average  profit  made  b)'  the  tanneries  of  California  for  the  \ear 
1881.  On  the  Pacific  Coast,  as  well  as  in  the  Eastern  States,  the  largest 
tanneries  are,  as  a  rule,  the  most  profitable.  Some  of  the  Eastern  tanneries 
ha\e  a  capital  of  $2,000,000  to  $3,000,000,  and  tan  100,000  sides  a  year. 

The  entire  number  of  men  empl(j)-ed  in  Californian  tanneries  (not  includ- 
ing wool  piiUeries;  is  about  1,200,  and  the  aggregate  of  wages  $600,000,  or 
an  a\crage  of  $50  a  month  fcjr  each  operative.  This  is  verj-  much  abo\c 
Eastern  rates,  where  tanners  receive  only  $20  to  $30,  and  curriers  $32.50  to 
$50  a  month. 

The  usual  prices  paid  in  San  Francisco  for  bark  \ary  from  $15  to  $25  a 
cord.  The  average  in  1881  was  $18  a  cord.  Some  inland  tanneries  ha\e  an 
ad\antage  in  this  respect.  (iROZ1:lii:r  &  Xi;i..S().\,  for  instance,  of  San 
Jose,  obtain  their  bark  ;it  $15  t(j  $16  a  cord,  on  account  of  their  establish- 
ment being  near  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  where  bark  is  abumlant. 

The  production  of  all  the  Oregon  tanneries  amoimted  in  1881  probably 
to  $  I  30,000  or  $200,000.  Within  the  past  10  )-ears  it  has  about  doubled, 
and  though  Oregon  still  imports  more  leather  and  leathern  goods  than  she 
manufactures,  it  is  not  probable  that  this  will  long  continue  to  be  the  case. 
At  the  Centennial  l'",.\hibition  the  graiul  prize  for  inanufactureil  leather  was 
awarded  to  the  State  of  Oregon. 

In  the  )-ear  1870  all  the  tanneries  of  California,  Oregon,  Utah,  and  Wash- 
ington manufactured  leather  to  the  \alue  of  about  $1,400,000.  In  1881  the 
tanneries  of  California  alone  manufactureil  leather  to  the  \alue of  $4,000,000; 
while  the  value  of  boots  and  shoes  made  in  .San  I-"rancisco,  a|iart  from  custom 
work,  was  not  less  than  $5,000,000.  Although  the  high  jjrice  of  material  and 
the  low  price  of  leather  reduced  somewhat  the  usual  margin  of  profit,  more 
leather  was  made  in  California  iluring  1S8  r  than  in  any  previous  jear  in  the  his-  ' 
tor}- of  the  .State.  .\earl}'all  the  tanneries  were  full)' employed.  .Some  en- 
larged their  c,i[)acit>-,and  others  expect  that  their  increasing  business  will  .soon 
compel  them  to  enlarge.  The  manufacture  of  home-made  boots  and  shoes 
is  assuming  \ery  large  [)roportions,  anil  the  ilemand  from  this  source  tended 


m:immi 


3i  >!'P 


m^n 


4;s<s 


MANUFACTfKKS. 


gicati)-  to  siqiport  the  price  of  leather  throu^'hout  the  jcar.  Tlicre  is  a  con- 
stantly incrcasinL;  demand  in  the  ICastern  States  for  sole  and  harness  Icatlier 
antl  satldlc  skirtin;^  of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture.  I'hc  market  is  sometimes 
bare  of  first-class  Ljoods  of  this  description;  and  it  is  anticipated  that  when 
their  durable  quality  becomes  more  generally  known,  they  will  be  still  more 
in  request.  The  Eastern  and  foreign  demand  for  all  descriptions  of  Califor- 
iiian  leather  is  rapidly  increasing.  In  iSSi  yjo  tons,  worth  about  $480  a 
ton,  and  worth  $440,000  in  the  aggregate,  were  ship])cd  to  the  Atlantic  slope 
by  rail. 

In  the  States  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  tanners  complain  that,  with  hides 
at  10  cents  a  pound,  and  bark  at  $12  to  $12.50  a  cord,  they  can  not  profita- 
bly manufacture  leather  at  present  prices.  They  sa_\-  that  when  hides  were 
onl}'  <S  cents  a  pound,  and  bark  somewhat  cheaper  than  it  is  now,  leather 
sold  at  about  the  .same  price  as  it  now  commands.  Pacific  Coast  tanneries 
pay  on  an  a\crage  not  less  than  $18  a  cord  for  bark,  and  10)^  to  1 1  cents  a 
pound  for  hides,  and  still  manufacture  nearlj'  all  the  leather  used  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  ICvcn  with  the  low  prices  now  ruling  for  leather,  our  tanne- 
ries can  make  a  small  profit  on  their  capital.  The  fact  that  they  can  do  so, 
while  many  I'^astern  manufacturers  can  barely  get  back  a  new  dollar  for  an 
old  one,  speaks  very  hopefully  for  the  future  interests  of  the  business  on  this 
coast.  While  paying  considerably  more  than  l-lastern  rates  for  both  labor 
and  material,  we  ahead)'  export  more  than  double  the  quantity  of  leather 
that  is  imjiortcd.  This  circumstance  may  probably  be  attributed  to  the 
superior  cjuality  of  Pacific  Coast  hides,  and  to  the  fact  that  while  tan  bark 
costs  about  50  per  cent,  more  than  in  the  East,  it  contains  nearly  double  the 
percentage  of  tannin  matter. 

Hides. — Early  in  the  present  century,  while  California  was  a  Spanish 
colon}'  under  the  control  of  the  Franci:-can  friars,  the  valleys  and  hills  of 
the  Coast  Range  were  overrun  with  wild  cattle.  Vessels  began  to  visit  the 
coast  to  trade  in  exchange  for  hides,  and  long  before  the  discovery  of  gold 
a  profitable  business  was  done  by  enterprising  Boston  houses,  in  collecting 
and  shii)ping  them  to  Eastern  markets.  Cattle  were  slaughtered  inilis- 
criminately  for  their  hides  and  tallow.  Large  kettles,  ca[)able  of  trying  out 
40  beeves  at  once,  were  used  b\'  the  Spaniards  for  converting  the  carcasses 
into  tallow,  while  the  hides  w'.'re  worth  $1  apiece.  Half  a  dozen  vessels 
wore  steadily  employed  in  the  trade.  The  business  must  have  been  exceed- 
ingly ])rofitable,  for  while  [jaying  a  nominal  price  for  hides  and  tallow,  trad- 
ers .sold  manufactured  goods  to  Indi.ins  and  Spaniarils  at  exorbitant  rates. 
The  discovery  of  gold,  and  the  extra\agant  ])rice  of  labor  in  1849  and  suc- 
ceeding years,  put  a  stop  for  a  while  to  this  branch  of  industry,  but  after  a 


r*      —    '■Ml  ,1 


LICATIIER. 


489 


few  years  it  a.tjain  bcfraii  to  assii'-n.  lar^rc  proportions.  In  1S54,  50,000 
hides  were  exported  from  San  I''rancisco.  In  the  foUouiiifj  year,  shipments 
uere  more  than  double  that  quantity,  and  gradually  increased  from  that 
time  until  1865,  when  the  exportation  reached  its  maximum  figure  of  340,- 
6(j2  hides. 

In  1S81,  exports  by  sea  had  almost  entirely  ceased;  but  large  ciuantitics 
were  forwarded  Mast  by  rail.  In  1880,  1,600  tons  of  dry  liides,  valued  at 
$620,000,  were  sent  by  rail  to  New  York  and  other  I'Lastern  cities.  The  rail- 
road companies  carry  hides,  by  the  car-load,  to  the  Atlantic  Slope,  at  rates 
.so  low  that  sailing-vessels  can  not  afford  to  compete  with  them.  Overland 
frciglit  on  hides,  from  San  Francisco  to  New  York,  is  $30  a  ton ;  on  leather, 
$40  a  ton.  Rates  on  hides  have  been  reduced  just  to  the  point  that  will  in- 
tluce  shippers  to  give  the  preference  to  the  railroad  companies,  when  taking 
into  account  the  loss  of  interest,  and  the  risk  of  damage  incidental  to  a  sea 
voyage. 

Until  1877  the  supply  of  hides  on  the  Pacific  Coast  was  not  only  suffi- 
cient for  home  consumption,  but  left  a  large  margin  for  export.  Since  that 
j'ear,  on  account  of  the  growth  of  our  leather  interests,  manufacturers  have 
been  compelled  to  draw  for  supplies  on  Texas,  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  Central  and  South  America.  Imports  for  1881  from  all 
.sources  were  78,405  in  number;  for  1880,  172,756.  Salted  hides  from  South 
America  .sell  from  half  a  cent  to  a  cent  a  pound  higher  than  Californian 
hides,  if  in  the  same  condition.  In  Eastern  markets  salted  hides  were  sell- 
ing, in  the  fall  of  1881,  a  cent  a  pound  below  tho.se  of  the  same  quality  in 
California  (about  <j[4  cents  in  New  York  against  io}.j  cents  in  San  I'ran- 
cisco).  Dry  hides,  on  the  other  hand,  were  3  cents  a  pound  higher,  selling 
at  22j/i$  cents  in  New  York  against  ig}^  cents  in  San  Francisco.  On  the 
Pacific  Coast,  salted  hides  are  tanned  almost  exclusively.  In  the  F.ast, 
dry  hides  are  in  most  demand.  In  California  onl)'  140  pounds  of  leather 
can  be  made  from  100  pounds  of  dry  hides.  In  the  East,  170  to  200 
pounds  are  made  from  the  same  quantit)'.  Dry  hides  will  not  absorb 
enough  tanning  matter  from  the  chestnut-oak  bark,  used  on  this  coast,  to 
give  them  the  extra  weight  imparted  by  the  hemlock  bark  commonly  in 
use  in  the  l^asteni  States. 

Men  make  a  business  of  purchasing  large  quantities  of  green  hides  in  the 
markets  of  our  country  towns,  and  pay  for  them  prices  equal  to  tho.se  paid 
by  tanners  in  San  Francisco.  The  profit  and  the  cost  of  freight  have  to  be 
made  by  some  means,  and  this  is  done  b)-  wetting  the  hides  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  increase  their  weight  by  8  to  12  pounds.  Hy  this  jiractice  an  addition 
varying  from  80  cents  to  $1.25  is  made  to  the  market  price  of  the  hie'  . 

At  present  only  dry  hides  are  forwarded  to  the  Eastern  States,  but  in 
62 


ir 


^^ 


9(3"' 


-:  rit' 


490 


MANUFACTURES. 


former  years,  when  salted  hides  were  shipped  in  lari^c  quantity,  mucli  com- 
plaint was  made  of  their  bcin<j  salted  and  wetted,  and  Californian  hides 
were,  for  that  reason,  long  regarded  with  suspicion.  In  1 88 1  the  price  of 
heavy  salted  hides  in  San  Francisco  ranged  from  io)4  to  1 1  cents  a  pound, 
and  of  light  salted  hides  from  9  to  10^2  cents.  Dry  hides  ranged  from  iS 
to  21  cents;  dry  kip  and  calf  skins  from  iS  to  20  cents;  deer-skins,  30  to 
55  ceiit.s. 

Tanning  Material. — Hcfore  the  appearance  of  white  men  on  this  slope, 
the  Indians  knew  enough  of  tanning  to  make  the  skins  of  deer  and  other 
quadrupeds  .soft  and  pliable,  and  suitable  for  warm  covering  in  cold  weather; 
but  the  process  was  tedious,  and  the  stock  of  such  leather  in  proportion  to 
the  population  was  very  small.  When  the  Franciscan  friars  established  the 
missions  of  California,  they  brought  with  them  the  art  of  tanning  as  prac- 
ticed in  F-urope,  and  introduced  a  stock  of  neat  cattle  and  sheep,  which 
furnishetl  a  regular  supplj-  of  material  for  the  tanneries  of  the  mission.s. 
The  Russians  at  Fort  Ross,  and  the  American  settlers  before  the  conquest, 
had  .small  tanneries,  but  the  business  did  not  become  extensive  until  about 
i860,  when  the  civil  war  gave  it  a  great  stimulus. 

Bark  suitable  for  tanning  purposes  is  becoming  every  year  more  difficult 
to  procure  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  from  which  the  tanneries  located 
iti  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  Hay  have  been  accustomed  to  obtain  the 
main  [jortion  of  their  supplies,  but  in  Humboldt  and  Mendocino  counties 
there  is  still  an  abundant  supply  of  the  chestnut-oak,  the  bark  of  which  is 
most  \aluable  for  tanning  purpo.ses.  The  trees  arc  stripped  tluring  the 
summer  months,  and  the  bark  is  kept  until  it  becomes  thoroughly  dry  and 
brittle,  when  it  is  ground  up  for  use.  In  the  Eastern  States  the  bark  of  the 
hemlock  is  commonly  used  for  tanning  purposes. 

Chestnut-oak  of  the  California  Coast  Range  contains  more  tannin  than 
the  oaks  of  the  .Vtlantic  Slope.  The  largest  trees  are  found  in  the  county  of 
Humboklt,  where  there  are  groves  covering  an  area  of  14,000  acres.  They 
arc  speciall)-  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  Trinidad,  upper  Eel  River, 
and  a  section  of  country  16  miles  east  of  Eureka,  terminating  near  KnEE- 
l..\N'i)'s  I'rairie.  There  are  in  this  district  over  16,000  cords  of  bark  imme- 
diate!)'available.  A  bark-mill  in  Humboldt  County,  owned  b)- JoiiN  M. 
Sass,  manufactures  for  shipment  to  San  Francisco,  and  also  for  2  local  fac- 
tories in  the  neighborhood.  Groves  of  the  chestnut-oak  are  numenjus  as 
far  south  as  .Santa  Cruz. 

The  bark  is  stripped  in  lengths  of  4  feet  and  piled  up  like  cordwood.  The 
privilege  of  stripping  trees,  which  is  termed  "stumpage,"  is  worth  about  $5 
a  cord,  when  within  easy  distance  of  rail  or  .schooner  landings.     The  price 


l.r.ATllKK. 


491 


paid  ill  less  accessible  locations  is  $2  to  $3  a  cord.     There  are  about  200 
men  employed  in  strippinij  the  bark,  and  about  the  same  number  in  hauling 
it  to  the  railroad  or  schooner  landing,'.     Men  en^^^,L,'cd  in  this  industry  make 
average  earnings  of  $4  a  cord  for  the  bark,  when  it  is  i>laced  on  board  the 
train  or  schooner.     The  average  cost  of  freight  is  .$4  a  cord.      Including 
all   expenses,   it   will    probably    be  found    that    the    cost  of  layings    ilown 
chestnut-Oiik  bark  at  the  wharves  of  San  I-Vancisco  is  not  less  than  $14  to 
$15  a  cord.      In  the  tall  of  iSSi  bark  was  unusually  low  in   price,  selling  at 
$16  a  cord  wholesale,  delivered  on  the  cit)-  wharves,  bi.c  the  average  price 
for  the  j-ear  was  not  less  than  $18.      It  seems  prf)babie  that  unless  some 
substitute  can  be  founil,  the  price  of  oak  b.irk  must,  befc  re  long,  aihance  to 
a  point  that  will   render  it  difficult  for  the  tanneries  ol   tlalilornia  to  keep 
pace  with  the  demand  for  leather.     A  large  sum  has  alread\-  been  spent  in 
making  experiments  for  the  purpose  of  finding  a  substitute,  but  so  far  with 
little  success.     The  one  that  seems  most  likely  to  come  into  fa\'or  eventu- 
ally, is  the  bark  of  the  Black  Wattle  (a  species  of  the  Acacia),  which  is  very 
common  in  Australia.      It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  most  of  the  Australian 
evergreens  sheil  part  of  their  bark  in  the  winter,  and  that  it  grows  again,  U) 
some    e.Ktent,   in   the  summer  season ;    whereas   the   oak   dies   when    once 
stripped  of  its  bark,  and  is  usually  cut  down  for  cordwood.     The  bl.ick  wattle 
grows  ra[)idly  in  California,  and  if  a  little  bark  be  left  on  the  tree,  it  will  in 
time  renew  its  entire  covering.     Tanners  have  made  experiments  with  black- 
wattle  bark,  antl  some  consider  it  equal  to  that  of  the  chestnut-oak. 

Gainbior  or  Terra  Japonica,  the  inspissatetl  juice  of  a  plant  found  in  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  is  also  largely  used  for  tanning  purpo.ses.  When  mixed 
with  oak-bark  it  renders  the  hide  capable  of  absorbing  more  tannin  matter 
than  w  hen  chestnut-bark  is  used  alone,  and  so  produces  extra  weight  of 
leather;  but  if  pure  gambler  be  used  for  tanning  it  produces  stiff,  unpliable 
leather  of  jioor  cjualit}'.     The  plant  will  not  grow  in  California. 

Sumach. — Sumach  comes  ne.\t  to  bark  as  an  importan  '  (.\or  in  tan- 
ning, antl  the  Sinn  of  $45,000  is  e.\pendcd  e\cry  year  by  Caliiornia  for  the 
purchase  of  the  needed  supply.  Onl\-  certain  sjiecies  of  the  plant  have  any 
commercial  value.  The  best  article  comes  from  the  Island  of  Sicily,  and 
is  worth,  on  this  coast,  $150  a  ton,  at  which  rate  it  is  supplied  to  the  trade 
by  2  leading  houses  in  San  Francisco  Several  species  arc  indigenous  in 
the  Eastern  States,  but  the  plant  needs  a  mild  winter  in  order  to  de\elop 
the  aciil  properties  which  make  it  serviceable  for  tanning  purjjoses.  Only 
2  or  3  of  the  Southern  States  produce  an  article  that  has  any  commercial 
value.  The  winter  climate  of  central  and  southern  California  is  very  simi- 
lar to  that  of  Sicily.     Dr.  S.\XK  and  Mr.  ICUKUllAUi;.  of  Santa  Clara,  have 


I 


t      I 


ii- 


492 


.MANUI'ACrUUKS. 


tried  the  cxperii.iciU  uf  ^'rowinLj  suinacli  for  some  years,  and  in  1881  liad 
plants  of  6  or  7  \i;ars'  fjrowth.  A  species  of  native  sumach  grows  in  San 
Dic^'o  Count}-.  11  this  ;irticle  of  commerce  can  be  produced  in  California, 
of  such  (|uality  as  c)  approach  in  \aluc  tliat  which  is  imported  from  Sicily, 
a  new  and  most  viluable  addition  will  be  maile  to  the  industries  of  the 
coast.  In  the  manufacture  (jf  the  finest  and  softest  ijr.-ides  of  leather, 
sumach  is  a  ncce.--sary  inj;redient,  and  if  it  coukl  be  supplied  to  tanneries  at 
$80  or  $100  a  ton,  there  is  no  doubt  that  a  j;reat  stimulus  would  be  f^ivcn 
to  our  leather  nianufacturinj^'  interests.  As  tlie  case  now  stands,  such  arti- 
cles as  mi},dH  compete  with  J'rench  calf  for  instance,  can  liarilly  lie  made 
on  this  coast  at  a  profit,  on  account  of  the  hi^h  price  of  Sicilian  and  other 
descriptioi  s  of  imported  sumach. 

Before  gi\iny  such  a  description  of  different  tanneries  on  the  coast  as 
ma)-  serve  to  indicate  the  present  condition  of  the  business,  it  may  be  well 
to  ilcscribe  brii-lly  the  usual  process  of  tanninj^  hides,  by  which  the  animal 
matter  is  killed,  and  durable  (jroperties  are  imiKirted  in  the  manufacture  of 
leather.  The  fir.'-t  ojjeration  is  to  soak  the  hides  in  water  for  about  24 
hours,  to  remove  the  blood.  After  beinij  kept  in  lime  for  a  week,  to  rid 
them  of  hair  ,uul  flesh,  they  are  cleaned  with  the  proi)er  implements.  They 
arc  then  covereil  with  layers  of  bark,  and  placed  in  vats  containing  water. 
It  is  estimated  that  a  salted  hide  of  60  jiounds,  when  freed  from  hair, 
grease,  and  flesh,  and  ready  for  the  tanning  process,  will  weigh  15  pounds. 
To  convert  this  into  leather  rcciuircs  the  use  of  about  200  pounds  of  bark. 
The  bark  will  assay  from  20  to  26  per  cent,  of  tannin,  but  only  i2yi  per 
cent,  can  be  put  into  the  leather,  as  the  hide  will  not  absorb  a  larger  pro- 
portion. The  tannin  matter  will  add  to  the  15  pounds  of  fiber  and  gelatine 
a  weight  of  25  pounds,  and  pioduce  40  pounds  of  leatiier.  It  will  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  in  a  pound  of  leather,  three  eighths  consist  of  hide  and  five 
eighths  of  tannin  matter.  This  calculatic)ii  applies,  however,  only  to  the 
hcaviei  grades  of  leather.  In  other  descriptions  the  proportion  varies. 
Tanning  costs  per  pound  nearly  in  proportion  to  the  gain  in  weight.  To 
make  a  pound  of  sole  leather  costs  25  to  30  per  cent,  more  than  to  make  a 
pound  of  upper  or  calf-skin  leather. 

In  Eastern  tanneries,  where  dry  hides  are  principall)-  used,  the  estimate 
is  that  100  pounds  of  dry  hides  will  weigh,  when  ready  for  the  tanning 
process,  about  70  pounds,  and  that,  when  converted  into  leather,  the  addi- 
tion of  the  tannin  increases  this  weight  to  1  50  or  175  pounds,  the  difference 
depending  on  the  quantity  of  tannin  matter  contained  in  the  bark.  Mem- 
lock  bark  is  principall}-  used  in  Kastern  tanneries,  and  about  one  ton  is 
needed  to  convert  70  pounds  of  hide  into  200  pound.s  of  leather.     The  tan- 


^ 


1 11 


I.F.ATIIF.K. 


493 


riiii  matter  contained  in  a  given  <|uantity  of  hemlock  bark  varies  from  5)j 
to  HKj  per  cent. 

San  Francisco  Tanneries. — Most  of  the  tanneries  of  San  Francisco  arc 
near  liic  San  Hriino  Rcjail,  in  Islais  Vailc)-,  where  tiie)-  are  prominent  feat- 
ures of  the  landscape. 

The  tannery  of  Loui.S  .Sl,()ss  &  Co.  is  the  largest  one  in  San  l'"rancisco, 
and  manufactures  more  sole  leather  than  any  establishment  of  the  kind 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  consumption  of  hides  is  at  the  rate  of  420  a 
week,  and  of  bark  1,500  cords  a  year.  Estimating  the  average  weight  of 
hides  at  60  pound.s,  and  the  cost  at  1 1  cents  a  pound,  and  allowing  $18  a 
cord  for  bark,  it  will  be  found  that  the  cost  nf  material  is  at  the  rate  of 
$180,690  a  year.  All  their  leather  is  sold  In  re,  but  they  ship  from  75,000 
to  100,000  dry  hides  to  the  I''ast  annually.  In  their  tannery  they  employ 
30  men,  and  are  interested  in  several  other  important  industries. 

The  tannery  of  A.  li.  P.VTRICK  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Eighteenth  and 
Folsom  streets.  The  production  of  the  tannery  is  about  20,000  sides  of  .sole, 
and  2,000  to  3,000  sides  of  harness  leather  a  year,  amounting  in  value  to 
$1 10,000.  Among  the  machinery  used  is  a  revolving  or  scouring  wheel,  by 
which  the  hides  are  scoured.  The  wheel,  which  is  inclosed  on  all  sides,  is 
about  8  feet  in  diameter.  After  the  hides  have  been  placed  inside,  hot 
water  is  constantly  poured  in,  and  the  wheel  revolves  at  the  rate  of  20  revo- 
lutions a  minute.  The  process  lasts  about  1 5  minutes.  The  scouring  was 
formerly  done  in  tanks,  and  the  hides  were  trampled  by  the  feet,  requiring 
a  much  longer  time  for  the  operation.  The  use  of  the  scouring-whcel  has 
only  been  adopted  of  late  years  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  employed  only 
in  one  or  two  tanneries  in  San  Francisco  besides  that  of  Mr.  P.VTRICK. 

MoHlTZ  Wind's  tanner)',  on  the  San  Bruno  road,  near  Twenty-sixth 
Street,  was  built  in  the  year  1877.  The  consumption  of  hides  is  at  the  rate 
of  550  ])er  month,  and  the  manufacture  is  mainly  of  upper  leathers,  to  the 
value  of  about  $50,000  a  year.  Twelve  men  are  employed  at  $2.50  per  day. 
Other  San  Francisco  tanneries  are  those  of  Anton  Kreig  and  C.  BECKER. 

Benioia  Tanneries.— -The  tannery  of  McK.W  &  CmsilOLM,  at  Bcnicia, 
gives  constant  employment  to  50  men,  and  distributes  $30,000  a  year  in 
wages.  The  annual  consumption  of  material  is  about  25,000  hides,  worth 
$130,000;  and  2,100  cords  of  bark  costing  $35,000,  besides  oil  and  other 
material  to  the  value  of  $12,000.  The  capital  itivcsted  is  $150,000,  and  the 
value  of  manufactures  is  estimated  at  $280,000.  The  business  is  now  in  the 
hands  of  TiioaI.V.s  McK.W  &  ALEXANDER  ClllSHOLM.  As  this  is  one  of 
the  largest  enterprises  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  a  brief  description 
of  its  origin  and  present  condition  may  be  of  interest  to  readers.     In  March, 


I 


1S' 


I 


^il 


]  n 

I  ;  j 

! 

'  'I 


f        I 

<  d    I 


, 


mmgatrnt 


494 


MAMIACTUKKS. 


1866,  Jul  I  \  R.  I'kowx  cam;  til  Hciiicia,  from  Stockton,  having  made  the 
joiinic)-  nn  fVdt,  and  \\it!i  his  woiidiy  goods  lied  in  a  h.mdkcrchicf.  I'liis 
j^cntleman  was  a  native  uf  Nova  Scotia,  where  he  had  'earned  tlie  business 
of  lanniiiL;"  and  currj-ini;.  At  Henicia  Mr.  liK'>\v.\  met  with  an  (jld  friend 
of  the  name  of  M(  K.w,  also  a  Xova  Scotian.and  with  a  practical  expcrfence 
in  the  tanning  business.  With  a  capital  of  less  than  $:;oo,  these  gentlemen 
commenced  o|)crations  on  the  site  of  an  abandoned  brickyard,  bought  a 
wagon  anil  team,  obtained  a  supply  of  hitles  on  creilit,  an<l  went  to  work 
with  sucli  energy  that,  in  a  very  few  jears,  they  found  themselves  at  the  head 
of  a  thriving  and  pr').-.perous  trade.  Al.r.X.WDKK  L'lllsiioi.M  bought  an 
interest  in  the  business  in  i86y,  but  the  firm  name  remained  unchangeil 
until,  in  I  S/.S,  .Mr.  BuoWN  sold  his  interest  to  his  partners.  I'rom  that  time 
M(  K.W  iv  C'llI.siloi.M  ci  ntinuctl  to  extend  their  business  facilities  and 
to  maintain  the  good  reputation  of  their  stock,  and  their  hoii.sc  now  ranks 
as  one  of  the  largest  enteriirises  of  the  kind  west  (jf  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Ne.ir  the  beam-house  are  the  tan-vats,  w  hich  number  1  10,  and  are  covered 
b\'  substantial  sheds.  The  tanning  dep.irtment  is  under  the  .superintend- 
ence of  Mr.  M<)(iKK,  who,  from  a  practical  exiieriencc  of  the  business  on  the 
J\'icific  Coast,  extending  over  25  years,  has  acquired  a  thorough  kn<iwledge 
of  the  projierties  of  native  barks.  A  wharf  on  which  are  built  several  ware- 
houses, extends  400  feet  into  deep  w.atcr. 

In  iS/I-!  Mr.  I^ROWN  dissolved  liis  connection  w'th  Messrs.  McK.W  i\: 
ClllsiloiM,  and  commenced  the  erection  of  a  large  tanner)-  modeled  after 
his  own  taste  and  experience.  Hides,  bark,  and  other  material  arc  used  to 
the  value  of  about  $150,000  a  year.  The  invested  capital  is  $100,000,  and 
the  production  of  leather  is  estimated  at  $200,000.  'I"hirty-fi\e  men  are 
einploj-ed,  whose  wages  aggregate  $[8,000  a  \ear.  The  present  capacity 
of  the  tannery  is  900  sides  per  week.  Mr.  Hkow  N  makes  a  specialt}' <if 
manufacturing  Union  Crf)p  .sole  leather;  and,  in  alum-tanned  goods,  lie  has 
almost  a  monoiKjly  of  the  Pacific  Coast  markets,  that  branch  ha\'ing  been 
gcnerall}'  conceded  to  him  by  other  manufacturers. 

Among  the  tanneries  in  Henicia  are  lliose  of  Ki  l.l,M.\.\,  \\'A(.Ni:i;  & 
Co.  and  J.  L.  I.WKs. 

Other  Californian  Tanneries. — Stockton  has  2  tanneries;  one  of 
which,  the  Pacific,  owiidl  In-  Walnkr,  KlI.I.MAN  Cl-  Saltz,  is  prob- 
abl)-  the  largest  establishment  of  the  kiiul  on  the  coast.  The  other  is 
owned  In-  II.  M.  Fax\1N(,.  At  Santa  Clara  is  the  tannery  of  J  At  01! 
1'11!I;kii.\KIi  ;  at  San  Jose  that  of  CiROZKI.ikr  &  XklsoN;  at  Reilwood 
City  that  of  J.  l-'ij.WK  &  SoXS  and  that  of  Ili'.XRN'  HlMlcKK ;  at  Santa 
Cruz  that  of  KiKliV  iK:  C(  >.  and   that  of  II.    \'.    KroX;    at    Soipiel   that  of 


i 

i 

{ 

LKATIIKR. 


495 


Damoktii,  MiiOKK  &  CUMMlM.s;  at  SaiU.i  Rosa  thai  of  W'isi,,  Goi.D- 
lisii  ^  Ccj.  and  that  of  Mrs.  J.  C.  JoRDAX;  at  I'ctahima  that  of  J. 
\Vh  Ks;  and  at  Napa  tliat  of  15.  ]•".  Sa\\NI;R  &  Co.,  who  ])r()ducc  leather 
woith  about  $200,ooo,  and  whoso  cstabhslinicnt  bcinLj  also  <■llJ,^■lL,fc^l  in 
\viiol-piiliin.L;,  will  he  mentioned  attain  under  thai  heading;. 

Oregon  Tanneries. —The  Oukcon  iJAtiii  i^  Mam'kai  ITKIXc;  Com- 
I'.vw,  ''orlland,  ums  incorporated  in  1S7S.  I'he  president  of  the  coini)any, 
A.  W.  ,\' A  ri'.KS,  was  the  leading;  promotei'  of  the  enterprise.  The  abun- 
ilancc  anil  chcapne.ss  of  material,  and  the  opportiinit)-  for  obtainiuLj  con- 
vict labor  were  the  chic''  inducements,  .\bout  30,000  sides  are  manufac- 
tured e\ery  \ear  into  leather,  which  is  sold,  in  about  equal  proportions,  in 
Oregon  and  in  the  San  I-'ranci-sco  market.  The  material  used  is  obtained 
in  (.)reL,'on  and  \\"ashintjton.  I'orty  con\  icts  are  emplo\ed  at  50  cents  a 
da)',  under  the  direction  of  a  sinf,de  foreman.  With  this  advantaije,  the 
compaiu-  has  been  able  within  3  years  to  outstrip  all  similar  cnter])rises 
in  the  .State,  and  probabl)-  manufactures  ncarlj  as  much  leather  as  is  made 
clscwbcrc  in  tlie  wliole  of  Oregon.  Tltcre  are  2  small  establishments  in 
Portlantl,  one  of  which  manufactures  $5,000  to  .$6,000,  and  the  other  about 
$j,OGO  worth  of  leather  a  )'e.ir. 

The  tannery  of  H.  Li;ini;n\vi;i!i:r  &  Co.,  located  on  the  water  front  of 
L'ljper  Asioria,  is  the  most  important  manufacturing  enterprise  in  the  town, 
and  gives  employment  to  15  liands.  T!ie  establishment  is  furnished  with 
a  steam  engine  of  20-horse  ])over,  am!  with  ,ill  the  modern  labor-s,i\ing 
machinery.  A  large  portion  of  the  leatlier  is  niaile  into  boots  and  shoes,  at 
a  factor)'  recenth'  started  in  connection  with  the  t.mner)'.  Thirt)'  men 
are  emplo\'etl  in  tiiis  de])artt. ie.it,  and  tiie  goods  produced  are  all  sold  to  a 
single  firm  in  San  I'"rancisco. 

Other  tanneries  in  Oregon  are  tllose  of  ll.MM'.s  K'  I'l'.TllRS,  at  luigene 
City;  of  J.  II.  I'l.RKINs,  at  CoquilleCit)-;  a.;  >f  W.  M.  6;;  J.  M.  i'i;RKINS,  at 
J'arkersburg. 

British  Columliia  Tanning.— Though  the  manufacture  of  leather  on  this 
portion  of  the  1',-icific  Coast  is  small,  as  yet,  compared  with  the  production 
of  the  Californian  and  Oregon  tanneries,  there  arc  two  jjoints  which,  in  time, 
must  tell  strongi)'  in  favor  of  British  Columbia.  These  are  the  heaviness 
and  excellent  cpialit)'  of  her  hides,  and  the  comparatixe  cheapness  of  tan 
bark.  Hides  in  British  Columbia  will  average  75  i)ounds  in  weight,  against 
60  pounds  in  California,  anil  a  never-failing  suppl)-  of  hemlock  b.u'k  can  be 
obtaineil  in  \'ancou\er  Island,  and  laiil  down  in  X'ictoria  at  a  cost  of  $y  a 
ton;    while  double  that   price  must  be  paid  for  the  chestnut-oak  bark  com- 


II: 


t 


496 


NtANL'FACTURKS. 


irn 


monlj-  used  by  Californian  and  Orcf^oii  tanners.  Moreover,  it  is  estimated 
that,  ai  the  present  rate  of  consumption,  the  supply  of  oai';  bark  will  be  ex- 
hausted in  20  to  so  years. 

Belmont  Tannery. — Six  miles  from  V'ictoria  is  a  tannery  occupyinj^  a 
lar!;e  frame  building  at  Belmont,  aiui  owned  by  Messrs.  D.VLBY,  PEWF.r.  & 
WlLSt^N.  There  are  numerous  sprini;s  in  the  neighborhood,  and  the  above 
gentlemen  own  a  eonsidenible  portion  of  the  water  rights,  giving  them 
ample  powL-r  for  all  manufacturing  purposes,  and  leaving  a  large  surplus,  a 
portion  of  which  is  used  for  supph'ing  the  I?ritish  vessels  of  war  at  Esqui- 
nialt.  The  jirescnt  capacit)-  of  the  tannery  is  4,000  sides  a  year.  Among 
other  labor-saving  niachincr)-  is  a  large  revoK-ing  drum,  by  which  the  liides 
arc  worked,  se\er:d  at  a  time,  instead  of  being  manipulated  b\'  workmen.  In 
connection  with  this  establishment,  and  conducted  by  the  same  proprietors, 
is  TiiK  ])KLMONT  Bool'  .\M)  SllOK  F.U'i'OKV,  of  which  mention  is  made 
under  its  ])roper  heading. 

Rock  Bay  Tannery. — This  establishment,  located  at  the  foot  of  Rock 
Bay  Bridge,  in  the  suburbs  of- Victoria,  and  owned  bj-  W.  Heathorn,  pro- 
duces $25,000  worth  a  year  of  sole,  grain,  kip,  calf,  buff,  and  belting  leathers. 
The  production  of  scjle  leather  is  at  the  rate  of  1,200  sides  a  year.  A  stock 
of  hides,  Nalucxl  at  $8,000,  is  kept  constantl}'  on  hand,  and  60  lime-vats  ;ire 
needed  for  their  treatment.  A  featui-e  of  this  tannery  is  a  large  revob  ing 
drum,  erected  in  iSSi  at  a  cost  of  $800,  by  which  the  hides  are  worked 
in  large  numbers,  instead  of  being  operated  upon  singK',  by  hand.  Mr. 
Hf.ATIIORX  is  also  the  proprietor  of  the  VlClOUI.V  Boot  AM)  SUOE  Fa<- 
TOKV,  which  is  conducted  in  connection  with  the  tannery,  and  of  which 
mention  is  made  imder  its  proper  heading. 

Wool-Pulling. — The  food  suppl)'  of  San  I'rancisco  alone  requires  the 
annual  slaughter  of  more  than  600,000  sheep.  The  pelts  of  the.se  animals 
arc  collected  and  graded,  through  the  agency  of  hide  dealers,  iuid  sold  by 
them  to  firms  engaged  in  jjreparing  the  wool  and  manufactiu-ing  the  skins, 
for  the  many  purposes  lo  which  lhe>'  are  applied.  In  years  past,  the  process 
of  wool-pulling  was  carried  on  in  c(jnnection  with  the  preiiaration  antl  tan- 
ning of  heavy  leathers;  but  is  now  regarded  as  a  separate  and  distinct 
indu.stry.  B.  V.  S.WVVKu  &  Com1'.\NN',  of  Napa,  arc  also  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  leather,  and  are  brielly  mentioned  under  the  head  of 
tanneries.  I'ersons  engaged  in  this  branch  of  industr)-  ,ire  known  as  wool- 
pullers,  the  wool  being  the  main  object  of  the  business.  The  skins  little 
more  than  )).iy  the  expense  of  tanning,  and  large  tpiantities  of  them  are 
placed  in  pickle  and  shipped  in  that  condition  to  Nt^w  York. 


"W 


' 


I.KATIIKK. 


49; 


The  luinual  production  of  pullcil  uool  on  our  slope  may  be  3,000  tons, 
worth,  at  35  to  27 /^  cents  a  pound  (the  average  price  of  washed  wool  for  the 
past  5  years),  about  $2,  r  00,000.  l-lxports  from  San  Francisco  may  amount 
to  1,250  tons  annually.  The  pelts  used  on  this  co.ist  will  average  2  or  2'/i 
pounds  of  clear  wool,  and  the  skins  arc  worth  15  to  20  cents  apiece  after  the 
wool  is  removed.  A  few  short  wool  pelts  are  dressed  with  the  wool  on,  for 
the  u.se  of  saddlers  and  harness  and  glme  makers.  When  required  for  other 
purposes  of  manulacture,  the  pelts  are  first  placed  in  a  large  vat,  where  they 
lie  in  soak  for  20  hours,  after  which  the)-  are  removed  and  washed.  Clover, 
burs,  and  grass-seeds,  which  are  usually  found  in  the  fleeces,  are  either 
struck  off  by  hand  with  a  knife,  or  extracted  b)-  revolving  knives  set  in 
cylinders.  The  next  operation  is  termed  sweating,  for  which  purpose  the 
pelts  are  hung  up  for  24  hours  in  the  sweat-house,  and  acted  upon  by  steam, 
in  order  to  cause  a  slight  decomposition,  and  so  loosen  the  wool.  The  use 
of  lime-water  is  often  substituted  ff)r  this  process.  The  lime-water  is 
sprinkled  over  the  flesli\-  side  of  the  pelts,  which  are  then  doubled  up  and 
alloweil  to  lie  for  24  hours.  The  effect  of  cither  ■  i  thod  of  treatment  is  to 
cause  ;i  slight  decomposition  and  so  loosen  the  Wiioi,  which  is  then  pulled 
by  hand  from  the  pelt  and  at  the  same  lime  graded,  there  being  usually 
3,  but  sometimes  as  many  as  7  grades  t.  h  pelt.     The  skin  is  now  ready 

for  the  openition  of  tanning,  and   tlR\\i  hen  washed  by  machinery, 

taken  to  the  tlry-house,  dried,  and  packed  in  prr  -cd  bnli'  of  from  400  to 
500  pounds,  jind   is  then   ready  for  shipment,      in  riiia,  the  wool   is 

dried  in  the  (spen  air;  in  the  I'!ast,  usually  by  steam.  L  n  l<r  the  wash;  ^ 
process  the  wool  lo.ses  from  30  to  40  jier  cent,  of  its  weight ;  but  the  incrca  ■ 
in  its  market  \alu('  fully  compensates  for  the  loss  in  weight,  and  for  the  cx- 
pen.se  of  the  [jrocess. 

The  largest  wool-pulling  establishment  in  San  I'rancisco  is  lii.it  of 
JOSEl'II  Sedc;li;v,  who  uses  about  375,000  i)elts  a  jear,  and  the  shipments 
of  pulled  wool,  chiefly  to  Boston,  average  not  less  than  400  tons  a  jear. 
Employment  is  given  to  100  h.md.s,  most  of  whom  are  engaged  in  pull- 
ing and  washing  the  wool. 

B.  F.  Sawyer  &  Co. — The  tannerj'  aiul  wool-pulling  cstablishni'  .  of 
K  V.  S.WVVKR  &  Co.,  at  Napa  City,  employs  iSo  hands;  half  of  them 
white  oper.itivcs  whose  wages  are  from  $1.75  to  $3  a  da\',  and  the  remain- 
der Chinamen,  who  receive  from  $1  to  $1.25  a  day.  No  difficulty  is  found 
in  employing  side  by  side  these  two  classes  of  labor,  and  the  firm  is  thus 
enabled  to  do  much  \\-oik  which  higher  rates  of  wages  would  render  un- 
profi*-l)le.  The  shipments  of  pulled  wool  to  lioston  amount  to  $300,000  a 
yc\,.  The)'  also  ship  considerable  <iu.intities  of  fleece-wool  purchased  of 
"J 


iiii 


498 


.MANL'i'Ai  rrKi;s. 


{^I'DWCis  in  Napa  and  acljoinin;^  counties.  The  enterprise  was  cstaijiislied 
in  1S70  b)'  !•".  A.  Sawvkr,  of  New  Hampshire.  This  L;eiitleiTian  cont- 
nicnced  (iperations  ahnost  without  capital.  (Jbserxinj^-  that  tlic  low  price 
of  sliecp  pelts  allordcd  a  ijood  chance  for  a  profitable  Ijusiness,  he  at  once 
sci/i-u  ihe  op|)ortunit)-,  built  a  shed  for  protection  from  sun  and  rain,  and 
dui;  a  liole  in  the  ijrounii  to  "sweat"  his  pelts.  In  the  following  year,  his 
father,  li.  !•'.  .S.WWi'.K,  came  to  this  coast  for  the  purpose  of  takiuLj  an  in- 
terest in  tlie  busini..-,.  In  1S72  /\.  W.  XOKTON  was  athnitted  as  a  partner. 
In  1<S79  H.  I'.  .S.WVVKR  (Ued,  "id  April  1,  1S80,  the  firm  was  reori;ani/.ed 
witiiout  chanL;e  in  n.ime,  i-'.  A.  .S.VuVi;t;,  .\.  W.  XuKruN,  IC.M'L  .Man.\ssi;, 
;ind  S.  1'..  lloLDEN  constitutini;  the  new  firm.  Mr.  M.V\.\.ssi;,  a  identic- 
man  of  ;.;reat  skill  .and  e.\]5erience,  is  the  in\entor  of  what  is  called 
"  Xap;i  I'atent  Ian,"  a  process  that  renders  the  skins  compact  and  strouLj, 
and  yet  leaves  them  soft  and  elastic,  so  that  shee|)skin  ])repared  by  it  can 
not  i-eadil_\-  be  ilistiuLjuishcd  from  buckskin.  In  tannine,'  i;love  and  shoe 
st<ick  of  .ill  ilescriptions,  this  process  is  speci.illy  useful.  The  m.'mufac- 
turiiii;  department  of  the  firm  is  under  the  tlirecti<in  (jf  Mr.  M.WA.ssi;. 
Twf)  of  the  machines  used  for  softeniiiL,'  ;uid  finishiuLj  leather  were  also 
imented  by  a  foreman  in  the  employ  of  the  firm.  The  skins  t.anned  b_\- 
this  ])rocess  compete  with  buckskin  in  tlic  manufacture  of  gloves,  anti  in 
some  instances  can  hardly  be  distinL,'ui.-^hed  from  it.  The  ljIovc  stock  man- 
uf.ictured  ')\-  the  firm  is  assortetl  into  2S  i^nides.  J4  of  which  .are  l.anned 
b}'  the  .\  ,1,1  I'.itent  Process.  The  d.ul)-  consum[)tion  of  r.iu  material 
includes,  iunonL,'  other  items,  1,500  sheepskins  .and  300  deer  skins.  Sheep 
pelts  ,ire  first  placeil  in  t.anks  of  w.Uer,  .and  rem.ain  in  soalv  o\er  niijhl, 
alter  which  they  are  put  throui,di  burrin;;'  and  washiuL,'  machines  to  free 
them  from  burs  and  dust.  The)-  are  then  handed  over  to  the  wool-jiullers. 
\\"hen  the  wool  and  all  the  fiesh  have  been  removed,  the  Kms  ,are  ])ul  into 
tan-bark  liquid,  or  prepared  by  the  [latent  process,  and  then  huiiLj  u|)  to  drv. 
After  under.L;oin.Lj  various  other  [irocesses,  they  are  made  up  for  shipment  in 
bundles  of  ,1  dozen  each.  Kid  skins  [jreparcd  at  this  establishment  are  of 
\ery  fine  (luality,  ami  are  shipped  largely  U>  'Sew  YcnU,  15oston,  Chicay;o, 
and  I'hiladelphi.i,  where  the)-  are  used  in  the  makini;  of  l.ulies'  shoes, 
jjlovcs,  etc.  Considerable  (piantities  of  buck  .and  antelope  skins  are  also 
manufactm-ed  into  leather.  1 1  ll/l"ii.\',  W'l-.sio.S  i^  Co.  are  the  Hoston 
a-jents  of  the  firm  for  the  sale  of  wool,  and  Rosi;,  McAl.I'IN  &  Co. 
represent  them  in  New  ^'ork  fiir-  the  sale  of  the  leather.  The  .S.ui  I'"rari- 
cisco  office,  at  400  llaltery  Street,  is  in  charj^c  of  RoN'    T.  KiMliAl.l,. 

At  Mr.  I'JiKKUARD's  establishment  in  Santa  Clara,  about  120,000  sin  ep 
skins  arc  used  every  )ear,  and  t.ic  shipments  of  ])ulled  wool  to  Boston  exceed 
10  tons  ;i  month.     It  is  better  known  as  a  timnery  th;in  ;is  a  wool-pullcry. 


M'.ATITKR. 


499 


Harness  and  Saddlery. — Saddlery  and  luirncss  goods  of  Pacific  Coast 
niamifacturc  find  a  mai'kct  as  far  F.ast  as  Colorado,  but  seldom  beyond 
that  point.  Our  best  foreign  customers  arc  the  people  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  who  took  from  us  362  out  of  847  packages  shipped  to  foreign  des- 
tinations during  the  year  18S1.  Heavy  mulc-harncss,  and  Mexican  saddles 
of  California  make,  arc  in  considerable  demand  for  teaming  and  other  pur- 
poses, in  connection  with  the  sugar  plantations  of  the  Hawaiian  Group. 
Estimating  the  average  price  of  exported  goods  at  $75  a  package,  the  total 
of  exports  will  amount  in  value  to  $63,525. 

Imports  consist  chiefly  of  saddles  and  horse  wrappers,  though  2  or  3 
brands  of  harness  arc  still  imported  in  small  ciuantity  from  New  York. 
The  entire  value  of  manufactured  harness  and  saddlery  imported  directly 
to  San  Francisco  probably  does  not  e.xcced  $50,000  a  year,  but  nearly  40 
per  cent,  of  the  materials  used,  including  all  the  articles  known  to  the  trade 
as  harness  hardware,  are  imported.  Notwithstanding  an  ad  valorem  duty 
of  33  per  cent.,  it  is  found  that  the  cheapest  descriptions  of  harness  hard- 
ware, the  common  iron  rings  and  chains,  can  be  imported  from  England  at 
lower  rates  than  that  which  comes  from  the  East.  The  more  expensive 
descriptions  of  hardware  are  all  of  Eastern  manufacture.  A  very  small 
quantity  of  harness  leather  of  a  fine  grade,  not  manufactured  in  California, 
is  also  imported,  but  the  value  is  so  small  as  hardly  to  require  mention. 
A  few  saddles  and  side-saddles  are  occasionally  brought  from  England, 
but  the  total  of  foreign  imports  docs  not  exceed  $1 5,000  worth  a  year.  The 
side-saddles  and  Mexican  saddles  used  on  this  coast  arc  nearly  all  of  home 
make.  The  quantitj-  of  American  and  English  saddles  imported  does  not 
exceed  10  per  cent,  of  the  consumption,  the  remaining  90  per  cent,  being  of 
domestic  manufacture. 

The  manufacture  of  saddles  was  one  of  the  first  mechanical  industries 
established  at  the  Californian  missions  in  the  last  century;  the  pattern  used 
being  the  one  which  the  Spaniards  copied  from  the  Moors,  and  introduced 
into  Mexico  with  some  modification.  It  had  a  high  pommel  and  cantlo; 
its  willow  frame  was  covered  with  rawhide,  ami  strengthened  with  straps  of 
iron  ;  and  it  was  strong  enough  to  hold  a  bull  fastened  to  the  pommel  by  a 
rcata.  The  Americans  found  this  saddle  indispensable  for  use  in  lassoing, 
which  is  still  extensively  practiced ;  and  besides  they  generally  consider  it 
more  comfortable  than  the  English  saddle  for  the  rider. 

In  1S50,  a  nutnber  of  firms  were  engaged,  throughout  the  State,  in  the 
manufacture,  importation,  and  sale  of  harness  and  saddlery.  Sacramento 
and  Marysvillc,  on  account  of  their  proximity  to  the  mines,  obtained  the 
largest  share  of  trade.  Prices  rulctl  very  high.  The  production  increased 
rapidly,  and  in    1858  saddles,   harnesses,  and   whips  of  fine   quality  were 


t.   \\ 


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; ; 

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fli. 

H 

Bi; 

H 

^-  U 

TfP 

500 


MANl'IACTrUr.S. 


iniulc  in  San  I'rancisco.  AccorciinLj  to  the  census  report  of  1.S70,  there  were 
tlicn  on  tlic  Pacific  Coast  249  establishments,  with  a  capital  of  $7ii,5''>7, 
<,rivin.t^  em|)lo_\'nient  to  827  hands,  distributing,'  $;;43,473  for  labor,  and  mak- 
int;  up  $57S,ii^  worth  of  material  into  $1,318,301  worth  of  ijoods.  The 
\alue  of  saddle-trees  manufactureil  for  iS/o,  is  included  in  the  above  statis- 
tics. Of  the  i;ross  value  of  production,  California  was  credited  witli  $i,o6,S,- 
452  (includint.;  $492,71  5  for  .San  Francisco),  Oregon  with  $131,919,  Nevada 
with  $60,200,  Colorado  with  $20,800,  Idaho  with  $16,350,  Utah  with  $15,- 
580,  and  3  other  territories  with  sm.all  amounts.  Itetwcen  i860  and  1870, 
the  manufacture  of  harness  and  saddlery  had  spread  all  over  the  Pacific 
Coast,  thoufjh  as  yet  of  little  importance  out.sidc  of  California.  The  prf)- 
j;rcss  made  in  the  interval  was  probably  due,  in  part,  to  the  increased  de- 
mand caused  by  the  growth  of  mining  interests,  and  to  the  completion  of 
the  overland  railroad,  which  i^a\e  inland  manufacturers  easy  access  to  sup- 
plies of  material. 

Harness  Production — In  the  fall  of  1881  the  number  of  establishments 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  en|,'a;4ed  in  the  manufacture  of  harness  and  saddlery 
was  estimated  at  ^oo;  the  amount  of  capital  invested  at  $1,200,000;  the 
value  of  materials  used  at  the  rate  of  $1,250,000  a  year,  includinu;'  $750,000 
worth  of  leather  and  $500,000  worth  of  saiklle-trecs,  harness  hardware,  ruul 
other  articles  recpiiri'd  in  the  process  of  ni;uiufacturc.  The  entire  number  of 
hands  empkned  was  estimated  at  1,000,  the  at^t^rcL^ate  of  waj;es  at  $500,- 
000,  anil  the  x'alue  of  f,uiods  manufactured  at  $2,750,000  a  >'ear.  The  trade 
of  San  I'rancisco  alone,  includin_L[  material  supplied  to  saddle  and  hruiie-w 
Inakers  on  different  parts  of  the  coast,  is  at  the  rate  of  $2,000,000  a  year. 

Of  the  1.000  liands  employed  in  1881,  abnit  100  were  convicts  at  the 
State  Prison,  under  contracts  which  expired  on  January  1,  1882,  and  will 
probably  not  be  renewed,  and  about  60  were  Chinamen.  Complaint  has 
been  made  that  these  2  clas.ses  of  labor  interfered  with  tlu^  emplojment  and 
reduced  the  wages  of  free  white  labor.  When  it  is  taken  into  account  that 
the  labor  of  100  convicts  is  about  equal  to  that  of  50  free  men,  and  of  60 
Chinamen  to  that  of  40  white  men,  it  will  be  seen  that  over  90  per  cent,  of 
all  the  work  done  is  |y.'rforined  by  free  white  labor.  In  I'.astern  factories 
boys,  and  even  men,  make  onl)'  certain  pf)rtions  of  the  saddle  or  harness. 
They  learn  no  other  part  <f  the  business,  aiul  receive  very  small  wages. 
The  enormous  proportions  of  Eastern  mamifacture  reiiuire  this  subdivision 
of  labor.  On  this  coast  the  \-olume  of  production  is  comparatively  small. 
Much  of  the  work  is  done  in  shops  with  only  2  or  3  hands,  employed  much 
of  their  time  in  selling  and  repairing,  h'ven  in  the  larger  factories  there  is 
little  room  for  :u\y  but  highl)'  skilled  operatives.      It  will  be  seen  that  the 


I-KAIIIFR. 


501 


cost  of  matcri.il  is  about  4Sl4  I'fr  cent.,  and  of  labor  a  little  over  iS  per 
cent,  of  the  gross  value  of  manufacture,  lc,i\ing  nearly  36  per  cent,  for 
])rofit,  rent,  interest,  commissions,  and  miscellaneous  expenses.  The  propor- 
tion of  the  cost  of  labor  to  the  value  of  i)roduction  is  considerably  lower 
than  in  the  Eastern  States.  In  New  York  the  amount  jiaid  out  for  wages 
is  about  25  per  cent.,  in  Pennsylvania  22  per  cent.,  and  in  Massachusetts  as 
much  as  27  ])cr  cent,  of  the  \alue  of  manufacture,  against  onl>-  iS  jier  cent, 
on  this  coast.  The  dilTerence  is  accounted  for  by  tlie  fact  that  most  of  the 
gootls  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast  are  of  cheaper  grade  than  those  of  East- 
ern make.  Moreover,  in  Eastern  factories,  portions  of  the  material  are 
made  on  the  [)remi.ses  of  the  manuHicturer,  while  on  this  coast  the  materials 
are  simply  put  together.  In  the  relative  cost  of  material  there  is  little  vari- 
ation. In  the  State  of  New  York  material  costs  about  44  per  cent.,  in 
I'ennsyUania  46,  and  in  Massachu.setts  47  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  produc- 
tion, or  an  average  of  45^3  per  cent,  against  45j-i  per  cent,  on  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

Harness  Manufacturers. — Among  the  leading  manufacturers  in  San 
Francisco  arc  M.\1N  &  WlXcilKSTKR,  J.  C.  JOHNSON  &  Co.,  R.  S'lONi:, 
\V.  D.wis,  C.  L.  H.vsKKLL,  John  0'K.\ni:,  Thgm.vs  McGinni.s,  and  O. 
1-'.  WiLLF.V  &  Co.  In  the  interior  of  California,  A.  A.  V.\N  VoouiIiES, 
J.  T.  Stoi.i,,  and  Cl.vkknck  N.  NixsoN,  of  Sacramento;  John  M.  Fovk, 
of  San  Bernardino;  WORKM.VN  &  Co.,  and  HERMAN  Hf.INSCU,  of  Los 
Angeles;  and  J.  F.  Recket,  of  San  Andreas,  arc  among  the  more  prom- 
inent firms.  Among  Oregon  manufacturers,  J.  H.  CONOLi-:  &  C(j.,  J.  Clark, 
Jamk.s  Welch,  and  W.  II.  Watkin.s,  of  Portland;  C.  K.  Klu.M,  of  Ash- 
land; and  J.  R.  Grah.\M,  of  Oregon  City,  are  prominent. 

The  business  of  M.vix  &  Winchester  was  established  in  1849  by 
Charles  Main  and  I^zra  H.  Winciiesticr.  Hoth  gentlemen  had  a 
practical  acquaintance  with  all  branches  of  the  business,  and  their  success 
was  so  marked  that,  in  i860,  the  volume  of  their  trade  caused  a  removal  to 
the  large  four-story  brick  building  on  tlie  corner  of  Hatter}'  and  1  lalleck 
streets,  their  present  quarters.  Of  the  prominent  mercantile  hou.ses  in  .San 
I'rancisco,  unchanged  in  partnership  and  proprietorshi]),  theirs  is  now  the 
oldest.  Three  fourths  in  value  of  their  sales — and  the  amuial  aggregate  is 
very  large — consist  of  Californian  manufactures,  of  which  they  send  a  con- 
siderable quantity  to  the  Atlantic  slope. 

Charles  Main,  senior  member  of  the  firm,  was  born  in  New  IIam|)- 
shire,  in  1820.  Left  an  orjihan  at  15,  and  dependent  on  his  toil  for 
his  support,  he  became  an  apprentice  to  a  harnessmalcer,  and  learned  the 
trade  well.     After  several  years  of  wcjrk  as  a  journeyman,  he  became  jjart- 


rrr 


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K  ill: 


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M 

1 

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i-\::^ 

if  ' 
■i' 

III 


502 


MAM  TACn-RKS. 


ncr  in  a  liarncss  shop  in  Boston,  but  sold  out  to  come;  to  Califdiiiiii  in  1849. 
He  went  to  the  mines,  was  fortunate  there,  and  in  iiS50,  with  Mr.  \\'l\- 
riiESTl'.R,  cstaljlisheil  the  firm  wliich  throve  from  the  start,  is  one  of  the  oldest, 
and  lias  been  one  of  the  m<ist  steadily  prosperous  business  houses  in  San 
I'lancisco.  Judicious  investments  in  real  estate  <  ontributed  to  its  we.alth  ; 
aiul  its  maiuifacturint;-  antl  importing  business  has  extended,  until  it  sui)- 
plics  all  parts  of  the  coast. 

The  fn-m  of  J.  C.  JOIINSON  &  Co.,  12  and  14  Pine  Street,  is  one  of  the 
oklesl  establishetl  hou.scs  on  the  coast,  liavin^;  been  in  operation  since  1S32. 
The  principal  business  of  the  firm  is  in  the  e.\])orlation  aiul  sale  of  leatlier, 
but  all  tlescriptions  of  iiarness  and  saddlery  are  manufactured  and  imported 
largel}-.  One  hundred  men  are  emploj-ed  at  this  establishment.  So  of 
whom  ,ire  eni;aL;ed  in  the  manufacturing^  department,  at  wa;_;es  \-aryin_Lf  from 
$2  to  $3.50  a  day. 

One  of  the  leadini,^  factories  of  the  coast  in  this  branch  of  industr)'  is  that 
of  ROCXWKI.I,  SroNi:,  at  422  Battery  street,  San  Francisco.  Xearly  every 
class  of  the  articles  produced  !>)•  the  saddleror  harnessmaker  is  manufactured 
there. 

J.  H.  CONCLK  &  Co.,  of  Portland,  (^recjon,  manufacturers  of  harness  ,uul 
sadtller)-,  do  a  business  amountin;^  to  $150,000  a  j'ear,  extendinu,^  o\er  Ore- 
gon, \\'ashint,'ton,  and  Idaho.  They  emi)lo)-  10  men  in  the  manufacturint; 
department,  at  waj^es  a\eraL;ini;'  $3  a  ilay. 

Whips. — The  \alue  of  whips  manufactured  on  this  coast  is  about  $40,- 
000;  of  imported  whips,  $30,000  to  $35,000.  Of  the  materials  used,  the 
whalebone,  L,rlue,  wire,  iron,  rattan,  and  leather,  are  of  liome  production;  the 
thread  and  whip-mountings  are  imported.  All  classes  of  articles  are  manu- 
f.ictmxil  on  this  coast,  but  the  greatest  demand  is  for  bugg)-  antl  team 
whips.  Imports  consist  almost  entirel)-  of  bugg>-  whips,  which  .are  usually 
made  according  to  the  latest  patterns,  and  are  therefore  apt  to  fmtl  a  ready 
market,  imported  goods  are  more  hnel)'  finished,  but,  for  use  and  wear,  are 
considered  inferior  to  those  matle  in  San  l''rancisco. 

The  entire  mimber  of  hands  emplosed  at  this  industr)-  does  not  exceed 
35  ])crsons,  of  whom  cS  are  Chinamen,  .and  the  remainder  white  men,  boys, 
and  girls.  The  wages  of  Chin.imen  .are  from  $25  to  $30  ,1  month.  White 
men  recei\e  from  $14  to  $30  a  week,  the  Latter  r.ate  being  ])aid  onl)-  to  the 
most  skillful  lash-cutters.  Girls  and  boys  earn  on  an  average  $7  a  week  by 
piece-work;  other  operatixes  arc  employed  at  fixed  wages.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  entire  cost  of  l.tboi-  averages  30  to  35  per  cent.,  and  of  material 
35  to  40  i)er  cent,  of  the   \alue  of  manufacture. 

The  only  whip  factory  on  this  coast  is  that  of  Ki;vsi'Oi\  liKoriil'.US.     The 


m.' 


M-ATIII-R. 


503 


manufactiii-c  is  also  earned  on  to  a  small  extent  by  Main  k  WlXCIIKSTKK, 
whoso  establishment  is  mentioned  under  the  head  of  Harness  and  Saddlery. 
Three  other  honscs  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  in  Portland,  OrcLjnn,  that  of 
GkoKGI';  Be.MISII,  also  make  up  small  quantities  of  stock.  Kr,\'sroN 
BroT!!I:rs  make  whips,  reatas,  braideil  rims,  and  headstalls,  to  the  value  f)f 
$25,000  a  yern-,  K'ivint,'  einployinent  to  14  persons.  One  member  of  the  firm 
has  a  patent  for  a  machine  to  coNer  the  coverini,fs  of  carriage  whips. 


Trunks,  etc.— This  branch  of  manufacture  is  at  present  restricted  on 
our  coast  to  San  I'rancisco,  in  which  cit\'  there  are  9  establishments,  with. 
an  a;4gre,L,'ate  capital  of  about  $230,000,  maniifacturiiii^r  $1  50,000  worth  of 
material  intci  $350,000  worth  of  <,roods,  and  distributin;,,'  $125,000  in  wa;;es 
amonjj;  200  operatives.  Importations  from  all  sources  do  not  exceed  in 
value  $20,000  a  )'ear,  and  consist  only  of  ladies'  colored  satchels  and  hantl- 
batjs. 

Of  the  materials  used,  tnmk  liardware,  which  includes  buckles,  locks, 
liinijes,  nails,  etc.,  is  entirely  impf)rtcd.  Colored  leathers,  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  ladies'  satchels  and  tra\clin^r-bat;s,  are  also  importetl.  The  tan- 
neries of  the  Pacific  Coast  ])roducc  trunk  and  black  bai;  leather  of  excellent 
(]uality,  but  do  not  as  )-et  manufacture  any  colored  leather.  The  lumber 
in  use,  which  is  principally  that  of  the  sujjar  jjine,  is  abundant  and  cheap, 
and,  for  makint;'  ordinary  (.grades  of  floods,  California  leather  is  very  service- 
able. With  the  exception  alread)^  mentioned,  all  the  different  articles  com- 
monly u.sed,  from  a  ladj-'s  hand-bag  to  the  largest  Saratoga,  and  including 
about  75  different  varieties,  arc  manufactured  in  San  Francisco.  It  is 
estimated  that  nine  tenths  of  the  entire  demand  on  the  Pacinc  Cor.st  is  sup- 
plied by  trunkmakers  in  the  city,  and  that  the  value  of  impcrted  goods 
docs  .not  exceed  $30,000,  while  the  export  trade  is  at  the  rate  of  $50,000  a 
)'car.  Our  best  foreign  customer  is  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Small  quanti- 
ties are  also  shipped  to  Central  America,  Australia,  (^hina,  Japan,  and 
Tahiti.  Mexico  also  draws  on  us  for  supplies,  which  are  sent  there  in 
pieces  ready  to  be  put  together,  in  order  to  evade  the  tariff  on  finisf.ed 
gootls.  Traile  in  this  dei)artment  appears  to  be  in  a  satisfactory-  condition. 
A  gentleman  who  started  in  the  business  in  1  SfiS  with  onl_\-  one  assistant, 
has  now  60  hands  employed  the  year  round,  and  3et  can  not  keej)  pace 
with  his  orders.  The  wages  paid  in  this  branch  of  manufacture  are  rather 
high,  averaging  $625  a  )-ear  per  capita,  anti  if  the  hands  were  all  steadily 
employed  throughout  the  )ear,  the  average  would  be  considerably  larger. 
The  operatives  arc  nearly  all  white  men.  I'irst-class  'workmen  earn,  by 
piece-work,  about  $25  a  week;  inferior  workmen,  $15.  The  few  boys 
antl  girls  employed  make  from  50  cents  a  da\-  ujjwards.     Several  )'cars  ago 


|il 


^ 
^ 


:.,    ■! 


504 


MAXriACTl'KIS, 


tlic  Cliincsc  atlcmptcfj  to  yain  a  footliolil  in  llic  trade,  but  lia\c  always 
been  rigorously  excluded  b)'  manufacturers,  who  fear  tlial  if  Chin.unen 
once  gained  a  knowledge  of  the  business  the\-  might  soon  accjuire  almost 
a  mono])oly  of  it,  ;is  they  have  done  in  other  branches.  The  high  rates  of 
wages  paid  to  operatives  are  probably  due  to  the  exclusion  of  Chinese 
labor.  These  wages  are  not,  however,  greatl\-  in  excess  of  those  paiil  in 
the  .State  of  \ew  Jersej',  where  nearlj-  one  half  of  all  the  triuiks,  valises, 
and  satchels  made  in  the  United  States  are  manufactured.  In  that  .State, 
though  the  proportion  of  female  and  youth's  labor  is  considerably  larger 
than  in  California,  the  average  is  at  least  $5/3  a  j'ear. 

In  San  Franci.sco  labor  costs  about  36  per  cent.,  ;ind  material  43  percent., 
of  the  value  of  production.  In  New  Jersey  the  cost  of  labor  is  about  25 
per  cent.,  and  of  material  about  42  jjcr  cent.,  of  the  value  of  the  manufacture. 
The  difference  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  cost  of  labor  is  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  in  New  Jersey  very  large  stocks  of  cheap  articles  arc 
made  up,  while  goods  m;ide  on  this  coast  arc,  as  a  rule,  of  superior  qualit)'. 

All  the  trimk  factories  of  our  coast  are  in  San  Francisco.  That  now 
owned  b>-  FKelllll'.lMl'.U  &  Steelk,  founded  in  I.S5<S,  anil  the  first  in  date, 
employs  65  persons  ;  that  of  D.  13LOCII  &  Co.  has  60  ;  and  that  of  D.  S. 
I\I.\R'riN  25  employe.s.  There  are  several  other  establishments  working  on 
a  smaller  scale. 


Glue. — The  production  of  glue  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  at  the  rate  of 
about  4,700  barrels  a  year,  worth  at  $18  a  barrel,  the  wholesale  price  in  .San 
Francisco  in  the  fall  of  1881,  the  sum  of  $84,600.  The  consumption  does 
not  e.xcced  500  barrels.  The  remainder  is  marketed  principally  in  New 
York.  Until  the  tanning  of  hides  had  become  a  settled  and  permanent  in- 
dustry, the  supply  of  glue  neeilcd  fi)r  the  Pacific  Coast  was  imported  at  a 
cost  of  20  cents  a  pound.  The  wholesale  price  in  New  York  has  varied  of 
late  years  from  9  to  1 3  cents  a  pound.  The  [irice  in  San  I'rancisco  is,  of 
course,  guided  by  the  Eastern  market,  and  rates  about  2  cents  a  pound  be- 
low New  York  quotations.  The  expense  of  freight  and  commissions  is 
usually  estimated  at  $3.50  to  $4  per  barrel  of  180  pounds.  Glue  is  made 
from  the  waste  material  of  tanneries,  slaughter-houses,  anil  places  where 
hides  are  trimmed  and  salted  for  domestic  use  or  shipment.  This  material, 
called  glue-stock,  costs,  at  the  slaughter-hou.ses.  [^4  to  2}4  cents  a  pound, 
and  )iclds,  on  an  average,  50  per  cent,  of  glue.  There  arc  in  California  6 
firms  engaged  in  this  inilustr)-,  giving  employment  to  43  persons,  and  pay- 
ing out  nearly  $25,000  a  )-ear  for  labor.  The  usual  wages  for  white  opera- 
ti\'es  are  $2  a  ila)-.  Tlie  (cw  Chinamen  employed  recei\e  about  $1  a  day. 
During  the  past  3  or  4  jears  the  consumption  of  glue  in  San  I'rancisco  has 
decreased  considerabK-,  on  account  nf  the  dullness  in  the  furniture  business. 


MATirrR. 


50s 


At  tlie  present  price  of  ^liie  in  the  San  Francisco  market,  10  cents  a 
pound,  it  is  estimated  that  the  c(jst  of  material  is  40  per  cent.,  and  of  labor 
28  to  30  per  cent.,  of  production.  It  will  be  seen  that  .after  pas'inj;  rent, 
interest,  insurance,  etc.,  tlie  mari^in  for  profit  is  \er)'  small.  The  census  re- 
turns for  1870  rc[iort  only  2  f^hie  factories  on  the  Pacific  Coa-^t,  and  none 
outside  of  San  Francisco,  l-'or  that  year  the  value  of  production  was 
reported  at  $78,300,  and  of  material  used  at  $15,570.  The  number  of  hands 
employed  was  stated  at  21,  and  the  aggrc^'ate  of  wattes  at  $1 2,400.  In  1 870 
the  cost  of  material  w.is  about  20  per  cent.,  antl  of  labor  about  16  per  cent., 
of  the  value  of  production,  lea\ing  a  inarjjin  of  64  per  cent,  for  jjrofit,  in- 
terest, commissions,  and  miscellaneous  expenses  against  a  margin  of  only 
30  to  32  per  cent,  in  1881.  It  will  be  noticed  that  since  1870,  the  cost  of 
material  has  increa.scd  from  20  ta  40  per  cent.,  and  of  labor  from  16  to  at 
at  least  28  per  cent.,  of  the  value  of  manufacture.  In  1870  glue-stock, 
which  is  now  very  high  in  price,  could  be  had  for  little  or  nothing,  and  2 
establishments  employing  onl)'  21  hands, could  make  nearly  as  much  profit 
as  is  now  obtained  by  6  factories  employing  43  hands.  Moreo\er  glue 
has  fallen  in  price  during  the  last  10  or  u  years  from  about  $24  to  $i8  a 
barrel,  a  reduction  of  25  per  cent.  This  circumstance,  coupled  with  the 
high  price  of  glue-stock,  and  the  general  depression  of  business  on  this  coast, 
accounts  for  the  want  of  progress  in  this  branch  of  industr)-.  Complaint  is 
made  of  the  difficulty  in  obtaining  glue-stock,  e\en  at  the  prices  now  ruling. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  as  our  leather  manufacturing  interests  are  lie- 
ing  raiiidly  developed,  the  supply  of  material  will  soon  be  in  excess  of  the 
demand. 

In  the  process  of  manufacture  the  scraps  of  waste  material,  which  are 
termed  glue-stock,  are  first  stripped  of  all  bony  substance.  The  scraps  arc 
then  washed  as  cle.iu  as  possible  and  placed  in  vats,  similar  to  thtjse  used 
b}'  tanners,  where  they  uiulcrgo  for  several  weeks  the  ])rocess  of  maceration 
in  lime  water.  They  are  then  taken  out  and  spread  uiion  platforms  in  the 
open  air,  until  the  lime  becomes  carbonized  and  can  not  injure  the  glue. 
After  being  Ijoiled  the  scraps  are  changed  into  a  state  of  clarified  mucilage, 
which  is  then  cooled,  cut  into  flakes,  dried,  crushed,  and  placed  in  barrels 
ready  for  market.  The  bones  are  calcined,  ground,  anel  sold  to  refiners  for 
clarifying  sugars  and  .syrup.s. 

ConrjiNc.TON  &  Wilcox  and  Martin  IIoljer,  of  San  Francfsco; 
C.  JUKGENS  &  Son,  of  Sacramento;  C.  N.  SOUTIIKR,  of  Napa,  and  M. 
Kl'NiNTZ,  of  Santa  Cruz,  are  the  i)rincipal  glue  manufacturers  of  our  coast. 


i( 


Eoots  and  Shoes. —  The   first  organizetl   attempt  at  the  manufacture  of 
boots  and  shoes  in  California,  was  made  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  PORTER, 
64 


!;o6 


MAMI'Ai  TIKI'S. 


ni 


I  1 1' 


|i  v^  i 


of  the  firm  iif  I'oKiKK,  Sl.KssiM  .Kk  &  Co.  In  llu'  \cai-  iH^?,  tli.it 
gentleman  was  one  of  llie  i)ro]irieloi>:  of  a  ti'iiniT)'  al  .Sii(|uel,  in  .S.inta 
Cruz  Count)',  lie  entered  into  a  contraet  \\  ith  tiie  .Stale  I'rison  authori 
ties  for  the  labor  f)f  a  number  of  coiuicts,  whose  services  could  then 
be  procured  for  30  cents  a  day.  ( )l)taiiiiiit;  iiio^t  of  thi'  needed  material 
from  his  tanner)-,  he  commenced  to  manufacture  bio;4aiis  and  other  ai'ticles 
of  coarse  j;ratle.  Soon  afterwards  1U'<  KlNi  ;II.\M  &  lli:(lir  commenced 
operations  (,n  a  small  scale.  Slow  1\-,  at  t'lrsl,  but  ;;raduall)'  from  these 
be;.;inninj.;s  the  industr)-  has  increased,  until  in  the  )-ear  1S81,  j^oods 
are  beint;  ])rodiiced  in  the  different  factories  of  the  I'.icific  Coast  to  the 
value  of  about  $6,500,000,  of  which  amount  about  $5,750,(XX)  may  be 
crcilited  to  Califf>niia,  includin.L;  at  least  $5,000,000  for  San  I'rancisco,  $350,- 
000  to  Ore;4oii,  and  $400,000  to  Utah.  The  quantity  of  material  useil  ma)- 
be  estimated  at  a  little  untler  $3,250,000,  and  the  amount  cx|)endetl  for 
labor  at  about  $1,750,000,  distributed  amoni'  at  least  4,000  o[)crativcs. 

Importations  fr<r  the  entire  coast  are  probably  at  die  rate  of  nearl)'  lOO,- 
000  cases  a  year,  and  ma)'  be  valued  at  .$4,500,000.  ImiJoited  ijoods  are 
nearl)'  all  made  in  the  Atlantic  States.  Considerable  quantities  of  the  finer 
j^nadcs  of  It'athcr  arc  still  brought  from  I'rancc  and  other  foreign  countries, 
but  the  importation  of  boots  and  shoes  into  the  United  St.ites  has  almost 
entirel)-  ceased. 

In  the  face  of  man)'  disadvantages,  our  m.anufacturers  have  m.ide  such 
|)r<)gress  that  th.c)'  now  supply  about  70  per  cent,  in  (|uantit)-  and  60  jier 
cent,  in  value  of  all  the  goods  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  ha\e  alread)' 
established  a  moderate  i.vport  tratle  which  is  steadil)'  on  tlu^  increase. 
Twelve  )'ears  ago  we  m.inufactuivd  at  the  rale  of  about  .$1,400,000  a  )-ear, 
and  hatl  no  export  trade,  or  none  worth  mention.  We  now  manufacture  al 
the  rate  of  about  $6,500,000  a  year,  and  our  exports  for  1881  amounted  to 
.:,57y  cases,  valueil  al  about  $1,160,000;  for  1880,  to  2,171  cases,  \;dued  at 
$975,000.  (^ur  best  foreign  customers  are  the  people  of  the  Hawaiian  Is- 
lands, who  took  from  us  1,611  cases  in  1881.  We  ;ilso  shi])ped  467  cases 
to  British  Columbia,  ami  smaller  (|iiantities  to  Mexico,  Japan,  China,  New 
Zeal.'uid,  and  elsewhere.  In  addition  to  the  1,500,000  people  who  f)rm  the 
population  of  this  coast,  there  are  several  foreign  countries  in  which  Cali- 
fornia, on  account  of  her  commercial  situation,  nia\-  hope,  ;it  no  distant  da)', 
to  establish  a  ver)'  considerable  trade. 

In  1881  the  acli\il\'iii  manufacturing  circles  continued  throughout  the 
year,  notwithstanding  the  large  volume  of  imjjorts.  The  consi'mption  ot 
boots  and  shoes  during  that  )'ear,  for  the  States  and  Territories  to  which 
San  Francisco  is  the  main  distributing  center,  was  prob.ibl)'  little  short  ot 
4,000,000  pairs,  of  which  about  3,750,000  pairs  were  manufactured  on   this 


i,i;Ariii;R. 


507 


coast,  aiiil  1,250,000  were  impoitcil.  The  oiJiiiiiiL;  up  nf  a  new  tciritDrv, 
tlin)ii;_;!i  tlie  complctiim  uf  the  Suntliern  Pacific  Ixailmad,  was  proliahly  the 
main  factor  that  caused  sucli  a  reinari:ahle  increase  in  tlie  \iihuiie  of  irnile 
for  iMMi.  Mucli  of  this  territory  was  pre\iousl\-  supi)lie(i  In'  lOasteni 
factories,  hut  it  is  now  bein;^f  thoroUL;lily  canvassed  by  Pacific  t'oast  manu- 
facturers, and  so  far,  willi  \er\-  satisfactory  results. 

In  xokune  of  trade,  the  \ear  I.S.Sl  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  e\er 
known  to  manufacturers  and  im])orters  of  boots  and  shoes.  Imports  from 
tlie  {^astern  .States  amounted,  for  .San  I'rancisco  alone,  to  nearl>-  65,000 
cases,  \alued  at  about  $2,925,000,  a  qiiantit)-  in  excess  of  the  fi|.,fures  for 
any  previous  year,  ilurini;  the  last  decade  at  least.  I'or  the  entire  coast  it 
is  probable  that  importations  e.xcceiled  100,000  cases.  It  \\oul(l  lie  sup- 
posed that  these  larjje  shipments  of  Eastern  boots  and  shoes  were  attended 
with  a  corrcspondinLj  reduction  in  the  amount  of  home-manufactured 
goods;  but  such  was  not  the  case.  It  is  the  opinion  of  parties  best  com- 
petent to  judj^e,  that  the  value  of  floods  produced  on  this  coast  durinj;  1881 
was  20  to  25  per  cent.  abo\e  the  estimates  for  1S80,  and  far  above  those  for 
an\-  previous  year. 

All  the  different  tirades  of  ijoods,  from  brof,^■lns  to  babies'  shoes,  c.xccpt- 
iiV4  only  tile  finest  hand-sewed  I-"rcnch  kid  buttoned  boots,  for  ladies,  arc 
niade  in  San  Francisco  factories.  Tiiere  is  no  [rreat  quantity  of  hand-sewed 
goods  of  any  kind  manufactured  on  this  coast.  The  greater  [jortion  of  *'ic 
demand  for  articles  of  this  description  is  supplied  b\'  Massachusetts.  Ship- 
ments from  the  Eastern  States  also  include  large  cpiantitics  of  the  coarser 
grades  of  boots,  such  as  men's  brogans,  etc.  It  is  stated  that  I'-astern  man- 
ufacturers bu}-  the  clippings  and  waste  leather  of  our  factories,  and  grind 
them  into  shodiiy  for  in-solcs,  or  veneer  them  with  a  thin  sheet  of  good 
leather  ;uul  use  them  f(3r  the  outer  sole.  Goods  of  this  description  vicca- 
sionall}'  find  their  way  to  this  market.  A  feature  in  the  business  of  the  ])ast 
2  or  3  years  has  been  the  growing  demand  for  articles  of  superior  gratle. 


Material  for  Shoes.— .All  the  sole  leather  used  in  San  I'rancisco  is  of 
liome  production,  and  nearly  all  the  upper  leather  is  imported.  It  is  esti- 
mated that,  apart  from  sole  leather,  one  fourth  of  all  the  material  used  by 
manufacturers  on  this  coast  is  of  home  production,  and  that  three  fourths 
are  imi)orted.  Califomian  upper  leather  is  unfitted  for  fine  work;  not  from 
any  ilcfect  in  the  material,  but  from  lack  of  skilled  labor  in  that  branch  of 
manufacture.  Moreover,  the  best  upper  leather  is  obtained  from  the  skins 
of  animals  slaughtered  when  from  3  to  6  months  old ;  and  it  is  the  custom 
among  farmers  in  this  country  to  slaughter  calves,  cither  before  they  are  old 
enough  to  furnish  skins  of  the  size  required,  or  after  they  have  grown  so 


So8 


MANIKACTCKKS. 


lai'L^c  tliat  tlic  skin  lias  become  amrsc,  and,  when  manuiacturcd,  is  more  nf 
a  kij)  than  a  calfskin  Icatlicr. 

The  consiimplicin  of  materia!  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  on 
tlie  entire  I'acific  Coist  includes  nearly  200,000  sides  of  sole  leather,  nearly 
10,000  do/en  of  call  skins,  4,000  dozen  of  kips,  .about  19,000  dozen  of  i;-oat 
and  kill  skins,  45,000  feet  of  buff  leather,  50,000  tlozcn  of  sheep  skins,  450,- 
000  to  500,000  j^ards  of  linen,  serines,  and  cloth  for  lininjj;s  and  for  the  tops 
of  shoes  and  .i;;uters,  ;uul  an  almost  unlimited  i|uantity  of  pegs,  n.ails,  wire, 
antl  silk,  and  linen  threads.  At  least  hrdf  of  the  calfskins,  most  of  the 
i^oat  and  kitl  .^kins,  all  the  linen,  serine,  and  cloth,  the  pci^s.  wire,  antl  nails, 
;>nd  a  large  portion  of  the  threads,  are  imported.  Ncarl\-  all  the  kip  and 
wa.x  leathers,  and  most  of  the  buff,  pebble,  grain-goat,  and  morocco,  used 
by  manufacturers,  are  produced  on  this  coast;  but  the  fmer  qualitie.-.  of 
morocco,  kid,  and  calf  skin  are  imported. 

Machines  and  Processes.— Among  the  machiner}-  most  commonl\- used 
are  McK.W's  Sewing ;unl  St.indard  Screw  Machines.  The  sewing-machine 
is  furnished  with  a  (.lial-pl.ite,  on  which  the  stitches  ,are  counted  up  to  lO.OCO,- 
000,  and  a  royalt)'  of  5  to  10  cents  is  ch.arged  for  every  p;ur  seweil  by  this 
machine.  The  screw  machine  is  maini)'  u.sed  for  fastening  the  sole  to  the 
upper  b_\-  means  (if  wire  screws.  There  is  also  a  machine  in  use  which  cuts 
patterns  from  sole  leather  as  quickly  as  it  it  were  s<i  much  cheese. 
There  are  other  m.icln'nes  for  fastening  the  heels;  for  polishing  soles  and 
lieels;  for  cutting  out  boot  straps;  for  making  button-holes,  e}-elcts,  toe- 
tips,  and  for  other  purposes  so  numerous  ih.it  the  reader  would  not  care  to 
ha\e  them  mentioned. 

Among  Californian  imentions  is  one  called  the  Giant  Scam,  for  which  a 
patent  was  issued  in  iSSi  to  parties  employed  by  the  firm  of  RosENTOCK 
&  Co.  The  invention  is  of  \-,ilue  in  making  up  hea\y  grades  of  boots, 
which  are  thus  rendered  water-tight,  and  are  less  liable  to  rip. 

in  producing  the  more  e.\])ensi\e  descriptions  of  gocjds.  an  article  has  to 
pass  through  .about  20  different  hands  before  it  is  finally  completed  and 
ready  for  the  shelves  of  the  retailer.  In  the  process  of  manufacture,  labor 
is  \ery  much  subdivided,  but  less  .so  th.in  in  1'.. 'stern  factories.  A  slight 
difference  in  wages,  the  use  of  labor-saving  machincr\-.  and  the  greater  sub- 
division of  labor  alone  render  it  possible  for  Boston  and  other  great  centers 
of  Eastern  trade  to  dispose  of  $4,000,000  to  $5,000,000  worth  of  goods  a 
year  on  the  I'acific  Coast.  The  .State  of  .Massachu.setts  alone  manufactures 
at  the  rate  of  over  $100,000,000,  supplying  about  one  half  of  the  entire 
consumption  of  the  United  States.  Some  kirgc  towns  in  jNlassachu.sctts 
are  almost  entirel)'  supported   b_\-  this   industry.     Wages  are   lower    than 


IJ-.ATIIKK. 


509 


those  of  white  labor  011  this  coast;  most  kinds  of  material  arc  less  expen- 
sive; the  machincrj-  in  use  is  about  as  near  perfection  as  human  incjcnuit)- 
can  dcvMse;  and  the  subdivision  of  labor  is  so  minute  that  all  is  utilized  to 
the  best  advantage.  Moreover,  operatives  in  liastcrn  factories  work  for 
years,  and  often  almost  for  a  life-time,  on  a  single  jirocess,  thus  acquiring 
the  greatest  possible  skill  in  their  own  little  specialtv' 

Shoe  Operatives. — Of  the  4,000  persons  now  employed  in  this  branch  of 
industry  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  it  is  estimated  that,  aiiart  from  custom  work, 
there  are  at  least  2,500  Chinamen,  making  uj)  goods  \.o  the  value  of  .$^,500.- 
000,  and  about  1,500  white  ojieratix-es,  who  manufacture  to  the  value  of  .$4,- 
000,000.  The  disproportion  in  the  relative  numljcr  of  hands  employed  to 
the  value  of  production,  is  caused  b)'  the  lact  that  the  goods  manufactured 
b_\'  Chinamen  are  nearl}-  all  of  cheap  grade.  Moreo\er,  in  factories  where 
white  persons  are  main!)'  employed,  labor-.sa\ing  machinery  is  \-er\'  largcl)' 
used,  while  Mongolian  labor  can  he  nbtained  at  such  cheap  rates  that  it 
would  not  pay  to  use  machinery  so  extensixel)'  in  (.Chinese  factories.  The 
manufacture  of  the  common  grades  of  shoes  is  mainly  in  the  iiainls  of  the 
Chinese  lactories,  ;ind  l^astern  goods  of  this  description  are  rapid!)' dis.ip- 
pearing  from  the  market.  The  more  exi5ensi\e  kinds  of  shoes  are  made  up 
principall)'  by  white  labor,  though  Chinamen  are  also  employed,  at  some 
factories,  to  tlo  jjortioiis  of  the  work  that  do  not  require  special  skill.  Boots 
are  made  b\-  white  operati\cs  almost' exclusively.  Not  more  tiian  30  or  40 
Chinamen  are  emjiloyed  otherwise  than  on  the  manufacture  of  shoes,  and 
those  are,  for  the  most  part,  of  such  quality  as  could  not  ]irofitably  be  made 
on  this  coast  by  white  labor. 

The  proprietor  of  one  of  the  leading  Chinese  factories  slates  that  during 
1881  there  were  altogether  not  less  than  3,000  Chinamen  engaged  in  this 
industry,  making  up  goods  to  the  value  of  $3,000,000.  It  is  [irobable,  how- 
ever, that  these  estiiuates  include  the  manufacture  uf  slip]3ers,  a  business 
which  has  been,  for  several  years,  almost  cntirelj'  in  the  hands  of  Chinamen. 
The  experiment  of  employing  Chinamen  in  boot  and  shoe  factories  was 
first  tried  in  1869,  on  account  of  the  unreasonable  demands  of  white  labor, 
and  within  less  than  2  or  3  j'cars  from  that  date  at  least  one  half  of  .ill  the 
goods  manufactured  in  California  were  made  u{)  by  Chinaincn.  In  187J  all 
the  San  {""rancisco  factories  employed  more  or  less  Mongolian  laboi-;  in 
soine  instances  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  white  labor.  Many  of  the  best 
workmen  left  tiie  state;  some  engaged  in  other  occupations ;.  and  those  who 
remained  were  com|)elleil  to  work  at  greatl)'  le-duced  w.'iges.  Moreover, 
the  best  t'hinese  workmen  would  onl_\-  remain  until  they  had  thoroughly 
learned   the  busme^s,  ami  would   then   obtain   better  ]),iid  emplo}'mcnt   in 


;  , 


i 


I 


:i  i    I 


II 


:i 


510 


MA\11A(  rruKs. 


Chinese  workslxips.  The  goods  made  up  in  Cliincsc  factories  were  always 
pill  on  ihe  niaila't  at  .f_'  or  .'Jij  a  dozen  Ijelow  those  produced  elsewhere,  and 
the  effect  of  this  comi^clition  became  positively  disastrous  both  to  maniifac- 
tiu'cr  and  operatixc. 

Since  the  )-ear  iSjj,  Chinamen  have  L;i-adually  licf^un  lo  disap])ear  from 
our  leadiuL;'  lactoi'ies,  thou^i'li  still  making;  up  larL;"e  cpiantities  of  cheap  L^oods 
in  their  own  worksho])s.  I'our,  at  least,  of  the  leadint;  establishments  in 
San  I'rancisco  emp!o\- white  labor  exclusi\el\-,  and  tlie  chief  coiTipl.iint  now 
allei^eil  aLjainst  the  (.ihin.iman  is,  th.it  lu;  niana;4cs  to  p,-i-.s  off  inferior  i;oods, 
of  his  own  workmanshij),  for  the  more  expensive  articles  made  by  white 
jjcrsons.  Waives  liave  been  reduced  durinj^  the  past  lo  years  from  20  to  25 
per  cent.,  but  the  reduction  is  not  .ure.iter  th;m  has  occurred  in  other  ijr.anches 
<if  business,  and,  taking  into  account  the  extra  purchasing  jjower  of  monc}', 
the  operative  is  about  as  well  olT  to-da)"  as  lie  was  10  )'ears  ago.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  if  this  reduction  h.ul  not  occurretl  manufactures  woukl  newr  have 
assumetl  their  present  proportion.  In  i.S6y,  when  Chinamen  first  beg.in 
to  Ijc  employed,  the  value  of  goods  made  up  in  all  the  factories  of  the  l',i- 
cific  Ccj.ist  was  $1,400,000:  in  i.SSi  it  w.is  about  .$6,750,000.  In  boot  and 
shoe  factories,  as  in  woolen-mills,  and  other  branches  of  entcrj)rise,  the  em- 
plo)-ment  of  a  large  percentage-  of  Chinese,  or  other  low-priceil  labor,  was  ;it 
first  necessar}-  to  en.'ible  m.inufacturers  to  compete  on  an_\-  large  scale  with 
r.aslern  aiul  foreign  goods.  As  soon  as  while  labor  could  i)e  li.'id  at  prices 
which  employers  coukl  ;ifi"ortl  to  pay,  it  h;is  nearl\-  .ilw.iys  receixed  the 
preference.  There  are  noiv  several  woolen-mills  ;ind  several  large  boot  and 
shoe  factories  that  em[)loy  no  Chinese  labor,  and  in  others  the  percentage 
of  such  labor  has  largely  decreased  of  kite  years.  In  factories  wlierc  China- 
men are  still  employed,  the  proprietors  state  th.at  if  thev  could  obtain  enough 
wJiite  workmen,  ;it  about  $1  5  a  week,  the}-  would  make  more  niotu;\-  by  dis- 
missing every  Mongolian  from  their  establishment ;  but  the  average  earnings 
of  skilled  workmen  are  considerably  abo\e  that  figure.  In  the  winter  of 
i.S,Si-2,  first-class  cutters  in  .San  I'rancisco  fiictories  were  making  $21  a 
week;  ordinarv'  cutters,  $iS ;  first-cl.ass  workmen  $18  to  $20;  gf)od  men's 
fitters,  $15  to  $18.  These  are  average  earnings,  and  it  is  nothing  unusual 
fi>r  a  smart  and  steadv-  workman  to  make  20  per  cent,  more  than  these  rates. 
Nearly  all  the  o|)eratives  woi'k  In'  the  piece.  I'Vmales  emplo\-ed  as  women's 
fitters  make  .$',1  to  $12  a  week;  as  ordinary  fitters  .md  basters  from  $.S  to 
$10.  i-"or  highl)'  skilled  l.ibor  rales  of  wages  aie  a  little  .above  I'i.istern 
prices,  but  so  little  tli;it  tlu'  difference  is  about  made  up  by  tlu;  cost  of 
freight  in  imiiorling  ICastern  gootls.  The  aver.age  earnings  of  men  einplowd 
in  shoe  factories  in  New  'N'ork  and  Chicago  are  about  $15  a  week,  and  in 
S.ui  lM-.incisc<j  not  more  than  $16  to  $17.     When  iom])ared  with  the  prices 


;     i 


^n 


i.i;Ariii:R. 


;i  I 


of  l:il)(ir  In  the  \\c;illhii;sl  cmnilries  of  Iul^|)])l^  these  fiqui'cs  stand  mit  in 
marked  contrast.  In  i;n'.;!;ind  tlic  a\erai;'e  is  about  $7.50  a  week;  in  I'nuice. 
$5,  and  in  (lermaii)'  $4.50  a  week,  antl  in  all  these  cniintries  the  price  nf 
food  is  much  hiLjher  tlian  in  California. 

Ean  Francisco  Shoe  Factories. —  The  borit  and  sjioc  facfoa  oi  i!i  r;;- 
IN(;i!.\.M  iS:  1 1 IXIIT,  in  San  l''rancisc(i,  associated  willi  the  mercantile  hrm 
of  lli.ciii'  i;R()iiii;i;s  &  C(i..  is  (ine  cf  the  lar;;est  estabh.shmcnts  of  its 
clav,  ill  tlie  United  States.  It  i;ives  em|)!oyi-.ient  Id  about  55c  persons,  and 
its  .annual  product  is  worth  from  $Soo,OOC  tf)  $  1 ,000,000.  Their  entcri)risc 
was  second  in  date,  and  went  into  operation  when  little  work  on  bcjots  anil 
shoes  was  done,  except  to  order,  oiit  of  the  State-prison,  and  there  the  [)ro- 
duction  was  sm;  11  and  irrei;>.iar.  HULKrxi.lIAM  &  Hi;*'!!!  Ijegan  on  a 
comparatively  larije  scale,  v  ith  capital,  skill,  energy,  and  confidence,  and 
manufactured  Ljootls  i,f  si-pcrior  ciualily,  w  hich,  so  f  u"  as  the  supply  went, 
readily  superseded  ICastern  importations.  i!\-  special  induccinents  the\' 
tlrew  to  their  service  n\niy  bootmakers  eiiLjagcd  in  various  occuiiations  on 
our  coast,  and  brougl.t  others  from  tlie  Atlantic  cities.  Theirs  beinLj  tlie 
first  ku'Lje  shoe  factor)-  in  California,  it  e.xerci.sed  an  import.uil  inntience; 
first,  by  provin;;'  tha  there  was  ;i  profit  in  the  manufacture,  and  .second,  in 
bccomin;f  a  .source  from  which  others  could  obtain  managers,  foremen,  and 
laborers. 

C.vilX,  XlCKLKDi'lu;  &  Co.,  successors  to  I"lNSTi:i\  S:  Co..  manufacture 
boots  and  shoes  to  the  amount  of  $600,000  annually.  They  |)a\-  out  $.SOO,- 
000  for  materi.il  and  .$150000  for  Labor.  The  annual  production  of  RosKN- 
M")t'K&  C't).'s  factor)' is  worth  $300,000.  The)-  liold  the  patent  for  the 
"!;iant  .scam,"  which  is  consitleretl  a  \aluable  improvement  in  heav)-  shoes. 
The  boot  and  shoe  factor)- of  Joia'  l^lK)rill',i;s  h.is  ,'in  annual  protluct  of 
$::cxi,ooo,  and  employs  So  persons.  The  )-earl)-  sales  b)-  the  factcjr)-  of  I'.. 
D.  N'oi..\N  &  Co.  amount  to  $i::5,ooo;  and  75  hands  are  emi)lo)-ed.  Arm- 
.sTRoNC  iv  W'RK.lli'  make  a  specialt)-  of  children's  shoes,  and  al,--o  maiui- 
factuie  boots  .uid  shoes  for  men  and  women.  The)-  emplo)-  100  o[)eralives, 
and  their  annual  proiluct  is  worth  about  $100,000.  IvOSlCN'iliAl,  &  I"i;t)i:k. 
L;i\-e  employment  to  about  r)0  operati\es,  and  the  estimated  valiu'  of  their 
annual  product  is  $100,000.  This  completers  the  list  of  the  notal)le  boot  and 
shoe  factories  in  t'alifornia. 


Porter,  Glesslnger  &  Co.— I'he  firm  of  IV)UTr.K,  Si,i:s,sinc,i;k  i\:  Co., 
I  17  Hatter)-  .Street,  m.'uiufactin-e  goods  to  the  \;due  <if  .$400,000  a  )car,  and 
import  at  least  an  eciual  ainou'-.t,  tliough  their  manufactures  are  gaining 
o\-er  importations.      I''mi)lo)-ment  is  given  at  the  factor)-  to  i.So  oi)crati\e.s. 


Mi 


si; 


M.wfi  \(TrKi:s. 


itilN 


The  business  was  nri;4inall)-  coiiimcnccd  in  1863,  when  Georgf.  K. 
PnKTi:R,  IcaiiiinL,^  that  conxict  labor  could  be  hired  at  the  State-prison  for 
30  ccpts  a  da)-,  made  a  contract  tor  100  workmen,  to  be  employed  on  the 
makin;,; of  boots  antl  shoes.  Mr.  Fokti:k,  with  liis  cousin,  15.  V.  1'i)RI1;k, 
owned  a  tanner)'  at  Soquel,  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  from  which  supplies 
of  material  were  obtained.  These  i^entlemen  were  amoUL;  the  earliest  tan- 
ners in  the  State,  and  Cii;i  >iii;i-;  K.  I't)Rii;R  carried  on  tliat  business  for  26 
)ears.  At  present  liis  tannery  is  rented.  This  was  tlie  commencement  of 
the  wholesale  maniifaclinx'  of  boots  and  shoes  in  California,  and  fiom  this 
small  bcLjinninL;  the  industr)-  li.is  i;r.ulu;illy  developed  until  it  has  reached 
its  pre>f lit  larc^a' proportions.  In  1873  Lufis  Sl.i;ssi\(,i:k  was  admitted 
as  a  partner,  and  in  the  same  )ear  a  factor)'  was  started  in  San  l'"r,'incisco. 
riie  fue  which  occinred  at  San  (Juenti ',  in  I*Y-bruar\',  1S76,  ilestroved  tiie 
entire  works,  and  ,'ilso  a  consider,U)le  stock  of  Ljoods  bel<jnyin_L;  to  the  firm. 
I'''rom  th.'it  time  the  emplo\'me;it  of  con\  ict  labor  w;is  discontinued,  antl  the 
firm  enlari;"etl  their  factor)'  in  San  I'"rancisco  to  meet  tlie  re(]uirements  of 
their  business.  .Sufi.sequentl)'  Josl'.l'll  K.\II\  was  admitted  as  partner, 
thoutjh  the  name  of  tlie  latter  ijentleman  does  not  ap[iear  in  the  title  of  the 
firm.  The  house  owns  .'ind  makes  exclusive  use,  in  its  factor)',  of  a  valu- 
able in\ention  |)atented  In'  Mr.  Sl.r.ssiNc.l.R,  for  ;i  seam  in  the  so-called 
iron-clail  boots,  for  the  use  of  miners,  lishermen,  and  farmers.  The  seam 
is  fortified  with  rixets  so  ih.at  it  cm  not  rip,  atul  is  smoother  than  the  onli- 
n.n')'  seam, 

Cii:(ii>:i;i'  K.  I'oui  l.K  h.-is  lent  substantial  aid  in  building  up  many  simi- 
lar indu.-^tries  which  are  to-da\'  in  successful  oper.'ition  in  .San  I'rancisco, 
allhouyh  b)'  so  doing  he  has  created  some  sterling  comjietitors  and  busi- 
ness rivals.  I  le  is  a  nati\e  of  l)u.\bur\',  in  l'l)'mouth  Count)',  Massachusetts, 
and  a  life  member  of  Tm;  .S(h  il.'iv  ot  C.\l,liuRM.\  I'loNrrRS.  Hearrived 
in  San  I'lancisco  in  the  fall  of  1  .S.19,  on  board  the  brig  .liradidii.  after  an 
unusuall)'  long  and  stormy  passage  of  2(1^  d,i)s,  70  of  which  were  con- 
sumed in  passing  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  In  i.SGo  he  was  elected  .State 
Senator  for  .Santa  Cruz  ami  Monterc)'  counties,  and  was  the  first  Republi- 
can .Senat(M'  elected  from  Southern  California.  He  served  his  constituents 
faithfulh'  and  .'iccept.d)!)',  and  ,'icted  as  ch.'iirman  of  several  important  com- 
mittees. 


George  L.  Hibbard  &  Co. -Messrs.  liii;i;.\iU)  ;ind  HR.\/ri:,  who  li.id 
been  manufactining  boots  and  shoes  , 'it  I'ortland  since  1.S73,  were  tlie  pro- 
moters of  Tin;  OiuciiN  liooi,  Siini:,  .and  1,i;.\iiii;k  M.\m'ia(  i  TRiNt; 
Ci)MI'.\NV,  established  in  rortl;ind  in  r.SSi,  ,'Uid  having  afterwards  bought 
up  all  the  stock,  are  now   its  exclusive  owners       ,\llhougli  InU  a  few  months 


I.KATIIER. 


513 


in  operation,  the-  factory  alrcatl)-  fin-iiislics  employment  to  about  50  opera- 
tives, and  can  nf  t  obtain  sufficient  u  liitc  labor  to  keep  pace  with  the  demand 
for  its  goods.  Tite  manufacture  of  leather  has  not  yet  been  commenced, 
but,  in  the  lino  of  ladies'  and  tjentlcmcn's  boots  and  shoes,  staple  articles  of 
the  best  quality  arc  produced,  and  fuul  a  ready  market  in  Oregon,  Wash- 
ington, and  Idaho.  IIir>l!.VRI)  &  Co.  are  the  proprietors  of  a  large  whole- 
sale boot  antl  sIkjc  store  at  65  I'ront  Street,  I'ortland. 

One  of  the  largest  boot  and  shoe  factories  on  the  coast  is  that  of  AlKIN, 
Sellinc;  &  Co.,  of  Portland,  successors  to  'Mv.  AiKlx,  who  commenced  the 
business  there  in  1S59.  They  ha\e  an  extensive  and  profitable  custom 
throughout  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho. 

B.  Leinenweber  &  Co.— At  Li:i.\kn\vi:i;i:r  &  Co.'.s  factor)-  in  Astoria, 
Oregon,  established  in  1.S79,  boots  are  manufactured  at  the  rate  of  1,500 
cases  a  year,  worth  on  an  average  $45  a  case,  and  shoes  to  the  amount  of 
720  dozen,  estimated  to  be  worth  $15  a  dozen  at  wholesale.  The  total 
\alue  of  production  is  at  the  rale  of  about  $7iS,ooo  a  year.  The  goods  are 
marketed  entirely  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territoiy.  The  factor\-  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $40,000,  and  gives  emploj-ment  to  35  hands,  including 
while  and  Chinese  workmen  in  nearl)-  equal  proportions.  White  operatives 
make  average  earnings  of  $15  a  week,  or  about  the  same  as  San  Francisco 
rates.  In  connection  with  this  establishment  is  a  tannery,  which  is  de- 
scribed under  its  proper  heading.     The  factory  is  to  be  moved  to  Portland. 

The  Victoria  Boot  and  Shoe  Factory. — This  factory,  which  is  owneil 
by  Mr.  I  IK.AI  HORN,  and  obtains  its  supi)lies  of  material  chiefly  from  that 
gentleman's  tannery  at  Rock  Ha}-  ('noticed  elsewhere),  is  situated  on  Gov- 
ernment Street,  Victoria.  Emplo)-menl  is  given  to  50  hands,  and  the  sales 
of  goods  for  1881  amounted  to  $66,000.  During  that  >-car  the  consump- 
tion of  material  was  so  great  that  Mr.  IIk.vtiiorn's  tannery  was  unable  to 
supply  the  demand,  and  it  was  necessary  to  import  a  considerable  quantity. 

Belmont  Boot  and  Shoe  Factory.— Messrs.  D.m.mn  ,  Pkwkl  &  Wilson 
are  the  proprietors  of  a  boot  and  shoe  factory,  which  occcupies  a  two-slory 
brick  building  on  Government  Street,  Victoria,  and  is  conducted  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Helmont  tanner)-,  mentioned  elsewhere.  Though  but  a  few 
years  in  operation,  this  ficior)-  already  gives  employment  to  33  men  at  full 
rates  of  wages.  Most  of  the  goods  arc  sold  at  the  store  of  WlI.LlAM  &  J. 
Wll.soN,  also  located  on  Government  Street.  The  former  gentl(;man  is  one 
of  the  three  owners  of  the  factor)-,  ami  a  member  of  the  ijrcvincial  parliament. 

Lyman  Smith's  Sons.— Among  the  articles  which  ou-  coast  has  not  )-ct 
produced  in  considerable  (juanlity  are  roller  leatiier  for  covering  spinning 
65 


li 


514 


M.Wri'ACTl-KKS, 


rollers,  and  law  k:athcr  for  binclin;^'  law  books.  These  products  of  the  tan- 
ner's art  require  peculiar  skill,  and  are  specialties  of  the  tannery  of  LVMAX 
Smith's  Sons  (Joui;  li.  and  C.  L.  Smith,  jjrcsent  owners),  enga_!jed  in  the 
manufacture  of  sheep  and  calf  leather  generally,  at  Norwood,  Massachu- 
setts. To  them,  the  spinners  and  law  publishers  west  of  the  Rock}'  ]\Ioun- 
tains  look  for  a  Ir'rge  part  of  their  supplies.  Their  roller  leather  is  noted  for 
toughness,  combined  with  fineness  of  texture;  their  law  leather,  for  smooth- 
ness of  surface,  and  clearness,  ;uid  uniformit)'  of  color,  combined  with  good 
body.  The  tannery  occupies  4  acres  of  ground,  employs  100  men  and  boj-s, 
and  lans  Soo.ooo  sheep-skins  annuallj-.  The  store  is  at  43  High  Street, 
lioston. 

Gloves. — The  manufacture  of  gloves  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  an  industry' 
of  verj-  recent  introduction.  In  1860  there  was  not  a  single  glove  factory 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  1870  there  were  none  outside  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  tlie  total  of  manufactures  barely  exceeded  $60,000  a  year.  A 
comparison  between  the  statistics  for  iSjoand  the  estimates  for  iSiSi.shows 
a  'cmarkable  growth  in  this  branch  of  enterprise.  In  the  former  year 
there  were  6  glove  factories  in  operation,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $38,- 
600,  paj'ing  out  $22,340  a  year  in  wages,  and  manufacturing  $14,100  worth 
of  material  into  goods  valued  at  $62,045.  1"  I'lt^  fall  of  1881  it  was  esti- 
mated that  there  were  on  the  entire  coast  about  20  factories,  10  of  which 
were  located  in  San  I'rancisco,  3  in  .San  Jose,  one  each  in  .Sacramento, 
Stockton,  and  Red  Bluff,  one  in  Carson  City,  Nevada,  2  in  I'ortland,  and 
one  elsewhere  in  Oregon.  The  total  number  of  operatixes  was  about  300. 
The  sum  ilistributed  for  labor  was  estimated  at  $175,000;  for  material  at 
$200,000;  the  value  of  manufacture,  ap.irt  from  goods  made  up  at  stores 
and  at  ])laces  in  which  other  business  is  conducted,  at  $500,000.  The  aggre- 
gate capital  in\-esletl  in  this  bnuich  of  manufacture  is  .about  $450,000.  It  will 
be  seen  that  while  there  has  been  a  large  growth  in  business,  the  margin  of 
profit  is,  at  present,  rather  small.  The  cost  of  material  is  about  .4.0,  and  of 
labor  35  per  cent,  of  the  gross  \;ilue  of  production,  leaving  jjrobably  less 
than  25  per  ct-nt.  for  i)rofit  ami  miscellaneous  expenses.  In  the  State  of 
New  \'ork,  where  the  manufacture  of  glo\es  far  exceeds  in  ([uantity  that  of 
all  the  other  .States  and  Territories  in  the  Union,  the  cost  of  labor  little  ex- 
ceeds 25  per  cent,  of  the  \alue  of  production.  In  California  rates  of  earn- 
ings are  ver)-  high,  averaging  over  $550  a  year,  for  an  industry  which  is 
almost  enlirel)-  in  the  h.ands  of  women  anil  girls.  Mcist  of  the  ojierativcs 
work  h\-  the  piece,  and  it  is  notliing  unconuuon  for  a  skilled  workwoman 
to  earn  $15  to  $20,  or  for  a  first-cla.^s  cutter  to  make  $35  to  ,$45  a  week. 

Rates  of  earnings  in  Eastern  glove  factories  are  ,it  least  40  per  cent,  be- 


l.KATMEK. 


5'5 


low  those  prevailing;  on  this  coast.  The  fact  that  San  Francisco  manufac- 
turers can  afford  to  pa)-  such  wayes,  and  can  already  sell  their  goods,  in 
considerable  quantity,  far  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  speaks  very  favor- 
ably for  the  jirospects  of  the  trade. 

Glove  Production. — Until  1867  foreign  and  Eastern-made  goods  iield 
entire  possession  of  the  market,  and  until  about  1872  the  countrj-  was 
flooded  with  cheap  goods  of  Eastern  make,  shapeless  machine-sewed 
articles,  mostly  of  .sheepskin,  and  cut  without  reference  to  style,  comfort, 
or  durabilitj'.  California-made  gloves  were  usuall)'  the  last  to  leave  the 
shelves  of  retailers.  Only  through  the  persistent  efforts  of  manufacturers, 
who,  at  great  cxpen.sc  and  certain  loss,  .sent  forth  their  agents  and  commer- 
cial travelers,  has  the  superioritj'  of  home-made  goods  been  made  known  to 
the  purchasing  ])ublic.  In  the  face  of  powerful  and  sleepless  outside 
pressure,  a  large  domestic  trade  has  been  gradually  built  up,  and  within 
the  past  few  years  small  quantities  of  gloves,  manufactured  on  this  coast, 
liave  found  a  market  in  the  Eastern  States.  Shipments  ICast  for  1 88 1  weic 
estimated  at  $150,000.  There  was  a  marked  increase  of  Eastern  orders 
(luring  the  j-ear,  and  the  growth  of  this  trade  is  attributed  to  the  excellent 
([uality  of  the  materia!  used,  the  careful  workmanship  of  San  Francisco 
glo\cmakers,  the  fact  that  goods  made  on  this  coast  are  either  partial!)-  f)r 
entirely  liand-scwed,  aiid  the  difference  between  Californian  and  l^astern 
methods  of  tannage.  The  Eastern  process  tends  to  jiuff  the  skins  and 
open  the  ])orcs,  producing  an  article  less  com])act  and  impervious  to  water 
than  glove  Icatlier  of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture.  The  ICastern-made  glove 
appears  to  be  a  heavier  article,  but  when  tested,  the  wciglit  is  found  to  be 
the  same  as  that  of  similar  goods  manufactured  in  San  I'rancisco. 

Of  late  years  there  has  been  a  considerable  achance  in  the  cost  of  ma- 
terial. There  is  not,  as  )'ct,  an)-  important  decrease  in  the  available  supply; 
but  the  stead)-  growth  in  llie  doif^stic  antl  foreign  demand  will  ])robabl)- 
soon  work  a  serious  reduction  in  the  quantit)-  of  skins  available  lor  glove- 
making.  Shipments  of  undrcsseil  tleer-skins  to  ICastern  ilestinations  aver- 
age at  least  10,000  to  12,000  a  )-ear.  The  poorer  grades  of  skins  are  nearly 
all  shipped  East,  for  the  rea.son  that  gloveinakers  on  this  coast  can  not 
manufacture  them  at  a  profit.  The  number  of  skins  of  all  kinds,  cut  for 
use  b)'  glovemakers  on  this  coast,  is  probabl)-  little  short  of  300,000  a  )-ear. 
The  sui)|)l)-  of  goat-skins  is  obtained  in  the  \icinity  of  San  Francisco  and 
from  the  Guadalupe  Islands.  The  word  "kid"  is  a  technical  term,  and  in- 
cluiles  such  materials  as  lambs'-skins,  dog  auil  fawn  skins,  am!  sometimes, 
even  rats'-skins.  The  quantit)-  of  so-called  kid  used  for  maiuifacturing  i)ur- 
])oses,  throughout  the  world,  is  largel)-  in  excess  of  the  suppi)-  of  skins  ob- 


< 


11 


5i6 


MANTKAtTrUKS. 


t.iiiicil  from  the  sl,iu;j;htcr  of  kids.  The  finest  qualities  (if  ladies'  j^doves  arc 
made  from  tlie  skins  of  animals  not  more  than  },  or  4  weeks  old.  Calf- 
skins of  special  finish  arc  used  in  the  makintj  of  certain  heav\-  i^radcs. 
Sheep-skins  are  princi|)all)'  used  for  linings.  13oi(-skins  are  i.jreatly  in  ile- 
mand  1))'  f;lovcmakers,  thouL,di  many  so-calletl  dogskin  gloves  are  really 
made  of  goatskin.  A  single  firm  has  a  contract  witli  parties  in  .San  I'ran- 
cisco,  Oakland,  and  Sacramento,  for  the  delivery  of  3CXD  to  400  dog-skins 
per  month.  The  same  firm  used  to  import  by  e.ich  steamer  from  Sj'dney, 
New  South  Wales,  a  supply  of  kangaroo  and  wallabie  ("young  kangaroo) 
skins,  which  were  made  into  goods  of  \er\'  durable  <iualit_v,  but  they  left  no 
margin  of  profit,  and  the  orders  have  recently  been  witjidrawn. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  manufacture  of  gloves  on  the  I'acific  Coast  is  at 
the  ..ite  of  about  500.000  pairs  a  year;  that  a  little  over  three  fourths  of  this 
ciuantity  consists  of  common  working  and  driving  glo\cs  of  buck,  goat,  and 
dog  skin,  and  that  the  remainder  are  walking  and  dress  gloves.  Kid  gloves 
are  made  in  San  I'rancisco,  but  in  \-er\-  small  ijuantit)-,  ami  onl)-  to  order. 
The  skins  are  imported  from  I'rance,  where  flocks  of  goats  and  kids,  reared  for 
the  purpose  of  using  their  .skins  in  glove-making,  arc  kept  in  jjarks  by  them- 
selves, to  prevent  their  contracting  an\'  contagious  disea.sc.  Two  skins  arc 
required  to  produce  3  pairs  of  ordinary  kid  gloves,  but  a  single  pair  of  very 
long  gloves  often  requires  the  use  of  2  small  skins.  .  It  is  not  an  easy  thing 
for  liomc-made  goods  of  this  description  to  compete  w  ith  foreign  importa- 
tions. A  name  carries  much  weight,  and  a  I'rcnch-made  glove  possesses, 
in  the  e}X's  of  most  people,  numerous  advantages  in  shape,  .symmctr)",  and 
wear.  Importations  of  French  kid  amount  to  .several  hundred  thousand 
dollars  a  year  for  San  I'rancisco  alone.  The  value  of  imported  gloves,  other 
than  kid,  does  not  exceed  $100,000  for  the  entire  coast.  All  the  different 
grades  of  goods,  from  boxing-gloves  to  ladies'  kitl  of  many  buttons,  are 
made  in  San  I'Vancisco.  Buckskin  for  working-gloves,  and  dogskin,  or,  as 
the)'  are  called  by  the  trade,  doeskin,  for  dri\  ing-gloves,  are  made  in  larger 
quantity  than  other  descriptions.  When  tanned,  the  buckskins  arc  white ; 
before  being  handed  over  to  the  glovcmaker  they  are  smoked,  in  order  to 
give  them  a  yellow  color. 

Iiippitt,  Leak  &  Co.— Mills,  Li;ak  &  Co.,  predecessors  of  the  [jrcscnt 
firm  of  Lil'l'iTT,  [.i:.\l-:  &  Co.,  commenced  the  manufacture  of  gloves  7 
years  ago,  in  a  small  room  7  feet  b)-  9,  Their  present  quarters,  at  22 
Sutter  Street,  although  large  and  cfimmodious,  do  not  afford  sufficient 
space  for  their  growing  business,  anil  the  firm  \\  ill  soon  require  more  ample 
accommodations.  I'or  iSSi  their  sales  amounted  to  $200,000.  Large  (]uan- 
tities  of  gloves  are  forwardetl  to  ICastcrn  iriarkets,  where  goods  made  by 
Livrn  T,  Li;.\K  &  Co.  rank  among  the  best.     Their  facilities  for  manufac- 


I.EATIIKK 


SI7 


tiirc  arc  unsurpasset'  Besides  running;  their  San  Francisco  factory  on  such 
grades  of  gloves  as  are  usually  made  on  this  coast,  one  member  of  the  fn-ni, 
Mr.  John  Fulton,  manufactures  in  Gloversville,  N.  Y.,  all  the  classes  of 
Eastern  articles  used  in  the  States  and  Territories  on  this  side  of  the  Mis- 
souri River.  Thirty  to  40  hands  are  kept  constantly  busy  at  the  work- 
rooms in  San  I'rancisco,  and  about  Go  at  the  Gloversville  establishment, 
manufactLU'ing  not  less  than  150  different  varieties  of  goods.  In  addition 
to  sheep,  deer,  angora  goat,  and  other  skins  in  common  use  among  glove- 
makers,  large  quantities  of  otter  and  beaver  skins  are  u.scd  by  this  firm. 
Careful  \\-orkmanship  and  the  superior  quality  of  California-tanned  leather 
have  enabled  them  to  guarantee  the  quality  of  their  goods,  and  thus  in  a 
few  years  develop  their  trade  from  such  small  beginnings  to  its  present  large 
proportions.  By  ])ersistcnt  advertising  and  soliciting  among  country  mer- 
chants, and  among  hunters  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
Liri'lTT,  LlC.VK  &  Co.  have  built  up  a  business  that  ha^  helped  materially 
to  make  San  I'rancisco  a  market  for  pelts,  which,  not  man)-  years  ago,  went 
to  waste  for  want  of  purchasers.  For  18S2  they  have  a  wcw  and  excellent 
glove  called  the  Alaska  Buck,  which  does  not  become  hard  after  being  wet, 
and  for  which  they  anticipate  a  l.irgc  sale. 

P.  &  F.  G.  Conklin.— P.  &  I".  C.  Conki.IN,  proi)rictors  of  TllE  C.M.I- 
l'OKNl.\  Glo\i:  Co.Ml'.VNV,  5<Ss  Market  Street,  manufacture  all  grades  of 
buckskin,  doeskin,  kid,  cloth,  and  combination  gloves.  Not  less  than  100 
white  persons,  including  90  women  and  girls,  arc  employed  at  this  establish- 
ment. Sewers  make  from  $S  to $14  a  week,  and  machine  hands  an  a\erage 
of  $10,  all  working  by  the  piece.  The  main  manufacturing  lloor  occujjies  a 
.space  155  by  35  feet.  Twentj'  machines  of  different  patterns  are  used  for 
cutting  and  fancy  stitching.  The  cloth  u.sed  at  this  establishment  is  made 
at  the  Pioneer  and  Mission  Mills.  The  firm  commenced  operations  15 
years  ago  in  a  small  room  on  Stockton  Street.  They  attribute  tlieir  success 
to  the  fact  that,  having  made  up  their  minds  to  produce  an  article  of  su- 
perior quality,  thej-  made  a  study  of  their  busines.s,  and  were  constantly 
introducing  new  pattern.s. 

F.  H.  Busby.— FrkI).  II.  Bushv,  412  Market  Street,  began  business  in 
i<S74,  and  has  established  a  thriving  trade  both  on  this  coast  and  in  the 
y\tlantic  States.  He  is  him.sclf  a  practical  glovemaker,  as' his  family  have 
been  for  many  generations,  and  having  an  inventive  turn  of  mind,  has  done 
much  to  improve  the  quality  and  reputation  of  Californian  gloves,  and  to 
create  a  market  for  them  in  the  I'2ast.  In  1S75  he  obtained  a  patent  for 
the  "  BusUV  welt,"  the  u.se  of  which  strengthens  his  gloves  and  impro\es 
their  appearance.     The  Busuv   welt  is  double  with  the  folded  edge  out. 


S' 


mmmmmmm 


5iS 


M.wn-ACTrKr.s. 


Ml 


This  plan  luoids  the  necessity  and  labor  of  trimming;  the  welt  in  finishini^  tiio 
^dove.  ami  the  risk  of  cuttinL;  and  weakening  the  stitches  in  so  doing.  Mr. 
IUsi;\'  at  present  cinplo_\-s  about  15  men,  who  earn  from  $20  to  $45  per 
week,  ami  some  Ijojs  and  50  women  and  girls  who  earn  from  $9  to  $20  per 
week.  Nearly  all  work  by  the  piece,  and  can  only  earn  the  highest  rates  of 
wages  during  the  busiest  seasons,  by  working  o\crtime.  Over  160  styles  of 
gloves  are  made  in  this  establishment,  mostly  from  buckskin,  and  the  \ari- 
ous  skins  known  to  the  trade  as  kid.  There  is,  however,  during  part  of  the 
year,  a  good  trade  in  woolen  gloves.  The  glove  of  whicii  Mr.  BusiiV  sells 
nio.st  is  a  strong  buckskin  glo\e  named  the  "harvest."  Mr.  liusiiV  believes 
that  there  is  a  good  future  for  our  glovemaking  industry,  as  the  liigher 
wages  necessaril)'  paid  on  this  coast  are  more  than  offset  by  our  better 
methods  of  tanning,  the  abundance  of  raw  material,  and  the  reputation  for 
honest  workmanship  which  our  gloves  have  obtained. 

Other  Glove  Factories. —The  onl)-  establishment  on  this  coast  engaged 
in  the  m.uuifacture  <jf  genuine  kid  gloves  is  that  of  R.  C.  CLARK.  All  the 
liighest  grades  of  skins  are  imported,  though  under  a  duty  of  20  per  cent., 
and  placed  in  the  h;mds  of  the  most  skillful  l-'rench  cutters.  The  sewing 
and  making  is  tlone  b)-  c.\perts,  imder  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Cl.\KK.  The 
goods  manufactured  include  ladies'  kid  from  2  to  25  button,  and  choice 
grades  of  dogskin  and  buckskin  riding  and  driving  gloves. 

At  TllK  P.U'IKIC  Glovk  Works  of  S.  Bru.ML,  the  consumption  of 
material  is  at  the  rate  of  $50,000  a  ycu:  During  the  busy  season  60  hands 
are  employed,  nearly  all  of  whom  are  women  and  girls.  The  firm  has  a 
considerable  ICastern  trade,  which  has  grown  up  w  ithin  the  past  year  or 
two,  and  finds  a  market  for  its  goods  on  various  [jortions  of  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Other  glove  factories  in  San  Francisco  arc  those  of  l^HILLirs  & 
IIi;sTii.\L,  WiLLi.vM  Shirks,  G.  Winchii.l,  and  \V.  W.  Wilcox. 

TliK  S.\N  Josrc  RoisE  .\Mi  Glovk  COMr.VNV  was  incorporated  in  1S79, 
with  a  capital  of  $40,000.  The  companv'  was  organized  by  C.  V.  B.MLKV, 
who  is  now  its  president.  The  enterprise  is  mainl)-  tlirectcd  to  the  manu- 
facture of  robes,  which  are  made  from  the  finest  fleeces  of  Angora  goats. 
Some  of  the  skins  arc  tanned  and  made  into  glove.s. 

Shoe-stock. — The  waste  material  of  tanneries,  such  as  the  splits,  scraps, 
and  skivings  of  leather,  is  made  into  sole.s,  heels,  and  otlicr  portions 
of  the  boot  or  shoe,  and  is  tiien  termed  shoe-stock.  In  the  Eastern  States 
this  branch  of  manufacture  has  long  been  a  profitable  industry.  On  the 
Pacific  Coast,  material  of  this  kind  was  long  considered  worthless,  though 
now  commanding  a  fair  price  and  sometimes  diflficult  to  obtain.  The  only 
enterprise  of  this  nature  is  located  at  Pcnicia,  and  owned  by  John  Fkrrii;r, 


i,i;.\i  iii'.R. 


SI  9 


who  in  i.SjS  itncstcd  $iOO  in  tlu-  \cnturc,  and  now  reports  sales  amounting; 
to  $8,000  or  $io,oO(.)  a  year,  with  more  orders  on  li.  id  tlian  he  can  llli. 
Want  of  capital  and  proper  inachincr)  was  at  first  a  threat  (irau  hack,  and 
for  a  time  the  factory  was  forced  to  sus|)end  operations ;  but  these  difficul- 
ties were  overcome,  and  the  business  is  now  in  a  thrivinj^  coiulition.  The 
^joods  manufactured  consist  of  inner,  slip,  and  tap  soles,  counters,  heels,  etc., 
fastened  together  by  a  waterproof  paste,  the  invention  of  the  proprietor,  and 
afterwards  passcti  throu^'h  a  powerful  roiliny-m.icliine,  which  renders  the 
stock  as  soliil  as  rolled  sole  leather.  Ihe  in.iihinery  used  consists  ol  ,1 
5-horsc  power  engine,  two  njUers,  a  cutter,  a  splitting-machine,  antl  the 
ncccs.sary  sets  of  dies  for  cutting  soles,  heels,  counters,  etc.  The  pasting, 
trimming,  and  packing  is  done  b>-  young  boys  and  girls,  who  make  fair 
wages  working  by  the  piece. 

Bellows. —  There  are  but  2  factories  on  this  coast  engaged  in  the  making 
and  repairing  of  bellows,  and  tho.e  are  both  locatec'  in  San  I'rancisco. 
Not  more  than  10  or  12  men  arc  employed  at  this  iiulu^try,  and  the  gross 
value  of  manufacture  docs  not  exceed  $36,000  a  j-car.  The  inimlier  of 
pairs  made  is  at  the  rate  of  i.Soo  a  year.  The  cost  of  material  is  estimated 
;U  $14,000,  and  of  labor  at  $S,ooo.  The  entire  capital  invested  i  a'  >ut 
$10,000.  Importations  have  entirely  ceased  of  late  years.  The  ciuantity 
made  in  San  I'rancisco  is  not  nnly  sufficient  to  supply  the  wants  of  the 
Pacific  Coast,  but  a  margin  is  left  for  export  to  Au.straiia,  Japan,  and  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  amounting  in  value  to  $3,000  a  year.  The  i)rincii)al 
materials  usctl  in  the  making  of  bellows  arc  .sca.soncd  redwood  lumber,  and 
California  alum-t.uined  cowhide,  nhich  is  .soft  and  |)liable,  resembling  skirt- 
ing leather.  Oak-tanned  kip  leather  is  also  used  to  some  extent.  Red- 
wood, when  properly  .seasoned,  is  not  affected  by  damp  or  drought,  and  for 
that  reason  is  preferred  to  the  white  wood  used  in  I'^aslern  factories.  \11 
the  materials  used  are  of  home  manufactin-e,  with  the  exception  of  the 
nails,  which  arc  of  cast-iron,  and  eiilircly  imported. 

In  1874  JA^rl•:s  Cvmimskll,  superintendent  of  TnK  C.m.II-orm.x  ]?ki.- 
I.ow.s  M.\NU1'.\cti:ki.\(;  ComI'.WV,  1,2  I'remont  Street,  received  a  ])atent 
for  a  reversible  nozzle.  When  in  use,  the  short  end  of  the  nozzle  is  in 
serted  in  the  head  of  the  bellows,  but  when  packed  for  shipment,  it  is  re- 
moved, and  the  long  end  inseiletl  in  the  head,  lea\ing  only  the  short  end 
projecting.  A  sa\ing  is  thus  effected  in  the  measurement  of  the  package, 
and  in  the  cost  of  freight. 

In  1876  Mr.  C.V.MI'I')I:li,  recei\ed  a  seconil  [Jatent  for  his  "safety  valve  for 
bellows."  The  valve  is  inserted  in  the  nozzle  and  is  self-acting.  When 
the  bellows  are  in  operation  the  vaKe  remains  open,  hut  closes  as  soon  as 


' 


I 


'li! 


hIC 


520 


MANTI'ACTlJRr.S. 


i  ' :  1! 


till'  action  ceases,  thus  prc\cntiiiL;  tin-  inLi;rcss  of  ^'as  or  fire,  prcscn-ingf  the 
Ii'athcr  from  the  effect  of  heat,  and  remlerin^;  impossible  the  exiilosioiis 
whicii  sometimes  occur  in  !arj;"i'  jjlacl^smiths'  or  for^e  heilovvs.  lIi:\HN' 
jMcKuni;,  and  the  company  already  nameil,  are  the  proprietors  of  the  only 
bellows  Victories  on  the  coast. 

Hose  and  Belting.— The  first  lot  of  leather  hose  ever  made  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  was  manufactured  in  San  l'"rancisco  in  i-S;",  ami  ^'ained  a  premium 
at  the  State  fair  held  at  Sacramento  in  that  year.  Since  that  time  the 
i^routh  of  this  industry  has  been  steatl)-  and  satisfactory,  antl  it  now  hwlds 
a  hi;.;h  place  among  the  manufacturin;^'  interests  of  the  coast.  In  earlier 
tla)'s  leather  hose  uf  Californian  proiluction,  ai^ainst  \'ery  bitter  prejudice, 
forcetl  its  way  into  public  favur  solely  by  virtue  of  its  superior  merit.  The 
(.greater  strenijth  of  California  nak-tanneil  leather,  when  compared  with  the 
mixed  tannages  of  the  ICast,  was  established  b}'  repeated  tests.  It  was 
ascertained,  by  I'xpcrimcnts  matle  before  a  committee  of  the  JJoard  '.)f  I'Wc 
Commissioners,  that  I'.astern  ho.se  manufacturetl  at  Manchester,  New  Ilani])- 
shire,  and  costing  $1.75  a  foot,  gave  w.iy  under  a  pressure  of  205  pounds  to 
the  square  inch;  while  California-made  hose,  worth  $1.65  :i  foot,  carrietl  the 
test  up  to  22i,  pounds  before  breaking,  and  at  :!I5  poimds  .showed  no  syi^ip- 
toms  ( if  weakness  whatever.  The  I'ire  Department  tiicrcforc  gave  the  prefer- 
ence to  ho>e  manufactured  in  San  I'rancisco,  and  continued  to  u.se  it  until 
icS74,  when  rubber  hose  of  Kastcrn  make  w.as  substituted.  The  change  be- 
came necessary  on  account  of  the  greater  height  of  buildings,  and  the  cor- 
responding increase  of  pressure  to  which  the  hose  was  subject.  In  the  case 
of  the  "  Ilarpending"  fire,  for  instance,  which  occurred  on  Market  Street  in 
1873,  the  pressure  of  the  water,  when  carried  to  the  toj^most  stories,  was  sc) 
great  as  almost  to  exceed  the  capacity  of  leather  for  enduring  the  strain 
Rubber  hose,  on  the  other  hand,  can  be  made  of  almost  any  strength  by 
thickening  the  material.  It  has,  however,  the  disadvant.ige  of  being  very 
susceptible  to  injury.  A  very  slight  cut  renders  it  almost  worthless  and 
incapable  of  repair.  Leather  hose  will  do  good  work  for  15  )-ears,  and  is 
still  used  in  many  interior  towns  on  account  of  its  greater  economy. 

On  .account  of  the  \'ast  extent  of  our  mining  operations,  tiie  consumption 
of  belling  on  *he  Pacific  Coast  has  .assumed  large  proportion.s.  Ai:  the 
close  of  1.S81  there  were  4  establishments  in  operation,  .ill  located  in  San 
Francisco,  with  .in  .aggregate  capital  estimated  at  .$175,000,  manufacturing 
.about  200,000  feet  of  leather  belting,  6,000  feet  of  hose,  and  175,000  feet  of 
l.icing  ;i  year.  The  value  of  all  these  goods  may  be  .set  down  at  $250,000; 
the  number  of  oper.itives  employed  at  40,  and  the  amount  distributed  for 
labor  at  $25,000  a  )ear.  The  cost  of  labor  absorbs  10 per  cent,  and  of  ma- 
terial about  70  per  cent,  of  the  gross  proceeds  of  manufacture. 


I.KATIIER. 


521 


The  value  of  imported  leather  hose  and  beltinj;  docs  not  exceed  $,^o,oco 
a  year,  or  less  than  y  per  cent,  of  the  entire  consiunplion ;  but  \ery  larijc 
quantitie  ■  of  rubber  floods,  both  beltiny  and  hose,  arc  imported  for  various 
Ijurposes,  at  a  cost  of  not  less  than  $750,000  a  year  for  the  entire  coast. 

Two  at  least  of  the  4  factories  in  San  I'rancisco  have  alread)-  estalj- 
lishcd  a  small,  but  stcadil)-  incrcasinij,  export  trade,  now  estimated  in  ill  at 
about  $50,000  a  )-car.  Their  best  foreit;n  customers  are  liritish  Columbia, 
Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Isl.-inds,  Australia,  China,  and  Japan. 

Considerable  quantities  of  leather  beltiri^'  are  shipped  from  the  ICastern 
States  to  Ili.^land,  where,  for  some  reason,  her  home-manufactured  articles 
are  inferior  to  those  of  American  make.  Holts  m.ide  of  the  best  Califor- 
nian  leather  arc  as  much  superior  to  Eastern  yoods,  ;is  I^astcrn  yoods  are 
to  those  of  British  manufacture.  Our  export  trade  already  amounts  to 
$50,000  a  >-ear,  .iLjainst  $30,000  worth  of  imports.  Considerin;.,'  the  lari;e 
extent  of  territorj'  in  which,  on  account  of  her  commercial  sitimtion,  Cali- 
fornia may  hope,  in  time,  to  establish  a  considerable  trade,  manufacturers 
ha\e  every  reason  to  feel  wi  11  satisfied  with  their  present  status  and  the 
prosperous  outlook  for  their  business.  All  the  hose  and  lieltinL,'  factories  of 
the  coast  are  in  San  I'^rancisco.  II.  N.  Cook  has  a  hose  and  belt  factor)- 
that  has  been  in  operation  since  1861,  and  a  tanner}-  where  the  material 
required  for  his  factor}-  is  ])repared.  .At  the  tanner}-  ij  men  ;ire  emplo}-ed, 
and  20,000  sides  a  }-ear  are  manufacturetl  into  leather  \alued  at  .$90,000. 
When  converted  into  beltini(,  etc.,  tiie  leather  is  w-orth  $135,000.  The  skilled 
hands  at  the  factor}-  are  paid  on  an  a\craLje  $3  a  d.ay,  and  apprentices 
recci\-e  $10  a  week.  ]\Ir.  CoOK  is  the  inventor  of  a  combination  splitter, 
with  automatic  gear,  for  scarfing  belting,  for  which  he  recei\etl  a  patent  in 
1879.  In  1S80  that  gentleman  succeeded  in  tanning  sea-lion  hides,  of  \\hich 
he  converts  2,000  annu.-Ul}-  into  a  thick,  soft  leather.  The  factor}-  of  IIi:r- 
M.\X  ROVKR  was  built  in  1868,  .-md  now  gives  employment  to  12  hands. 
The  main  feature  of  this  establishment  is  the  preparadon  of  fulled  raw-iiidc 
belting.  The  <;ak-bark  tannage  largely  increases  the  weight  and  bulk  of  the 
leather;  but  the  fulling  process  adds  little  to  the  bulk  and  nothing  to  the 
weight.  It  is  claimed  that  fulled  rawhide  belting  is  of  superior  strength  and 
plianc}-.  Mr.  RoVKi;  also  makes  what  is  termed  combination  belting,  of 
which  one  side  consists  of  tanned,  and  the  other  of  fulled  leather.  I'"ulled 
rawhide  ropes  will  run  for  }-cars  without  .showing  any  signs  of  wear,  in  pul- 
leys much  smaller  than  those  recjuired  for  hemp  ropes,  which  grow  larger  b\' 
use,  and  are  affected  by  atmospheric  changes.  Wire  ropes  are  excellent  for 
transmitting  power  over  long  distances,  but  the  want  of  elasticily  makes  it 
impossible  to  use  them  largely  for  ordinary  manufacturing  purposes.  A.  A. 
66 


4i 


Ill 


MANll  ArTlKIS. 


U 


C'liDK  and  L.  P.  I)i;(.l  \  are  other  niaiiufactiirers  ot  Icatlier  bcltniLj  jn  Sati 
l''ranci.sco. 

Rubber  Goods.— Twf)  large  importint;  hmiscs  in  San  Francisco — TlfH 
(;(i<iii\  i.AK  Ki  iii;i:r  CoMrANV  anil  Tiii';  (a  ma  I'krciia  an'D  RnuiKU 
Mami  A(  rri';iN(;  I'omi'ANV  — make  up  all  the  rubber  goods  that  are  pro- 
duced on  this  coast.  Hoth  these  establishments  have  facilities  for  makin;^ 
ail  the  leading  descriptions  of  articles  ef)nimonly  in  use,  but  neither  of  them 
manufactures  otherwise  than  to  order,  and  usuall\-  to  lil!  thetlemand  lor  some 
.-.[jccial  articles,  whirh  do  not  ha|)pen  to  be  in  the  market.  Their  services 
are  al.so  in  request  for  icpairing  work,  w  hich  brings  them  in  considerable 
ri  \enue,  and  for  v.hicli  tJlacy  have  all  the  ncccs.sary  appliances.  The  entire 
\alue  ol  all  rubber  good -of  home  production  is  less  than  $30,000  a  )ear, 
against  ne;irl\'  .ji  [ .ooo.oon  vvorth  of  imports.  Tlie  liemand  1-  principall)'  for 
rublnr  Imltjng  and  hoAc  More  than  go  ])er  cent,  of  all  tihe  leather  ho.sc 
and  belling  :<.M:tl  on  the  JHacatic  Coast  is  supplied  by  San  Fra.iiicisco  factories, 
and  the  \alui  of  ourexpoTTr  in  this  line  is  nearly  twice  the  amount  of  imports. 
The  I  vattlletre  quality-  of  .ntr  hides  and  tan  bark  has  alrcad_\  enabled  a  few 
enterpriw!''         i'     f";:  i';complish  these  results.      In  the  case  of  rub- 

ber gooils,  Im  r,  I'Liitage  of  ha\'ing  to  import   the  caoutchouc 

from  regions  -o  iir  distant^a*  South  America,  or  tropical  Asia,  is  a  \ery 
seriou-.  obstac  ''"'i'  !  -  ■  1  m-umption  of  thoe  aaticleson-thc  Pacific 

Coast  may  tn    ,,,  in-  Ijiauch  of  industn,-;  but,  with  the  [ircsent 

inices  of  laljor  iSHil!  (aqofiEU^^it  can  Jnardly  be  expected  that  manufacturing 
enterprise  will,  in  the  iicar  inaniiiire.  atnain  an\-  great  (.le\elopment,  except  in 
cases  where  an  aJosmdairt  .supply  oil  cheap  materiid  can  be  obtained  from 
sources  of  supply  that  are  easy  of  aoEess. 


GLASS,    KAKIIIKNWARK,    liTC. 


523 


CHAPTER    XXX.— GLASS,    EARTIIENWAR  !•„   ETC. 

Scope  of  Chapter. — This  chapter  relates  to  products  made  from  niin- 
metaUic  minerals  by  inanufacturing  processes,  and  includes  glass,  potter\-, 
bricks,  hydraulic  ccincnt,  lime,  cement  pipe,  artific-,  i  -'•nc,  plaster  casts, 
and  cut  stone.  These  articles  belong  to  a  distinr'  iinch  of  industry, 
which  has  not  held  a  very  prominent  place  on  our  ..uast.  In  our  archi- 
tecture, wood  is  used  far  more  extensively  than  brick  or  stone,  and  the 
population  is  not  yet  large  or  dense  enough  to  sustain  factories  for  making 
fme  work  in  glass  and  pottery.  That  portion  (jf  our  slope  south  of  Ari/(jna 
produces  no  glass  of  any  kind,  and  no  earthenware,  save  articles  of  tlic 
coarser  qualities.  The  slope  north  of  Mexico  employs  in  this  ck  parliuent 
4,000  persons,  and  $4,000,000  of  capital,  and  produces  articles  worth  $0,000,- 
000.  The  jjrick-cut  stone  and  scwer-pipc,  but  not  the  structures  or  works 
in  whicli  they  are  placed  for  final  use,  are  included  in  tiic  value. 

Glass— The  manufacture  of  glass  on  the  coast  is  confined  almost  cx- 
clusi'.x'  •  to  bottle-making;  the  material  being  named  after  its  color,  as 
amber,  lilack,  blue,  olive,  or  white  glass.  The  annual  production  is  valued 
at  $350,000,  and  comprises  soda,  beer,  wine,  and  liquor  bottles,  carboys, 
demijohns,  druggists'  \ials,  and  fruit-jars;  numbering  over  5,000,000  in  the 
aggregate.  The  capital  invested  amounts  to  $225,000,  and  the  industry 
gives  emploj-ment  to  250  hands,  of  whom  one  half  are  boys,  l)ctween  the 
ages  of  12  and  20,  The  wages  paid  are:  to  the  laborers  who  handle  llic 
material,  $1,75  per  day  of  10  hours;  to  the  firemen,  $15  per  week.  The 
gla  s-blowers  and  the  boys  are  paid  by  the  piece;  the  former  earning  from 
$5  to  $10  per  day,  and  the  latter  from  50  cents  to  $1.50  in  the  same 
time.  A  day's  work  of  a  blower  is  S  hours.  About  650  packages  of  the 
smaller  articles  ]jroduced  arc  exported  to  ]5ritish  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  Mexico,  Japan,  Central  America,  Australia,  and  China;  the  com- 
parative quantities  to  each  being  in  the  order  named.  Whilst  mentioning 
exports,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  note  that  nearly  1,600  barrels  of 
broken  glass  have  been  shipped  to  China  in  a  year.  The  raw  materials 
consumed  annually  include  4,000  tons  of  sand,  2,000  of  soda  ash,  as  many 
of  broken  glass,  r, 200  of  lime,  and  \}4  of  manganese.  The  sand  used  is 
from  Monterey,  with  the  exception  of  an  occasional   lot  brought  by  some 


J 


f!ii 


I      / 


J 


524 


MAMlACTrUKS. 


vessel  as  ballast;  ihc  limu  is  t'l-Din  near  ;\ubiini,  and  the  iiian^Ljanese,  tlie 
oxide  of  which  i^  used  in  small  ()uaiUities  as  colorinLj  matter,  also  comes 
friiin  \arioiis  places  in  Califoi'nia.  The  ci-iide  soda  found  on  this  coast  bcin_t( 
enlirel)-  unsuitable  Uiv  ^dass  manufacture,  that  used  is  imported  from 
]'2n^danil.  The  iiiel  is  coal,  and  Cannes  from  t''e  coast  and  iVom  Au-iralia; 
tlic  consumption  bcin^^  about  2-,  tons  per  day.  The  season  extends 
IhrouiLihout  the  year,  the  dullest  ])eriod  bcinij  during'  the  winter  months, 
and  the  busiest  the  autumn,  when  jars  for  preser\in.L,f  fruit  are  in  deman<l. 
Of  the  operatives,  about  three  fourths  arc  white,  the  remainder  l)ein^^ 
Chinese.  'I'hc  latter,  and  a  portion  of  the  white  bo)'s,  are  en,L;a;.(ed  in 
covcrini;  demijohns  with  basket-work.  In  weavinif  the  material,  the 
C'hinese  bej;in  at  the  neck  of  tlie  bottle,  thus  reversing-  the  method  in 
use  amongst  Caucasian.s.  An  improvement  in  this  branch  of  tlie 
industi)-  consists  in  placiiiy^ -tulc,  a  coarse,  flexible  reed  growinj^'  abun- 
dantly in  the  Californian  marshes,  between  the  glass  and  wattling.  This 
lining  being  elastic,  shields  the  package  in  case  of  sliock,  and  thus  adds  to 
its  strength.  The  many  bottles  bearing  names,  or  other  tradc-inarks,  on 
their  siuTaces  in  raiseti  characters,  arc  made  b)'  blowing  hot  glass  into 
molds,  which  arc  usually  furnished  by  the  parties  whose  names  they  bear. 
Tills  branch  of  the  business  is  of  importance,  the  value  of  the  molds  stored 
at  tlie  w'irks  being  about  $30,000  in  the  aggregate.  The  stock  of  manu- 
factured ware  kept  on  hand  to  meet  sudden  orders,  is  worth  $()0,ooo. 
Glassware  is  imported  to  the  value  of  $:!,ooo,ooo  yearly;  one  fourth  in  the 
form  of  window-glass,  the  remainder  being  mirror  plates,  tableware,  tub- 
ing, etc.  A  sm.ill  q.iantit}'  of  the  last  named  has  been  made  here.  In 
iS5y  an  attempt  to  establish  a  bottle  factor)-  in  San  I'"raiicisco  was  made 
b)'  a  turn  who  were  eng.iged  in  bottling  and  preserving;  but  the  glass  pro- 
duced was  of  so  inferior  a  i|u.ility  that  it  pro\ed  useless.  The  year  follow- 
ing, the  compan)-  brought  workmen  from  the  Eastern  States  ;ind  built  new- 
works,  which  were  abandoned  a  few  months  afterwards.  Other  parties 
built  works  the  same  )-ear  in  the  same  cit)-,  only  to  meet  a  like  late  with 
their  predecessors.  .\  factory  built  in  San  I'rancisco,  in  1862,  produced 
gootl  glass;  but  the  flames  from  its  chimney  so  alarmed  the  people  in  the 
neighborhood,  ,iiui  the  alkaline  deposits  from  the  soda  used  so  di.sgustcd 
them,  that  the  establishment  was  declared  a  nuis.-uice.  In  the  mining  days 
of  California,  bottles  were  in  such  demand  that  old  ones  were  gathered  at 
Honolulu,  Tahiti,  and  along  the  Mexican  Coast.  The  exjjense  of  iinporta- 
tion  from  the  llastern  .States  was  nearh^  cc|ual  to  the  origin;U  cost,  break- 
age in  tr.insit  reached  such  proporti<ins,  that  a  writer  of  the  time  compares 
it  to  the  loss  sustained  in  shipi)ing  ice  through  the  tropics.  Notwithstand- 
ing these  drawbacks  ,ukI   the   additional   one  of  imcertainty  as   to  time  of 


CLASS,    i:\UTIIIV\\  \\<]\    1   If. 


S-I? 


arrival,  tin:  \nliR'  ^f  tlic  impdrtaticm  nf  tjlas^  hullU-s  in  l^^;^)  wa^;  alxnii 
$250,000.  riic  reason  \vli\-  ncitllcr  tali'.i'  nor  wiiiilow  L;lass  i-;  niadi'  on 
the  coast  is,  that  the  manufactinT.  to  he  iirofitahlc,  must  be  carrieil  on  ix- 
tcnsjvely;  and  our  jiopnlation  is  not  lar^e  enouc;h  to  create  the  necessary 
demand.  Ail  the  establishments  tliat  make  ^^lass,  or  L;rind.  bend,  emboss, 
or  silver  it  on  our  coast,  are  in  San  l-'rancisco. 

TllK  S.W  ru.Wctsco  .\M)  I'.scil'ic  ("il..\ss  Works,  orii;inall_\-  2  com- 
panies whose  names  ,ire  prescr\ed  in  the  title,  is  the  l.irtjest  ^d.iss  m.inii- 
factorj-  on  tlic  coast.     The  first  mentioned,  established  I.))-  CXKl/loN   \i;\v- 


4i 


M.V.\    and    1'.  T.  I?R1:n\.\V  in    1.S63,  had   a  furnace  containini 


pots,  the 


output  consistiiiLf  of  flint-,i;i;iss  vi.ils,  lamp-chimneys,  etc.  This  uas  tlio 
first  attempt  to  manufacture  flint  i^lass  on  the  coast,  and  was  not  a  suc- 
cess financially.  owiiT.^  to  lack  of  pro[)er  material,  and  experienced  work- 
men. In  1868  the  works  were  destroyed  by  fire.  In  1870,  C.  Xi:nM.\\ 
built  the  bottle  factorj'  located  on  Kini^  Street  neai'  I'"(]in-th,  for  the  pro- 
duction of  ^'reen,  blue,  and  amber  t;lassware,  and  in  1876,  this  comi)anv 
bought  the  good-will,  stock,  and  fi.\tures  of  TllK  I'.vt'll'U  ("".i.Ass  Works, 
a  concern  dating  from  1862,  and  the  2  firms  became  one.  The  present 
comp.my  have  2  buiklings,  each  containing  7  pots,  the  combined  capacity 
being  14  tons  of  glass  daily,  and  arc  constructing  flint-glass  works  for  the 
inanufactiux"  of  druggists'  vials,  lamp-chimneys,  ami  pressed  ware.  Capit.d 
to  the  amount  of  $200,000  is  invested;  200  hands  are  employeil,  and  tiie 
anmial  product  is  \alucd  at  $300,000. 

Tut:  Caiji'ORNIA  Co-oI'ER.vtivk  Glass  Works  were  established  at 
San  I'Vancisco  in  i88r  by  Joiix  L.  Klllv  iS:  Co.,  with  a  capital  of 
$7,ooci.  The  industrj-  furnishes  cmplojinent  to  40  men  anil  boj's,  who  arc 
turning  out  green,  amber,  and  white  vials,  bottles,  and  demijohns,  to  the 
value  of  $4,000  monthly.     The  works  are  located  at  the  foot  of  Ninth  Street. 

Mirrors,  eto. — In  connection  with  the  manufacture  of  glass  are  various 
industries  depending  on  it  for  r,nw  material.  As  carried  on  here,  these  iirc 
silvering  mirrors,  cutting,  grinding,  antl  embossing  glass.  .Stained  glass  is 
importeil  from  lunope  in  sheets,  which  are  worked  up  as  rec|uired.  There 
aie  2  establishments  in  .San  Francisco  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
mirrors,  employing  7  men.  The  capital  in\ested  .imoimts  to  $175,000,  and 
the  work  done  is  i)rincipally  on  large  plates  made  in  Kuro|)C.  ^lirrors 
made  here  arc  better  than  the  foreign  product,  for  the  reason  that  a  sea 
voyage  tarnishes  the  silvering.  Sm;;!l,  cheap  glasses  are  mostly  brought  to 
the  coast  from  the  h'.astcrn  States.  About  15,000  square  feet  of  glass  ;irc 
covered  here  ye.irly,  and  valued  at  nearly  $125,000.  In  i860  tliere  was  but 
one  man  emplo\ed  in  the  business  on  the  Pacific  .Slope. 


i 


;-'^- 


MAMI  Ai'lTKKS. 


i,  .'■■ 


i!te.         i 


(  )iiiain(iu.il  i(l.iss  work,  includin;,'  bciulin^r,  cinpl(i\-s  20  men  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  tlicir  waLjcs  averaf^^c  $18  per  week.  The  annual  value  of  the  out- 
put is  about  $60,000.  In  hendintj  Ljlass,  the  sheets  are  laid  on  iron  molds, 
anil  heal  applied  until  the  softened  plate  conforms  to  the  pattern. 

The  o])a(iue  surface,  which  is  the  distintjuishint,'  characteristic  of  .L;n>unil 
j^lass,  is  produced  by  friction  in  contact  with  powtlered  emery,  sometimes 
Lflued  to  the  i)erii)hery  of  a  wheel.  I''mbossinL(  resembles  etchint;,  in  tl'.at  a 
co.itin^'  of  resistin^r  material  is  spnad  over  the  surface  of  the  fjlass,  and 
acid  applieil  lhrouL,di  o]jeninj4s  cut  in  the  coating;;  but  the  f^lass  is  eaten  be- 
tween the  fij^'urcs,  thus  iea\  inij  the  latter  raised.  The  ])rincipal  glass-cutting 
establishments  are  tho.se  of  S.  \i.  Ibjl'lKK,  WlLI.l.A.M  IIoisT,  JuHN  i\I.\LLON', 
and  J.\Mi:s  M(  t".\kl  liv. 

Pottery. —  The  pottery  made  on  the  T'acific  Coast,  thus  far,  has  been 
chictly  of  the  coarser  classes,  including  such  articles  as  chimney-tojis,  and 
other  architectural  ornaments,  flower-])ots,  garden-\ases,  fountains,  chinuiej-, 
and  drainage  pipe,  jugs,  anti  brown  cirllienware,  fire-brick,  and  crucibles. 
With  trifling  exceptions  all  table  and  otiier  fine  ware  is  imijorted.  At  one 
establishment  floor  tiles,  stoves,  and  burial-caskets,  ha\e  been  manufactured. 
y\iiiillier  firm  has  e.\])erimcntcd  in  glazed  )e!low  ware,  exhibited  kitchen 
uu  iisiK  matle  of  this  material,  and  will  i)robabl)'  |)lace  it  on  the  market 
during  the  coming  )car,  but  generall)-,  no  fine  work  has  been  attcm])ted. 

'I'he  annual  value  of  the  productions  i.s  about  $275,000.  In  atklition, 
3,000  i)ackages  of  crocker\-  of  all  kinds,  and  750,000  fire-brick  are  im- 
ported. The  exports  amount  to  [,500  packages;  the  greatest  number 
being  to  liritish  Columbia,  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Central  America, 
and  the  South  Sea  Islands,  in  the  order  named.  The  importation  of  fire- 
brick is  largely  in  excess  of  its  production,  not  more  than  75,000  being 
maile  here  \early.  Manufacturers  claim  for  their  jjroducts,  that  they  have 
been  tested  side  by  side  with  the  best  luiglish  brick  in  some  of  our  largest 
smelting  works  and  fi)undries,  .ind  ha\e  proved  their  equals  in  all  respects; 
but  the  foreign  article  coming  over  as  ballast,  is  transported  at  a  cost  little 
in  excess  of  handling,  antl  offered  here  for  $55  per  1,000,  which  is  from  $5 
to  $10  less  than  the  jirice  of  the  home  lu'oduct.  The  principal  beds  of 
jjotter's  clay  so  far  discoveretl  on  oiu'  coast  are  in  California,  and  are  in 
AiuaiJor,  Placer,  Sacramento,and  Contra  Costa  counties;  the  cla)'  costing  from 
$1.50  to  $5  I'er  ton,  according  to  distance  transported.  In  the  ])iitteries  more 
tl'ian  200  hands  are  employed,  one  third  of  whom  are  Chinese;  the)-  are  usually 
paid  by  the  jjiece,  the  most  skillful  earning  $4  per  da\-,  the  Chinese  $1.  I'ho 
working  seascMi  extends  throughout  the  dry  months,  or  about  two  tltirtls  of 
the  year.     The  capital   imested   auu'unis  to  $3oo,0(X).     The  cl,i\-  is  of  ex- 


HT.ASS,    1  AKTllINU  AKi:,    KTC, 


527 


ccllciit  (|it,ilily,  ill  alnmilaiU  (|U,imily,  ati  1  will  im  dniilit  iK-comc  mure  \alii- 
ablc  ycarl)-.  The  Amador,  I'laccr,  and  C'oiUra  Costa  deposits  arc  worked 
in  connection  with  coal  niiiiinL;;  that  in  Sacramento  Count)' is  obtained  from 
Michit;an  and  Cook's  liars,  on  the  Cosiiinnes  River.  Clay  lias  also  been 
foinid  and  worked  near  Mureka,  in  Humboldt  County;  near  Casti'o\  ille,  in 
•Montcre)-  Count)-;  in  Los  Anj^cles  Count)-,  ne.n-  Santa  Monica  and  San 
Fcrnandino;  in  Xapa  Count)-,  near  Xapa;  ,iinl  in  the  \icinit)-  ot'  Rrd  IMulT, 
in  Tehama  County.  At  present  there  are  10  establishinents  in  California, 
2  in  OrcLjon,  and  3  in  Utah.  The  Californian  factories  ha\-e  furnished  17 
miles  of  their  jiipe  to  the  Cit)'  of  San  I-rancisco.  The  facilities  for  prockic- 
tion  are  ample  for  the  suppi)-  of  the  coast;  there  is  crude  material  in  sufTi- 
cicnt  (|uantit)-  to  permit  manufactiirin;^-  for  e.vport;  the  <|iialit)-  of  om- 
]iroductioii  compares  fax'irabl)-  with  similar  articles  m,-ide  in  the  {•'.asiern 
States  or  in  luirope.  Manufactiu'ers  aie  prcparini;  the  u;i)-  for  the  proiluc- 
tion  of  a  better  class  of  ware,  .-uid  we  ma)-  therefore  confidentl)-  expect  to 
see  in  the  near  future  our  cl,-i)-s  tunn  d  into  the  I'mer  articles  of  potter)-,  ex- 
clusive of  porcelain.  l-"ire-cla)-  h.is  been  found  mi  Ctah,  .\'c\-ada,  .uul 
Arizona,  ami  used  to  some  extent  in  making  refracioi)'  linings  for  smeltinj;- 
furnaces.     It  is  also  known  '  •  occur  in  Alask.'i. 

TuK  Sax  I'kancisco  Si-;ui£r  Pii'i-;  .Association-  rcomprisincj  N.  Ci.akk 
&  .Sox's  Pacific  IVittcry  of  SacraiiH-nto,  the  pottery  of  Cii-.MHtixc,  Mi  Hi. A.N 
&  Co.,  at  Lincoln,  Californi;i.  J.\M1-;'-  Millkk  iK:  Co.'s  California  I'ottery,  at 
Oakland,  and  A.  .Stkioer's  potter)-,  at  .San  Jose)  has  ailopted  a  uniform 
schedule  of  prices  for  all  .sales  in  -San  r'nuicisco;  but  each  conducts  its  own 
businc:;s  independently,  and  each  sells  at  the  pottery  at  such  prices  as  it 
sees  fit  to  accept.  In  Sacramento,  H.  F.  BuxDOCK,  Gi;oK(;k  ^L\I)llO\,  and 
r.  \"(iN  llAin.X  have  potteries.  In  (Oakland,  Daxiki.  Hu.\XX.\X  has  a 
potter)-  which  was  established  in  1S56;  and  W  H.  &  I".  II.  DkxmsoX 
built  drain-tile  works  at  Napa  Cit\-  in  1S80.  C  BI.  Mvi:ks  has  a  potter)  at 
Orcj^on  City,  Orc5,u)n.  In  Utah,  Kakiu  i-:v  &  Caktwrioii  r  and  F.  Pktsox 
lia'.'c  works  at  .Salt  Lake  City,  obtainint;  their  cla)-  from  the  mountains,  40 
miles  ilistant.      There  are  several  small  potteries  elsewhere  in  the  Territory 

Buena  Vista  Pottery.— Tin-:  lU  kxa  Vista  Pottkrv  was  established  ni 
the  town  111  lUiena  \  ista,  Polk  Count)-,  (Orcj,ron,  by  the  present  owner,  /\. 
M.  .SMiril,  who  discovered  beds  of  cla)-  on  the  banks  of  ilu-  Willamette 
River,  upon  which  the  \-ilIa^e  is  siluateil,  and  Imilt  works  there  in  I<S65. 
The  kilns,  which  differ  fi-om  those  in  u><-  elsewhere,  ami  mo  t  of  the  machines, 
were  desi;,nieil  b)-  the  proprietor,  and  have  proved  successful,  .\lioul  50 
men  are  emplo)ed,  who  turn  (JUt  sewer-;)ipe,  stoneware,  ilower-pots,  \,-ises, 
fire-brick,  etc.,  which  arc  .sold  in  ()rey;ou  and  \Vashint;ton,  the  factor)-  beint; 


m      i 


'  M 


wm 


\-mi 


$1 

in 


5:!8 


MA.vti  AcrrKix 


tlu'  larijcst  one  in  the  industry  in  ()rcL;f)n.  The  wluilcsalc  dcpdt  is  at  269 
Imhiu  Street,  I'ortlanti.  Mi.  Smiiii  has  been  iinifonnl)- successful,  ,ilthi)ii.L;li 
se\crai  other  parlies  iia\c  attcinpletl  to  estabHsh  |)ollcrics  in  his  neighbor- 
lu)()(l  aiul  failed. 

Bricks. — liricks  are  now  manufactured  b_\-  2  processes:  tlie  old  inethod, 
in  which  a  kihi  conlaininLj  (OO.ooo  bricks  or  less  is  heated  from  9  to  14 
(la\'s,  rccpiirinL;  about  400  cords  of  wood  for  fuel;  and  by  a  process  knfiwn 
as  I  loflni.m's,  in  which  coal  is  the  fuel  emplo)-c\!,  the  Isricks  are  baked  in 
lurnaces,  some  of  which  ha\e  a  capacit)'  for  450,000,  and  the  time  of  burn- 
hv^  is  from  24  to  36  hoiU's.  As  wood  costs  $S  per  cord,  rmd  Moimt  Diablo 
coal  at  least  $5  per  ton,  tlie  difference  in  time  between  llie  two  methods  is 
an  item  of  imjiortance  in  the  manufacturer's  account  of  expenditures, 
liricks  are  classifietl  in  accordance  with  their  manufactin'e  and  value.  Those 
comini^  out  of  the  burniuL;'  in  a  warped  condition,  onl_\'  suitable  for  tlie  in- 
terior of  walls,  ;ire  known  as  c<jmmon  red,  and  sell  for  from  $7  to  $cS.50  per 
1,000.  Those  of  i.,'ood  tiualit}'  are  termed  buildintj-brick,  and  are  sold  for 
$9  per  1,000;  anil  those  pressed  In-  macliiner)-,  a  slower  process,  brin^r  from 
$25  to  $^0  [jcr  1,000.  The  annual  consmnption  of  the  products  of  this  in- 
dustry is  said,  b\-  those  en^'agetl  in  it,  to  vary  more  than  that  of  any  article 
manufactured  on  the  coast,  and  to  tlepend  entirely  upon  the  state  of  the 
money  market.  During;  1  SSl,  the  production  amounted  to  about  125,000,- 
000,  and  it  is  not  probable  the  consumjition  will  hereafter  fill  below  100,- 
000,000  in  the  most  staLjnant  season.  Of  the  number  consumed,  nearl_\-  two 
tiiirtls  were  built  up  in  (.California,  the  remainder  beinj;'  distributed  through 
the  territory  north  of  Mexico.  The  capital  in\-ested  in  the  industry  amoimts 
to  about  $700,000,  and  emploj-mcnt  is  ,t,nvcn  to  1,600  persons,  of  whom  one 
half  are  Chinese.  The  laborers  are  desitjnatcd  and  paid  in  accordance  with 
the  ilulies  performed.  Tiie  burner,  who  has  chartjc  of  the  fires,  receives  $70 
l)er  month  and  board;  those  who  sliape  the  bricks  are  termed  moldeis, 
ami  are  paid  $40  to  $50  per  month  and  board;  those  who  carry  the  molds 
to  the  (h-)'ing-ground,  and  emi)t)-  out  the  bricks,  are  called  off-bearers,  and 
receive  $30  to  $35  and  board'  and  those  who  pile  the  bricks  in  tlie  kiln  arc 
known  as  setters,  and  are  paid  $45  and  board.  Chinese,  when  employed  as 
setters,  are  paid  $1.40  per  thou.sand,  a  contract  beint^  made  with  a  boss  who 
furnislies  his  own  men  ;  Chinese  molders  recei\e  $1.75  per  day,  and  Chinese 
pitmen  aiul  other  ordinary  laborers  $1.20  per  day.  While  the  kilns  arc 
bein;4  burned  the  work  goes  on  daj'  and  night,  the  men  working  by  shifts. 
The  season  extends  from  about  April  to  October,  inclusive,  except  in  the 
case  of  the  Hoffman  process,  whicli  being  partially  carried  on  under  cover, 
is  less  depentlent  on  the  weather.     The  cost  of  the  claj',  in   places  where 


ra.ASS,    lAKTIll  NWAKF.,    KTi' 


•i2i) 


that  material  i';  obtained  \cry  near  the  fiimacc,  is  i-stiinati'd  lo  he  75  cents 
fi>r  1,000  bricks.  The  bctis  of  cla)-  arc  rret|lieiit!\-  tnore  tlian  JO  feel  in 
deptli,  and  rarcl\-  less  than  4  feet.  The  convicts  at  the  State  penitentiary 
in  Marin  (."ounty,  California,  made  6,500,000  bricks  in  1S7S. 

Many  )ards  have  been  established  on  the  coast  within  25  years  that, 
after  flourishint^^  for  a  period,  ceased  to  exist.  J.  Di>.\K  and  otlicrs  estab- 
lislied  works  at  Stockton,  California,  in  1.S50,  and  turned  out  durini;'  that 
year  700,000  bricks.  In  1858  the  Sacramento  yards  furnisheil  o\er  1,500,- 
000  ijricks  for  llio  defenses  of  San  I'Yancisco  haibc  r.  In  1S49  a  ship-loail 
of  bricks  from  I'lymoutli,  Ma.ssachusctts,  was  sold  in  San  Francisco  for  $60 
per  1,000.  The  numerous  fires  that  occurred  in  San  I'^rancisco,  and  in  otlier 
Californian  towns,  durinj^  the  days  of  cotten-lined  wooden  buildings, 
created  a  lively  demand  for  bricks,  that  was  met  by  a  correspondinjj  activ- 
ity in  their  manufacture.  The  largest  brick  buildinc;  on  the  coast,  the 
Palace  Hotel  in  San  Francisco,  contains  23,000,000  bricks.  \\'ith  the  ex- 
ception of  fire-bricks,  which  are  noted  in  the  article  on  pottery,  there  are  no 
importations  of  buildin<,r-brick,  and  competition  by  outside  manufacturers 
is  not  to  be  expected.  The  production  in  this  branch  of  industry  has  more 
than  doubled  in  quantit)'  .since  1S70. 

Amon^"^  the  brick  manufacturers  of  the  coast  may  be  mentioned  R I, MIL- 
LARD Hkotiikk.s  and  II inter  &  Shacklkford,  of  San  Francisco; 
Fountain  Hrothkr.s  and  John  C.  Rvan,  of  Sacramento;  T.  W.  Pk- 
TLRSON,  of  San  Josd;    and   Da\TS  &  LOWELL,  of  Mountain  View. 

Hydraulic  Cement. — The  total  consumption  of  this  article  is  estimated 
to  be  not  les.s  than  100,000  barrels  annually;  of  which  c|uantity,  about  30,- 
000  barrels  are  produced  here,  the  remainder  bcin^  imported  from  the  /\t- 
lantic  States  and  from  liurope.  Twche  men  are  employed  in  the  industry, 
which  is  carried  on  through  the  dry  months  only.  The  raw  material  is  ob- 
tained within  6  miles  of  the  works,  which  are  situated  in  Henicia,  Cal., 
where  they  were  established  by  TllE  I'ACilTC  Ce.MENT  Comi'ANV  in  1864. 
The  San  Francisco  agent  is  J.  Browell.  The  cement  is  sold  at  $2.50  per 
barrel,  and  is  prepared  by  calcination,  from  rock  containing  carbonate  of 
lime  and  alumina. 

Cement  Pipe.— Cement  pipe,  as  made  on  this  coast,  is  composed  of 
gravel,  clean  beach  sand,  and  hydraulic  cement,  the  last  named  being  of  2 
varieties:  a  protluct  known  as  Bcnicia  Cement,  manufactured  in  California; 
and  the  Rosendale  braml,  made  from  rock  quarried  in  New  York  State. 
These  cements  are  mixed  in  the  ])roportion  of  one  part  of  Californian  to  2 
parts  of  F.astern.  The  process  of  forming  the  pipe  is  simple:  2  iron  cylin- 
ders of  the  length  of  a  section  are  set  up,  one  within  the  other,  the  space 
67 


S30 


MAN'UI'ACTUUES. 


I*:i 


between  them  bcin;^  equal  to  the  desired  thickness  of  the  pipe;  and  the 
mixture,  previously  made  into  a  stiff  mortar,  is  filled  in  the  intermediate 
space  anil  rammed.  When  dry  the  tube  is  very  hard,  and  equally  durable 
with  the  most  lasting  stone.  The  total  production  of  cement  pipe  on  the 
coa' :.  measures  about  60  miles,  two  thirds  of  which  is  laid  in  San  Francisco. 
Tlie  anriual  production  is  about  125,000  feet,  valued  at  $40,000;  the  cap- 
ital invested  amounts  to  $35,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  8  men,  who 
are  paid  on  an  a\'cra[;e  $_•  per  day  of  10  liours.  The  pipe  is  sold  at  from 
IJ  to  95  cents  per  lineal  foot,  according  to  size.  The  principal  manufac- 
turers are  II.  S.  AI.VKTix,  San  Francisco;  and  G.  J\lELLER  &  SON.S,  Sac- 
ramento. 

Artificial  £tone. — Artificial  stone  of  2  descriptions  is  produced  on  the 
coast;  that  made  in  blocks  for  building,  statuary,  etc.,  and  stone  for  walks 
and  carriage  drives.  The  first  named,  an  ICnglish  invention,  is  a  composi- 
tion the  principal  ingredients  of  which  are  Portland  cement,  caustic  soda, 
chloride  of  lime,  and  sand.  The  cement  is  a  burned  mixture  of  gray  or 
white  chalk-  with  clay  from  the  alluvial  deposits  along  the  shores  of  the 
Thames  and  Mcdway.  Excepting  the  sand,  the  materials  of  which  thi.s 
stone  is  formed  are  imported  from  Fngland.  Paving-stone  is  a  concrete 
made  of  sand,  fine  gravel,  and  Portland  Cement.  At  first  the  mortar  was 
spread  continuously  o\er  the  surface  to  be  co\-ercd,  and  left  in  that  condi- 
tion to  harden,  but  it  was  found  that  the  mass  shrunk  and  cracked  in  dry- 
ing; and  the  practice,  at  present,  is  to  cut  rectangular  sections  of  the  size  of 
ordinary  flagging,  before  the  mixture  sets.  The  annual  value  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  this  industry  is  over  $300,000;  the  capital  invested  amounts  to 
$150,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  1 15  hands,  who  recci\e  from  $2  to  $4 
per  day,  according  to  skdl  and  experience.  Of  the  raw  material,  the  cement 
costs  from  $4  to  $5  per  barrel  here;  caustic  soda  about  4J2  cents  per  pound; 
chloride  of  lime  2J:<  cents;  and  clean  beach  gravel  $2.50  per  cubic  yard. 
Paving-stone  is  made  on  the  ground  it  is  to  cover,  and  costs  the  consumer 
from  28  to  35  cents  per  square  foot.  Artificial  building-stone  has  been 
used  in  San  Francisco  for  fronts;  there  and  elsewhere  in  the  State  for 
foundations  for  the  machinery  of  iron  works  and  of  mines;  and  at  Sacramento 
for  casting  the  7  figures  surmounting  the  exterior  walls  of  the  State 
Capitol.  About  2,000,000  square  feet  of  artificial  stone  pavements  have 
been  laid  in  San  Francisco  and  neighboring  towns.  Several  companies, 
formed  to  manufacture  artificial  stone,  were  unsuccessful,  mainly  because  of 
the  inferiority  of  their  products. 

In  lo/i  an  establishment  widi  a  capital  of  $100,000,  began  the  manufac- 
ture of  artificial   marble   at  Oakland,  the    principal   material   used    being 


11 ! 


CLASS,    1  ARTm.WVXUl-,    VTC. 


5.^1 


{^rypsum,  imported  from  luii^l.uul.  The  business  ;,;a\c  cniployinent  io  \ :: 
men,  ;ui(l  the  production.^  in  one  \-ear  amounted  in  \alue  to  near!)-  $70,000. 
The  industry,  ho\\e\er,  did  not  prove  iJrofitahle,  and  liie  works  wure  closed. 

The  artificial  stone  works  of  Iv  1,.  R.wsoM,  a  Mm  of  tiie  in\enlor  nl" 
the  process  in  Mnylaiui,  were  ori;jinal!\-  incorporated  in  San  I'rancisco  in 
1868;  the  company  inducing  the  present  proi)rietor  to  conn:  to  tlie  .State  to 
superintend  the  inanufacturc.  Tlic  original  capital  stock  of  the  compan_\- 
was  $100,000;  and  tlie  liusincss  was  continued  for  several  years,  until  it 
finally  passed  under  tiie  control  of  Mr.  R,\.NS().\I.  The  product.^  include 
foundations,  arches,  floors,  wharf-v.alls,  piers,  caissons,  w.iter  pipes  .md 
filters,  as  well  as  building-blocks. 

Tin:  CALiroRNiA  Artu-icial  Stone  I'avinc.  Co.mi'anv  was  established 
at  San  Francisccj  in  1876  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  com[ian}-  manu- 
factures under  what  is  known  as  the  Sini,Ll\(;r.l':  patent,  and  makes  walks, 
drives,  floors  of  all  kinds,  arches,  and  all  other  constructions  of  wliich  this 
material  is  the  com[)osition,  and  constantly  employs  20  .skilled  laborer;  ,it 
wages  ranging  from  $2.50  to  $4  per  day.  The  stone  hardens  with  time, 
and  is,  it  is  claimed  uninjured  by  heat  or  cold.  About  700,000  square  feet 
have  been  laid  by  the  compan)-.  The  first  artificial  stone  walks  and  drive:; 
laid  in  San  Francisco,  were  put  down  by  the  workmen  of  this  establishment. 

Tin-:  P.vzzoLA  Scoxr.  Works  of  H.vzard  &  Karl,  in  Los  Angeles, 
California,  established  in  1875,  make  colored  pavements,  sewer-pipc,  and 
irrigation-pipe,  of  which  a  large  quantity  is  used  in  the  count)-.  In  .Sacra- 
mento, G.  Mi:llek  &  Sons  and  L.  V.  S.mith  make  artificial  .stone. 


Plaster  of  Paris. — Three  grades  of  this  material  arc  produced,  building, 
for  hard-finish  and  general  purposes,  casting,  for  ornamental  pieces,  and 
superfine,  for  the  use  of  sculptors  and  model-makers.  Terr.i  alba  and  land 
plaster  are  also  made  tVom  different  varieties  of  gypsum,  by  grinding  tlie 
rock  without  calcination.  The  former  is  used  in  paper-mills  to  increase  the 
weight  of  writing-paper,  and  the  latter  is  applied  to  land,  as  a  fertilizer.  Jkit 
little  of  either  is  employed.  Marble  is  pulverized  at  plaster  works,  the  dust 
being  used  in  making  hard-finish,  where  white  sand  is  not  at  hand,  and  also 
by  manufacturers  of  aerated  waters,  champagnes,  and  cider,  in  generating 
carbonic  acid  gas.  The  annual  consumption  of  plaster  of  Paris  amoimts  to 
about  10,000  tons,  or  70,000  barrels  of  285  pounds  each,  of  which  quantity 
500  tons  are  imported  from  the  Eastern  States.  About  500  barrels  are  cx- 
jiorted,  chi<?n>'  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  price 
in  the  San  I'rancisco  market  is  from  $2.50  to$,^  per  barrel.  Probably  three 
fourths  of  the  consumption  is  for  building  purposes;  the  sales  of  the  other 
varieties  being  limited.     The  wholesale  rates  are:  fijr  terra  alba,  $15   per 


532 


MWriACTURES. 


ton;  for  land  plaster,  $S  to  $ioi)cr  ton;  and  for  marble  dust,  S^t,  per  barrel, 
liiil  few  h.'iKJs  are  recjuircd  in  the  preparation  of  these  articles,  the  work 
hein;.;  done  mostly  h)-  machinerj-.  The  greater  part  of  the  laboring  force 
is  employed  in  (|uarr_\inf;  the  rock,  which  is  obtained  near  Muleje,  Lower 
California,  in  jjieces  wei^hinfj  from  20  to  lOO  pounds.  Althouf^h  plaster 
was  made  on  the  coast  as  earl)-  as  i,S6i,  until  within  a  few  years 
I'.astern  makers  viiUtally  controlled  our  market.  Imports  in  1875 
.amounted  to  more  than  20,000  barrels;  in  1879  they  had  fallen  off  to 
about  5,000  barrels,  and  h.ive  decreased  stcadil\-  since.  It  is  true  there  has 
been  a  period  of  stai,niation  in  buiWinL;-,  but  our  home  products  are  well 
spoken  of  b}-  buiklers,  the  r.iw  material  is  .ibund.uit  .uid  of  j'ootl  qualit\', 
and  it  is  impioliable  the  Ivistern  product  will  be  seen  in  our  market  a^'.ain 
ill  such  quantities  as  have  been  reported  in  past  seasons.  The  only  estab- 
ishmenl  on  the  coast  is  that  known  as  Tin;  GoLt)F.N  G.VTI-;  I'L-VSTKR 
Mills,  owned  b}-  Lixas  &  Co.,  established  in  San  I-'rancisco  in  1874. 

Plaster  Decorations,  etc. — Depending  u]5on  plaster-mills  for  their  sup- 
ply- of  materiid,  are  the  manufacturers  of  plaster  casts.  The  manufacture 
of  plaster  ornaments  for  walls  and  ceilini^s,  employs  25  men  at  an  average 
rate  of  .'f^  per  d.i)-  of  10  hours,  consumes  1,500  barrels  of  plaster  per  year, 
and  has  an  aggreg.'ite  capital  amounting  to  $15,000  investcil  in  tlie  busi- 
ness. The  most  important  establishment  of  the  kind,  that  of  Klllkt  & 
]\IL•M^K1^\^■,  .San  I''r;mcisco,  has  branches  at  .Sacramento  and  .Seattle. 
Tile  remaining  works  are  located,  2  in  San  I'"rancisco,  and  one  in  .Sacramento. 

Plaster  Statuary. — Plaster  statuary  is  manufactured  to  the  annu.il  value 
of  $3,000,  rec[uiring  100  barrels  of  raw  material,  and  furnishing  employment 
to  3  men.  There  is  but  one  establishment,  that  of  D.  Men'CARINI,  in  San 
I'^rancisco. 

Marble  and  Granite. — Marble  and  granite  working,  usually  carried  on 
at  the  same  establishment,  constitute  an  industr)-,  the  annual  products  of 
which  are  valued  at  $1,000,000.  ]\Iarble  is  of  2  main  classes:  the  pure  white, 
and  the  colored.  Imports  of  all  kinds,  including  finished  statuar)'  and  other 
it;Uian  designs,  as  wreaths,  etc.,  Carrara,  Belgium,  N'ermont,  and  Tennessee 
marbles,  and  Scotch  granite,  amount  to  about  20,000  cubic  feet,  valued  at 
$100,000.  The  number  of  firms  engaged  in  the  business  is  110;  the  cap- 
ital invested  amounts  to  $600,000;  and,  exclusive  of  quarrj'men,  employ- 
ment is  furnished  to  over  500  hands,  who  are  paid,  for  cutting  and 
polishing,  from  $2.50  to  $3  per  da)',  and  for  car\ing,  from  $4  to 
$6  per  da)-,  a  day's  work  being  10  luiurs.  Of  the  raw  material,  finished 
statues,    wreaths,    and     like     articles    for     architectur.d     ;uid     cemcteri.d 


GLASS,  i;.\kTiii.N\vAKi;,  inc. 


5,^^ 


purposes  bcin;^  obtainable  at  cheaper  rates  in  Italy  than  the)'  can  be 
earved  for  here,  are  imported  read)--niade,  and  attached  to  mantds,  nidnii- 
metits,  and  other  work,  as  required.  Italian  colored  and  white  marbles 
comprise  two  thirds  of  the  entire  consumption.  I?lack  marble  is  brou^'ht 
from  l?elLjium  in  small  (juantitx-,  and  a  little  Spanisli  stoni'  is  also  importeii. 
The  best  ^Vmerican  white  marble  comes  from  Vermont,  anil  the  best 
colored  from  Tennessee.  The  price  of  rough  blocks  is  about  $5  i)er  cubic 
foot;  there  beini;  little,  if  any,  difference  here  between  Italian  and  .Amer- 
ican (I'.astern)  stone,  although  the  IVamer  [lays  a  iluly  of  50  i)er  cent. 
Californian  marble  is  but  little  used  at  present;  ilealers  assigninj^  as  reasons 
that  the  white  is  hard  and  will  not  take  a  good  jjolish;  ;ind  the  dark-veined 
unfashionable;  in  addition  to  which,  the  cost  of  transport.'Uion  from  the 
quarries  i.s  great.  A  limited  deposit  ha.s  been  founil  in  Solano  Count)-,  of  ;i 
mineral  .ilabaster,  sometimes  called  Californian  on)x.  It  takes  a  high 
polish,  is  veined  in  rich  colors,  and  has  been  worked  into  mantels  and  table- 
tops;  some  of  the  former  selling  for  as  much  as  $2,000  each.  It  can  not 
be  carved,  the  texture  being  flak)'.  Two  varieties  of  Scotch  granite  are 
used:  red,  from  Aberdeen,  and  gra\',  from  Peterhead.  The  importation  is 
small,  not  exceeding  $5,000  in  annual  value;  and  this  is  cut  abroad,  in 
order  to  lessen  duties  and  freight  charges.  It  is  employed  chiefl)'  for  monu- 
ments, urns,  and  va.scs ;  the  cost  is  the  same  for  either  color,  .'uid  either  is 
susceptible  of  a  high  polish.  Black  and  gray  granite  are  both  plentiful  in 
California,  and  have  been  used  to  some  extent  for  building.  The  cost  in 
the  rough  block  is  $1.25  per  cubic  foot.  Californian  marble  having  dark 
blue  veins,  has  been  shipped  to  Italy,  and  a  block  was  also  .sent  to  the 
Vienna  E.xposition.  Two  .shipments  have  been  made  to  the  National  Cap- 
ital, for  the  Washington  Monument;  the  first,  from  a  vein  opened  in  1852, 
having  been  destroyed  by  fire  after  reaching  its  destination.  Foreign 
marble  is  all  received  at  San  Francisco  and  thence  distributed  throughout 
the  coast. 

Twenty  thousand  tons  of  granite  are  quarried  annually  in  California,  one 
half  of  the  quantity  being  used  in  San  F^rancisco. 

The  largest  wholesale  marble  works  on  the  coast  arc  those  of  L.  J.  Rur- 
I'lN'O  &  Co.,  San  Francisco,  established  in  1855.  The  first  steam  machin- 
ery used  here  in  the  industry  was  introduced  by  this  hou.se  in  1859;  and 
they  now  run  a  gang  of  17  .saws,  with  other  appliances  to  correspond. 
Most  of  the  sawing  for  the  coast  is  done  b)-  them,  emplo\ing  13  hands  and 
recjuiring  the  investment  of  a  capital  of  $75,000.  The  firm  owns  vessels, 
imports  direct  from  Italy,  and  controls  two  thirds  of  the  foreign  trade.  J. 
D.WIELS  &  Co.,  San  Francisco,  who  have  a  capital  of  $40,000,  furnish 
employment  to  25  hands,  and  turn  out  monuments  and  architectural  pieces 


1l! 


11 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


LA  12.8  |Z5 
Ui  lii  12.2 
!^   us.    12.0 


I 


11.25  11.4 


pj 


0%. 


7 


/# 

^ 


/S^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTM.N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  •72-4503 


iV 


!^ 


534 


M.wi'i'.v  iruKs. 


to  the  annual  value  of  $5o,ooc^  iriakin;^  the  house  the  larcjcst  manufacturers? 
in  their  line  on  the  const.  J.  GraN  T,  of  San  I'rancisco,  was,  it  is  said,  the 
first  person  to  (]uarry  .uui  cut  Californian  marble.  I'or  several  \ears  he 
worked  a  (luarry  in  Tuolumne  Count\-.  The  largest  j^'r.iiiite-workin;;  esi.ib- 
lishmcnt  on  the  coast  is  that  of  G.  (iRll-inil,  located  at  l'enr)-n,  California, 
where-  the  proprietor  has  ([uarrics.  Tiic  polishiiij'  apparatus  work.s  eitiier 
\erticall\-  or  hori/.ontall)',  anil  a  block  weighin;.,'  lO  tons  can  be  re.idily 
handled.  'J'he  owner  is  the  oldest  .i;ranil('  worker  here,  lia\in;,'  bcj^un  oper- 
ations ,-it  Mormon  Island  in  1S5:;.  lie  !iow  employs,  countinj,'  quarrymcn, 
more  than  200  hands.  t)ther  workers  in  marble  ;md  ^'ranite  on  our  coast 
are:  J.  &  I".  Ki;s.s;li;u.  Misto  BKirriUius,  and  L.  A.  Mvi  ks,  in  San 
l'ranci;co;  Atkdn  &  iMsii,  l>K.\i:i.  I.iii;,  J.  C.  Di:vim:,  \V.  Ho^•^•|  & 
I'd.,  J.  C.  CAKKol.I.,  1'.  '!".  MoRRI.s,  in  Sacramento;  Hl..\Ncll.\KI)  & 
O'Nr.ll.,  J.  \V.  CoMlis,  and  Li;i:  &  Dklonc,  in  San  Jos-e;  ClIAL.Mi.KS 
&  II()i,Mi:s,  and  William  Volnc,  in  i'ortkmd;  Stager  15KOTin;us,  in 
Salem,  and  also  in  Alban\  ;    and   MoKRis  &   I'AANs,  in    Salt    Lake   City. 

Lime. — t")ver  tl;e  ;^;reater  portion  of  our  coa!4  limestone  is  comparatively 
r,uv:  jet  it  is  found  in  all  the  political  divisions,  and  nearlj-  ever)'  one 
burns  enough  lime  for  its  own  consumption.  There  are  2  principal  belts  of 
limestone  in  California:  one  on  the  western  slope  of  the  .Sierra  Xevad.i, 
about  1,800  feet  al.M)\e  the  sea,  from  M;uiposa  to  Aubiu-n  ;  .md  the  other  in 
the  Coast  Rani;e  from  Santa  Cruz  to  Mount  l.)iablo.  Tiie  fn-st  lime-kiln 
in  ihe  St;ite  was  built  in  185^,  near  .S.mta  Cru/,  which  continues  to  take 
the  lead  in  the  proiUictivin,  makini,'  consitlerabl)'  more  than  half  of  all 
burned  in  the  .Slate.  The  rock  is  a  mountain  limestone,  containinij  a  kir^c 
])vMcentaL;e  of  carbonate  of  lime,  and  )iel(lin_L(,  when  well  calcined,  a  mate- 
rial excellent  for  the  piu-poses  of  the  mason  .-mtl  plasterer.  In  i.SSi 
the  .iniount  of  lime  recei\eil  in  San  l"rancisco  was  128,000  barrels;  in  1880, 
I2l,txx"i.  In  the  latter  _\ear  .S;mta  Cruz  Count)'  made  114,563  barrels; 
Clipper  G.ip  and  Ai)plL\L;ate,  in  Placer  Ca\e,  17,210;  Alabaster  t!a\e,  16,- 
250;  Cave  V'alle)',  8,027;  Marble  Vallc)-,  4,264;  I.os  Gatos,  3,318;  and 
Guadalupe,  30,000.  The  number  emiilo)ed  \aries  with  the  season ;  btin^ 
in  the  summer  Irom  175  to  200  men,  and  in  the  winter  ;i  somewhat  less 
nunilxr.  The  amount  of  wood  consumed  for  fuel  in  the  lime-kilns  is  from 
1  3,tX)0  'o  15,000  cords  .uuuiall)';  ])rincii)ally  reilwooil,  cut  in  lent;ths  of  8 
feel.  The  total  protluction  on  the  coast  is  :)robabl)'  250,000  barrels  an- 
nuall)',  worth  $325,000. 

iJwis  &  CdWi'.i.L,  of  San  Francisco,  have  the  lar^c.M  lime-burning 
e.-lablislimcnt  of  tlu;  coast,  at  .Santa  Cruz,  and  deal  extensively  in  cement, 
plaster,  marble  dust,  fire-clay,  etc.     II.    T.   ll<iLMLs  &  Ci.).,  of  San   l'"ran- 


■)!'■ 


CLASS,    r.AKTIIF.NWAlU;,    ICTC. 


5.15 


Cisco,  li.ivc  a  lime  quan-)-  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  and  arc  ajjcnt-;  for  tlic 
lime  from  Clipper  Ga[),  ApplcLjatc,  and  Alabaster  Cave.  Tin;  .S.W  Josi-; 
I-lMi;  CoMi'ANV  has  an  extensive  lime  quarry  near  the  Guadalu[)e  quick- 
silver mine,  in  Santa  Clara  County,  and  in  iSSi  made  40,000  barrels. 
Wash i n|.,f ton  produces  05,000  Ijarrels  of  lime  annuall)-,  ;i  portion  of  wiiicli 
is  consumed  by  Orct;on.  Of  the  entire  quantity,  37,000  barrels  are  tlic  out- 
put of  the  kilns  of  San  Juan  Count>-,  and  35,000  of  those  of  Fierce  County. 
The  principal  works  are  those  of  Till',  T.\i  OM.\  l.IMi;  CoMi'ANV,  who  burn 
20,000  barrels  }-ear!y,  and  have  an  agency  at  Portland  under  the  manajje- 
ment  of  J.  McCu.VKr.N  &  Co.  Other  prominent  manufacturers  are  Is.\.\C 
W.  Anderson,  who  makes  15,000  barrels  j-early  in  l'u)-allup  Valley  ;  Mc- 
Lociir.AN  UR()TIII;i;s,  at  I'rid;i\'  Harbor,  who  make  15,000  barrels  annually, 
and  whose  Portland  ajjency  is  cor.trolled  by  \\'ADll.\.\rs  &  Mlliott;  and 
TiiK  Sa.n  Juan  Li.mi:  CoNxI'ANV,  producing  7,000  barrels  per  year,  and 
shipping  to  CdUIiHT  &  .M.ULKAV,  at  Portland.  About  5,000  barrels  of 
lime  arc  burned  on  Orcas  Island,  jearly. 

Pavement. — .'\s  pavement  or  substitute  for  pavement,  the  roadways  in 
the  towns  of  our  coast  have  been  covered  with  planks,  wooden  blocks, 
broken  stone,  broken  stone  covered  with  asphaltum,  bricks  soaked  in  melted 
asphaltum,  cobble  stone,  and  rectangular  blocks  of  granite  and  basalt.  The 
plank  is  excellent  for  a  short  period,  and  cheap  in  first  cost,  but  of  little 
durability.     The  i)referrcd  material  is  the  basalt  block. 

San  I'ranci.sco,  the  chief  cit)-,  is  built  upon  the  sand;  and  experiments 
with  the  object  to  give  lasting  surface  to  her  streets  have  been  both  numer- 
ous and  costly.  At  present  San  Francisco  has,  within  her  corporate  limits, 
57  miles  of  macadam  road,  27  of  plank,  25  of  cobble,  20  of  basalt  blocks,  4 
of  wooden  blocks,  and  4  of  other  material,  in  all  137  miles.  An  average  of 
<j  streets  taken  at  random  from  the  records  in  the  office  of  the  superin- 
tendent of  strcet.s,  .shows  the  cost  during  1881  to  be  for  basalt,  $1.75  per 
.sciuare  yard;  for  planks,  52  cents;  macadam,  ranging  from  21  cents  to  95 
cents,  according  to  depth  of  coating,  the  average  being  70.  The  rates  given 
do  not  include  gutters,  except  in  planking,  nor  curbs.  Granite  curbs  cost 
about  14  cents  per  lineal  foot,  and  gutters  vary  in  cost,  depending  upon 
material.  Oakland,  California,  the  .second  city  in  population,  has  most  of 
her  streets  covered  with  macadam. 

Paving  was  begun  in  San  Francisco  in  1856,  prior  to  which  year  planking 
was  used  e.xclusivel)'.  In  Sacramento,  it  was  found  neccssar)'  to  raise  the 
grade  of  the  streets,  in  order  to  prevent  overflow  from  the  river  in  times  of 
high  water,  and  consccjucntly  paving  operations  have  been  retarded.     The 


il 


[i 


fli. 


iri 


[tf'- 


1 1 


I 


'J 

til!; 


! 


S3<3 


MANUFACTURES. 


streets  nf  Portland,  Oregon,  arc  covered  with  plank,  Nicholson,  and  other 
wooden  pavements. 

As  to  durability,  plank  lasts  from  4  to  6  years,  depending  upon  the 
amount  of  travel;  and  wooden  blocks  decay  owing  to  exposure  to  extremes 
of  wet  and  ilry,  and  then  cumble  under  heavy  loads.  In  the  case  of  carbol- 
izcd  brick,  the  asphaltum  used  becomes  ground  to  a  fine  dust  which  is 
blown  about  by  the  summer  winds  to  the  anno)'ance  of  those  living  in  the 
vicinity,  as  well  as  of  travelers.  No  material  has  been  found  equal  to  hard 
stone  blocks,  and  these  are  now  used  in  San  Francisco  wherever  new  streets 
arc  paved. 


PROVISIONS. 


537 


CHAPTER   XXXI.— PROVISIONS. 


Sul\jects  Included. — The  classification  of  subjects  in  a  book  like  this 
must  be  arbitrary  in  some  respects.  Many  articles  of  industrial  production 
have  double  or  even  triple  characters.  Wine,  brandy,  beer,  canned  fruit, 
may  be  treated  properly  under  the  heading  of  either  agriculture  or  manu- 
facture; the  packing  of  salmon  may  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  fishery, 
or  as  a  distinct  business;  salt  is  an  article  of  food  and  also  a  mineral  pro- 
duct. Without  undertaking  to  explain  ali  the  reasons  for  the  arrangement 
here  adopted,  it  is  sufficient  for  our  purposes  to  say  that  this  chapter  docs 
not  include  wine,  brandy,  raisins,  dried  fruit,  canned  fruit,  or  canned  fish, 
all  of  which  arc  the  subjects  of  other  portions  of  the  volume.  It  treats  of 
flour,  crackers,  confectionery,  sugar,  macaroni,  chocolate,  ground  coffee  and 
spices,  cured  beef  and  pork,  soda  water,  ice,  salt,  yeast  powder,  vinegar, 
pickles,  mal'  liquors,  and  distilled  liquors,  except  brandy.  The  aggregate 
amount  of  capital  on  our  coast  invested  in  the  production  of  these  articles 
is  about  $20,000,000;  the  number  of  men  employed,  8,000;  and  the  annual 
value  of  the  product  about  $43,000,000 — more  than  half  of  the  last  figure 
being  contributed  by  flour  and  sugar. 

Meat  Packing. — At  as  early  a  date  as  1853,  attempts  were  made  to 
initiate  the  packing  of  salt  meat  on  the  Pacific  Coast ;  but  the  parties  who 
undertook  it  were  inexperienced;  the  climatic  conditions  were  new  to  them, 
and  the  first  efforts  were  pronounced  failures.  As  Oregon  and  California 
increased  in  population,  more  or  less  packing  was  done  at  isolated  points  in 
the  interior,  the  product  being  generally  roughly  cut  and  handled,  and  the 
condition  of  the  meat  hard  and  very  salty.  Still  it  answered  the  purposes 
of  a  pioneer  population,  who  entertained  the  idea  that  well-cured  meat  prod- 
ucts could  not  be  packed  on  this  coast.  As  the  winters  of  Oregon  are 
colder  than  those  of  California,  the  first  successful  cu.  ,  of  meat  on  our 
coast  for  the  market  was  done  there,  and  for  years  Oregon  sent  cured  beef 
and  pork  to  California.  But  the  industry  does  not  appear,  even  at  this 
date,  to  have  become  firmly  established  there,  the  supply  of  hogs  being 
irregular,  while  the  attempts  made  in  beef  packing  have  never  been  com- 
mercially successful.  Even  at  this  time  Oregon  is  drawing  on  this  market 
for  cured  pork. 
68 


33S 


MAMiACTrurs. 


\-m 


iiiV 


As  has  been  before  observed,  the  climatic  conditions  in  Orefjon  Ijein;^ 
similar  to  those  obtaininj,^  at  the  meat-packing;  centers  of  the  I'ast,  all  the 
proxision  packini;  is  clone  ilurinfj  the  cold  months,  a  temperature  of  40  to 
4J  bein;^  needed  for  the  prosecution  of  tjiis  industry  under  the;  most  favor- 
able conditions.  In  San  I'"rancisco,  provision  packing',  with  certain  precau- 
tion, can  be  carried  on  successfulK*  throughout  the  year,  e.\ce|)t  ilurin^  the 
warm  periods  which  occur  occ;isionall>- during;  the  autumn  months.  At  sucli 
])eriods  the  .San  I'rancisco  packers  usual l_\-  suspend  operaticjns  for  a  few  da\-s. 
Artificial  temperature  is  now  depended  upon  to  some  extent,  especially  for 
the  cure  of  mild  sugar-cured  ham,  for  which  purpose  a  stcadv'  temperatun-, 
not  above  3S  or  40  ,  is  rcquireil.  Jk'cf  packing  was  not  developed  int(j  ;in 
industry  until  a  inucli  later  date  than  pork  packing.  Until  1870,  what  little 
salted  licef  w.is  found  here  for  sale  was  of  Oregon  jjacking,  and  neither 
that  nor  the  small  quantity  of  California  packeil  beef  offered,  was  esteemed  1  if 
desirable  (juality.  In  fact,  shipmasters  onlj-  bought  it  when  ICastern  beef 
could  not  b(."  had.  Since  then,  however,  our  j  principal  loc.il  pricking  firms 
have  i)aitl  special  attention  to  this  brand  of  nnnision  p.icking,  anil  the 
United  States  Navy,  after  thorough  experiments,  is  buying  here  what  is 
needetl  for  the  service.  In  1S80,  Mi;RkV,  I".\ll,l,  &  C'l..  oneof  the  firms 
alluded  to.  filled  a  contract,  with  .igcnts  for  the  Russian  Governminl,  for 
4,500  barrels  of  mess  beef,  which  was  scnl  to  Russian  Siberia,  while  frequent 
shipments  are  now  being  made  to  Japan,  Central  ,ind  .South  America,  the 
.Sandwich  Inlands,  and  other  countries  on  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  the  (jualit)' 
when  packed  by  responsible  firms  being  equal  to  the  same  class  of  meat 
cured  elsewhere,  except  that  the  average  ueiglu  of  the  cattle  useil  is  lighter, 
a  disadvantage  which  is  dis.ippearing  as  the  breed  is  imi)ro\ed.  The  various 
sleamshii)  lines,  and  the  large  nimiber  of  sailing-ships  trading  from  this 
port,  including  the  whaling  lleet  fitting  out  here  annuall)-,  are  now  all  sup- 
plied with  beef  and  [jork  of  Californian  cure. 

Artificial  Cooling. — The  only  objection  to  meat  cured  in  Calif.)iiii.'  is 
that  the  j)roduct  is  frccpicntl)'  too  heavily  salted.  As  this  applies  cliiefly  tt) 
hams,  which  the  public  taste  requires  shall  be  cured  with  as  much  saccha- 
rine matter  and  as  little  salt  and  saltpeter  as  possible,  our  local  j^acking 
firms  are  now  successfully  meeting  the  difficult)-  bj-  using  artificial  cold,  jiro- 
duced  b)' the  use  of  ice  and  refrigerating  machines.  As  the  necessity  for' 
hea\y  salting  is  caused  by  warmth  in  the  packing  season,  the  reduction  of 
the  temperature  to  the  desired  point,  removes  the  only  obstacle  to  the  cur- 
ing of  "sweet  pickletl  meats"  in  this  climate,  and  our  hams  of  refrigerator 
cure  are  lalel)'  pronounced  fully  ec|ual  t(j  I'^astern,  and  are  gradually  con- 
trolling the  trade  of  the  coast. 


ruovisioNs. 


5.W 


One  noticeable  peculiarity  of  the  climate  of  San  Francisco  is  especially 
fa\orable  to  the  curiiiLj  of  meat.  The  atmospheric  conditions,  iliirin;^  a  lar^^e 
part  of  the  year,  are  analoi^'oiis  to  those  of  the  South  American  jiamiias, 
where  meat  exposed  to  the  air  will  drj-  before  it  initrifies.  During;  the  diy 
season  in  San  I'rancisco  meat  will  keep  several  dayswithout  deterioration, and 
this  fact  is  of  j^reat  advantage  to  the  curer,  while  first  subjecting;  products 
to  the  cinint;  process.  It  is  this  fact  which  admits  of  the  |)rosecutioii  of 
this  industry  durin;.,^  the  entire  year  in  the  cit)' — the  ran^^e  of  the  thermom- 
eter alone  woulil  not  admit  of  it.  The  salt  used  in  meat  curiuL;  was  former!)- 
inostK'  imported  from  lCnL,rland,  Carmen  Island,  antl  Scammon's  l^agoon. 
Of  late  )'ears,  while  a  ^'reat  deal  of  \er}'  poor  local  salt  is  manufactured, 
our  packers  have  noticed  a  fnarked  improvement  in  the  (|uality  of  some  of 
the  local  product,  and  this  has  made  them,  to  a  threat  extent,  independent 
of  the  imported  article,  sf)  much  so  that  it  may  now  be  trulj-  asserted  that 
Californian  meats  can  be  cured  exclusively  with  Californian  salt.  This  in- 
ctustr)'  is  still  in  its  infancy,  but  it  has  received  sufTicient  development  to 
j)lace  it  on  the  road  Vo  assured  success,  and  has  alreatlj-  passed  the  period 
of  experimental  experience.  The  u.sc  of  an  artificial  temperature  has  re- 
moved the  onl)-  bar  to  steady  ad\ancement,  and  as  our  interior  becomes 
settletl,  the  suppl)'  of  live  stock  will  increase  no  faster  than  the  demand, 
which  will  always  jrjve  it  a  read)'  market  at  jirices  remunerative  to  the  pro- 
ducer. There  are  few  industries  which  so  directly  benefit  our  produciiiLC 
classes,  and  it  is  ■^'ratifying  to  realize  that  its  future  is  assured,  and  its  steady 
development  not  a  matter  of  doubt. 

Meat  for  Packing. — Marly  experiments  demonstrated  the  fact  that  Suf- 
folk and  I'oland-China  hogs  would  not  flourish  in  our  climate.  The  lon,Lj 
dr)'  scason.s  were  too  .severe  for  them.  But  a  trial  with  the  Hcrksliirc  hogs 
has  resulted  very  satisfactorily.  The)'  are  mostly  black  in  color,  compactly 
built,  although  smaller  than  the  other  breeds  named.  When  proper!)- fatted 
they  make  an  cxcellcnl  quality  of  meat,  firm,  white,  and  of  fine  texture. 
The  hog  generally  found  in  California  is  not  pure  Berkshire,  but  tiie  breed 
is  being  rapid!)-  improved  by  importation  of  pure  Berksliire  blood,  a  great 
improvement  being  noticeable  during  tlie  past  12  years.  The  Californian 
hog  is  fattened  with  corn  in  the  southern  coast,  wliicli  produces  our  best  pork, 
and  on  wheat,  liarlc)-,  peas,  etc.,  in  the  middle  and  northern  coast  counties. 
When  thu.s  fattened  tlic  meat  is  harder  and  superior  to  eastern  hogs;  but  in 
.some  [jarts  of  the  interior  of  tlie  State,  acorns  abound  at  certain  seasons, 
and  being  fed  to  hogs,  make  a  very  poor  quality  of  soft,  oil)-  pork — so  poor, 
indeed,  that  our  packing  firms  who  have  a  reputation  to  maintain,  decline 
to  use  them,  although  generally  .selling  at  one  cent  i)er  ijouiul  cheaper  tlian 
grain-fed  hogs. 


540 


M.\NI'1'A(  TCKKS. 


In  drci^on  nml  Washinj^ton,  tin-  Suffolk  and  the  I'oland-Cliina  breed  of 
hoj;s  arc  siuccssfull\-  raised,  bciii;^  fattened  on  wlieat,  baric)-,  and  corn,  ;ind 
making  an  excellent  (|nality  of  pork.  The  cattle  there  are  chietlj-  lialf- 
breeil  .\nierican  stock,  and  .uer.ij^'e  heavier  than  in  t'.ilifornia,  where  there 
was  ori.Lj'inall)-  more  of  the  small  native  slock.  This  h,is  reiiuireil  rcpe.ited 
cro.ssing  with  .American  c.ittle  to  briny  it  up  to  its  ])rescnt  standard, 
which  is  bein^  steadil)'  raised  b_v  the  infusion  of  jjctter  blood  from  the 
I'jist.  In  California  verj-  few  hoijs  were  found  when  the  counti")'  was 
first  occupied  by  Americans,  and  the  few  that  existed  were  very  poor  stock, 
rouyh,  lonj,'-leL(tj;ed.  with  lar^je  heails  and  loni,'  snouts-  -in  fact,  an  .mimal 
fitted  to  fnul  a  precarious  liviiij;  in  a  rouj^h  country,  without  the  care  or 
foresight  of  interested  ovvnershiji.  The  cattle  were  small,  so-called  Spanish 
stock,  with  long  horns,  tiiick  hides,  .nid  large  bone  de\eln])inent.  Of 
course,  such  stock  made  the  poorest  kind  of  packing-beef,  being  gener.illy 
thin  m  flesh,  and  hard  in  tissue.  The  supply  of  hogs  is  greatest  during  our 
late  autumn  and  early  winter  months,  but  they  arrive  freely  at  all  seasons 
of  the  )\:ar,  and  our  local  packers  .ire  always  read}-  to  buy.  The  trade  in 
this  city  is  still  in  its  infanc)-,  and  is  ycarlj-  developing  into  a  more  impor- 
tant branch  of  our  industries,  .\bout  150,000  hogs  are  slaughtered  >-early 
in  .San  l-"rancisco.  and  of  these,  two  thirds  are  packed  by  two  princi|)al  llrms 
engaged  in  the  business. 

According  to  the  .San  I'Vancisco  Journal  of  Commcnr,  California  ])ackcd 
4.900  tons  of  bacon,  2,300  of  hams,  and  i,6iSo  of  lard  in  1880:  and  only 
9.430  of  bacon,  1,160  of  lard,  and  925  of  hams  in  1881;  while  the  importa- 
tions from  the  Mississippi  Valley,  in  1881,  included  1,920  tf)ns  of  luims,  165 
of  lard.  47  of  bacon,  and  35  of  pickled  pork.  Notwithstanding  the  smaller 
home  production  in  1881,  there  was  also  a  smaller  importation,  according 
to  the  figures  |)ublishcd. 

The  packing  hou.ses  of  Mk  IIKI.SSKN,  Hrown  &  Co.,  MERRY,  F.\ri.L  & 
Co.,  Tiiii  SoLTii  S.\N  Fk.\\ci.s(:o  I'.\cki\(;  Comt.wv,  and  J.  V.  \Vii,s(i\ 
&  Co.,  of  San  I'rancisco,  ilo  their  own  slaughtering;  several  otiier  houses 
buy  their  meat  in  the  carcase.  In  adilition  to  the  houses  occupieil  exclu 
si\ely  with  packing  of  meat,  there  are  .-i  number  of  others,  including  some 
mentioned  in  the  chapter  on  domestic  animals,  who  engage  in  it  as  an 
incident  of  other  business.  GooD'"  .Uli  &  Uooi.liV,  of  Victoria,  pack  1,000 
barrels  of  salt  meat  annually. 

Sugar  and  Syrup. — Syrup  was  made  in  California  from  hccts  and 
Chinese  sugar-cane,  of  home  production,  as  earl)-  as  1856.  It  was  ascer- 
tained, even  by  that  time,  that  the  soil  and  climate  of  California  are  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  plants  containing  saccharine  matter.  More  recent 
experiments  have  shown  that  the  plants  can  be  grown  in  many  portions  of 


!!-n 


in 


PROVISK  (NS. 


54' 


the  State;  but  the  idea  of  prixliiciiv^  lithcr  sii^ar  or  synip  frmn  tlu-  African 
cane  is  abandoned ;  and  uhctlur  sorj^duini  can  hi' cultivated  v,  illi  pridil  for 
any  use  save  ftxlder,  is  a  (luestioii  not  yet  solved  on  this  coast. 

f)f  the  many  articles,  apart  from  African  cane,  out  of  which  su^^ar  can  lie 
manufactured,  Ix'ets,  sor^diuni,  and  ;,napes  are  those  most  in  fa\f)r.  lCx|Kri- 
mcnts  have  been  made  in  California  with  melons,  in  L'tah  u  ilh  carrots  and 
turnips,  but,  apart  from  tlle  business  of  refining',  the  onl\-  branch  of  tiiis  in- 
ilustrj-  that  has  gained  a  |)ermanent  foothold  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  the 
makinji  of  beet  sugar.  In  order  tiiat  sucli  an  entcr|)ri.se  may  pro\c  fairlj' 
profitable,  it  would  seem  necessar)-  tiiat  the  factor)-  siiould  ha\e  a  capacity 
for  working  up  at  least  75  to  lujtons  a  da\-.  and  that  tlie  pro[)rietors  should 
rai.se  their  own  beets  and  not  purcha.sc  them  from  contracting;  parties.  'I'he 
proportion  fif  saccharine  matter  contained  in  different  varieties  of  the  plant 
varies  so  much,  that  great  (.iiscrction  is  needeil  in  selecting  those  best  suited 
for  the  purpose.  Kven  in  I-'rancc,  where  the  imlustry  of  raising  sugar-beets 
is  conducted  on  an  immense  scale  ami  with  the  utmost  care,  large  portions 
of  the  crop  are  often  fed  to  cattle  or  used  b)-  distilleries,  as  it  is  consitlercd 
that  tlicy  would  not  rcpaj-  the  expense  of  extracting  the  sugar.  l'"or  the 
year  iSSo  the  total  production  of  I'rench  beet-sugar  cxcecdeil  300,000  tons, 
and  would  have  been  very  much  larger  if  all  the  ])lants  raised  for  sugar- 
making  had  been  used  for  that  purpose.  The  nature  of  our  .soil  and  climate 
is  an  advantage  much  in  favor  of  manufacturers  on  this  coast. 

The  making  of  syrup  was  an  established  industry  in  Utah  .several  years 
before  anj-  attempt  in  that  direction  was  made  in  California.  In  1X52,  a 
.syru|)  factor)'  was  established  by  Hricii.VM  \'oi;\(;  at  Salt  Lake  City. 
Ivver)'  one  who  raised  sorghum,  bcet.s,  carrots,  and  turnips  could  have  these 
articles  converted  into  syruj)  by  giving  half  the  proceeds  to  the  mill  owner. 
V'cr)-  .soon,  the  planting  of  small  i)atchcs  of  beets  and  .sorghum  was  com- 
mon all  over  Utah,  and  the  production  of  syrup  was  sufficient  to  supply  the 
consumption  of  that  Territor).  Small  factories  for  the  making  of  syrup 
were  established  in  most  of  the  settlements;  but  until  1879  every  effort  at 
making  sugar  of  marketable  quality  proved  a  failure;  probably  because  the 
mcthfxl  of  manufacture  was  not  suitetl  to  material  raised  on  an  alkaline  soil. 
In  that  )ear,  however,  a  fair  article  of  sugar  was  exhibited  by  C.  A.  MaL)- 
SKX  &  Co.,  at  Gunnison.  In  the  .session  of  1880  the  legislature  of  the  Terri- 
tor)-  offered  a  premium  of  $2,000  for  the  manufacture  of  the  first  800  pounds 
of  good  merchantable  sugar,  and  it  is  probable  that  an  impulse  will  be  given 
to  that  inf'A'stry  in  Utah,  from  which  good  results  may  be  anticipated. 

Sugar  Beet. —The  manufacture  of  sugar  in  California,  from  material  of 
home  prcxluctioii,  is  at  present  restricted  to  beet  sugar,  and  in    1882  there 


vt--^ 


M  \\fr\(TIKF*<. 


^lA- 


was  but  one  sufjar-mill  in  operation  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  TlIK  STANPAKn 
SI'(;ar  Mantiactouv  Comi'ANV,  of  whicii  <).  I".  Giii-in  is  tiic  president. 
Tlic  works  are  located  at  AI\arado.  Ihe  production  of  tiiis  factor)-,  thoir^li 
.ilmost  equal  to  the  entire  quantity  of  beet  su^'ar  matlo  in  tiie  United  States 
lo  years  a^o,  is  less  tli.m  2  per  cent,  of  the  ^ross  amount  of  sufjars.  of  ;dl 
ilescriptions,  distributed  from  San  I*"rancisco  alone.  The  outi)ut  of  the 
.Alvarado  factory,  for  iSSi,  was  estimated  .it  700  tons  of  sugar,  \ahieil  at 
$1  50,000,  alx)Ut  4,500  tons  of  pulp,  worth  $S,5oo,  and  6,000  ijallons  of  sj-riip, 
worth  $3,500.  The  aiTgregate  \alue  of  all  ])roducts  may  be  set  down  at  ;i 
little  over  $160,000.  The  consuniiition  of  beets  was  12,000  tons,  costing,',  at 
.$4.50  a  ton,  $54,000;  the  expense  for  l.ibor  was  not  less  than  $17,000,  and 
fill-  fuel,  animal  charcoal,  barrels,  rent,  office,  and  misccll.meous  expenses 
about  $60,000.  making,'  .1  total  outlay  of  $131,000,  ;ind  !e;i\inij  nearl\-  $30,- 
000  for  interest  atul  profit.  The  enterprise  passetl  into  the  hands  of  its 
present  ]>roprietors  in  I1S79,  and  was  ori.t;inally  liKatcd  at  Sacramento.  The 
beets  are  obtained  uiuler  contr.ict. 

l"or  the  |)urpose  of  encour.i^'in^'  farmers  to  Lfivc  some  attention  to  the 
raisin<^  of  su^'ar  beets  in  suitable  localities,  the  Alvarado  Companj'  offers  as 
))ri/es,  for  the  best  100  Jicres  of  beets  raised  for  the  factory  in  iSSi,$joo; 
for  the  best  75  acres,  $150;  for  the  best  50  .icres,  $100;  for  the  best  25  acres, 
$50;  for  tlie  best  10  acres,  $20;  for  the  best  5  .icres,  $10,  The  beets  furnished 
to  the  mill,  for  the  season  of  1881,  contained  more  s.icch.irine  matter  th.in 
tluise  used  in  former  years,  and  the  profits  made  by  the  company  were  of 
course  l.irfjcr  in  (iroportion. 


i  :'   I'-ii' 


Sugar  Mills. — In  California,  no  well-oriranizcd  attempt  at  the  production 
of  beet  suf^ar  was  made  until  1S70,  when  a  factor)-  was  started  at  .(\lvarado, 
but  not  the  one  ahead)-  mentioned,  and  now  in  operation.  The  promoter 
of  this  enterprise,  \V.  T.  G.VUKATT,  has  ever  since  been  connected  with  the 
sui,far-manufacturing  interests  of  this  State.  1  learini;  that  some  German 
immiyjrants,  who  were  practical  planters,  had  met  with  good  results  in  fol- 
lowing their  vocation  in  Wi.sconsin,  Mr.  G.VKK.VTI'  went  cast  to  investigate 
the  matter,  and  on  his  return  associated  himself  with  other  gentlemen  in 
organizing  the  Alvarado  factory.  The  capacit)-  of  the  mill  was  50  tons  a 
day.  The  first  crop  (1870-1)  returned  a  net  profit  of  $18,000,  but  the 
flood  of  the  succeeding  year  proved  disastrous.  The  jiroprielors,  therefore, 
moved  their  business  to  Soquel,  in  .Santa  Cruz  Count)-,  a  location  which  had 
the  .advantage  of  a  more  congenial  climate,  and  an  abundant  supply  of 
cheap  fuel,  wood  being  used  in  place  of  coal.  The  change,  however,  did 
not  work  an)'  favorable  results.  The  main  cause  of  the  wimt  of  success  is 
probabl)'  the  fact  that,  in  ordinar)'  seasons  and  with  average  prices,  a  mill 


I'KOVISIONS. 


54,; 


witli  a  capacity  fnr  workinc;  up  only  50  tons  a  day,  can  not  he  operated  at  a 
j'jrofit,  as  will  appear  from  the  lollouin;,'  estiinate: 

To  keep  such  a  mill  in  operation  durinfj  the  season  of  7  montns,  or  iSo 
workin;-;  days,  would  require  lo.ooo  tons  of  Ijccts,  and  estimatin.Lj  20  tons  of 
beets  to  the  acre,  the  mill  would  consume  the  crop  of  500  acres,  and  the 
cxpc'.scs  woukl  then  he,  lO.ooo  tons  of  beets  at  $4.50  per  ton,  $45,000; 
wat,'es  of  65  Chin.inien  at  $55  a  month,  for  7  months,  ^i  5,925;  waj,'es  of  6 
mechanics  at  $4  a  day,  for  7  months,  $4,200;  4,000  tor.s  of  coal  screeninL;s 
at  $7  a  ton,  $28,000;  waste  of  anim.d  charcoal  (30  tons,  at  $70  a  ton),  $2,- 
100;  depreciation  and  repair  of  buildinjjs  and  machinery,  $iS,(X)0;  barrels  for 
sULjar,  $7,000;  i:  surance  and  la.ves,  $5,iX)0;  office  expenses  and  incidentals, 
$11,000.  The  total  outlay  would  therefore  be  $126,225,  'i'lic  proceeds 
would  be,  550  tons  of  sugar,  at  i  i  '_.  cents  ;i  pound  esiinialinLf  ih.it  .1  ton  of 
beets  will  produce  1  10  pounds  of  suj,'ar^\  $1  26,500;  .-,500  tons  of  ])ulp,  at  $2 
a  ton,  $7,000;  and  syrup  worth  $3,000;  making  the  total  receipts  $136,500, 
and  leaNintj  ,1  margin  of  only  $10,275  for  profit  and  interest  on  capital. 

\V.  T.  G.\UK.\TT,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  li.uuv,  (lu  n  r.\V!fU(i, 
and  Grkkn  of  Sacramento,  ALLEN  of  San  I'rancisco,  and  I'oOL  and  SMITH 
of  Islcton,  are  the  proprietors  of  a  bec^  sugar  factory  ,'it  Isleton,  a  few 
miles  above  Rio  Vista,  on  the  .Sacramento  Ri\cr.  The  enterprise  was 
originally  started  for  the  puqiose  of  making  .sugar  from  melons.  I'l.xpen- 
.sive  buildings  were  erected,  and  machinery  was  imported  from  Germany 
for  that  ])ur])osc;  but  for  some  reason  the  idea  was  abandoned,  and  the 
projjcrty  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  above  gentlemen,  who  converted  it  into 
a  beet-sugar  factory.  Through  the  rise  of  the  .Sacramento  Ri\er,  the  lands 
were  twice  flooded  within  3  yeans,  and  the  compan)-  deemed  it  best  to  close 
the  works  for  a  while,  but  intend  soon  to  resume  operations  with  increa.sed 
milling  capacity.  They  also  propose  to  try  the  o.\])eriment  of  planting 
sug.ir  cane  on  Andros  Lsland,  in  the  Sacramcntc.  River.  In  18S0  Mr. 
N.\l)i;.\l',  of  Los  Angeles,  made  a  costly  and  unsuccessful  experiment  in 
beet  sugar,  and  the  failure  was  attributeil  partly  to  mistakes  made  by  the 
gentleman  employed  as  superintendent  and  manager  of  the  works.  The 
sugar-beet  mills  at  Los  Angeles,  .Socjuel,  and  .Sacramento  are  permanently 
closed;  that  at  Isleton  is  clo.sed  temporaril>-;  and  the  Alvarado  Mill,  the 
only  one  now  in  operation,  occupies  the  site  o)  a  similar  mill  that  was 
unjirofitablc  for  years.  The  industrj'  has  been  a  .source  of  serious  loss  to 
the  capitalists  generally  who  invested  in  it;  buc  it  is  said  that  many  of  the 
obstacles  in  the  wa>'  of  success  have  been  overcome,  and  that  the  recent 
profits  promise  a  large  increase  in  the  production  of  Californian  beet  sugar. 

Sugar  Consumption. — In  proportion  to  their  numbers,  the  people  of  the 
I'acific  Coast  probably  consume  more  sugar  than  any  other  community  in 


J 


i 


I     I 


'  I 


I  , 


iii 
Hi 


544 


MAM",  ACTIKKS. 


tlit' 


the- world.  Diirinpj  the  j-car  iSSi,  there  were  (iistribiited  from  San  Fran- 
cisco alone  near!)-  48,500  to.i>,  or  an  avcniye  c)f  about  70  pounds  for  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  States  and  Territories  that  depend  mainly 
on  the  cit)'  for  their  suppl_\-.  The  larfjo  ([uantity  used  in  the  canninj,'  of 
fruit  is,  no  doubt,  one  of  the  main  fact'  rs  that  cause  this  immense  con- 
sumption. 

A  portion  of  the  raw  sufrar,  and  of  the  supplies  for  the  plantations,  arc 
now  shii)|)ed  directl)' to  and  from  the  islands,  and  not  t'w  I  lonolulu,  tluis 
effecting,'  a  considerable  saving  of  freij^ht.  A  wharf  leading  nut  from  the 
new  refinery  to  water  deep  enougl\  for  the  unlo;uling  of  large  \cssels,  will 
allow  cargoes  to  be  laid  tlowii  in  San  I'"rancisco  at  the  smallest  possible 
c.\ix;nse.  I"or  the  year  iSSi,  .about  tour  fifths  of  all  the  raw  sugar  imported 
for  n  fining  purjioses  came  from  the  Sandwich  Islands.  There  are  at 
])reseiit  more  than  50  |)lantations  ii-  the  Hawaiian  grouji,  many  of  which 
l)a\e  been  |)ut  under  cultivation  since  the  passage  of  the  Reciprocity 
Treat)-  in  iS-6,  anil  are  under  the  control  of  American  capitalists. 

The  dut)'  on  raw  material  imported  from  other  sources  of  supply  is  fixed 
according  to  the  Dutch  standard,  and  the  scale  is  regulated  by  figure^  which 
indicate  the  color,  and  therefore  the  (pialit)-,  of  the  gootls.  Zero  indicates 
the  darkest  grade  of  sugar,  and  20  one  of  the  lighcst.  On  goods  whoso 
qualit)'  is  indicated  by  any  figure  below  7,  the  tluty  is  1  <(  cents  a  pound; 
from  "  but  below  10,2  cents;  from  10  but  below  13,  2 '4  cents;  from  13 
but  below  16,  2^4  cents;  from  16  but  below  20,  3J4  cents;  20  and  upwards,  4 
cents.  In  all  cases  there  is  an  additional  charge  of  25  per  cent,  estimated 
on  the  above  rates.  The  entire  tariff  charges  on  the  lightest  grades  of 
imported  sugar  arc  therefore  5  cents  a  pound;  on  the  darkest  grades  nearly 
2 '4  cents;  and  on  medium  grades  from  3  to  4  cents.  Exemjition  from 
these  duties  has,  of  course,  imparteil  a  very  great  stimulus  to  the  business  of 
sugar-refining  on  this  coast,  and  the  loss  of  revenue  is  offset  by  the  expor- 
tation of  American  goods  to  the  1  lawaiian  Kingdom.  Shipments  from  San 
l-'rancisco  alone  amount  to  $2,000,000  or  $3,000,000  a  year,  and  include  a 
larger  quantity  of  Pacific  Coast  manufactures  than  are  shipped  to  any 
foreign  countr)-  in  the  world. 


HaAvaiian  Produolion. — It  is  estimated  that  there  are,  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  1  50,000  acres  of  land  specially  adapteil  for  sugar  culture.  The  rains 
are  abunilant,  and  most  of  the  planters  have  already  secured  the  means  of 
irrigation,  which,  on  account  of  the  limited  area  and  mountainous  nature  of 
the  country,  can  be  obtained  nt  small  expense.  The  plantations  of  Cuba 
anci  other  sugar-producing  countries  often  suffer  .severely  from  drought.  In 
the  sea.son  of  1880-81  much  of  the  cane  produced  in  Cuba  was  so  poor  in 


I'KuVISKlNS. 


qiialit)-  that  it  wfnild  mil  pa)  fur  tlu'  expense  ot  cxtmctinn  tlic  Mij^'ar. 
I  lawaiian  |)lantcrs  never  suffer  from  ilroiij^lii.  ( )ii  some  of  the  plantation--, 
as  in  tlie  1 1 ilo  district,  bj-  simj)!)'  lurnini^'  some  of  the  numerous  mountain 
streams  into  Humes,  a  portion  of  tin;  cane,  anil  all  the  wooil  for  fuel,  can  he 
cirrif'l  ilown  to  Un  mills,  without  other  ix|KiiNe  th.m  tlie  cost  of  the  wond- 
work. 

The  avcratje  )i(  lil  per  acre  in  the  Ilawaii.m  i,'roup,  is  at  least  double  thai 
of  the  l.ouisi:"  ,1  |)lan'ations.  'I" wo  and  a  half  tons  .in  acre  arc  a  \er)-  com- 
mon yield, ;  4  tons  ,1  not  unfrequcnt  one.  In  some  of  the  rich  vallej'  hands 
of  the  mountain  regions,  where  the  cane  matures  slowl)',  an<l  there  is  a  rain 
shower  nearly  every  .1,  }■  in  the  yc.ir,  the  \-ield  is  sometimes  ,is  much  as  (>  or 
7  tons.  There  is  no  dan^'er  of  frost,  which  in  other  countries  often  render^ 
necessary  the  immediate  harvesting  of  an  immature  croj).  'I'he  planters 
can  cut  when  they  pit  ase,  and  jjlant  almost  when  the)'  ])lease.  If  the)- 
don't  plant  ;it  all  for  ;i  couple  yea's  ;i  species  of  volunteer  crop  s[)ringsfrom 
the  roots  that  have  been  previously  cut. 

With  all  these  advantages,  planters  could  make  little  headwa)-  until  after 
the  p.issage  of  the  Rcciprocit)'  Treat)'.  The  scarcit)'  of  labor,  and  ihe  high 
tariff  rates  on  raw  sugars  landed  in  .San  l'"r;incisco,  were  burdens  of  a  griev- 
ous nature.  A  (ew  )'ears  before  the  |)ass.'ige  of  the  treat),  plant.itic.ns  which 
had  cost  $50,000  were  sold  for  $15,000,  and  others  which  h;ul  cost  $150,000 
brought  only  $40,000.  I'Acn  at  that  time  sugar  was  the  leailing  interest  in 
the  ll.'iwaii.'in  Islands,  and  most  of  the  |)lantations  were  alreail)  in  the  h.inds 
of  Americans.  I'ew  of  them  could  do  more  than  pa\'  expenses,  ;ind  none 
of  them  returned  a  fair  profit  on  the  capital  invested.  It  was  estimated  in 
1.S72.  that  if  tlie  dut)'  were  remitted,  and  labor  could  be  obtained  in  suffi- 
cient su])pl)'.  plantations,  which  could  then  barel)'  pa)-  expenses,  would  clear 
a  profit  of  $50,000  a  v'car.  Nine  vcs.sels,  of  from  400  to  700  tons,  have  been 
built  in  San  Franci.sco  within  the  last  6  years,  to  accommodate  the  trade 
with  those  islanils. 


n 


Shipments  of  Sugar.— About  2,300  tons  of  raw  sugar  were  also 
shii^ped  in  1.S81  from  China,  600  tons  from  Central  America,  and  a  small 
(|uantit)'  from  Mexico.  Centnil  America,  China,  and  the  I'hilip|)ine 
Islands  have,  in  past  years,  furnished  large  c]uantities  of  material,  and  arc 
the  points  from  which  it  seems  most  advant.igeous  to  import.  The  receipts 
of  refined  sugar  from  the  Atlantic  States  are  still  considerable.  'The 
quantity  forvarded  in  1881  was  about  3,300  tons;  in  1880,  2,250  tons;  and 
in  1879,  2,750  tons.  It  is,  however,  the  opinion  of  parties  interested,  that 
the  failure  of  several  cargoes  of  raw  sugar  to  arrive  on  time,  alone  rendered 
it  possible  to  import  .so  large  a  quantity  of  Kastern  sugar  at  a  profit. 
69 


i     i( 


H' 


546 


MAXtirACTtiRKS. 


.lit 


f 


m 


Kxpnrts  of  refined  sugar  from  San  I'rancisco  amounted,  in  1881,  to  1,400 
tons;  for  1880  and  iSjy,  to  about  900  tons.  More  tlian  160  tons  were 
shipped  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands.about  80  tons  to  Mexico,  and  shipments  were 
also  made  to  Central  America.  That  .several  larLje  sugar-producintr  coun- 
tries .should  take  from  us  considerable  quantities  of  refined  sugar,  on  which 
they  pay  double  freight,  cost  of  refining,  commissions,  and  other  charges,  is 
somewhat  of  an  anomaly,  but  it  is  nothing  unusual  lor  the  Panama  steamer 
to  take  away  500  to  1,000  barrels  for  Mexican  and  Central  ^Vmerican  port.s. 
British  Columbia  is,  however,  our  best  foreign  customer,  taking  from  us,  in 
1 88 1.  660  tons  .against  740  tons  exjjorted  to  all  other  destinations. 

San  Francisco  Refineries — California  has  much  to  gain  from  the  growth 
of  an  industry  which  has  caused  the  distribution  of  $1,000,000  for  the  build- 
ings and  machinery  of  a  single  establishment,  which  employs  a  large  num- 
ber of  white  operatives,  a  fleet  of  shi[)s,  and  in  ways  too  numerous  to 
mention,  adds  to  the  welfare  of  the  community.  So  .soon  as  the  treaty  with 
the  Hawaiian  Kingdom  was  ratified,  certain  capitalists  determined  to  invest 
largely  in  the  planting  of  sugar  cane,  and  sub.sequently  to  expentl  a  round 
million  in  the  incrca.se  of  refining  facilities.  Our  refineries  not  only  supply 
almost  the  entire  wants  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  but  already  export  refined 
sugar  in  considerable  quantity,  even  to  sugar-producing  countries. 

Though  there  were  but  2  refineries  in  operation  during  i88i,  the(|uantity 
of  raw  sugar  used  was  about  43,000  tons,  from  which  there  were  produced 
about  16,000  tons  of  white  sugar,  17,000  tons  of  yellow  sugar,  and  675,000 
gallons  of  .sjrup,  the  aggregiite  value  of  which  may  be  estimated  at 
$7,250,000.  The  average  number  of  hands  employed  was  about  325,  and 
the  amount  distributed  in  wages  over  $200,000.  The  cost  of  tr.aterial  was 
probabl)'  75  per  cent.,  and  oC  labor  not  more  than  3  or  4  per  cent,  of  the 
value  of  production,  lea\ing  about  20  per  cent,  for  profit,  rent,  fuel,  and 
miscellaneous  expenses.  Fhc  expense  for  fuel  is  a  very  large  item  with  all 
sugar  refineries,  exceeding  in  some  ICastern  establishments  the  cost  of  labor. 

During  the  past  decade  the  increase  in  the  production  of  the  sever.il 
articles  matle  from  sugar  cane  was  ver>-  large,  though  less  in  proportion 
than  for  the  previous  10  \ears.  In  1880  the  total  value  of  all  jiroducts  was 
a  little  under  $7,000,000,  in  1S70  nearly  $4,000,000,  and  in  i860  about 
$1,600,000.  The  gam  between  1870  ami  1880  was  75|)ercent;  between 
i860  anil    \^/0,  150  percent.;    betv^een    1 860  and  1 880,  over  300  per  cent. 

Imports  (jf  raw  .sugar  from  all  .sources  amounted  for  1881  to  54,400  tons, 
against  38,200  tons  in  1880,  and  27,700  tons  in  1S79.  Within  a  single  year 
the  volume  of  imports  has  increased  43  per  cent.,  and  within  2  years  it  has 
almost  doubleil.      The  increased  supply  has  been  drawn  entirely  from  the 


PROVISIONS. 


547 


Hawaiian  Islands,  which,  in  1881,  sent  us  44,2CX)  tons,  against  31,700  tons 
in  1880,  and  23,500  tons  in  1879. 

Ahnost  the  entire  ciop  of  the  Hawaiian  Isl.mds  is  now  shipped  to  San 
Francisco,  and  the  present  limit  of  their  production  is  not  likely  to  be  very 
much  exceeded  for  several  j-ears  to  come.  In  former  times  the  bulk  of  our 
sujjplies  came  from  Manilla.  As  recently  as  1878,  imports  from  that  source 
exceeded  20,000  tons,  against  18,500  from  the  Sandwich  Islands.  In  1879 
(only  3  years  after  the  passage  of  the  treaty)  imiiorts  from  Manilla  were 
reduced  to  1,400  tons,  but  increased  to  more  than  8,200  tons  for  1881. 

There  are  but  2  refineries  now  in  operation  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  both  of 
which  are  located  in  San  Francisco — the  California  Sugar  Refinery,  on 
EiglrJi  and  Brannan  streets,  owned  by  Cl.VU.s  Sl'KlCCKHLS  and  his  associ- 
ates; and  the  American  Sugar  Refinery  (formerly  known  as  the  Haj-  Refin- 
ery), on  Union  and  IJattery  streets,  belonging  to  C.  AnOLlMiE  Low  &  Co. 
The  new  refinery  already  mentioneil  is  in  connection  with  the  California 
Refinery,  and  is  situated  at  the  I'otrero,  between  Louisiana  and  Delaware 
streets.  It  is  expected  that  the  2  refineries  will  not  work  up  to  their  full 
capacity  in  the  very  near  future ;  when  they  do,  they  will  ret(uire  at  least 
1 50,000  tons  of  raw  sugar  annually. 

The  American  Sugar  Refiner)-,  formerly  known  as  the  Bay  Sugar  Refin- 
ery, located  on  the  corner  of  Battery  and  Union  streets,  was  formerl)-  in 
the  hands  of  an  incorporation  of  which  Cl.\L's  Si'RlX'KKLs  was  the  presi- 
dent. In  1879  the  property  was  sold  to  a  company  of  which  C.  AnoLl'llK 
Low  is  the  president.  Since  changing  hands  the  capacity  of  the  works  has 
been  doubled. 

The  San  I'ranci.sco  and  Pacific  Refinery,  on  liighth  and  MarrLson  streets, 
is  now  the  property  of  D.  O.  MlIXS,  N.  LUNING,  and  W.  T.  CoLKMAN.  It 
was  original!)'  st)led  the  San  I'"rancisco  Refinery,  and  first  went  into  opera- 
tion in  1855  in  a  small  building  that  had  formerly  been  uscfl  as  a  distillery. 
On  the  same  lot  the  proprietor,  who  at  that  time  was  GEORGE  Gordon, 
built  another  refinery  which  he  named  the  Pacific,  and  taking  in,  among 
other  partners,  the  above-mentioned  gentlemen,  united  the  2  enterprises 
under  one  management.     This  refinery  is  now  closed. 


Glaus  Spreckels.— Claus  SI'UECKELS,  who  has  a  national  reputation 
as  one  of  the  prominent  business  men  and  self-made  millionaires  of  Cali- 
fornia, is  a  native  of  I'anovcr,  and  in  1882,  53  )'cars  of  age.  Me  crossed 
the  Atlantic  in  1848,  and  made  his  home  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  lie 
became  a  clerk  in  a  retail  grocery.  After  serving  a  year  and  a  half  for 
wages,  he  bought  out  the  store  and  managed  it  on  his  own  account  for  5 
years.     Growing  tired  of  the  place,  he  moved  to  New  York,  and  thence  to 


54S 


M.WL'I  ACTL'UKS. 


San  I'rancisco,  in  which  latter  place  he  became,  in  1856,  the  <nvncr  of  a 
Ljmccry,  which  he  sold,  ami  in  the  next  \-car  he  started  a  brewery.  With 
this  he  must  have  been  very  successful,  for  in  iS6^  he  sold  out  and  organ- 
ized TllK  i5AV  .SlCAK  Ri;riNlN(;  Comi-ANV,  an  enterjjrise  reeiuirinj,'  a 
larj^e  capital.  lie  went  to  .\ew  York,  examined  the  su^ar  refineries, 
buiLjht  the  machiner)-.  and  immediately  after  his  return,  erected  the 
lelinery  and  init  it  into  .successful  operation.  lie  soon  dispjscd  of  his 
interest  in  this  establishment  with  Ljootl  profit,  and,  havint^  no  pressinjj 
occupation,  visited  ICurope.  While  there  he  studied  the  manufacture  of 
beet  sut^ar,  of  which  much  had  been  aiil  in  California;  ami,  for  the  sake  of 
Icarnini^',  1.^  vorked  for  6  weeks  as  ,1  laborer  in  a  su;4ar-mill  at  .M.isjdcburL,'. 
II;i\in};  satisfied  himself  that  there  was  little  chance  to  add  to  his  fortime 
by  a  bect-suf^ar  mill  in  his  adopted  State,  he  retuineil  to  New  York,  where 
he  renewed  his  studies  of  the  plans,  machinery,  and  management  of  suLjar 
refineries.  His  arrival  in  San  Francisco  was  promptly  followcil  by  the 
erection  of  the  very  larije  refiner)'  on  the  corner  of  Brannan  and  lu<,duh 
streets,  with  a  capacity  of  2$,ooo  tons  a  month.  Me  u  .ed  his  inlluence  to 
prevent  the  ratification  of  the  Reciprocit)-  Treaty  with  the  Hawaiian  Kini;- 
dom,  but  so  soon  as  the  news  of  the  r.Uificition  arri\ed,  he  visited  the 
Island.s,  where  he  made  contracts  with  the  planters  in  ad\ance  for  their 
sugar  crops,  and  ])urchased  a  large  area  of  land  suitable  for  the  cultivation 
of  the  cane  on  the  isLiml  of  M.iui. 

This  tr.ict  was  obt.iined  cheai)  because  it  was  drv,  but  he  had  satisfieil 
himself  that  water  could  be  brought  to  it,  and  in  the  spring  of  1878,  he  took 
with  him  IIl.R.M.VNN  Si'inssi.KR,  chief  engineer  of  TlIK  SruiNd  Yai.I.KV 
W'.'vl  i;r  Works,  whom  we  ha\e  hati  occasion  to  mention  on  several  occa- 
sions as  an  eminent  man  in  his  profession.  I  lis  survey  showetl  that  the 
w.iter  could  be  <pblained  by  building  45  miles  of  can.il,  ;ind  about  20  tumiels, 
and  b_\'  crossing  31  large  r;i\ines  (some  of  them  2,000  feet  wide  and  400 
deep)  w  ith  iron  pipe.  After  receiving  a  grant  of  the  needful  water  from  the 
goxernment,  Mr.  Sl'Rl.<'KI".l.s  returned  to  .San  l''r.incisco,  organized  ami  in- 
corporated Till':  Hawaii.W  Commkrci.vi,  C'oMI'A.nv,  in  whicii  he  h,ad  for 
associates  W.  !•".  Haikdck,  ex-Governor  I*".  V.  Low,  I'lilCDKRiciv  Tll.i- 
MANN,  IlKK.MAN  liK.NDKL,  JOHN  D.  Si'RKCKl'.l.s  and  brothers,  II. 
Sciussi.KR,  and  others.  CUAts  SruiX'KKl.S  was  elected  president,  and 
\\".  I'".  Baiu'OCK,  vice-president,  the  former,  at  the  recpiest  of  the  com[)any, 
taking  full  ch.irge  of  the  contemplated  imprcn  ement.s.  He  eng.iged  Mr. 
S('lirssi,i;u,  who,  in  the  fall  of  1878,  had  400  men,  100  head  of  oxen,  and 
(xj  mules  at  woik  under  the  guidance  of  competent  managers  and  foremen. 
The  |)ipes  to  cross  the  r,i\ines,  measuring  21,000  feet,  were  made  by  Till'. 
RlsiHjN  Iron  Works  out  of  700  tons  of  plate  iron,  the  iliameters  varying 


M 


TKOVISIONS. 


540 


from  35  to  41  inches.  Four  Iciiijths  were  tclescopctl  into  cadi  other  before 
loailin;^  on  the  sailinj^  vessels  which  took  them  to  Maui.  In  puttin_Lj  them 
together  80  tons  of  lead  were  u.scci  to  inakc  the  joints  tif^ht.  To  keep  the 
pi[)es  in  place  se\eral  million  feet  of  lumber,  from  our  coast,  were  used;  and 
lar;^e  supjilies  of  provisions,  besides  many  tons  f)f  dynamite,  were  sent  from 
San  l'"rancisco  for  the  use  of  the  laborers  and  mechanics,  of  whom  a  large 
number  were  obt.iined  from  the  same  ])lacc. 

Within  I  2  months  after  the  beginning  of  the  work  (in  the  course  of  which 
m;iny  difficulties  incident  to  an  enterprise  so  extensive  in  a  country  not 
well  sup])lied  with  large  machine  shops,  were  une.vpcctetlly  encountered 
ami  successfully  (jvercome)  the  water  came  pouring  over  the  plantation  in 
an  abundant  stream,  and  Mr.  SrRlx:Ki;LS  then  began  to  platit  his  cane,  of 
which  there  are  now  3,000  acres.  A  novel  system  of  irrigation,  devised  by 
Mr.  Scnissi.IOK,  enables  one  man  to  irrigate  15  or  20  times  as  much  land 
as  he  could  by  the  methods  previousl)-  in  use. 

Soon  after  the  planting  was  commenceil,  the  erection  of  a  great  sugar 
mill  was  begun.  An  original  plan,  devised  by  Cl..\l's  SrRl'.c  l<i:i.s,  his  son 
J.  I).  Si'RKCKKi.s,  J.  MooKi;,  and  \Vii,i.i.\m  Watson,  in  joint  consulta- 
tions, was  .adopted,  .and  has  proveil  a  complete  success.  Two  f)ther  mills 
were  built  on  simil.ir  plans,  and  a  fourth  is  now  nearly  complete.  ICach  has 
a  capacity  of  25  tons  of  sugar  in  a  da)-  of  10  hours,  ,ind  bj-  running  at 
night  the  4  mills  could  produce  150,  or  e\en  200  tons,  in  a  da)'  of  24  hours. 
In  these  mills  the  s)-stem  of  passing  the  cane  lx.'tween  5  rollers  instead  of 
3,  adding  10  per  cent,  to  the  sugar  yield,  was  first  introduced  into  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands.  The  mills  were  constructed  with  rapidity  and  exactness, 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  JoilN  D.  Sl'RlX'KKl.s,  who  is  .ilso  tlie 
resilient  manager  of  the  plantation  anil  mills.  He  .seems  to  have  inherited 
much  of  the  executive  abilit)'  of  his  father.  All  the  arrangements  about 
the  plantation  imlicate  nirc  ca])acity  in  the  original  |)lan.s.  l^\er)thing  h.is 
been  done  to  increase  the  productive  power  of  the  labor,  to  save  time,  to 
sini])lify  the  processes,  to  obtain  the  greatest  possible  ])roducts  from  the 
land  .ind  cane,  to  reduce  the  occasions  for  handling  the  raw  anil  manufac- 
tured materials,  and  to  facilitate  transportation.  A  portable  railroad  trade 
2  feet  wide  furnishes  ;i  quick  and  che.ip  method  of  bringing  the  cane  from 
all  parts  of  the  plantation  to  the  mills.  An  excellent  harbor  near  the  land 
of  TliK  IIaw.mi.w  Co.MMKKCIAL  CoMl'ANV  is  a  .safe  and  convenient  ship- 
ping place  for  them  and  their  neighbors.  Here  was  ,1  place  abouniling  with 
great  natural  advantages,  that  might  have  remained  unoccu])icd  until  some 
time  in  the  remote  future  if  Mr.  SI'RI:(KI:ls  had  not  been  driven  b)-  what 
seemed  an  adverse  fate,  to  visit  the  islands,  anJ.  fortunatel)'  for  them,  for 
himself,  for  his  a.ssociatcs,  and  for  the  business  of  San  Francisco,  he  had  the 


550 


MAXriACTURKS. 


juclgmcnt,  the  boldness,  the  wcahhy  friends,  .ind  the  capital  of  his  own,  to 
convert  what  hail  previously  been  a  desert  into  an  important  source  of 
industrial  production.  The  shipbuilders,  the  machine  shops,  the  sawmills, 
the  ]>owdcr  factories,  the  owners  of  horses  and  oxen,  the  harness-makers, 
the  merchants  and  the  mechanics  of  California,  have  shared  with  the  |)e()plc 
of  tlie  Hawaiian  Islands  in  the  benefits  resultini;  from  the  enterprise  of  Till'; 
Hawaiian  Commercial  Companv,  under  the  lead  of  Ci.Ais  Si'Ki;cki;i.s. 
Kin.L;  Kai.AKAI'A  recocrnized  the  benefit  conferred  on  his  ])eople  by  the  ca[)- 
italist  from  San  I'rancisco,  and  rewarded  him  with  a  decoration. 

Having  .secured  a  supply  of  sugar,  Mr.  Sl'RIXKELS  erected  a  great  refinery 
on  I'otrero  Point,  fronting  on  the  Baj-  of  San  Francisco,  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  city,  with  a  wharf  at  which  vessels  of  deep  draft  can  rccei\e 
and  discharge  cargo.  The  main  building  is  397  feet  long,  and  the  subor- 
dinate strur'^nrcs  are  187,  165,  and  147  feet  long  respectively.  The  height 
in  one  pl.ice  is  i  :  stories,  and  the  cost  of  building  and  machinery  has  been 
reported  to  be  $1,200,000.  The  area  covered  by  the  buildings  is  about  3 
acres.  There  are,  jjerhaps,  few  recorded  cases  in  which  a  defeat  has  been 
turned  to  better  account  than  the  defeat  of  Cl.VUS  .Si'RI:ci<i;i,.s  in  the  mat- 
ter of  tiie  reciprocity  treaty.  That  measure,  which  he  and  his  friends 
opposed  on  the  supposition  that  it  would  be  a  cause  of  serious  pecuniary 
loss  to  him,  by  |)rompt  and  decisive  action  was  made  the  source  of  a  vast 
addition  to  his  fortune.  He  is  generally  styled  "the  sugar  king  of  Cali- 
fornia." A  few  other  men  may  have  larger  sugar  plantations  or  larger  sugar 
refineries,  but  probably  no  other  combines  the  functions  of  planter  antl 
refiner  on  a  scale  so  extensive.  I  fc  is  also  a  member  of  a  companj-  which 
intends  to  run  a  line  of  steamers  between  San  l''ranci.sco  ami  Honolulu; 
;i!id  his  sons  have  a  line  of  sailing-ves.scls  between  tho.sc  ports.  Mr. 
SrRKCKKI.S  devotes  himself  to  business  with  remarkable  assiduity  antl 
cnergN',  and  to  these,  supported  by  strong  capacity,  much  more  than  to 
mere  luck,  he  owes  his  success. 

Flour. —  The  consumption  o(  flour  in  California  was  estimated,  for  iS.Si, 
at  about  1,100,000  barrels,  and  for  tlie  Pacific  Coast  at  about  2,600,000 
barrels.  Exports  of  flour  to  all  destinations  were,  for  that  )car,  785,078 
barrels  from  California  and  405,395  barrels  from  Oregon.  The  entire 
(]uantity  of  flour  iiroduccd  by  the  Pacific  Co.ist  mills,  for  1881,  may,  there- 
fore, be  estimated  a[)proximately  at  3,800,000  barrels.  Allowing  3  centals 
of  wheat  as  the  eciuivalent  of  one  barrel  of  flour,  the  millers  used,  apart  from 
other  grist-mill  products,  and  not  allowing  for  stocks  carried  <)\er,  about 
570,000  tons  of  wheat. 

The  consumption  of  cracked  wheat  in  California  is  at  the  rate  of  at  least 
3,500  tons  a  )ear,  and  of  oatmeal  about  the  same.     Oatmeal  is  made  princi- 


^  i  ^ 


I'KOVISIDXS. 


331 


]);illy  of  oats  raised  in  Oregon  ami  \Vasliin}i;ton.  Millirifj  facilities  for  its 
manufacture  arc  better  in  Californian  than  in  Oregon  mills.  Hence  it  hap- 
pens, not  unfrequently,  that  oats  are  shipped  from  Portland  to  San  Fran- 
cisco for  conversion  into  meal,  while  Oregon  merchants  are  purchasing  <jat- 
meat  quite  freely  in  San  I""rancisco.  There  is  still  a  small  importation  of 
Eastern  oatmeal,  amounting  to  4,000  or  4,500  barrels  a  year,  but  the  quan- 
tity is  steadily  decreasing,  and  as  it  docs  not  appear  in  what  respect  the 
Californian  is  not  at  least  equal  to  the  l\astern  article,  it  is  probable  that 
the  latter  will  soon  be  driven  altogether  out  of  the  market. 

Considerable  quantities  of  buckwheat,  graham,  and  rye  flour,  hominy, 
corn  meal,  farina,  split  peas,  and  ground  feed,  of  various  descriptions,  are 
produced  by  the  San  Francisco,  and  by  man)'  of  the  interior  mills. 

The  San  Francisco  and  Vallejo  mills  produce  a  larger  portion  of  the  finer 
qualities  of  white  flour  than  those  hjcated  in  other  portions  of  the  State,  and 
can  obtain  about  25  cents  a  barrel  more  than  is  paid  for  goods  of  similar 
grade  manufactured  elsewhere.  If  millers  could  find  a  readier  market  for 
their  feed — middlings,  bran,  and  screenings,  which  form  a  considerable  part 
of  the  products  of  a  flouring  mill — there  is  no  doubt  that  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion of  our  wheat  crop  would  be  converted  into  flour  than  is  now  the 
case.  These  articles  are  u.scd  only  for  cattle  and  hor.sc  feed,  and  on  this  coast 
the  demand  for  them  is  far  from  being  in  proportion  to  tlie  amount  of  the 
wheat  crop.  In  l""rancc,  German}-,  and  other  European  countries,  unbolted 
flour,  or  flour  containing  all  portions  of  the  grain,  is  from  necessity  the  com- 
mon food  of  the  peasantry,  and  from  choice,  largely  consumed  even  by  the 
wealthy  clas.scs.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  our  population  will  soon 
consume  any  great  quantity  of  such  flour,  but,  in  rejecting  even  the  coating 
of  the  wheat  seed,  we  waste  a  portion  that  contains  considerable  nutritive 
properties.  There  is  more  gluten  contained  in  the  outer  covering  of  the 
grain  than  in  any  other  part.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  dogs  can  live  on 
bread  made  of  bran,  but  that  they  soon  starve  when  kept  on  a  diet  of  white 
bread.  In  Europe,  and  c\cn  in  the  I'.astern  States,  bran,  screenings,  and 
middlings  find  a  ready  market,  but  in  California  there  is  .so  little  demand 
for  these  articles  that  they  often  go  to  waste.  Their  value  is  .so  small,  in 
pro|)ortion  to  their  bulk,  that  it  woukl  not  pay  to  ship  them  abroad,  and 
this  is  one  of  the  main  difiiculties  that  stand  in  the  way  of  millers  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Another  drawback  is  the  high  price  of  labor,  which  ranges  from  20  to  30 
per  cent,  above  the  rates  paid  by  l^astcrn  mill  owners.  It  is  probable  that 
the  wages  paid  to  operatives  in  California  average  little,  if  at  all,  less  than 
$J.75  a  day.  'At  the  largest  flour-mill  in  the  .State,  ordinary  workmen  are 
paid  $2.25  a  day,  and  expert  millers  as  hijjh  as  $4.     There  are  very  few 


i\    i 


11    ' 


552  M.WriACTLRKS. 

Chinamen,  probablj-  not  50  in  all,  employed  in  lliis  industry.  To  establisii 
enterprises  of  such  a  nature  requires  a  vcrj'  large  outla)'  of  capital.  When 
proper!)-  conducted,  and  especially  when  conducted  on  a  large  scale,  they 
have,  as  a  rule,  been  fairlj'  profitable,  though  less  remunerative  than  man)' 
other  branches  of  manufacture.  Increa.sc  of  population,  and  therefore  of 
consumption,  in.'stcad  of  raising  the  price  of  flour,  h.is  only  added  to  the 
number  of  mills,  and  tcndeil  rather  to  lessen  than  to  rai.se  the  profits  of  the 
miller.  Scores  of  mills  started,  during  the  past  25  years,  on  various 
portions  of  the  Pacific  Coa.st,  have  been  shut  down,  or  converted  to  other 
U.SC.S,  and  many  which  were  destro)ed  b)'  fire  have  not  been  rebuilt,  though 
in  time- others  may  have  been  erectetl  in  the  same  locality. 

Milling  System. —  I'he  system  [)revalent  in  the  ICastern  flouring  mills 
of  griiuling  wheat  ;il  a  fi.xed  price  per  ton,  or  for  a  certain  [jortion  of  the 
])roceeds,  is  almost  unknown  in  California.  A  few  countr)'  mills,  in  districts 
remote  from  eas)-  communication  with  .S.in  I''rancisco,  adopt  this  system 
entirel)-  or  in  part;  but  the  rule  is,  for  the  miller  to  bu)-  liis  own  supplies  of 
material,  aiul  take  his  own  chances.  My  so  doing,  he  has  cNcr)'  opportu- 
nit)-  to  take  advantage  of  the  Huctuations  in  the  market,  .and  man\-  enter- 
prises, which  else  would  not  be  i)rofitable,  are  thus  made  to  increase  largel)' 
the  bank  accounts  of  their  ])roprictors.  A  rise  or  fall  in  the  price  of  fluu'- 
of  T,o  to  50  per  cent.,  within  a  few  months,  is  nothing  uncommon.     In  June. 

1879,  for  instance,  the  <|uality  known  as  "shipping  e.xtra"  sold  for  $4  to 
$4.25  a  barrel ;  in  ( )ctoberof  the  same  )-ear,  for  $5.75  a  barrel ;  an  advance  of 
about  35  ])er  cent,  within  4  months.  I'luctuations  in  the  i)ricc  of  miildlings 
and  of  bran  are  usuall)-  in  greater  |)roportion.     On  the  first  of  January, 

1880,  choice  extra  flour  was  .selling  at  $6.62 ^'j  a  barrel;  on  the  first  of  July, 
1880,  at  $5.50.  Middlings  fell,  during  the  same  inter\'al,  from  $20.50  to 
$14.50  a  ton,  and  bran  from  $1  5  to  $1 1.50.  The  shrinkage  in  the  price  of 
flour  was  therefore  only  about  17  per  cent.,  while,  in  the  case  of  middlings, 
it  was  nearly  30  per  cent.,  and  in  that  of  bran,  about  23  per  cent.  Wheat 
had  fallen  meanwhile  from  $2.05  to  $1.60,  or  nearly  22  i>cr  cent.  The 
miller  expects  to  make  his  profit  out  of  his  higher  grades  of  flour,  and  is 
often  glad  to  get  any  price  at  all  for  his  middlings,  bran,  and  screenings. 

During  the  last  4  years  a  new  system  of  grinding,  which  was  first  adopted 
in  Ilungar),  and  is  hence  sometimes  called  the  "  Hungarian  .system,"  has 
been  very  gencrall)-  adopted  in  Mastern  flouring  mills.  In  this  process, 
chilled  iron  or  porcelain  rollers,  either  corrugated  or  smooth,  are  substituteil 
for  common  miUsl  ncs,  and  a  new  system  of  purifiers  is  introduced.  The 
(piestion  of  adopting  this  method  in  California  has  been  freely  discusseil, 
but  the  decision  of  most  mill-owners  is  at  present  .against  it.     Californiaii 


y 


PROVISIONS. 


553 


wheat  is  much  more  brittle  than  Eastern,  and  it  is  claimed  that  its  white 
skin,  when  pulverized  into  the  flour,  docs  not  injure  its  qualitj',  as  is  the 
case  with  Eastern  flour.  Moreover,  the  price  of  breadstuffs  manufactured 
by  the  new  process,  does  not  justify  the  expense  necessary  for  a  change  of 
machinery.  Another  objection  is,  that  ever  since  the  first  change  was  made, 
frequent  improvements,  or  what  arc  believed  to  be  improvements,  have  been 
announced  from  time  to  time,  and  millers,  of  course,  hesitate  to  adopt  the 
invention  until  its  effect  has  been  more  thoroughly  tested,  and  the  process 
perfected.  Not  more  than  half  a  dozen  of  the  larger  mills  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  have  as  yet  introduced  the  new  system,  and  these  have  not  obtained 
a  materially  higher  price  for  their  breadstuffs.  The  "  Hungarian  system," 
or,  as  it  is  more  frequently  termed,  the  process  of  "  high  grinding,"  is  the 
only  invention  of  value  that  has  been  made  in  the  manufacture  of  flour  of 
late  years.  At  most  of  the  mill.s,  flour  is  still  made  on  the  I'acific  Coast 
by  the  same  method  that  was  in  use  50  years  ago,  with  the  exception  that 
the  steam-engine  is  substituted  for  horse  or  water  power. 


I 


Flour  Market. — The  importation  of  flour  into  California  ceased  about 
i860.  For  that  year  the  various  products  of  all  the  flouring  mills  in  Cali- 
fornia were  valued  at  nearly  $5,000,000,  and  excepting  for  the  season  of 
1864-5  (the  year  of  the  great  drought),  there  have  since  been  no  imports  of 
any  considerable  amount.  During  1859,  and  for  several  preceding  years, 
there  were  small  shipments  of  flour  to  foreign  destinations,  but  the  exporta- 
tion of  flour,  in  any  considerable  quantity,  did  not  commence  until  i8')0-6i. 
For  the  year  ending  July  i,  i860,  there  were  58,926  barrels  exported  for 
the  next  year  exports  amounted  to  197,181  barrels.  From  that  time,  with 
only  2  exceptions,  and  those  owing  to  drought,  the  volume  of  exports 
steadily  increased  until,  for  the  year  ending  July  i,  1867,  it  reached  465,337 
barrels.  This  amount  was  not  exceeded  until  the  season  of  1873-4,  when 
there  were  644,710  barrels  exported. 

For  the  year  1881  exports  of  flour  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  to  all  destina- 
tions, amounted  to  about  1,200,000  barrels,  valued  at  $6,625,000;  a  very 
large  gain  over  the  figures  for  any  previous  year.  Of  this  quantity,  364,000 
barrels  of  Californian  flour,  valued  at  $1,693,000,  and  at  least  350,000  barrels 
of  Oregon  flour,  valued  at  $1,540,000,  were  shipped  to  Great  Hritain  and 
Ireland.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  were 
much  larger  than  these  of  any  preceding  year,  and  that  the  shipments  of 
Oregon  flour  to  that  destination  so  nearly  approached  those  of  Californian 
flour.  China  ranks  next  on  the  list  of  our  foreign  customers,  taking,  in 
1881,  261,000  barrels,  \alued  at  $1,536,000.  Central  America  took  75,300 
barrel-s,  worth  $352,000.  The  Hawaiian  Islands  purchased  from  us  32,100 
70 


554 


MANri'ACTlIRES. 


i!      iP 


barrels,  worth  $i  10,000.  Smaller  t|uantitics  were  shipped  to  neady  all  parts 
of  the  woriil  with  which  San  Francisco  has  commercial  relations. 

Exports  to  l''iiglantl  consist  only  of  surplus  stock,  and  of  the  choicest 
brands.  The  prices  obtained  there  do  not  warrant  any  speculative  move- 
ment, and  millers  do  not  l(Jok  in  that  direction  for  any  larjje  increase  of 
business.  Taking  into  account  the  cost  of  freight  and  the  loss  of  interest,  it 
is  not  a  little  remarkable  that  shipments  to  l-lngland  should  Ix."  on  so  large 
a  scale,  while  nearer  markets  are  available.  The  average  cost  of  milling  in 
San  Francisco  is  estimated  at  70  to  75  cents  a  barrel,  and  is  considerably 
higher  in  San  Francisco  than  in  l-laslern  cities,  which  ship  large  (juantilies 
of  flour  to  liurope.  Moreover  Eastern  millers  find  a  readier  market  for 
their  bran  and  screens  than  exists  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  where  a  large  por- 
tion of  both  these  products  either  goes  to  waste,  or  is  sold  at  \ery  low  rates. 
The  matter  is  probably  explained  by  the  fact  that  Englaml  offers  a  sure 
market  at  ruling  rates,  while  shipments  to  Mexico,  Central  America,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  Japan,  and  other  points,  that  seem  to  be  the 
natural  outlet  for  the  surplus  stock  of  our  flouring  mills,  are  always  attended 
with  more  or  less  risk. 

IJefore  1872,  the  Chinese  trade  was  in  the  hands  of  our  own  merchants, 
but  is  now  conducted  almost  entirely  by  Chinamen,  who  make  their  con- 
tracts directly  with  the  mill  owners.  Until  1879-S0  China  afforded  the 
best  (Hitlet  for  low  grades  of  flour,  but  now  demands  a  first-class-  article. 
j\t  present,  it  is  almost  as  difficult  to  place  inferior  brands  in  Hongkong  as 
in  Liverpool,  but  a  high-grade  flour  .seldom  fails  to  find  a  market  at  fair 
]irices. 

In  occasional  seasons,  there  is  a  large  export  of  flour  to  Australia. 
ICven  in  South  Australia,  which  is  by  far  the  best  wheat-growing  section  of 
that  continent,  8  bushels  to  the  acre  is  considered  a  good  average  yield. 
In  years  of  drought,  Australia  draws  on  us  freely  for  supplies;  in  good 
seasons  she  is  herself  a  large  exporter.  The  demand  from  that  source  is, 
therefore,  very  fluctuating.  In  1874  for  instance,  shipments  to  Australia 
amounted  to  2,442  barrels;  in  1877  to  13,495  barrels;  and  in  1878  to  7,867 
barrels. 

Flour-Mills. — There  are  now  in  operation,  in  California  and  Oregon, 
about  250  flouring  and  grist-mills,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  at  least 
$4,500,000.  There  are  no  reliable  data  at  Iiand  as  to  the  number  of  mills 
on  other  portions  of  this  coast,  but  the  production  of  flour  on  the  entire 
Pacific  Slope  was  estimated,  for  1 88 1, as  alread}-  stated,  at  3,800,000 barrels, 
and  its  \alue  was  $17,000,000.  The  cost  of  material  may  be  set  down  at 
$13,900,000,  and  of  labor  at  $740,000,  distributed  among  1,350  operatives. 


rnovisioNs. 


555 


These  estimates  do  not  include  the  value  of  fjraham  and  rye  flour,  oatmeal, 
buckwheat,  cornmcal,  farina,  ground  feed,  and  other  grist-mill  products 
manufactured  during  the  year. 

The  number  of  flouring  and  grist-mills  in  operation  in  California  is 
about  170,  of  which  11  are  located  in  San  Francisco.  At  least  100  of  them 
arc  worked  by  steam,  and  the  remainder  by  water-power  When  working 
up  to  their  full  capacity,  the  San  Francisco  mills  produce  over  2,000  barrels 
of  flour  per  day,  in  addition  to  large  (juantities  of  meal  and  feed  of  various 
descriptions.  The  largest  flour-mill  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  located  at  \'al- 
Icjo,  and  has  a  capacity  of  1,500  barrels  a  day.  In  1853  there  were  i6 
flour-mills  in  operation  in  California,  and  14  in  course  of  erection,  with  an 
aggregate  capacity  of  about  300,000  barrels  a  j'car.  Two  >-cars  later  there 
were  54  mills  with  a  capacity  of  1,260,000  barrels  a  >'ear,  or  3  times  the 
estimated  consumption.  The  ]5rice  of  first-class  Hour  of  home  production 
was  at  that  time  $28  to  $30  a  barrel.  In  i860  there  were  <j\  mills  in  Cali- 
fornia, 47  in  Oregon,  22  in  New  Mexico,  and  10  in  Utah,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $2,067,350,  employing  556  hand.s,  expending  $454,524  for  labor, 
and  $4,659,069  for  material,  and  manufacturing  flour  and  meal  valued  at 
$6,483,067. 

In  1870  the  number  of  mills  had  increased  to  329;  of  which  115  were 
located  in  California,  74  in  Utah,  64  in  Oregon,  36  in  New  Mexico,  20  in 
Colorado,  and  20  elsewhere  on  the  coast.  The  amount  of  capital  was 
$4,807,083:  the  number  of  employees  1,195;  ''^^  cost  of  labor  $601,105 ; 
of  material  $10,809,826;  and  the  value  of  manufactures  $13,998,613.  It 
will  be  .seen  that  between  1S60  and  1870  the  expen.sc  for  labor  had  fallen 
from  about  7  to  a  little  ov^cr  4  per  cent,  while  the  cost  of  material  had 
risen  from  72  to  jy  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  production. 

Oregon  Mills. — Between  1870  and  1880  the  wheat  crop  of  Oregon  in- 
creased from  2,340,000  to  7,486,000  bushels,  and  the  number  of  flouring  and 
gri.st-mills  from  64  to  80.  Oregon  produces  a  very  large  surplus  in  addition 
to  the  quantity  required  by  that  State  for  home  consumption.  Mvery 
steamer  from  Portland  brings  to  San  Francisco  more  or  less  of  flour,  which, 
though  subject  to  charges  for  freight  and  commissions,  finds  a  profitable 
market.  For  1881  receipts  of  Oregon  flour  in  San  Franci.sco  were  81,000 
barrels;  for  1880, 107,600  barrels,  and  these  amounts  were  veiy  much  smaller 
than  were  received  in  previous  years.  In  1870  shipments  amounted  to  141,- 
000  barrels.  Moreover,  exports  of  Orf^gon  flour  to  Great  Britain  often 
exceed  the  quantity  of  Califomian  flour  forwarded  to  that  destination.  In 
1880  Oregon  shipped  nearly  200,000  barrels  to  Europe  (almost  entirely  to 
Great  Britain),  against  less  than  170,000  barrels  from  California.     Though 


55^' 


M.\\rr.\iTrRES. 


tlic  ])r(xluction  of  Orc^'on  (lour  is  not  more  than  one  third  of  the  quantity 
produced  in  California,  it  is  probable,  that  in  the  volume  of  exports  there  is 
little  dilfcrence  between  the  two  states. 

One  of  the  Ore},fon  establishments,  that  of  Thk  Sai.KM  I'l.oi'KiNC, 
Mills  CuMPAXV,  ranks  third  in  point  of  ca])acit_\-  amon^'  the  mills  of  the 
i'acific  Coast,  and  at  the  Centennial  ICxhibition  received  a  meilal  and 
diploma  for  the  excellent  cpialitj'  of  its  products. 

There  are  several  flouring  mills  in  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  one  or  more 
in  nearly  all  the  I'acific  Coast  Territories;  but  Xevada,  and  most  of  the 
Territories  (with  the  exception  of  Utah  and  W'ashinj^ton),  draw  more  or 
less  on  California  or  Oreijon  for  supplies.  Colorado  has  a  large  number  of 
mills,  and  if  their  proiluct  be  not  sufficient,  obtains  her  su|)i)lies  mainlv  from 
Utah.  The  wheat  crop  of  Utah  incrca.sed  from  558,0)00  bushels  in  1.S70,  to 
1,167,000  bushels  in  18S0,  the  jield  for  the  latter  year  being  at  the  rate  of 
16  bushels  to  the  acre.  There  are  no  reliable  statistics  at  hand  of  a 
recent  date;  but  it  is  known  that  the  flour-mills  of  that  Territory  have  a 
capacit)-  for  at  least  double  its  present  rate  of  consum[)tion,  and  that  it  di»- 
jio.ses  of  large  quantities  of  floiy  on  different  portions  of  the  slope. 

Washington  Mills. — This  Territory  has,  for  her  po]iulation,  a  large  num- 
ber of  flouring  mills.  In  I<S70,  when  her  population  was  less  than  a  thiiil  of 
its  present  number,  she  had  one  for  about  every  1,200  members,  while  Califor- 
nia had  not,  at  that  time,  and  has  not  yet,  more  than  one  for  every  5,000. 
Taking  into  account,  however,  the  larger  average  capacit)'  of  the  California 
mill,  it  is  prcjbable  that  they  i)r(xluce  as  much  flour,  meal,  etc.,  per  capita 
as  do  the  mills  of  Washington  Territory. 

British  Columbia. — Considerable  quantities  of  cereals  have  been  raised 
for  many  years  in  Hriti.sh  Columbia,  but  the  first  flouring  mill  in  that  portion 
of  the  Dominion  was  erected  in  Victoria,  in  1878.  During  1881  there  were 
forwarded  to  that  destination  from  San  l-Vancisco  8,900  barrels  of  flour,  but 
the  larger  portion  of  the  needed  sujjply  is  furni.shed  by  Oregon  or  Wash- 
ing Territory. 

Piour-mills. — The  number  of  flour-mills  on  our  coast  is  so  great  that  it 
is  imi)ossible  to  mention  all  in  this  place.  Among  the  most  notable  are 
the  mills  of  St.\KR  &  Co.,  at  Vallejo — to  b.;  mentioned  hereafter;  the 
(ioldeii  Gate  Mill  of  IIORACl':  D.wis  &  Co.,  of  San  Francisco,  with  a 
capacity  of  600  barrels  a  day;  the  California  Mill  of  C.  Sl'LlV.ALO,  with  a 
capacity  of  250  barrels;  the  Oakland  City  Mill  of  H.  K.  FilCKOK  &  Son, 
capacity  200  barrels;  the  mill  of  JACOB  Samm  and  T.  J.  Faksons,  in  Oak- 
land, capacity   200  barrels;  the  mill  of  C.  McCkkary  &  Co.,  in  Sacra- 


I'KovisrnNs, 


55/ 


mcnto,  cajjacity  300  barrels;  the  mill  of  GF.nR(;i;  SniRoTIl  &  Co.,  in 
Sacraincnt(j,  capacity  150  barrels;  the  mill  of  R.  H.  I. AM",  at  Stocktcm, 
cajiacity  250  barrels;  the  mill  nf  A.  &  S.  W.  Si'I'.KRN,  in  Stockton,  capacit\- 
8co  barrels — the  second  on  the  slope;  the  mill  of  C.  C.  K\(JX,  at  Alviso. 
capacit)'  250  barrels;  the  Salem  Mills,  aiul  Jefferson  Citv  Mills,  in  ()rcj,'on, 
to  be  mentioned  hercalter;  the  mill  of  J.  I).  MlI.l.l.K,  with  a  capacity  of 
300  barrels,  in  Oreijon  Cil\';  and  the  mill  of  j.  FI,  I'()sri;K,  with  a  capacity 
of  300  barrels,  at  Aiban_\-.  In  some  of  these  mills  the  production  is  far 
below,  in  others  nearl)'  etpial  to  their  capacity. 

The  most  northern  <,rrist-mill  on  our  slope  is  in  latitude  50'  45'  at  the 
point  where  the  Honap.irto  empties  into  the  Thompson,  which  is  .1  tributarj- 
of  the  l-"raser.  There  Thaddkis  IIarI'KK,  the  owner  of  a  lar^'e  c.ittlc 
ranciio,  has  erecteil  a  mill  to  furnish  a  market  for  the  farmers  of  the  \icinity 
and  to  supply  the  flour  demand  of  the  upper  part  of  the  Fraser  basin,  anil 
the  Cariboo  mines. 

Starr  &  Co.— Starr  &  Co.  have,  at  Vallejo,  the  largest  flour-mill  on  the 
Pacific  Slope,  with  a  capacity  of  making  1,700  barrels  of  flour  in  24  hours, 
and  storage  room  for  50,000  tons  of  wheat."  They  grind  annually  over  350,- 
000  barrels  of  flour,  worth  nearly  $1,750,000  at  present  rates,  and  they  ship 
about  1,800  tons  monthl)"  to  ICurope,  besides  other  lots  to  Central  America, 
the  Pacific  islands,  and  Asia.  Their  brand  is  one  of  the  few  that  secures  a 
ready  sale  for  Californian  flour  at  the  highest  prices.  lCmplo)-mcnt  is  given 
to  60  men.  The  mill,  b  ■'  in  18C9  and  enlarged  in  1874,  has  extensive 
warehouses  and  wharves,  at  which  \cssels  of  deep  draught  can  take  in  cargo, 
while  side-tracks  of  the  California  Pacific  Railroad  run  into  the  mills,  and 
on  to  the  lower  shipping  wharf,  bringing  wheat  from  the  Napa  and  Sacra- 
mento valleys.  The  land  attached  to  the  mill  has  an  area  of  12  acres.  The 
firm  consists  of  A.  D.  Starr,  A.  Ba.\nisti:;k,  and  A.  \V.  Starr.  The  San 
Franci.sco  office  is  at  16  California  Street,  and  the  Liverpool  office  of  the 
firm  at  20  Hrun.swick  13uildings  in  that  city.  The  cargo  sales  of  the  house 
in  Europe  arc  all  made  through  their  Liverpool  house. 

The  Salem  Flouring  Mills.— The  mills  of  Tin:  Salem  Flourinc; 
Mills  Comiwxv,  one  of  the  leading  and  most  prosperous  corporations  of 
Oregon,  arc  situated  at  the  State  capital,  which  is  the  heart  of  and  converg- 
ing point  of  a  rich  grain  district,  producing  about  700,000  bushels  of  grain 
annually.  The  company,  of  which  A.  Husil,  banker  of  Salem,  is  president, 
and  James  Younu  secretary,  was  organized  in  1870,  with  a  capital  of 
$50,000,  since  increased  to  $200,000,  to  embrace  its  capitalized  earnings  and 
improvements.  The  mills,  the  largest  in  Oregon,  and  exceeded  by  only  2 
others  on  our  coast,  are  supplied  with  the  best  machinerj-  of  the  latest  and 


■- 


:um 


558  MAXll  AfTl'Kr.S. 

most  approved  p.itterns.  Tlicir  flour,  of  wliicli  15,000  or  \f),ooo  barrt-N  arc 
iiKuli:  iniiiUhl)-,  coiiimaiiils  tlic  liiylicst  credit  in  tlu'  markets  of  Mnt,'land 
and  Continental  lanope,  and  has  established  a  standard  by  which  other 
br.nuls  of  Ore^'on  flour  sell  in  I'.urope  as  nearly  as  they  can  grade  up  to  it. 
'I'he  completeness  of  the  mills,  their  ample  room  for  storage,  the  conven- 
ience of  their  situation  for  shipment,  with  a  railroad  on  one  side  and  a  navi- 
gable river  on  the  other,  at  their  verj-  doors,  the  high  reputation  of  their 
products,  and  the  prestige  of  continuous  success  in  the  past,  contribute  to 
make  the  i)rospcct  for  the  future  ver>-  bright.  SlBSON,  CnUKCli  &  Co.,  of 
Portland,  are  agents  for  the  sale  of  the  flour. 

Joffbrson  City  Mills. — The  Jefferson  City  Mills,  at  Jefferson,  Oregon, 
are  the  ijrojjerly  of  CoRlill  T  &  Maci.KAV,  prominent  merchants  of  Port- 
land. These  mills  have  4  runs  of  stone,  and  annually  grind  10,000  barrels 
of  flour,  most  of  which  is  exported  to  Europe,  where  the  brand  of  the  mills 
commands  a  ready  sale. 

Crackers. — Crackers  and  ship  bread  arc  made  in  factories  by  machinery, 
which  mi.x  die  dough,  knead  it,  roll  it  out,  and  cut  and  stamp  the  pieces 
ready  for  baking.  The  ovens  contain  an  iron  wheel,  turning,  in  iine  cases, 
on  a  vertical  axis,  in  others,  on  a  horizontal  one;  the  former  being  called  a 
reel  o\en,  and  the  latter  a  rotating  oven.  Attached  to  the  arms  of  the 
wheel  are  tiles,  or  plates  of  metal,  upon  which  the  dough  is  hiiil  by  an 
attendant,  and  the  wheel  is  turned  by  machinery,  so  regulated  that  the 
time  <jf  revolution  of  each  pan  is  just  sufficient  to  cook  its  contents.  The 
capacity  of  an  oven  is  from  10  to  2$  barrels  of  flour  in  12  hours,  and  the 
consumption  of  fuel  from  2^4  to  3^  tons  of  coal  jier  month.  The  annual 
production  of  ship-biscuit  and  the  various  articles  known  as  fancj-  crackers, 
amounts  to  about  10,500  tons,  valued  at  $1,500,000;  of  which  the  national 
government  buys  100  tons  for  issue  to  persons  in  its  service,  about  500  tons 
are  consumed  b\'  tho.sc  connected  with  merchant  vessels  entering  our  jjorts, 
1,000  tons  are  exported,  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mexico,  and 
British  Columbia,  and  the  remainder  are  distributed  throughout  the  States 
and  Territories  of  the  slope.  The  price  ranges  from  3  cents  ])er  pound  for 
ship-bread,  to  28  cents  for  cracknel,  averaging  8  cents,  about  the  same  as 
the  New  York  rates.  Crackers  arc  packed  for  exportation  in  tins  contain- 
ing 40  pounds,  and  in  ca.ses  of  25,  50,  and  So  pounds;  and  for  home  con- 
sumption in  boxes  of  5,  10,  20,  and  50  pounds.  Capital  amounting  to 
$350,000  is  invested  in  the  enterprise,  and  employment  is  given  to  175  men, 
whose  wages  are  $2.50,  and  50  boys,  who  receive  $1  for  a  day  of  12  hours. 
Eastern-made  crackers  were  largely  supplied  to  our  market  up  to   1872, 


it 


5  ^! 


PK<iVISIO\S. 


559 


since  which  time  iin|)i)rtati(>ii-4  ii:i\c  declined,  until  ;it  ])re-;enl  tlicj' comprise 
only  a  few  cases  from  Massacluisetls.  rheconsmnplioii  df  slii|)-l)iead  dminLj 
sea  voyajjes  has  materially  fallen  off  of  late  )ears,  owini,'  to  the  j^'realer  ii>e 
of  bread  hakeil  on  board  vessels;  but  on  the  other  hand,  ;i  considerable 
quantit)'  is  itsed  in  barter  with  the  Indians  of  the  north-west  coast. 

Exports  of  these  products  have  increased  eightfold  since  1870,  10  per 
cent,  of  which  has  be-Mi  since  1S79,  and  the  yearh'  ;^Min  promises  to  con- 
tinue. In  iiS6o  there  Acre  3  cracker  bakeries  in  San  I'rancisco,  consuming; 
75  barrels  of  flour  per  ila\-  in  the  aggregate.  An  establishment  of  this 
kind  was  in  operation  in  the  same  city  in  1S49,  the  projjrietor  of  which, 
WiLl.l.V.M  H.  GoKH.'..M,  found  a  ready  sale  for  his  goods  among  the  miners 
of  that  day.  At  present  there  are  17  bakeries  on  the  coast;  10  of  which 
are  in  California,  3  in  Oregon,  ::  in  Hritish  Columbia,  and  one  each  in 
Washington  and  Utah.  All  manufacturers  suggest  that  the  flavor  of  their 
crackers  is  improved  by  warming  before  use. 

Among  the  principal  establishments  are  TllK  C.\LII'orni.\  Cr.VCKKR 
CoMl'.\.\V,  to  be  mentioned  again;  TllK  KcLll'SK  C'K.XCKER  Co.Ml'.wv,  of 
San  Francisco,  established  in  i<S54,  of  which  TnoM.\s  J.  Chadikiurm:  is 
manager;  the  Eagle  .Cracker  Hakery,  of  the  same  city,  and  owned  b)' 
Gi;ORi;r.  Muli.KR;  the  Sacramento  Cracker  Bakery,  and  the  Iv'igle  Steam 
Cracker  Hakery,  both  (jf  Sacramento;  the  Oregon  Steam  Bakery,  at  Port- 
land, SlKIili  &  IIOELIIING,  proprietors;  the  Walla  Walla  Steam  Bakery,  at 
Walla  Walla,  owned  by  O.  Brkciitel;  the  bakery  of  I  Iu.si.er  &  GKIiH.VRn  T, 
at  Salt  Lake  City;  and  the  bakeries  of  NiiSBiTT  &  Co.,  and  CUNNINGHA.M 
&  McBkatii,  at  Victoria. 

California  Cracker  Company.— The  Calii-ornia  Cracker  Co.mpanv, 
the  largest  entcrpri.se  of  the  kind  on  the  coast,  was  established  in  San 
Franci.sco  in  1850,  by  Deeth  &  St.\RR,  and  incorporated  by  the  present 
proprietors  in  1872.  Capital  to  the  amount  of  $200,cxx)  is  invested  in  the 
industry,  and  employment  is  furnished  to  about  100  men.  The  works, 
situated  at  the  north-west  corner  of  Broadway  and  Battery  streets,  have  all 
the  modern  appliances,  including  6  revolving  ovens,  having  a  capacity  of  4 
barrels  of  flour  each  per  hour,  and  a  machine  that  cuts  20  varieties  of  cakes, 
the  latter  being  the  only  one  of  its  kind  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
building  is  of  brick,  3  stories  high,  about  150  feet  square,  and  the  machinery 
is  driven  by  a  powerful  steam  engine.  The  president  of  the  company  is 
Adolimi  Weske,  its  secretary  is  George  Eu.MONiJS,  its  superintendent 
J.VMES  Dunn,  and  it  has  a  branch  depot  at  206  and  208  S.icramento  Street. 

Macaroni. — Although  nearly  40  varieties  of  this  product  arc  sold  under 
the  names  of  macaroni,  paste,  vermicelli,  etc.,  the  process  of  manufacture  is 


i 


[  w 


liiii 


.* 


i!'^' 


560 


MAM  TAI   ITRICS. 


the  same  fdrcacli,  and  the  same  cereal  furnishes  tlie  ra.v  material.  TIic  grain 
used  in  Italy  is  a  variety  ut"  hard  wheal,  and  a  small  (|iiantit_\'  <if  this  is  im- 
ported fiir  the  use  of  particular  consumers ;  but  its  cost  here  prevents  its  (gene- 
ral use,  anil  most  of  the  goods  sold  in  our  markets  are  made  from  our  own 
whe.it,  anil  satisfy  ordinar_\-  tastes.  In  manufacturing,  the  flom-,  mixed  with 
colored  water  for  the  colored  varieties,  is  kncadeil  h)-  machiner\-  until  a  hard, 
stiff  dough  is  formed,  when  the  latter  is  placed  in  a  c)'liniler  having  a  mov- 
able, ])erforateil  bottom.  The  mass  is  forced  through  the  perforations  b)-  a 
])iston,  and  assumes  different  forms,  depending  upon  the  size  ;md  shape  of 
the  holes.  The  sticks  are  dried  for  several  days,  ;ind  packed  in  boxes  con- 
taining 13  ])ounils.  The  .annual  consumption  amounts  to  145,000  boxes,  or 
930  tons,  valued  at  $J00,000.  I^xports  amount  to  30  ton.s,  and  are  chiefly 
to  Mexicm,  Hawaiian,  and  other  I'acific  ports.  The  only  factories  on  the 
eo.ist  are  located  in  San  h'rancisco,  where  there  are  6  establishments,  em- 
l)lo_\-ing  36  hands.  The  principal  manufactor)-  is  known  as  TllE  C.\LI- 
roRMA  Italian  I'astk  Cdmpanv,  the  proprietor  of  whicli,  C.  R.  SrLiVAi.o, 
owns  flouring  mills,  and  grinds  his  own  flour.  Other  manufacturers  are 
Ravkxna,  GuiRAkDrLi.i  &  Co.,  Cattklli  &  Co.,  Liiia  Vai.kntk,  and 
J.  I'.  Ti;n  rill  iRiA'  &  Co.,  the  factory  of  the  last  named  being  the  oldest  on 
the  coast,  having  been  e.stabli.shed   in  1855  by  Mkui.LI  &  Co. 

Vinegar  and  Pickles. — \'inegar  is  made  on  this  coast  from  wine,  cider, 
barle)'-malt,  ;uiil  from  molasses.  In  the  manufacture  from  the  first  nameil, 
it  is  usual  to  add  a  small  quantity  of  old  vinegar  to  the  contents  of  each 
cask  to  assist  the  acetification.  Cider  is  allowcil  to  reinain  in  vats  for  from 
15  to  iS  months,  during  which  period  it  is  transferred  several  times.  Barley 
malt  is  steepeil  in  hot  w.iter  as  in  brewing;,  and  yeast  adiled  to  the  wort. 
Molasses  is  tliluted  with  water  anil  _\east  aililcd.  The  rapiility  w  ith  which 
acetification  takes  place  dejiends,  within  limits,  ui)on  the  lem])eratinx'  to 
which  the  liipior  is  e.\posed,  being  acceleratetl  b\'  heat,  .md  retarded  bv 
cold.  In  all  cases  after  fermentation  has  occurred,  the  fluid  is  drawn  olT 
into  clarif\'ing  \ats.  The  aildition  of  a  little  sul|ihuric  acitl  is  not  unusual 
in  the  more  common  grades  to  prevent  mold,  and  when  not  used  in  excess, 
it  is  said  to  be  harmless.  When  pure,  the  degree  of  sourness  of  vinegar 
ilepends  upon  the  qu.intit)'  of  acetic  acid  ])resent,  which  is  estimated  by 
chemical  tests;  among  others,  neutralizing  a  certain  cjuantity  b)-  means  of 
an  alkaline  salt  of  known  strength,  iisuallv  Ijicarbonate  of  soda,  or  ])otasli; 
or  determining  the  specific  gravity  b)'  an  instrument  called  an  acetometer. 
The  result  thus  obtainetl  is  expressed  commercially  as  vinegar  of  so  m.iny 
grains;  in  other  words,  as  possessing  a  sufficient  degree  of  acidity  to  neu- 
tralize a  certain  number  of  grains  of  the  alkali.     Ordinary  vinegar  lias  a 


PROVISIONS. 


561 


Strength  of  from  35  to  40  f^rains;  pure  cider-vinegar  is  from  50  grains  up- 
wards; French  vinegar,  60  grains,  antl  \incgar  from  native  wine  has  been 
concentrated  to  90  grains.  The  last  named  is  reduced  in  bulk  to  economize 
in  transportation,  and  i.s  dikited  before  use.  The  specific-gravity  test  can 
not  be  considered  as  altogether  reliable,  since,  although  the  gravity  increases 
regularl)-  up  to  80  per  cent.,  fiom  that  point  to  100  it  decreases. 

The  annual  consumpti(jn  of  vinegar  is  about  5,000,000  gallon.s,  or  more 
than  3  gallons  to  each  individual,  not  including  Mexico  or  Central  America, 
of  which  quantity  at  least  one  half  is  used  by  factories  and  canneries  in 
preserving  vegetables,  as  cucumbers,  onions,  cauliflowers,  etc.  The  supply  is 
whoU)'  obtained  from  home  manufacturers,  the  imports  of  French  vinegar 
having  fallen  off  from  500  barrels,  in  i(S75,  to  less  than  100  barrels  in  1881. 
Exports  amount  to  about  20,000  gallons  ycarl)-,  one  third  of  which  is 
shipped  to  New  York,  the  remainder  being  sent  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
British  Columbia,  Japan,  Mexico,  and  Central  America.  Manufacturers 
give  as  a  reason  for  the  smallncss  of  the  exports  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
that  French  and  German  vessels  bring  a  supplj-  as  ballast.  Vinegar  is  sold 
at  wholesale  at  from  15  to  45  cents  per  gallon,  according  to  strength  and 
purity. 

In  making  vinegar,  barley-malt  is  consumed  annually  to  the  amount  of 
2,300  tons,  allowing  6  bushels  to  100  gallons  of  wort.  The  price  of  malt, 
source  of  supply,  etc.,  will  be  found  given  in  the  article  on  brewing.  Malt- 
vinegar  is  almost  exclusively  the  production  of  the  San  Francisco  estab- 
lishments. Most  of  the  vinegar  manufactured  outside  of  the  city  is  made 
from  cider,  to  produce  a  barrel  of  which  requires  about  10  bushels  of 
apples.  In  addition  to  the  output  of  the  regular  factories,  about  40,000 
gallons  of  cider-vinegar  are  made  yearly  on  the  coast  by  persons  engaged  in 
agriculture,  for  private  use  or  local  sale.  Very  little  pure  wine-vinegar, 
probably  not  2,000  barrels  in  all,  is  made  at  present,  for  the  reason  that  the 
majority  of  consumers  are  satisfied  with  a  common  article  at  prices  lower 
than  tliose  for  which  the  more  costly  jiroduct  can  be  afforded.  Inferior 
wines  suitable  for  vinegar  could  be  bought  5  or  6  years  ago  for  from 
8  to  12  cents  per  gallon,  but  are  .selling  now  for  22  cents,  other  demands 
having  arisen  for  them.  The  cost  of  wine-vinegar  averages  25  cents  per 
gallon  at  wholesale.  The  quantity  of  molasses  consumed  by  vinegar- 
makers  is  small,  and  the  supply,  known  as  low  grade,  is  from  the  Hawaiian 
Island.s,  and  is  the  same  in  quality  as  that  used  by  distillers,  costing  20 
cents  per  gallon  or  less.  Taking  25  cents  as  the  average  ]iricc  per  gallon 
of  vinegar,  the  value  of  the  annual  |)roduct  at  present  is  about  $1,250,000. 
In  the  United  States  census  report  of  1S70,  the  products  of  3  factories  in 
California  and  one  in  Oregon,  the  only  establishments  in  existence  at  that 
7« 


J  'r  ■ 


rM'^' 


562 


MANir.ACTL'RES. 


time,  arc  valued  at  about  $65,000.  Allowing  50  per  cent,  additional  for 
indivitlual  production,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  increase  in  1 1  >-ears  lias  been 
more  than  twelvefold. 

The  capital  invested  in  vinegar-making  proper  amounts  to  about  $200,- 
000;  but  connected  with  the  industry,  and  in  many  cases  forming  a  part  of 
the  same  establishment,  is  the  business  of  i)icklc-making,  in  which  $120,000 
arc  invested.  The  former  industrj'  gives  employment  to  75  hands,  who 
work  10  hours  per  day,  for  which  they  are  paid  an  average  of  $2,  the  season 
cxtcntling  throughout  the  year.  In  the  latter  business  25  men  and  boy.s, 
and  50  women  and  girls,  are  emploj-ed;  the  males  earning  from  50  cents  to 
$2  per  da\-,  and  the  females  from  50  cents  to  $1,  the  season  lasting  from 
April  to  October.  .About  20,000  sacks,  of  100  pounds  each,  of  the  various 
vegetables  are  consumed  duri.ig  a  season.  Of  the  \  incgar  made,  two  thirds 
are  the  jjroduct  of  California,  and  of  this  quantity  50,000  barrels  are  manu- 
factured at  the  San  I'rancisco  factories. 


Vinesar  Factories. — The  production  of  Californian  vinegar  began  on  a 
small  scale  at  the  Missions,  in  the  last  ccntur}-,  and  never  ceased,  grapes 
being  .ibutidant  and  cheap.  The  first  American  to  engage  in  the  business 
west  of  the  Sierra  Xevada  after  the  gold  discover)-,  was  A.  D.  H.VRKK,  who 
in  1854  established  a  factor}-  in  San  I'rancisco. 

In  1877  the  ]M-incipal  canneries  and  pickle  factories  of  San  Francisco 
united  to  purcha.se  a  vinegar  factor)-  in  the  cit)-,  at  which  establishment, 
known  as  the  Pacific  Vinegar  Works,  is  now  made  all  the  vinegar  u.sed  by 
them.  The  paid-up  capital  amoimts  to  $100,000,  and  the  business  furnishes 
employment  to  12  men.  The  annual  output  is  ncarh-  1,200,000  gallons  of 
vinegar,  made  principally  from  barle\--ma!t.  Connected  with  these  works 
is  a  pickle  factory,  established  in  1880,  with  a  capital  stock  amounting  to 
$100,000;  employing  10  men;  consuming  7,000  sacks  of  vegetables;  and 
producing  in  addition  to  pickles  about  3,000  dozen  bottles  of  French 
mustard  from  California  seed.  Vinegar  is  made  for  general  sale  as  well  as 
for  pickling;  but  the  pickles  are  sold  to  stockholders  only.  The  works, 
located  at  415-419  I'ulton  Street,  cover  an  area  of  about  100  feet  by  200 
feet,  and  the  office  of  the  manager,  JoiIN  L.  KosTER,  is  at  323  Front 
Street. 

The  Stand.vrd  Packing  ComI'ANV  make  300,000  gallons  of  malt- 
vinegar,  and  pickle  8,000  sacks  of  vegetables  annually.  J.  11.  Fi.siii;r 
turns  out  1  20,000  gallons  of  malt-vinegar,  pickles  1,200  sacks  of  vegetable^;, 
and  makes  5,000  gallons  of  toinato  catsup.  These  vinegar  factories,  ami 
also  that  of  C.  A.  Roiil.N.so.N',  are  in  San  iMancisco.  A.  HkroMAX,  in 
Sacramento,  makes  40,000  gallons  of  vinegar,  and  pickles   1,500  sacks  of 


PROVISIONS. 


503 


vegetables.  P.  Van  Bevkr,  of  Napa,  has  a  factory  in  which  he  made  wine- 
vinegar  in  large  quantities,  previous  to  the  recent  advance  in  the  price  of 
wine. 

The  largest  cider-vinegar  factory  on  the  coast  is  the  establishment  of  F. 
De  Long,  located  on  his  fruit  farm  near  Xovato,  ;Marin  County,  Califor- 
nia, where  he  has  an  orchard  containing  20,000  applc-trccs.  The  apples  arc 
pressed  by  steam  power.  The  works,  which  arc  of  brick,  have  storage 
room  for  20,000  bushels  of  apples,  and  the  cellar  has  vats  holding  nearly 
100,000  gallons. 

Oregon  has  2  vinegar  factories  at  Portland,  and  one  at  Buttcville,  Marion 
County,  producing  in  all  400,000  gallons  of  vinegar,  a  portion  of  which  is 
sold  to  Washington  and  Western  Idaho. 

Utah  has  a  factory  at  Ogdcn,  Weber  County,  that  produces  200,000  gal- 
lons of  vinegar  annually.  There  are  no  pickle  factories  on  the  coast  outside 
of  California. 

CofFee  and  Spice  Grinding.— Coffee-roasting  and  grinding  and  the 
grinding  of  spices,  with  but  few  exceptions  carried  on  in  the  same  estab- 
lishment when  the  business  is  large  and  steam-power  used,  are,  to  some 
extent,  managed  by  country  dealers  in  groceries  separately,  with  hand-mills 
and  portable  ovens.  It  being  impracticable  to  obtain  full  details  of  the 
last-mentioned  class,  no  attempt  is  made  to  present  the  total  production, 
capital  invested,  or  number  of  workmen  employed.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  one  half  of  the  entire  business  of  the  coast  is  centered  in  San 
Francisco.  The  coffee  berries  are  roasted  in  sheet-iron  cylinders,  and  when 
sufficiently  browned,  are  allowed  to  cool  for  several  hours — usually  over 
night.  After  grinding,  the  resulting  powder  is  carried  to  a  packing-room, 
where  it  is  put  up  in  convenient  forms  for  transportation.  A  proportion  of 
dried,  roasted,  and  ground  chiccory-root,  a  vegetable  somewhat  resembling 
the  wild  parsnip  in  appearance,  is  frequently  mixed  with  ground  coffee,  and 
it  is  claimed  by  disinterested  persons,  when  the  proportion  of  the  root  docs 
not  exceed  10  per  cent.,  the  result  is  an  improved  flavor.  The  annual  out- 
put of  the  San  Francisco  mills  amounts  to  5,700,000  pounds,  amounting  in 
value,  at  20  cents  per  pound,  to  $1,140,000.  The  receipts  of  green  coffee 
are  principally  from  Central  America.  In  1S/9  a  brand  of  roasted  coffee 
was  shipped  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  which,  for  a  time,  sold  well ; 
but  so  soon  as  it  ceased  to  be  a  novelt)',  the  sales  fell  off,  and  at  present 
there  is  no  rival  to  our  home  production.  Chiccory  is  cultivated  in  Yolo 
and  San  Joaquin  counties,  California.  A  field  in  the  first-named  locality 
containing  fxD  acres,  yields  an  average  crop  of  about  30  tons  of  the  green 
root  to  the  acre.     The  annual  consumption  of  the  prepared  vegetable  is 


564 


MANUFACTURES. 


« 


800  tons,  of  which  300  tons  are  imported  froin  Germany.  Complaints 
have  been  made  that  a  portion  of  tlie  liome  L;ro\\th  is  too  rank.  This,  if 
caused,  as  is  supposed,  b)-  the  )-early  overflow  of  the  l.ind  on  whicli  it  is 
cultivated,  could  be  easily  remedied.  As  to  the  comparative  qualities  of 
the  Californian  and  German  chiccorics,  the  o])inions  of  coffee-grinders 
seem  about  cquall\'  di\ided.  The  "foreign  growth  is  brought  here  as  bal- 
last, and,  owing  to  a  reduction  in  import  iluties  from  3  to  one  cent  per 
pound,  the  present  price  is  barel)'  remunerative  to  our  producers.  A  few- 
tons  of  chiccor)'  are  shipped  annually  to  British  Columbia  and  Australi.i. 
(iround  coffee  is  sokl  at  from  1 5  to  40  cents  per  pound ;  roasted  and 
ground  chiccorj-  at  cS  cents,  the  present  prices  of  coffee  being  nearly  the 
same  as  in  1855.  There  are  2  establishments  on  the  coast  at  which  chic- 
cory  root  is  prepared;  the  principal  one  being  located  on  the  San  Joaquin 
River,  about  6  miles  from  Stockton,  where  it  was  erected  in  1876  at  a  cost 
of  ;'i20,ooo.  The  capacity  of  the  works  is  1,000  tons  per  annum;  the  pro- 
duct being  one  half  that  quantit)'.  The  remaining  factory  is  at  Sacra- 
mento, and  is  of  minor  importance.  The  pioneer  coffee  roaster  of  the 
co.ast  was  \V.  II.  ]5ovi:i:,  who,  in  April,  1850,  opened  a  small  establish- 
ment with  ;i  han'.l-mill  in  .San  I'rancisco. 

The  operations  of  grinding  and  packing  spices  arc  similar  to  those  used 
in  preparing  ground  coffee  for  the  market.  The  total  weight  of  the  spices 
ground  annually  in  San  l-'rancisco  is  abcjut  250  tons.  I'epper  was  sold 
during  18S1  at  20  cents  per  pound;  allspice  at  21  cents;  nutmegs  at  95  cents; 
cloves  at  45  cents;  and  ginger  at  25  cents.  The  annual  expc^rts  are  .about 
600  cases,  chicfl)'  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  British  Columbia,  .and  Central 
America.  The  sup[)ly  of  spices  is  obtained  principally  from  Sumatra,  th.it 
of  ginger  root  from  Btjrneo,  ;ind  mustard  secil  is  a  home  growth.  Imit.i- 
tion  I'rcnch  mustaril  is  manufactured  at  the  various  vinegar  works  to  an 
extent  that  has  driven  the  genuine  .article  almost  out  of  the  market.  i\bout 
850  tons  of  Californian  mustard  seed  .are  shipped  to  New  York  annuall)-, 
the  cost  of  which  is  2  cents  ])er  pouiiil  here. 

Coffee  and  sjjices  are  ground  in  the  same  establishments,  which  in  San 
Franci.sco  are  those  of  Foi.GER  &  Co.,  A.  Scilll-l.ING  &  Co.,  G.  Vknard, 
C.  C.  Burr  &  Co.,  C.  Bernard  &  Co.,  J.  G.  Montkalegre,  K.  Guittard 
&  Co.,  Cl.Al'l'  &  JE.SSUP.  C.  C.  Burr  &  Co.,  succes.sors  of  a  house  estab- 
lished in  1850,  make  a  specialty  of  grinding  mustard.  Mr.  MONTEALEGKE 
imports  his  own  coffee.  CUArr  &  Ji;ssui'  grind  drugs  and  flaxseed,  as  well 
as  coffee  and  spices.  The  house  of  VlON.VRH  entered  into  the  coffee-grind- 
ing business  in  1851. 

In  Sacramento,  N.  Dinglev,  L.  KREU/.Iu.KciER,  L.  GoLD.MAN,  and 
George  I  ieiscu  own  mills,  and  grind  both  coffee  and  spices.     In  San  Jo.sd, 


I'   li! 


a 


?> 


PROVISIONS. 


5^55 


Hunt  &  IFunkins  have  been  established  in  the  business  since  1869.  P. 
Casknavk  &  Co.  ha\'e  a  coffee  and  spice  mill  at  Los  yVngcles. 

In  Portland,  J.  I-".  JoxES  &  Co.,  Cl.ossKT  Hrothicrs,  and  others  arc  en- 
gaged in  the  business. 

In  the  State  of  Nevada,  AnEi,  Lak.nisau  has  an  establishment  for  grind- 
ing coffee  and  spices  at  Virginia  Cit)'. 

Thomas  P^arlk,  a  leading  grocer  of  Victoria,  in  1881,  added  to  his  estab- 
lishment a  department  with  steam  machinery  for  grinding  and  packing 
coffee  and  spices. 

Confectionery. — The  more  common  articles  of  candy  arc  manufactured 
in  every  town  of  importance  on  the  coast,  but  the  finer  grades,  as  well  as 
all  foreign  productions,  are  only  supplied  by  the  wholesale  dealers  of  San 
Francisco.  The  annual  consumption  of  the  coast  is  valued  at  about  $850,00x3, 
three  fourths  of  which  arc  sold  in  its  chief  city.  The  confectionery  sold  at 
wholesale  is  valued  at  $450,000,  two  thirds  of  which  are  made  by  the  dealers, 
and  one  third  imported  by  them.  About  450  cases  are  exported,  I^ritish 
Columbia  receiving  1 50  of  the  number,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and 
Mexico  mo.st  of  the  remainder.  The  capital  invested  in  the  industry 
amounts  to  $375,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  250  per.sons,  of  whom  40 
men,  40  boys,  and  50  women  and  girls  arc  employed  by  the  wholesale 
dealers,  and  50  men  and  70  women  and  boys  work  in  retail  shops.  In  the 
wholesale  works  the  men  arc  paid  from  $2  to  $3  per  day,  and  the  boj's 
from  $6  to  $10  per  week,  a  day's  work  for  a  man  with  a  boy  assistant  being 
500  pounds  of  common  candy.  The  w(5mcii  and  girls,  who  do  the  sorting, 
wrapping,  and  packing,  receive  from  $3  to  $5  weekly.  In  the  retail  fac- 
tories, a  man  who  can  make  600  pounds  of  ordinary  candy  per  day  is  paid 
from  $3.50  to  $4.  The  wages  paid  here  are  about  20  per  cent.  ab"vc  the 
rates  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  wholesale  price  of  common  sticks 
and  drops  is  i^'/i  cents  per  pound,  and  ranges  upwards  to  $1  or  more  for 
choice  French  confections,  put  up  in  ornamental  packages.  Taking  20 
cents  as  the  average  price  of  the  home-made,  ami  35  as  that  of  the  im- 
ported, the  consumption  of  the  first  named  amounts  to  1,750  tons,  worth 
$700,000,  and  of  the  last  mentioned  to  215  tons,  valued  at  $150,000,  in 
all  1,965  tons  of  2,000  pounds,  or  more  than  2y^  pounds  to  each  man, 
woman,  and  child  on  the  coast  north  of  Mexico.  A  considerable  portion 
of  the  San  Francisco  output  is  sold  in  Montana,  New  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  Arizona,  as  well  as  in  the  territory  more  immediatel)-  adjacent, 
90  per  cent,  of  the  sales  at  wholesale  being  to  parties  outside  the  city. 
Utah,  Idaho,  and  liastcrn  Nevada  are  mainlv  supplied  by  Eastern  man- 
ufacturers through  traveling  agents.     Of   the  importations,  that  of  candy 


m 


566 


MANUFACTURES. 


proper  docs  not  exceed  $20,000,  the  remainder  consisting  of  cake  orna- 
ments, candied  articles,  and  licorice  in  various  forms.  The  ornaments 
are  chiefly  of  French  manufacture,  and  paj-  an  import  duty  of  40  per  cent. 
With  the  exception  of  a  small  quantity  imported  from  the  Atlantic  .States, 
the  sugar  used  in  this  industry  is  refined  here;  all  grades,  from  "Golden 
C"  to  "Crushed,"  being  employed,  although  the  brand  known  as  "Confec- 
tioners' A,"  is  the  favorite,  (jlucose,  or  grape  sugar,  is  mi.xed  with  the  ordi- 
nru-y  article  in  the  manufacture  of  C(jnfectioner)'  for  .shipment,  for  the  reason 
that  it  is  said  to  preserve  the  candy  in  a  fresher  condition.  As  it  costs  as 
much  here  as  ordinary  sugar,  nothing  is  gained  otherwi-^c  by  the  adultera- 
tion. With  regard  to  competition  by  Eastern  makers,  the  railroad  freights 
of  6  cents  per  pound  effcctuall)-  bar  overland  shipments,  and,  although  the 
charges  by  sea  are  low,  the  tin-lined,  heavy  boxes  required  for  the  long  sea 
voyage  increase  the  cost  so  as  to  leave  but  small  margins  for  profits.  The 
pioneer  confectioner  of  the  coast  was  M.  L.  WlX.v,  whose  factor}-,  locatetl 
on  Jackson  Street  in  San  Francisco,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1850,  again 
burned  the  )'ear  following,  and  afterwards  established  on  Long  Wharf,  now 
Commercial  Street.  F'actorics  were  established  soon  after  1850  in  both  .San 
Franf.isco  and  Sacramento,  the  sugar  used  coming  mainly  from  Hatavia, 
and  costing  from  10  to  20  cents  per  pound.  Tiie  business  has  more  than 
doubled  within  the  pa.st  10  )-cars.  The  largest  wholesale  confectionery 
establishment  on  the  coast  is  the  steam  factory  of  D.  HlRsciirr:i,l),  San 
I'rancisco.      Other   houses  arc  those  of  W.  S.  T(nv.\si:Ni),  F.    DlCXTKU, 

ROTIISCIIILI)    &    FlIKENrFORT,    L.    SAROM    &    CO.,    SCIIRODKR    &     Al.- 

BRIOCMT,  and  Mas.sijX  Fricres,  all  of  San  Francisco.  Other  factories  are 
those  of  M.VUR1CI-:  O'Brik.V,  San  Jo.se;  S.  S.  BoVNTON,  Oroville;  HiCNRY 
FisiiLR,  WlEDMANN  &  Hromoda,  and  W.  F.  I'ETER.sox,  Sacramento; 
William  Anderson  and  John  A.  Paul  &  Son,  Oakland ;  F.  Bicrel. 
ChaRLE.S  GrIESSEN,  and  W.  J.  Maveield,  Portland;  and  SMnil  M 
LiLLV,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

Portland  Candy  Factory.. — The  largest  and  one  of  the  most  important 
confectionery  establishments  of  C>rcgon  is  TlIE  PORTLAND  STEA^r  Candv 
M.\NUEACr()RY,  AelsIvV  &  HeGI:le,  proprietors.  This  house,  which  has 
a  wholesale  department  at  28  Alder  Street,  and  retailing  rooms  at  145  I'irst 
Street,  sends  its  goods  throughout  that  State  and  into  Washington  and 
Idaho.  The  quality  of  their  manufacture  is  acknowledged  to  be  equal  to 
the  best,  and  strictly  pure. 

Chocolate.— Chocolate  is  made  from  the  seeds  of  the  fruit  of  a  species  of 
the  theobroma  tree,  growing  to  the  height  of  30  feet  in  the  tropics.  The 
.seeds,    called    cocoa    or   chocolate    beans,  after  having    been  roasted    and 


I'UOVISIONS. 


5^-7 


broken  into  sm.ill  pieces  by  a  machine,  tliat  at  the  same  time  strips  off  llie 
shell,  arc  [ilacetl  in  a  mill  moderately  heated  b)'  steam  pipes,  in  which  they 
are  converted  into  a  thick,  oily  substance  of  the  consistency  of  molasses. 
The  mass  is  then  placed  in  pans  and  allowed  to  stand  for  24  hours,  durin;^ 
which  time  it  soliilifies.  The  cakes  arc  broken,  and  su;^ar  kneaded  in,  the 
compounil  beinL,'  a  damp,  adhesive  substance,  into  which  flavoring;  matter  is 
worked  by  a  machin'^,  when  the  clKJColatc  is  ready  for  weighing,  shaping, 
and  stamping.  In  plain  chocol.ite,  sugar  is  omitted.  Broma  is  chocolate 
powdered ;  the  husks  stripped  from  the  roasted  seeds  are  known  as  cocoa 
shells,  antl  yield  a  beverage  esteemed  by  inan\';  a  preparation  for  candy- 
makers'  uses  is  termed  confectioners'  cocoa,  and  the  broken,  roasted  seeds 
are  called  cracked  cocoa.  The  annual  production  is  about  350,000  pound.s, 
v.ilucd  at  $100,000,  in  addition  to  which  100,000  pounds  arc  received  from 
New  York.  About  350  ca.ses  are  exported,  chief!)'  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian 
I-.lands,  and  British  Columbia.  The  prices  range  from  22  to  35  cents  a 
pound  for  common  qualities,  to  70  cents  for  special  brands.  The  seeds 
come  from  South  ;\merica,  chiefly  from  Equador.  The  i)rincipal  chocolate 
factory  on  the  coast,  is  that  established  at  San  I-'rancisco  in  1852,  b_\-  1). 
GllUi.\Rl)ElAA  in  connection  with  coffee  and  spice  grinding,  much  of  the 
machinery  having  been  imported  from  France.  The  business  gives  employ- 
ment to  30  hands,  and  is  at  present  carried  on  by  GlIlU.XKDELLl  & 
SoN.s.  But  one  other  firm,  that  of  E.  Gurrr.vRi)  &  Co.,  manufactures 
chocolate  here. 


Ice. —  Ice  is  consumed  on  the  coast  to  the  amount  of  about  50,000  tons 
annually.  T<j  suppl)'  this  demand  both  nature  and  art  are  called  upon  to 
contribute.  The  lakes  (if  the  high  .Sierra,  exposed  to  a  winter  air  some- 
times colder  than  mercur\-  will  register,  yield  a  crystallization  in  every  way 
desirable  for  household  jiurposes;  but  the  distance  from  populous  centers  is 
considerable,  transportation  expensive,  and  nearly  one  fifth  of  the  required 
fjuantity  is  obtained  by  artificial  production,  accomplished  by  rapidly  con- 
verting a  volatile  liquid  (ether  or  ammonia)  into  gas,  by  the  withdrawal  of 
atmospheric  pressure,  the  change  of  form  being  accompanied  by  a  reduc- 
tion f)f  temperature  sufficient  to  freeze  water.  The  machines  used  for  this 
|)urposc  differ,  but  the  principle  is  the  same  in  all,  and  the  manufactured 
article  equals  in  purity  the  best  specimens  of  the  natural  product.  The 
capital  invested  in  the  industry  amounts  to  $650,000;  and  employment  is 
given  to  about  800  men,  of  whom  more  than  700  arc  hired  during  the 
winter  months  onl)-,  to  gather  and  store  the  crop  from  the  ponds.  About  50 
hands  are  employed  at  the  artificial  works,  and  the  average  wages  for  all 
engaged  in  the   industry  is  $3  per  day  of  10  hours.     Previous  to  1869,  the 


568 


MANUKACTIKKS. 


"J^ 


ice  consumed  in  California  was  supplied  by  a  company  who  {gathered  their 
crops  from  ])onds  in  Ah.ska.  The  price  charged  in  San  Francisco  was  5 
cents  per  pound,  and  the  cost  could  not  have  cxcccdcii  $35  per  ton.  A 
caryo  of  glacier  ice  shipped  from  the  same  Territory,  liy  a  competing  com- 
pany, melted  on  the  voyaj^e,  and  the  vessel  narrowl)'  escaped  capsizinj^. 

The  mountain  lakes  of  California  were  made  available  b)-  the  construction 
of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad, and  ice  from  this  source  at  once  found  its  way 
to  the  San  Francisco  market.  It  is  of  excellent  quality,  at  times  24  inches 
in  thickness,  and,  owing  to  competition  with  the  artificial  product,  is  sold  at 
present  for  from  one  half  to  three  fourths  of  a  cent  jicr  pound.  The  cost  of 
securing  a  winter's  crop  is  about  $2  per  ton,  varying  with  the  depth  of  snow 
to  be  removed  from  its  surface.  It  has  been  found  that  the  workmen  best 
suited  to  this  kind  of  labor  are,  first,  natives  of  the  northern  New  England 
States;  ne.Kt  Canailians;  then  Irish  and  Scandinavians.  Chinese  endure 
the  exposure  least  of  all.  The  ice-houses  in  the  Sierra  arc,  many  of  them, 
built  below  the  level  of  the  pond.s,  and  the  cakes,  cut  by  machines,  arc 
floated  b}'  the  curicnt  to  an  iron  grating  through  which  the  water  falls. 
From  this  point  down  to  the  house,  steel  rails  are  laid,  and  by  changing  the 
position  of  their  lower  ends  the  ice  can  be  landed  at  any  ])oint  desired. 
The  delivery  is  sufficientl)-  ra[)id  to  keep  from  40  to  50  liands  stowing.  In 
1873  a  flume  3  miles  in  length  was  built,  through  which  ice  was  floated; 
but  the  friction  was  so  great  that  cakes  1 1  inches  thick  were  worn  down  to 
3  indies,  and  the  flume  was  abandoned.  The  capacity  of  the  ice-houses  in 
the  Sierra  is  ample  for  the  present  consumption. 

Of  the  separate  States  and  Territories,  California  consumes  35,000  tons, 
one  third  of  which  is  used  by  San  [•'rancisco;  and  of  the  entire  consump- 
tion of  the  .State,  about  one  sixth  is  the  artificial  product.  Nevada  con 
sumes  S.ooo  tons  annuall)'.  Virginia  City  has  a  machine  that  supplies  a 
local  demand,  but  the  greater  portitin  of  the  ice  used  is  taken  from  the 
Truckee  River.  In  the  deep  levels  of  the  Comstock  mines,  where  the  tem- 
perature is  110',  the  miners  consume  7  tons  of  ice  daily.  Utah  uses  3,000 
tons  jearly,  obtained  from  the  Weber  River,  near  Ogden.  Oregon  con- 
sumes 1,500  tons  of  natural  ice,  and  a  machine  at  Portland  turns  out  one 
jialf  as  much  more  of  the  artificial  product.  Arizona  consumes  about 
1,500  tons,  a  portion  of  which  is  made  by  a  machine  at  Tucson.  Washing- 
ton uses  500  tons  of  natural  ice.  The  ice  annually  used  on  the  coast 
would  make  a  solid  block  more  than  one  fourth  of  a  mile  long,  75  feet 
wide,  and  10  feet  thick,  or  a  cube  100  feet  each  way. 

Among  the  principal  manufacturers  of  artificial  ice  arc  TlIK  Calikou- 
NIA  AND  Nkvaoa  Ice  Co.MI'ANY,  established  in  1871,  the  main  works  of 
the  company  being  in  San   Franci.sco,  with  branch  works  at  Los  Angeles; 


PROVISIONS. 


569 


TiiK  O.Mvi.ANn  Artificial  Ice  Company,  established  in  1867;  Tiik 
SroCKloN  ICK  MANrrAcrcKiNC.  Com I'ANV,  incorporated  in  18S0;  C.  II. 
Davis  &  Co.,  Woodland,  Volo  County;  TiiK  ViRoiNi.v  and  Gold  IIii.i, 
VVaticr  Company,  of  Virginia  City;  and  William  Harris,  at  I'oVtland, 
Tiic  principal  dealers  in  natural  ice  are  TlIK  SUM.MIT  ICK  COMPANY,  incor- 
])oratcd  at  .Sacramento  in  iS6y,  with  works  at  Sereno  Lake;  and  TlIIC  I'lX)- 
PLE's  Ice  Compan\-,  incorporated  at  San  Francisco  in  1875,  with  works  on 
the  Truckee  River. 

Salt.— Besides  its  use  in  the  daily  preparation  of  food,  the  preservation 
of  food,  and  its  consumption  by  liomestic  animals,  salt  is  lart^ely  emplo>cd 
in  the  reduction  of  silver  ore,  and  the  manufacture  of  acids.  A  consider- 
able quantity  is  also  consumed  in  destroying  noxious  weeds.  The  annual 
consumption  of  salt  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  about  86,000  tons  of  2,240 
pound.s.  Of  this  quantity,  California  uses  25,OC30  tons;  Utah,  15,000  tons; 
Nevada,  15,000  tons;  Arizona,  5,000;  Oregon  and  Washington,  10,000; 
Idaho  and  Montana,  5,000;  Alaska,  500;  and  Western  Mexico,  10,000.  Cal- 
ifornia produces  30,000  tons;  Utah,  20,000;  Nevada,  6,000;  Idaho,  1,000; 
Arizona,  750;  and  Mexico,  15,000  tons.  Imports  amount  to  12,000  tons, 
nine  tenths  of  which  arc  Liverpool  salt,  the  remainder  being  from  Carmen 
Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  California.  Exports,  chiefly  to  British  Columbia  and 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  amount  to  500  tons,  excluding  Mexico,  of  whose 
.shipments  no  data  are  at  hand. 

Nevada  is  well  supplied  .with  salt.  It  has  numerous  "  flat.s,"  which  were 
once  the  beds  of  salt  lakes,  and  by  digging  through  a  foot  or  two  of  soil, 
the  cr>-stallizcd  salt  is  found  in  the  strata,  which  have  aggregate  thickness 
of  5  feet  in  some  places,  in  others  of  only  a  few  inches.  The  chloride  of 
sodium  is  mixed  in  some  of  the  flats  with  large  proportions  of  other  salts,  so 
that  the  mineral  is  unfit  for  table  use  without  refining,  but  it  is  good  enough 
for  the  silver  mills,  which  obtain  most  of  their  supplies  from  such  sources. 
In  some  of  these  flats,  water  strong  with  salt  can  be  obtained  from  .shallow 
wells,  and  there  arc  also  salt  springs.  In  South-western  Nevada,  3  miles 
south  of  St.  Thoma.s,  the  Virgcn  River  cuts  through  a  deposit  of  rock  salt 
estimated  to  be  9  miles  long,  with  an  average  depth  of  70  feet.  It  can  be 
mined  for  $5  per  ton,  but  with  the  present  facilities  for  transportation,  it 
costs  $10  per  ton  more  to  deliver  it  on  navigable  waters.  Slabs  of  this  min- 
eral were  used  by  the  first  .settlers  for  window-panes. 

ff  in  Maricopa  County,  composed  almost 


In  Arizona  there 


high 


entirely  of  salt  of  a  good  quality.     Near  Camp  Verde,  in  Yavapai  County, 
are  several  large  hills  compo.sed  of  salt,  carrying  considerable  .soda  and 
magnesia,  but  at  the  same  time  suitable  for  salting  cattle  and  for  working 
72 


5;o 


M.\M'iA("i'rKi;s. 


ores.  In  A]i;ic!ie  County  there  arc  several  salt  la|;oons,  the  principal  one, 
near  the  New  Mexican  line,  jieldin;^  450  tons  per  annum,  without  other 
l.-'.bor  than  that  of  shoveling  the  crystals  into  wacjons,  'I'his  salt  is  s.'iiii  to 
ha\e  s'onie  s.iltpeter  alonf;  with  it,  which  renders  it  excellent  forcurin;^'  meat. 
At  present  the  cost  and  difficulties  of  transportation  prevent  the  develop- 
ment of  an_v  of  these  deposits.  Orc^'on  and  \\'ashinL;ton  tleri\c  their  sujiply 
of  salt  from  points  outside  of  their  ^'coL^raphical  limits,  preferring;  for  ilairy 
purposes  the  ICnglish  production,  brouy;ht  to  their  iloors  by  \esscls  seeking 
car^joes  of  j^rain.  I'or  other  uses,  Californian  outputs  are  emi)li)vcd,  and  a 
small  ijuaiitity  has  been  made  in  Oreijon  from  the  brine  of  salt  springs. 

The  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah,  affords  an  incxhau.stiblc  supply  of  brine 
for  the  manufacture  of  salt.  The  north-west  winds  drive  its  waters  into 
shallow  lagoons  along  the  eastern  shore;  this  water  is  ])rcvenled  from  return- 
ing, by  means  of  dams  provided  with  gates,  and  salt  is  produced  by  solar 
evaporation.  Salt  has  also  been  produced  by  boiling  the  brine  from  salt 
springs  in  various  parts  of  the  Tcrritor)'.  The  colonists,  in  1847,  made  125 
bushels  of  salt  from  the  Great  Salt  Lake  water.  In  Idaho  there  are  salt 
works  at  Oneida  that  produce  about  1,000  tons  annually,  by  evaporating 
the  brine  from  springs,  with  artificial  heat.  On  the  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico 
salt  is  found  in  San  Oucntin  and  Scammon's  lagoons.  Lower  California,  on 
the  islands  of  Carmen  antl  .San  Jose,  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  at  Centa, 
ne.ir  the  mouth  of  the  Llota  River,  in  Sinaloa.  Of  these  localities.  Carmen 
I  land  affords  the  largest  supply.  Centa  furnishes  several  mining  districts 
in  its  vicinity,  and  the  rcir.aitiing  point.s,  although  doing  an  cxi)ort  business 
in  former  years,  arc  not  nr.w  known  outside  of  their  local  markets.  The 
formation  of  the  Carmen  Isl.i.rid  beds  is  a  natural  curiosity.  The  locality 
occupies  ;i  sort  of  bas'!-  c.w  the  island,  the  whole  of  which  is  suppo.sed  to  be 
the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano.  The  surface  of  the  basin  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  plain,  white  with  loose  snow.  The  bed  of  salt  is  several 
feet  in  depth,  solid,  and  almost  transparent.  The  deposit  occurs  in  smooth, 
liorizont.il  strata,  3  inches  in  thickness,  and  is  gathered  by  splitting  off  and 
breaking  the  uppermost  layer.  In  about  a  week,  the  hole  thus  left  is  refilleil 
with  salt,  the  same  as  that  removed,  by  the  evaporation  of  water  that  has 
flowed  into  the  cavity  from  beneath.  The  pieces  removed  crumble  shortly 
after  being  exposed  to  the  air,  and  the  c|uality  is  suitable  for  all  general 
purposes. 

The  \alue  of  the  product  is  about  $550,000  at  the  works.  Capital  to  the 
amount  of  $500,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  aiul  600  hands  arc  employed 
during  the  season,  which  extends  throughout  the  dry  months.  The  San 
Francisco  prices  var\'  from  $4.25  per  ton  for  the  lowest  grade  to  $25  for 
the  best  article  for  table  use.      In  California,  where  the  labor  supply  is  most 


i 


I'KnVISIONS. 


s;t 


.ibundant,  the  expenditure  for  securing  the  yield  is  about  $1.50  i^er  ton, 
and  the  yield  itself  is,  for  the  most  part,  of  inferior  quality.  At  least  three 
fifths  of  this  sn't  is  evaporated  from  the  waters  of  San  I'Vancisco  Hay,  and 
is  known  as  bay  salt.  It  contains  so  much  of  the  sulphates  of  lime  and 
magnesia  as  to  be  unfit  for  curing  meat  or  fish,  but  its  cheapness  has 
caused  its  use  to  some  extent  in  reduction  works  outside  of  the  State,  and 
in  chemical  works  at  home.  An  article  made  from  the  bay  water,  and 
afterwards  refined,  known  as  crystal  salt,  is  claimed  to  be  as  good  as  any 
for  curing  meats,  or  for  dairy  use.  Salt  has  been  made  in  California  in 
Colusa,  Inyo,  Los  Angeles,  Monterey,  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  Siskiyou, 
and  Tehama  counties.  There  are  3  establisiiments  in  San  l'"rancisco  that 
grind  salt,  employing  50  hands,  and  producing  to  the  annual  value  of 
$220,000.      The  principal    manufacturers    in  California    arc    TlIE  UXIOX 

r.VCII-IC   S.VLT   CO.MI'.WV,   PLUM.MKR    I5R0TIIEKS,    P.    MAR.SIC.WO,    P.   JlCS- 

si;n,  and  B.   F.  Baktox  S:  Co.,  all  of  San   Francisco.     In  Utah,  JliRliMY 
&  Co.  have  works  at  Great  Salt  Lake,  near  the  city. 

Yeast  Powder. — The  production  of  this  article,  which  is  composed  of 
soda  and  cream  of  tartar,  does  not  appear  to  increase  in  proportion  to  the 
growth  of  population.  Nearly  one  third  of  the  consumption,  estimated  to 
be  75,000  cases  annually,  is  supplied  by  producers  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
shipments  from  that  source  of  supply  having  increased  within  the  past 
3  years  at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent,  yearly.  The  value  of  the  annua!  produc- 
tion is  about  $225,000,  taking  the  value  of  a  case  to  be  $4.50.  Capital  to 
the  amount  of  $175,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  is 
given  to  100  persons,  most  of  whom  are  minors,  employed  to  make  up  the 
packages.  Exports  amount  to  1,600  cases,  and  arc  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  and  to  British  Columbia.  The  principal  manufacturers  arc  D. 
Cali.agiian  &  Co.,  P.  M.  Bowkn  &  Co.,  Tin:  P.uii-k;  Soda  Company, 
TiiK  Califokxia  Cream  ok  Tartar  Company,  and  B.  F.  Barton. 
all  of  San  Francisco.  Compressed  yeast  is  manufactured  by  TlIE  POTRERO 
Dl.STlLLERV  AND  COMPRESSED  Yeast  Ccjmpaxv,  of  San  Francisco,  and 
by  B.  B.  Scott  &  Sox,  of  Sacramento. 

Soda  Water. — This  industry  includes,  besides  the  particular  beverage 
which  gives  it  its  name,  the  various  drinks  flavored  with  lemon,  sarsaparilla, 
ginger,  etc.,  as  well  as  bottled  cider  and  artificial  mineral  water. 

The  annual  consumption  on  the  coast  '=  about  10,000,000  bottles,  con- 
taining a  pint  each,  amounting  in  value  to  $330,000. 

Requiring  no  extensive  buildings  (a  tent  has  been  used),  nor  very  elabo- 
rate machinery,  the  manufacture  has  been  co-existent  with  the  miner's 
camp,  and  the  production  only  limited  by  the  demand,  though  it  is  doubt- 


I 


mmmfm 


.,*.• 


572  MANU1\\(  TURKS. 

fill,  considering  the  hi^h  prices  of  the  days  of  inininsr  excitement  and  the 
present  competition,  if  the  business  of  to-day  has  become  lucrati\c  in  pro- 
portion to  tlie  increase  of  population.  Works  arc  now  established  through- 
out the  coast  in  almost  every  hamlet.  Tiie  materials  used  in  this 
manufacture  consist  chiefly  of  marble  (in  powder),  sulphuric  acid,  and 
the  different  flavoring  extracts.  The  acid  is  of  Californian  and  Nevada 
production ;  the  other  articles  come  from  the  l"lastern  States,  or  have  until 
rccentlj-,  since  when  one  manufacturer,  at  least,  has  made  his  own  e.xtract.s. 
Raw  material  is  consumed  to  the  annual  value  of  about  $100,000,  the  num- 
ber of  hanils  emplo)-ed  is  160,  and  capital  amounting  to  $300,000  is 
invested.  It  is  probable  that  within  a  few  years  all  the  material  used  will 
be  of  liomc  production,  as  improvements  looking  to  that  end  are  constantly 
being  made. 

Among  the  larger  works  in  San  Francisco  are  those  of  P.  G.  SOMPS, 
who  has  $40,000  capital  invested,  and  turns  out  150  dozen  bottles  per  da\-; 
Simmons  &  M.wox,  who  produce  a  like  quantity;  Cll.VKLKS  Welch  &: 
Co.,  v,ho  make  100  dozen  bottles  per  day;  Georgk  C.  Thompson,  who 
puts  up  50  dozen  bottles  and  fills  25  fountains  of  10  gallon,,  each,  dail}-; 
and  C.  A.  Rkini'.RS  &  Co.,  who  put  up  about  25,000  dozen  bottles  of 
mineral  water  per  annum. 

Artificial  lemon  syrup  was  made  in  considerable  quantities  for  several 
years  after  the  gold  discovery,  but  the  consumption  decreased  after  fresh 
fiiiit,  natural  and  artificial  mineral  water,  and  beer  became  abundant. 


!!!. 


Malt  Liquors. — The  manufacture  of  malt  liquors  has  assumed  propor- 
tions of  considerable  magnitude,  the  consumption  of  raw  material  being 
an  item  of  no  little  importance  to  the  agriculturist.  At  present  there  arc 
about  350  breweries  on  the  coast  north  of  Mexico,  that  produce  annually 
600,000  barrels  of  inalt  liquor,  of  30  gallons  e.ich.  Few,  if  any,  of  the 
casks  in  use  are  barrels,  most  of  them  holding  either  10  or  15  gallons; 
but  for  the  sake  of  condensation,  the  (|uantit}'  is  given  in  barrels.  In  brew- 
ing, the  consumption  of  barle)-  and  hops  to  each  barrel  of  malt  liquor  will 
average  1  1  5  pounds  of  the  former,  and  1  '^  ])ounds  of  the  latter;  so  that  to 
.suppl\-  the  ilemand  for  this  bexerage,  requires  the  product  of  more  than 
72,600  acres  sown  to  barley,  and  of  more  than  450  acres  iilanteil  with  liops, 
basing  the  calculation  on  the  average  j-ield  of  California  for  1879.  In 
addition  to  the  production,  2,500  barrel.s  of  malt  liquor  (partly  in  bottles) 
were  imported,  \;ilueil  at  $55,000;  and  from  this  total  must  be  taken  4,000 
barrels  exported,  i)rincipall\'  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  South- 
ern I'acific  ports,  leaving  the  annual  consumption  of  malt  liquors,  on 
tlu'  slope  north  of  Mexico,  about  12  gallons  to  the  individual.     Statistics 


PROVISIONS. 


573 


of  the  German  Empire,  covering  the  period  between  1872  <ind  1880,  give 
tlic  consumption  of  beer  there  as  being  62.3  liters,  equal  to  nearly  16J2 
gallons,  for  each  inhabitant.  The  industr)-  gives  employment  to  1,200 
hands,  who  arc  paid  on  an  average  $2  per  day,  working  10  hoOrs.  The 
bus)-  season  varies  with  the  climate,  being  longer  in  the  localities  where  the 
winters  are  mild  than  in  the  colder  latitudes.  In  California  there  is  little  if 
any  stoppage  the  year  round,  whilst  in  Idaho  everything  is  frozen  up  for  ;it 
least  3  months.  Capital  to  the  amount  of  $3,750,000  is  invested  in  the 
industry,  and  the  value  of  the  annual  production,  taking  the  average  price 
of  a  barrel  during  1881  at  $7.50,  is  $4,500,000.  Of  the  entire  production, 
California  furnishes  nearly  nine  tenths  ;  and  of  this,  San  I'^rancisco  con- 
tributes 280,000  barrels,  the  output  of  38  brewing  establishments.  Of  the 
remaining  States  and  Territories,  Oregon  has  34  breweries,  that  produce 
24,000  barrels  of  beer  per  annum.  Nevada  has  ^2,  producing  25,000 
barrels.  Washington  has  20,  brewing  10,000  barrel.s.  Utah  has  13,  turning 
out  8,000  barrels.  Western  Idaho  4,  producing  1,000  barrels.  .Vrizona  15, 
Ijrewing  3,000  barrels;  and  British  Columbia  3,  producing  2,000  barrels 
yearl)'.  In  addition  to  their  own  manufacture,  all  of  these  political  divisions 
receive  malt  liquors  from  the  Californian  breweries.  B}'  far  the  greater  quan- 
tit\-  of  the  malt  licpior  manufactured  on  the  coast  is  that  known  as  quick- 
brewed  beer,  the  time  occupied  in  fermentation  being  but  3  days.  Califor- 
nia, however,  lias  2  breweries  that  brew  a  beverage  of  the  nature  of  lager  beer, 
and  which  is  not  used  until  4  months  after  being  made ;  and  about  30,000 
barrels  of  ale  and  porter  are  made  in  Sa  Francisco  annually,  most  of  the 
latter  being  bottled. 

The  climate  of  California  insures  a  dry  harvest-time  for  her  barlc)'  crop, 
an  advantage  not  possessed  by  most  of  the  otiier  divisions  of  the  slope,  and 
an  important  one,  since  a  slight  wetting  at  that  time  discolors  the  grain  and 
results  in  the  production  of  a  dark-colored  brew.  The  yield  is  usually  so 
plentiful  that  a  large  surplus  remains  for  exportation,  after  the  home 
demand  is  supplied.  The  average  price  is  about  $1.20  per  cental,  for  good 
brewing  barlc)',  well  cleaned. 

The  first  hops  grown  on  the  coast  did  not  prove  suitable  for  brewers' 
uses,  consequently  the  crop  was  not  sought  after.  Time,  however,  b.-ought 
about  better  cultivation  to  the  yards,  and  gave  age  to  the  vines;  and  Bass, 
the  Burton  brewer,  made  a  brewing  in  1869,  using  Californian  hops,  which 
took  a  prize  at  the  Industrial  Exhibition  at  Sydenham,  in  that  year.  At 
present,  the  home  product  is  used  almost  exclusively,  the  crop  gathered  on 
Russian  River,  California,  being  the  favorite,  and  considered  equal  to  the 
best  Bavarian  growth.     Exports  from  the  Californian,  Oregon,  and  Wash- 


574 


MANUFACTURES 


I  ■ 


I'll 


i.i 


infTton  yards  arc  largely  in  excess  of  the  quantity  required  for  use  at  home. 
The  best  selected  hops  sell  for  about  25  cents  per  pound. 

The  packages  in  which  malt  liquor  is  transported,  and  the  brass  faiicets 
through  which  it  is  drawn,  are  items  of  considerable  importance  in  the 
manufacturers'  account  of  expenditures.  The  10  and  15  gallon  kegs  usod 
cost  ^^  and  $5  each,  respectively;  the  faucets  cost  $5  each;  and  as  each  3 
retained  bj-  the  customer  while  in  u.sc,  it  is  readih'  seen  that  a  lai 5'  ;-,i 
ber  is  required  when  the  business  is  extensive.  A  barrel  of  on  i'.  .  y  1.  1 
sells  for  from  $6  to  $8,  ami  a  barrel  of  lager  for  $12.  A  g  ass  of  thc; 
former  is  sold  for  5  cents,  of  the  latter  for  10  cent.s. 

The  water  suppl)-  of  thc  important  breweries,  especially  those  located  i.i 
San  l"r,incisco  and  the  larger  towns,  is  derived  from  artesian  wells  dug  on 
thc  premises,  and  forming  a  part  of  the  plant  (jf  the  establishment.  The 
first  regular  breweVy  established  on  thc  coast  was  put  in  operation  at  San 
iM-ancisco,  in  1850,  by  yVxDKKW  R(jv  and  WILLIAM  .McCov.  The  build- 
ing was  made  in  New  York  and  sent  out  by  sea,  and  the  barley  was 
obtained  fnjm  Chile,  at  a  cost  of  $3  a  bushel.  Nearly  all  the  ale  and  beer 
shipped  from  New  York  and  Boston,  at  that  time,  .soured  on  thc  voy.agc, 
which  left  thc  firm  without  competition.  So  far  .a.s  is  known,  the  first  beer 
brewed  on  the  coast  was  made  at  Monterey  in  1837,  by  one  WiLLlA.M  Mc- 
GlO-NT,,  a  sailor  wrecked  in  thc  \'icinity  in  that  year. 

Malting. — To  render  grain  suitable  for  brewing  purposes  it  is  subjected 
to  a  process  termed  malting,  and  is  known  afterwards  as  malt.  Barley  be- 
ing a  cereal  little  in  demand  as  an  article  of  food  for  man,  is  the  one  most 
available  fortius  use.  Its  annual  consumption  on  thc  coast  in  the  manufac- 
ture ■''"  brewers'  malt  amounts  to  about  34,500  tons  of  2,000  [lounds.  Of 
this  ([uantit_\-.  four  fifths  are  made  by  the  larger  Californian  brewers  fo-  lliclr 
own  brewings  and  those  of  other  city  breweries.  The  remainder  is  mostly 
supplieil  by  San  I'rancisco  maltsters,  thc  country  brewers  of  the  coast 
generall)-  obtaining  their  supply  in  the  city.  About  200  tons  of  malt 
are  exported,  chiefly  to  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and  Central  America. 
The  capital  invested  in  the  industry  proper  amounts  to  $150,000,  and  40 
men  are  employeil,  who  arc  prud  an  average  of  $2  per  da\-.  Malting  con- 
sists, in  genend  terms,  in  softening  ;hc  grain  b)'  soaking  in  water,  placing  it 
in  heaps  on  a  floor  where  it  is  allowed  to  remain  until  partial  germinat'c  1 
takes  ]ilace,  then  spreading  out  the  heaps  and  finally  drying  on  a  hea;  ,' 
floor.  The  temperature  to  which  it  is  subjected  in  drying  affects  its  coloi 
and  determines  its  subsequent  manipulation  by  the  brewer,  thc  lighter 
colored,  which  has  been  slowly  dried,  entering  into  the  light  beers,  and  the 
darker  into  ale  anil  porter.     In  mall 'ig,  barley  \niiCn  i;:  u Light,  100  pounds 


PROVISIONS. 


575 


of  grain  making  about  90  pounds  of  malt,  but  gains  in  bulk,  100  measures 
averaging  about  105  when  malted.  The  average  price  of  malt  is  about 
$2.10  per  hundred  pound.s.  There  are  3  houses  in  San  I'rancisco  de\-otcd 
exclusively  to  malting.  The  largest  of  these,  the  South  Park  Malt-I louse, 
owned  by  H.  ZwiiCG,  is  also  the  largest  on  the  coast,  and  was  established  in 
1857  by  the  present  proprietor.  The  aimual  output  amounts  to  nearly  100,- 
000  sacks  averaging  ico  pounds.  SCIIERR,  IJACII  &  Lux  are  proprietors 
of  the  Pioneer  and  Union  malt-houses,  and  turn  out  about  50,000  sacks 
yearly.  ROSENKR  Brothers  malt  about  1,000  tons  of  barley  per  year. 
The  Empire,  Enterprise,  and  Eureka  breweries,  of  San  Francisco,  also  malt 
for  sale  in  addition  to  supplying  their  own  consumption. 

Moiu;ax  &  Eastman  malted  grain  in  San  Francisco  in  1S54.  At  the 
vMbion  brewer)',  located  in  San  Francisco,  ale  and  porter  arc  brewed  on  a 
.system  differing  from  any  in  use  elsewhere  on  the  coast.  The  proprietors 
have  excavated  an  extensive  rock  cellar  in  which  is  a  living  spring  of  pure 
water. 

The  Philadelphia  Brewery,  JoilN  WiELAXD  proprietor,  was  established 
at  San  Francisco  in  1S55,  and  is  by  far  the  largest  on  the  coast,  the  annual 
sales  having  increased  from  3,800  barrels  in  18G2,  to  47,000  barrels  in  1880. 
Capital  to  the  amount  of  $400,000  is  invested,  emploj-ment  is  given  to  45 
men,  and  30  horses  arc  used  on  deliver)'  wagons.  The  Chicago  Brewery 
manufactures  25,000  barrels  annuall)',  employing  21  men.  The  Ilibernia, 
Washington,  National,  Empire,  and  Alban)'  breweries,  manufacture  more 
than  15,000  barrels  each,  annually.  The  Lafayette  Brewery  claims  33  )ears 
of  business  life  in  San  Francisco,  which  ranks  it  among  the  oldest  houses 
on  the  coast.  TlllO  BoCA  Brewing  Comi'ANV  has  works  at  Boca,  Nevada 
County,  and  manufactures  the  onjy  lager  beer  on  the  coast.  Capital  amount- 
ing to  $300,000  is  invested,  80  men  employed,  and  the  sales  arc  25,000 
barrels  per  annum.  The  Fredericksburg  Brewer)-,  located  at  San  Jose, 
makes  a  slowly  brewed  beer,  employs  25  men,  and  turns  out  about  30,000 
barrels  annuall)'.  The  Columbus  Brewer)',  at  Sacramento,  established  in 
1853,  employs  6  men,  and  manufactures  about  5,000  barrels  per  year.  The 
oldest  and  largest  brewery  in  Portland  is  the  City  Brewery,  built  in  1862, 
and  now  owned  by  llENRV  Weiniiard,  the  annual  output  being  about 
6,000  barrels. 

Distillation. — The  production  of  brandy  has  been  treated  in  the  chapter 
on  Horticulture,  and  here  we  shall  speak  of  other  distillation.  The  Mexican 
mescal,  made  from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  American  aloe,  and  the  /Jas- 
kan  hoochenoo,  distilled  from  flour  antl  sugar,  or  such  other  starch)'  aiul 
saccharine  matter  as  the  y\lcuts  and   Indians  of  that  Territory  can  obtain, 


■in 


5;o 


MANLIACTlMil.S. 


;F  ■nm 


lire  i)ioducccl  ill  small  quantities,  and  consumed  near  the  stills,  so  that  they 
have  little  industrial  or  commercial  importance. 

On  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast  there  are  28  distilleries  for 
v>'i'  '  .'  cordials,  and  bitters,  including,'  15  in  California,  4  in  Oregon,  3  in 
No  id  2  each  in  Utah  and  Arizona.     Tlic  annual  production  of  proof 

whisk;  .lounts  to  2,300,000  ijallons,  valued  at  $2,806,000,  of  which  one 
fourth  may  be  converted  into  cordials,  bitters,  alcohol,  and  medicines,  and 
used  in  the  useful  arts.  The  material  consumed  in  distillation  consists  of 
barley,  wheat,  and  maize,  of  v.'hich  24,000  tons  are  required.  The  kind  of 
grain  depends  on  the  price,  but  barley  is  usually  the  cheapest,  and  presum- 
ably furnishes  the  bulk  of  the  Californian  whisky.  There  have  been  times 
when  it  could  be  obtained  abundantly  in  the  San  I'Vancisco  market  for  $15 
per  ton. 

In  1 88 1,  which  may  be  accounted  an  average  year,  San  Franci.sco 
imported  24,000  barrels  of  whisky,  8,000  of  other  spirits,  and  30,000  cases, 
equal  to  2,300  barrels,  of  cordials  and  bitters.  The  exports  amounted  to 
1,200  barrels  of  spirits  and  1,750  ca.ses  of  bitters.  The  quantity  of  dis- 
tilled liquor,  exclusive  of  brandy,  consumed  annually  on  our  coast  between 
Mexico  and  British  Columbia,  is  about  2,300,000  gallons  of  proof  strength, 
or  2,800,000  of  the  average  marketable  quality.  This  would  allow  2 
gallons  for  each  person,  or  8  gallons  for  every  adult  male.  If  there  are  65 
drams  of  average  size  in  a  gallon,  we  have  520  drams  a  year  for  e\ery  man, 
or  enough  for  one  drink  e\ery  week-d.iy,  and  4  drinks  Sundays.  The  com- 
mon price  of  the  [jroof  whisky  is  $1.20  per  gallon,  or  $2,760,000  for  the 
2,300,000  gallons  at  wholesale;  but  to  the  consumers  the  direct  cost  is  at 
least  $5,000,000.  The  output  of  the  San  I'rancisco  distilleries  amounted  to 
1.840,000  gallon.s. 

The  capital  investetl  in  the  distilleries  on  the  Ainerican  portion  of  our 
coast  is  about  $1,000,000,  and  the  iiumbcr  of  persons  employed  in  llieni 
150,  with  wages  that  average  $2.50  per  day.  Some  of  them  are  children, 
engaged  in  labeling. 

The  first  grain  distiller)-  of  California  was  established  in  San  Francisco 
in  1855,  anil  was  piofit.ible,  because  wheat  and  barley  were  then  cheai),  and 
freight,  storage,  insurance,  and  the  incidents  of  keeping  large  stocks  (when 
merchandise  could  not  be  delivered  from  New  York  till  6  months  after  the 
ortler  was  mailed^  were  extremely  high.  The  business  w.is  subject  to 
gre.'il  nucluation-;,  following  the  changes  in  the  i)rice  of  grain,  and  the 
accumulation  or  ilecrease  of  stocks  of  imported  liquor.  In  1858  ami  1S59 
small  (luanlilies  of  rum  were  distilled  at  Los  Angeles,  from  sugar  cane  cul- 
tivated there  by  H.   I).  Wilson. 

Tin;  r.\ti(ic   IJi.si  ii.li.m;  and   Ri:i'inin(;  Co.mpanv  was  established 


PROVISIONS. 


577 


in  1864  by  LOUIS  SCIIULTZ  and  IlEXRV  VOORMAN,  GF.ORGE  OULTOX 
afterwards  becoming  a  partner.  Tlie  business  is  the  manufacture  of  spirits, 
whisky,  and  alcohol.  The  works  comprise  a  4-story  brick  building  50  by 
75  feet,  and  3  other  buildings  of  less  extent.  The  machinery  includes  6 
steam-boilers  and  a  loo-horse-powcr  engine,  witji  mash-boiler,  2  runs  of 
millstones,  5  stcam-pumjis,  and  2  copper  .stills,  having  an  aggregate 
ca[)acity  equal  to  the  distillation  of  1,500  gallons  per  day.  Capital  to  the 
amount  (jf  .$ 1 00,000  is  invested  and  employment  furnished  to  30  men.  The 
production  of  the  works  varies  from  500,000  to  1,000,000  gallons  per 
annum,  they  being  the  largest  of  their  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  San 
I'Vancisco  has  2  other  grain  distilleries — that  of  TlIK  PoTRERO  Vkast 
AXD  Distilling  CoMrANV,  of  which  Herman  Wkstkeld  is  president, 
and  which  makes  compressed  yeast  as  well  as  spirits ;  and  the  West  End 
Distillery,  owned  by  RoiiERT  C.  Rrooks.  The  California  Distillery  of 
Antioch  also  has  its  principal  office  in  San  Francisco. 

Bay  View  Elstillery.— The  Pay  View  Distillery  of  SCOFIELD  &  Tevis, 
the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind  on  our  coast,  is  situated  on  the  shore 
of  the  bay  at  South  San  Franci.sco,  with  facilities  for  receiving  all  their  raw 
material  and  shipping  away  their  products  in  their  own  vessels,  without 
expense  for  drayagc.  The  main  building  is  400  feet  long,  200  wide,  and  3 
stories  high.  Four  boilers,  sufficient  to  drive  engines  of  250  horse-power, 
supply  heat  and  drive  the  machinery.  The  grain  is  coarsely  ground  so  that 
fermentation  shall  be  complete,  and  is  carried  by  elevators  from  the  mill  to 
the  meal  room  on  the  upper  floor.  There  is  a  grain  still  which  ri.ses  from 
the  first  into  the  second  story,  and  a  copper  spirit  still,  the  column  of  which 
rises  from  the  first  into  the  third  story.  These  stills  with  their  columns  arc 
constructed  on  the  plans  adopted  in  the  largest  and  best  distilleries  on  the 
Atlantic  Slope.  Six  rectifiers,  constructed  on  Sinclair's  Patent,  conduct  the 
spirit  through  charcoal,  and  give  them  the  smoothness  and  mildness  of 
flavor,  and  inodorous  quality  not  otherwise  obtainable,  and  necessary  for  a 
high  quality  of  neutral  spirits.  ^VU  the  apparatus  is  of  the  latest  patents, 
and  the  most  complete  character.  Water  is  furnished  by  3  artesian  wells, 
from  one  of  which  10,000  gallons  can  be  pumped  in  an  hour.  The  tanks 
on  the  roof  holding  200,000  gallons,  give  protection  against  fire,  and  supply 
the  boilers,  vats,  etc.  Their  Cooper  shop  produces  from  60  to  70  barrels  a 
day.  They  have  2  bonded  warehouses,  and  are  building  a  third,  which  last 
is  to  be  200  feet  long  by  175  feet  wide,  with  capacit)'  to  store  20,000  barrels 
on  racks  similar  to  those  used  in  the  Kentuck)-  warehouses.  It  will  be 
heated,  and  the  spirits  will  ripen  while  waiting  for  customers.  Two  grain 
warehouses  contain  storage  room  for  100,000  sacks  of  grain.  The  refuse 
73 


578 


MAM  1  ACTIKKS. 


from  the  fcrinentin.Lj  vats  is  fed  in  clean  ])ens  to  5,000  liogs  and  600  beef 
cattle,  each  of  the  latter  havini;  its  sepaiatc  stall.  The  premises  occupy  8 
acres  of  <;roimd.  The  distillery  consumes  1,000  bushels  of  grain,  makes 
4,200  gallons  of  rectified  spirits,  and  i)a\-s  $3,780  dail)'  of  United  States 
internal  revenue  tax.  The  grain  which  it  consumes  requires  about  1  5,000 
acres  for  its  production.  Besides  this  enterprise,  Scoi'IELD  &  Tevis  arc 
largel}-  interested  with  C.  X.  I'ELTON  in  developing  the  petroleum  resources 
of  California,  as  mentioned  elsewhere. 


CordialG. — Cordials,  bitters,  alcohol,  and  neutral  spirits  are  produced  in 
San  Francisco,  but  in  small  quantity  elsewhere  on  our  coast.  In  the  man- 
ufacture of  bitters,  various  plants  jieculiar  to  our  coast  arc  uscil. 

In  1S52  Franci.S  Crkvoi.I.V  &  BROrilKR  established  a  manufactory 
at  San  I'rancisco  for  the  purpose  of  making  cordials,  bitters,  cs.scnces, 
.syrups,  etc.  After  some  changes  the  business  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
present  owners,  ]'..  G.  LVONS  and  JlLES  Mavkr.  Two  stills  are  used, 
and  a  room  is  specially  fitted  up  for  crystallizing  rock  candy.  Nineteen 
persons  are  emplo\'ed,  2  of  whom  are  minors.  The  products  of  the  manu- 
factory are  sent  to  Oregon,  Nevada,  ^Mexico,  Central  .America,  the  Society 
Islands,  and  Japan.     The  annua!  sales  amount  to  $100,000. 

Dox.M.n  IMcMiLL.W  occupies  a  3-story  building  in  San  Francisco  in 
the  distillation  of  cordials  and  bitters. 


WOOD. 


579 


CHAPTER  XXXII.— WOOD. 

Wood-working  Industry.— This  chapter  treats  of  the  various  branches 
of  wood-working  industry,  tlic  products  of  which  inchide  rougli  lumber, 
dressed  lumber,  door.s,  sashes,  blinds,  wood  moldings,  boxes,  coopcr.s'-warc, 
willow-ware,  carriages,  ships,  furniture,  pianos  and  other  musical  instru- 
ments. Agricultural  implements  and  windmills  are  e.Kcluded  from  this 
chapter,  and  will  be  treated  under  the  head  of  iron,  which  is  the  more 
costly  material  in  their  construction  as  a  class.  Plausible  objection  may  be 
made  to  every  classification  of  this  kind,  but  the  one  here  adopted  seems 
as  convenient  as  that  to  be  found  in  any  one  of  the  few  works  similar  to 
this  in  scope. 

liUmbRring. — No  other  nation  has  handled  so  much  lumber  or  has  ac- 
quired so  much  skill  in  its  production  as  the  American ;  and  the  Pacific 
side  of  the  United  States  is  not  behind  the  Atlantic  in  the  size  and  com- 
pleteness of  sawmills,  in  the  enterprise  and  intelligence  of  lumbermen,  or 
in  the  efficient  adaptation  of  new  means  to  peculiar  circumstances.  What- 
ever had  been  learned  in  the  forests  of  Europe,  Maine,  Michigan,  and 
Canada  was  transferred  in  all  its  completeness  by  experienced  men  to  Cali- 
fornia soon  after  the  gold  discovery,  and  combined  and  applied  in  the  con- 
struction and  management  of  the  sawmills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the 
redwood  regions,  and  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia.  The 
Pacific  lumbermen  were  compelled  to  acquire  superior  skill,  because  their 
timber  was  larger  in  diameter  and  length  than  ever  had  been,  or  is  now, 
handled  in  sawmills  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  average  thick- 
ness of  a  Humboldt  saw-log  is  5  feet;  and  logs  9  feet  through  arc  not  rare, 
and  trees  iS  feet  in  diameter  have  been  cut  in  the  regular  course  of  the 
.sawmill  business.  Logs  exceeding  9  feet  in  diameter  are  split  by  powder 
or  wedges  into  halves,  suitable  for  the  circular  saws.  Those  from  7  to  9 
feet  are  sometimes  sawn  b)'  sash  saws  12  feet  long,  into  cants  or  pieces 
before  passing  to  the  circular  saws.  The  largest  logs  cut  into  boards  at  the 
first  sawing  are  8  feet  through,  though  the  circular  saw  used  in  the  work 
does  not  exceed  6  feet  in  diameter,  and  can  not  make  a  kerf  more  than  35 
inches  deep.  Two  saws,  one  cutting  from  below  and  the  other  from  above, 
can  not  cut  up  a  log  more  than  6  feet  through.     The  Humboldt  sawyers. 


V 


W 


111  i 


I 


r  liitd  I 


i  ^J!^  ii 


580 


MANUKACTL'UES. 


Iiowcvcr,  instead  of  being  content  to  work  with  2  saws,  use  EvANs'  treble 
circular,  as  it  is  called,  though  it  has  4  saws,  2  of  them  being  used  to  slice 
off  part  of  the  top  of  a  log  8  feet  through,  so  that  the  part  to  be  cut 
by  the  main  saws  shall  be  less  than  6  feet  in  ilcpth.  The  great  weight  of 
the  large  redwood  logs  has  led  to  the  invention  of  DOLBEER'S  patent  steam 
logging  machine  for  moving  them. 

The  uncqualcd  length  of  the  fir  timbers  sawn  in  Washington  and  British 
Columbia — So  feet  being  common,  and  150  not  very  n.re — has  required  the 
construction  of  sawmills  with  long  log  carriages;  bi.t  there  has  been  no 
notable  Pacific  invention  in  the  general  pattern  of  tl.e  mills,  though  some 
in  the  minor  machinery.  The  Californian  adjustalilc  teeth  for  large  cir- 
cular saws  have  been  adopted  everywhere.  The  slide,  to  send  cordwood 
and  logs  down  the  steep  slopes,  used  in  the  Alps  and  other  mountains  from 
remote  times,  has  been  adopted  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  without  material 
change;  and  the  same  principle  has  been  applied  in  an  ingenious  and  novel 
form  to  the  lumber  chutes,  by  which  lumber  is  loaded  at  various  points  on 
the  coast  of  California  where  there  is  no  harbor,  upon  vessels  fastened  to  a 
buoy  at  some  distance  from  the  shore.  A  wooden  chute,  leading  with  a 
descent  from  the  shore,  terminates  over  the  place  where  the  vessel  lies ;  and 
the  boards,  planks,  ties,  posts,  or  pieces  of  cordwood  to  be  shipped,  when 
placed  on  the  upper  end  of  the  chute,  slide  down  rapidly  to  the  lower  end, 
where  a  brake,  applied  just  before  the  timber  leaves  the  chute,  checks  its 
fierce  .speed  and  lets  it  down  gently  to  its  resting-place.  Drives  and 
booms,  common  in  Maine,  Norway,  and  many  other  lumbering  regions, 
have  been  adopted  on  our  slope  without  improvement.  The  "drive  "  is  the 
process  of  sending  a  stock  of  loose  logs  or  cordwood  down  through  a  nat- 
ural water  channel  to  a  point  below,  where  it  is  caught.  If  the  ordinary 
current  has  not  sufficient  depth,  the  drive  is  made  in  flood-time,  or  a  supply 
of  water,  after  being  collected  in  a  dam,  is  let  loose  suddenly.  A  "  boom," 
consisting  of  logs  fastened  by  chains  or  links  to  the  banks,  keeps  the  logs 
or  wood  from  passing  the  point  where  they  are  wanted,  and  yet  does  not 
pre\-ent  the  water  from  passing.  In  situations  where  neither  the  slide  nor 
the  drive  can  be  used  advantageously  (and  they  arc  numerous  in  our  mount- 
ain ranges),  use  is  made  of  the  V-flume,  which  was  invented  in  Nevada, 
and  was  there  first  appreciated  and  applied  on  a  large  scale.  It  is  espe- 
cially .serviceable  in  carrying  lumber  from  the  high  Sierra  to  points  in  the 
valley,  30  or  40  miles  away. 

Timber. — Our  chief  timbering  regions  arc  the  redwood  forest  within  30 
miles  of  the  ocean,  between  parallels  37°  and  42°;  the  sugar-pine  forest  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada;  the  fragrant  cedar  forests  near  the  ocean,  from  40°  to 


> 


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1;^;    •li-l 


f!  f 


« 


ii. 


I 


iii    m 


wonn. 


58 1 


44";  ami  the  rcd-fir  west  of  the  summit  nf  the  Cascade  RaiiLjc,  from  44° 
to  52".  The  Alaska  cedar,  thoiiL;h  in  some  important  respects  superior  to 
any  of  the  others,  is  not  yet  prominent  in  our  industries.  The  forests  of  the 
different  trees  intermingle,  so  that  one  be[,Mns  lony  before  the  other  ends. 
Southern  California,  Nevada,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico  have  little  timber, 
save  in  the  hij,'her  pcjrtions  of  a  few  mountain  ranges.  Idaho,  iVri/.ona, 
Eastern  Oregon,  and  Eastern  Wa.shington  have  numcrou.s  districts  bare  of 
timber,  but  also  have  forests  extensive  enough  to  suppl)-  the  local  demand. 

The  sugar-pine  does  not  anywhere  make  up  the  forest,  and  it  seldom 
outnumbers  the  other  trees,  but  it  is  the  most  valuable  timber  of  the  Sierra. 
The  lumber'  .^_;  business  there  is  limited  to  the  districts  which  have  facilities 
for  transporting  the  product  to  a  market.  The  forests  are  usually  high  up 
on  the  mountain  side,  remote  from  the  settlements,  and  hauling  in  wagons 
is  too  expensive.  Flumes  and  railroads  arc  required  for  the  prosperity 
of  the  lumbering  industry,  and  these  have  been  providetl  at  a  number  of 
points.  The  m.ost  productive  lumber  district  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  has  been 
the  basin  of  the  Truckec  River,  including  the  slopes  and  summits  near 
Lake  Tahoe.  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  has  given  to  the  Truckec  lum- 
bermen superior  facilities  for  supplying  Virginia  City,  Central  Nevada,  and 
Utah,  and  numerous  mills,  flumes,  and  slides  have  been  built  to  cheapen 
production.  A  steamboat  has  been  built  to  tow  rafts  across  the  lake,  and  a 
railroad  carries  the  lumber  to  the  summit  of  the  mountain  cast  of  the  lake, 
where  a  flume  takes  charge  of  it  until  Carson  is  reached.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  Truckee  basin  has  .sent  away  500,000,000  feet  of  lumber  in  1S67,  a 
large  portion  of  it  being  consumed  in  Virginia  City  and  its  mines.  The 
immen.sc  cjuantities  of  timber,  lumber,  and  cordwood  required  there,  and  the 
high  cost  of  transporting  them  uphill  by  wagon,  were  among  the  chief  con- 
siderations in  the  construction  of  the  railroad  from  Reno  to  the  Comstock 
mines.  As  the  forest  area  of  the  Truckee  basin  has  been  very  much  re- 
duced, work  has  been  commenced  at  Reno  on  a  railroad  running  northward  to 
a  fine  body  of  timber  about  40  miles  north  of  Lake  Tahoe.  A  railroad  has 
recently  been  built  .southward  from  Bodic  to  a  fine  forest.  The  long  slopes 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Sierra  have  led  to  the  construction  of  flumes  40 
or  50  miles  long,  leading  down  to  Red  Bluff,  Chico,  Madera,  and  other 
points  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys. 

No  large  tree  is  straighter  in  grain,  follows  its  grain  more  readily  in  split- 
ting, or  splits  with  more  ease,  than  the  redwood.  This  free-splitting  char- 
acter and  smoothness  of  its  split  surfaces  render  it  suitable  for  the  cheap 
production  of  railroad  ties,  fence  posts,  and  pickets,  and  being  very  durable 
it  is  largely  used  for  such  purposes.  The  number  of  redwood  railroad  ties 
split  annually  numbers  800,000,  and  as  they  arc  8  feet  long,  and  8  inches 


583 


MANUFACTURr.?;. 


wide,  by  6  thick,  the  consumption  of  icdv.ood  in  lliiit  form  amounts  to 
24,000,000  feet,  boaid  measure,  )'carly.  Tlic  number  of  redwood  fence  posts 
shipped  to  Sail  Francisco  is  530,000  annuall}',  and  tlie  total  production  in 
California  is  3  times  as  mucli,  so  that  10,000,000  feet  of  redwood  are  con- 
sumed in  tha  way.  The  number  of  railroad  ties  made  on  our  slope 
from  material  not  redwood  may  be  400,000  a  year.  The  split  timber  is 
stronger  as  well  as  cheaper  than  the  sawn.  The  ordinary  price  for  railroad 
ties  is  from  40  to  50  cents  each  in  .San  Francisco.  (Ine  of  the:  serious 
drawbacks  of  our  lumbcrini^  industry,  and  of  the  man)-  branches  of  our 
manufactures,  is  that  we  ha\'c  no  good  supply  of  hard  wood,  similar  to  the 
while  oak  or  hickory  of  the  Atlantic  slope.  From  Alaska  to  Lower  California, 
there  is  not  a  large  straight-grained  indigenous  tree  of  first-rate  quality  for 
plow  beams  or  casks.  The  common  oaks  of  the  valleys  have  large  trunks, 
and  are  beautiful  features  in  the  landscape,  but  the  wood  is  brittle,  and 
not  good  fov  fence  rails,  much  less  for  any  purpose  requiring  strength  and 
elasticity.  It  is  said  that  some  of  the  oak--trees  in  the  mountains  make 
good  staves,  bat  our  best  casks  are  made  of  imported  material.  \\'hether  the 
eucalyptus  will  supply  the  want  of  a  hard  strong  elastic  wood  is  a  problem 
not  j'ct  solved  to  the  general  satisfaction.  We  obtain  about  3,000,000  feet  of 
hard  wood  annually  from  the  ]\Iississippi  Valley. 

Wc  have  not  space  to  controvert  here  the  assertion  that  there  has  been  a 
serious  decrease  of  the  forest  area  on  our  slope.  A  careful  investigation 
will  show  that  the  redwood  trees  have  not  been  killed  out  from  500  acres  in 
California,  nor  the  red  fir  from  1,000  acres  in  Washington  and  British 
Columbia;  that  the  forests  cleared  away  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Gicrra 
Nevada  30  )-ears  ago  have  been  replaced  by  a  new  growth,  and  that  there 
is  no  proof  that  the  clearings  about  Lake  Tahoc  \\iil  not  be  covered  with 
trees  in  the  same  way  before  the  end  of  the  century.  While  the  area  which 
was  covered  with  trees  in  1848,  has  not  materially  diminished,  there  have 
been  extensive  plantings  of  trees  for  fruit,  shade,  and  timber,  with  a  proba- 
bility that  very  much  more  work  of  the  same  kind  will  be  done  in  the 
-  future  than  has  been  done  in  the  past. 

liUmber  Production. — The  lumbering  industry  of  our  coast  gives  employ- 
ment to  10,000  men,  and  produces  750,000,000  feet  of  sawn  and  split  lum- 
ber, worth  in  the  aggregate,  at  mill  prices,  about  $12,000,000.  California 
produces  300,000,000  feet;  Washington,  200,000,000;  Oregon,  150,000,000; 
British  Columbia,  50,000,00c;  and  other  portions  of  the  slope,  50,000,000. 
The  sawmills  number  700,  and  the  capital  invested  in  them  and  in  the 
timber  lands  needed  for  their  supply  is  about  .$io,ooc,ooo. 

The  flumes,  the  chutes,  the  logging    machines,  the   treble  circular-.«avv 


WOOD. 


583 


an-angcmenl,  the  number  and  large  size  of  ihc  slides,  drives,  and  booms, 
the  magnitude  and  completeness  of  the  sawmills,  the  grandeur  and  beauty 
of  the  trees,  the  uncqualcd  length  and  diameter  of  tlie  saw  logs,  the  clear- 
ness of  the  lumber  (60  per  cent,  being  free  from  knots,  while  20  is  a  large 
percentage  elsewhere),  and  the  varied  advantages  of  the  redwood,  red  fir, 
sugar  pine,  Iragrant  cedar,  and  Alaska  cedar  for  numerous  important  indus- 
trial purpo.ses,  make  our  coast  the  classic  region  of  lumbering.  The  mag- 
nificence of  nature,  and  the  efliciencj'  of  useful  art  have  here  made  an  un. 
paralleled  combination,  that  fills  the  mind  of  the  Canadian  or  Norwegian 
lumberman  with  wonder  and  envy.  Trees  taller  than  ours  are  found  in  New 
Zealand,  and  forests  more  extensive  in  Africa  aiul  South  America,  but 
neither  they  nor  any  other  portions  of  the  world  have  forests  so  grand, 
dense,  extensive,  valuable  for  general  building  purposes,  and  convenient  of 
access  in  the  hands  of  a  skillful  and  laborious  population,  supplied  with  the 
best  machinery. 

Washington's  predominant  industry  is  lumbering,  her  chief  export  being 
rough  red  fir  planks,  boards,  and  scantling  suitable  for  the  frames  of  houses 
and  for  fences.  The  most  productive  sawmills  are  at  a  few  points  on 
Puget  Sound,  where  an  abundance  of  timber  is  found  in  the  \icinity  of  a 
good  mill  site,  near  a  secure  anchorage,  with  a  body  of  water  suitable  for 
liolding  the  logs  until  they  arc  needed  for  sawing.  The  mills  usually  buy 
their  material  from  men  who  make  a  business  of  logging,  which  includes  the 
cutting  of  the  trees,  hauling  them  to  the  water's  edge,  throwing  them  in, 
and  rafting  them  to  the  mill.  The  mills  on  and  near  the  Sound  have  an 
aggregate  capacity  of  cutting  about  1,200,000  feet  a  day,  a  single  mill  being 
prepared  to  cut  250,000  feet.  The  shipments  arc  140,000,000  annually  to 
San  Francisco,  25,000,000  to  other  Californian  ports,  and  12,000,000  to  the 
Hawaiian  Islands.  The  pncc  at  the  mills  is  usually  $13  for  1,000  feet. 
The  lunbcr  is  usually  sent  to  market  in  sailing-vessels,  with  a  capacity  to 
carry  fi  ai  250,000  to  1,000,000  feet,  and  there  is  an  increasing  demand  for 
it  Ur  'A  Japan,  China,  and  y\ustralia.  Manchooria,  New  Zealand,  and 
Soul  hern  Chile  have  fine  forests,  and  may  in  time  come  into  competition 
with  our  coast  in  supplying  lumber  to  the  extensive  treeless  and  populous 
regions  that  border  the  Pacific  on  both  sides. 

The  forests  of  l?ritish  Columbia  are  extensive  and  magnificent,  but  the 
home  market  is  limited,  the  Californian  market  is  inaccessible  because  of  the 
high  tariff,  and  there  is  little  direct  commerce  with  Japan,  China,  and 
Australia,  which,  therefore,  get  most  of  their  lumber  from  California.  The 
extent  of  the  forests,  however,  and  the  advantages  of  the  mills  will,  at  no 
distant  time,  secure  a  ready  sale  for  their  products  in  many  of  the  Asiatic 
and  Spanish-American  ports. 


numm^mmm'mmimwmm 


584 


MAXUI'AITIRKS. 


Flume  Transportation. — Tlic  tmiisoortation  of  lumber  by  flumes  has 
become  a  prominent  feature  of  the  lumber-making  industry.  By  their  use 
logs  can  be  transported  from  what  \\ol.ild  seem  almost  inaccessible  points 
to  the  mills  in  the  vicinity  of  railroads.  An  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
V-Hume  has  been  given  in  the  chapter  on  Inventions.  These  artificial  chan- 
nels, with  smooth  sloping  sides,  a  regular  grade,  and  a  swift  current  of  water 
deep  enough  to  carry  lumber,  furnish  the  cheapest  means  yet  found  for 
transporting  the  products  of  the  sawmills  high  up  on  the  Sierra  Nc\ada  to 
the  middle  of  the  valley.s,  10,  20,  or  40  miles  distant.  The  speed  usually 
ranges  from  4  to  10  miles  an  hour,  and  the  quantity  carried  by  a  flume  in  a 
day  is  very  large. 

Many  millions  of  dollars  arc  invested  in  flumes,  and  they  have  given  \alue 
to  extensive  regions  of  lumber  which,  before  the  invention,  were  practically 
inaccessible  and  worthless  for  the  uses  of  the  present  generation.  They  are 
so  simple  in  their  construction,  and  so  cheap  in  their  management,  that 
the)'  will  doubtless  be  introduced,  at  no  distant  time,  into  the  forests  of  the 
Himalayas  and  the  Andes,  and  will  gi\'C  the  stimulus  of  Anglo-y\merican 
enterprise  and  industrial  skill  to  South  American  and  Asiatic  communities. 
The  average  cost  of  a  luniljcr  flinnc  is  about  $3,000  a  mile,  and  ranges  from 
$1,000  to  $20,000,  according  to  the  difficulties  of  the  route,  which  is  often 
o\-cr  ver>-  rugged  country. 

The  greatest  of  all  fluming  enterprises  was  that  of  THE  SiKRKA  FlU-NFE 
AM)  Lu>ri)i:R  CONrr'.vxv,  organized  in  1S75.  Thi\-  bought  60,000  acres  of 
sugar  pine  and  yellow  pine  tim!)er  lanil  on  the  Sierra  Nevada,  4,000  or 
5,000  feet  abo\e  the  sea,  in  Plumas,  Butte,  and  Tehama  counties;  con- 
structed i'>  mills  to  saw  the  lumber  and  about  150  miles  of  flume  to  carry 
it  to  Red  lUuff  and  Chico  in  the  midtUe  of  the  Sacramento  V^allc)-.  They 
in\'ested  $2,500,000  in  their  business,  manufactured  43,000,000  feet  of 
lumber  in  a  year,  and  failed;  antl  creditors  incorporated  uniler  the  title  of 
Till-;  Sii:kr.\  Lu.Mlii;R  Co^ll'A^'^',  took  the  property,  and  have  more  than 
100  miles  of  fluming  in  good  coiulition  now. 

A  costly  Hume  is  that  which  carries  lumber,  mining  timber,  and  cord- 
wood  to  Virginia  Cit\-.  It  was  built  by  a  company  comprising  the  bonanza 
firm  of  Flood  &  O'Brien,  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  their  mines, 
which  at  one  time  consumed  1,000,000  feet  of  timber  in  their  underground 
works,  and  burned  about  3,000  cords  of  firewood  every  month.  The  fire- 
wood, at  the  prices  paid  before  the  construction  of  the  flume,  cost  them 
about  $500,000  annually.  The  length  of  the  flume  is  15  miles,  but  the 
distance  in  a  direct  line  from  its  head  to  its  foot  is  only  8,  so  7  miles  are 
added  in  the  l)ends.  It  was  built  within  10  weeks,  by  200  men,  at  a  cost  of 
$20,000  a  mile,  or  $300,000  for  the  entire  work.     The  great  haste  with  which 


WOOD. 


585 


it  wiis  constructed,  the  very  high  rate  of  wages  prevailing  at  the  time  in 
Nevada,  and  the  natural  difficulties  of  the  route,  made  it  much  more  expen- 
sive than  (lumcs  usually  arc. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  flumes  in  Nevada  is  that  of  Yerrington, 
Br.iss  &  C<>-,  carrying  lumber  from  the  summit  of  the  mountain  cast  of 
Lake  Tahoc  down  to  Carson  City.  The  most  notable  flumes  of  California 
are  those  terminating  at  Red  Bluff,  Chico,  and  Madera.  These  are  much 
longer  than  any  in  Nevada,  and  have  also  a  greater  descent,  for  their  lowest 
points  are  not  more  than  300  feet  above  the  sea,  while  the  Nevada  flumes 
are  at  least  4,000  feet  high.  The  smaller  lumber  flumes  are  very  numerous, 
and  arc  scattered  from  San  Bernardino  on  the  south  to  British  Columbia  on 
the  north. 

Perhaps  the  largest  flume  in  Oregon  is  the  Thiel.SEN  flume,  which  carries 
50,000  feet  of  lumber  and  300  cords  of  firewood  every  day  in  the  busy  sea- 
son, from  a  forest  in  the  Blue  Mountains  to  the  town  of  Milton.  The  total 
length,  including  a  branch  10  miles  long,  is  30  miles.  It  is  the  property  of 
The  Orki.o.n  Lmi'rovemkxt  Company.  The  Oregon  Railway  and 
Navigation-  Company  needs  large  supplies  of  firewood  at  the  Dalles,  and 
o'  1'    in  from  the  Little  White  Salmon  Flume,  10  miles  long,  belong- 

'"..  ''I'  ^V-  ^^'l  IDLER.     It  cost  only  $2,200  a  mile  for  construction. 

'Ill'  <■"  of  i  i.n,  in  Washington,  is  supplied  with  lumber,  railroad 
tics,  and  cord  -  .  from  the  Blue  Mountains,  by  a  flume  belonging  to  TlIE 
Oregon  lMl>Ro\E.\ir\T  Co.mpan-  Its  length  is  32  miles,  and  its  original 
cost  was  $3S,ooo,  on>  uf  the  cheapi  st  structures  of  the  kind  on  record. 


Sawmills.— The    Spaniards 


-M 


:m-\v   little    of  lumbering, 


used  nothing  more  elaborate  than  a  whip-saw,  and  did  not  produce  much 
with  that.  From  1800  to  iK  ;  -  most  of  the  few  boards  needed  in  California 
were  imported,  and  the  first  lumber  sawn  for  sale  was  produced  in  1838  by 
James  Daw.sox,  of  Sonoma,  with  a  whip-saw.  Stephen  Smith,  master 
of  a  little  trading  vessel  from  Baltin  re,  entered  Bodega  Bay  in  1841,  and 
while  riding  about  the  country,  <!•■  .jovcred  a  magnificent  site  for  a  sawmill 
within  6  miles  of  the  bay,  and  nny  a  few  hours'  sail  from  San  Francisco 
Bay,  of  which,  like  others,  he  expected  much.  He  determined  then  and  there 
to  leave  the  sea,  and  with  that  idea  he  returned  to  his  native  city,  bought 
boiler,  machinery,  and  implements  for  a  steam  sawmill  and  gristmill,  and 
returned  to  Bodegn,  stopping  at  various  ports  on  the  way,  picking  up 
a  wife  at  one  place,  a  carpenter  at  another,  an  engineer  elsewhere,  and 
-sawyers  and  wood-choppers  as  he  could  find  them.  In  September,  1S43, 
he  cast  anchor  in  Bodega  Bay,  and  soon  afterwards  began  to  build  the  first 
sawmill  in  California,  about  the  same  time  that  JOSEPH  Gale  built  one  in 
74 


L   . 


5>S6 


MANl,'l'AfTrRi;s. 


%■   I 


Orcfjnn.  SMITH  obtained  a  large  rancho,  and  as  there  was  soon  an  active 
demand  for  lumber,  his  mill  and  land  became  very  \ahiable.  This  was  the 
only  sawmill  in  California  until  the  American  conquest.  The  next  one 
was  built  by  JAMKS  I'EACE,  in  what  is  now  San  Mateo  Count)';  and,  in 
1847,  work  was  commenced  at  Coloma  on  Sr  rri'.R's  sawmill,  wJiich  never 
produced  any  lumber.  It  was  to  be  driven  In-  water,  and  the  tail  race 
was  excavated  in  a  bed  of  auriferous  gravel,  giving  Marshall,  the  millwright, 
an  opportunity  to  di.scovcr  the  placers  which  made  an  industrial  revolution 
on  our  coast.  The  first  sawmill  of  Washington  was  built  near  the  southern 
end  of  I'ugct  Sound  in  1851. 

Some  of  the  sawmilling  enterprises  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and 
in  the  redwood  region  of  California  arc  like  principalities.  The  manufac- 
turing firm  owns  a  large  tract,  50,000  or  e\en  100,000  acres  of  timber  lanil, 
including  the  shore  or  bank  of  a  cove  or  ri\er  mouth;  the}'  occupy  \xuX  of 
the  water,  with  a  boom  to  holil  their  logs;  they  have  a  town  with  all  the 
ilwellings,  store.',  and  shops;  they  h;i\e  a  railro.ul  to  carry  their  logs  to  the 
mill,  and  ships  to  carry  their  lumber  to  distant  m.arkets.  In  several  cases, 
electric  illumination  enables  them  to  run  their  mills  and  load  their  ve.s.sels 
when  d;irkness  prev.iils  in  the  \icinity.  I'ive  hundred  men  are  employed 
by  a  single  firm  in  their  logging  camiis  and  mills,  and  one  firm  ])roduces  as 
much  lumber  as  any  one  of  .several  lunopean  kingdoms  uses  in  a  year. 

Among  the  prominent  lumber  manufacturers  of  California  are  John 
Vaxci-:  and  J(.)Si;i'll  Ri>s,  who  are  also  leading  men  in  the  general  business 
of  Humboldt  Count)-,  where  the)-  reside.  Mr.  Russ  is  als(j  extensi\el)-  eii- 
;';aged  in  the  dair)-  business,  and  an  account  of  iiim  has  been  given  in  the 
eliapter  on  domestic  anini;ds.  One  of  the  most  noted  lumber  maiuifactur- 
ers  of  our  coast  was  Jir.XKV  Mi:i<;(;s,  who  made  a  fortune  in  lumber,  lost 
it  speculating  in  San  I'r.nicisco  lots,  forgetl  a  great  number  of  city  warrants, 
fled  in  his  own  vessel  U>  .South  America,  became  the  railroad  king  of  I'eru, 
and  laid  the  foundation  for  the  bankruptcy  of  that  republic,  and  for  its  con- 
(juest  by  Chile.  Of  the  lumber  enterprises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  most 
extensive  has  been  that  of  TllK  SlI.KRA  I'LL'MK  AND  LUMIiKR  CoMl'ANV, 
which  was  organized  in  iiS"5  to  cut  lumber  in  the  higher  i)orti(jns  of  Huttc 
Count)-,  and  float  dow  n  to  the  Sacramento  Ri\  er.  Thev-  bought  many  sciuare 
miles  of  limber  lanil,  built  150  miles  of  flume,  terminating  at  Chico,  Reil 
llluff,  and  lehama;  hail  10  .sawmills,  and  produced  a  great  quanlit)-  of 
lumber.  The  Ncntare  did  not  prm  1  profitable,  and  the  company  witlulrew 
from  the  business,  part  of  the  propcrt)-  i)assing  to  a  succes.sor.  Till".  Sn:RR.\. 
Lu.MIiKK  CiiMi'.v.w,  The  greatesi  lumber  firm  of  Nevada  is  YllRRINciTON, 
Bliss'&  Cii.,  who  have  a  sawmill  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Tahoc,  a 
steamboat  to  low  r.ifts  across  the  lake,  a  railroad  to  carry  tlie  lumber  to  the 


ill 


I 


ii  ; ' 


^'  S': 


m  i 


m' 


'A 

o 

!4 


s 

as 


1 


ii 


WOOD. 


587 


summit  of  the  mountain,  and  a  flume  leading  down  from  the  end  of  the 
iron  track  to  Carson  City. 

E.  B.  Dean  &  Co.,  main  office  at  22  California  Street,  San  Francisco, 
have  a  sawmill  with  a  capacity  of  50,000  a  day,  at  Alarshfield,  on  the  shore 
of  Coos  Bay,  14  miles  from  the  ocean.  They  also  ha\e  5,000  acres  of  red 
or  Douglas  fir  (Oregon  pine)  timber,  and  4  vessels — the  C.  II.  Merchant  of 
2.S0  tons,  the  Jennie  Stella  of  293  tons,  the  Emma  Utter  of  286  tons,  and 
the  Laura  May  of  280  tons — which  pl\'  between  San  Francisco  and  Coos 
]>ay — antl  the  steam-tug  Escort.  It  is  n\ainl}-  to  the  enterprise  of  IC.  15. 
Di:.\.\  &  Co.  that  Coos  Bay  owes  its  prominence  as  one  of  the  seats  of 
shipbuilding  on  our  coast.  They  have  constructed  13  \'cssels  in  their  ship- 
y.ird,  uid  now  ha\e  a  barkentine  of  400  tons  on  the  stocks.  They  employ 
100  men  in  their  logging  camp,  40  in  their  mill,  and  from  25  tf)  50  in  their 
ship-}ard.  At  the  mill,  for  the  convenience  of  business,  the\'  have  400  feet 
front  of  wharfage.  t)n  January-  i,  1882,  the  logs  on  hand  ready  for  sawing 
contained  7,500,000  feet.  The  house  has  a  lumber-yard,  and  a  branch  yard 
at  the  foot  f)f  Market  Street  in  Oakland. 

Charles  L.  Dingley. — Capt.iiu  Cll.\RLl'..s  L.  DlN(.;i.EV,  a  prominent  lum- 
ber manufacturer  of  Californi.i,  .irrivcd  in  San  Francisco  from  his  native 
State,  Maine,  in  1851,  his  only  fortune  being  his  2  hands  and  his  will  to 
work.  lie  shipped  on  a  bay  schooner,  and  within  a  j-ear  was  the  owner  of 
a  small  .schooner.  Soon  he  was  known  to  merchants  a.s  a  skipper  who  kept 
his  word,  and  would  carry  articles  which  others  would  refuse  on  account  of 
difficulty  of  stowage.  lie  took  the  first  locomotive  from  San  I^rancisco  to 
Sacramento,  and  al.so  carried  the  long  and  heavy  timbers  (some  of  them 
longer  than  his  vessel)  for  the  first  bridge  across  the  Sacramento  River. 
In  1859,  he  purchased  the  bark  Adelaide  Cooper  in  New  York,  and  brought 
her  to  San  Francisco,  with  2  boilers  on  deck,  each  15  feet  high,  21  feet  long, 
and  v.eighing  74  tons.  Shipmasters  generally,  who  .saw  the  vessel  and  the 
proposed  freight,  predicted  that  Capt.  DiNGLEV  would  never  reach  the 
Golden  Gate;  but  he  e.xplained  to  the  underwriters  his  plan  of  stow.ige ; 
they  took  the  risk ;  and  he  delivered  his  boilers  for  the  steamer  Brother 
Jonathan.  In  such  tasks  he  never  failed;  and  when  he  accomplished  entcr- 
pri-^^cs  which  others  would  not  undertake  lie  obtained  pay  proportioned  to 
the  difficulty.  After  some  years  he  was  enabled  to  leave  the  sea  and 
intrust  his  ships,  for  he  purchased  several,  to  others.  He  now  has  the 
Ericsson  of  1,645  t-ons  (this  was  the  ves.sel  built  by  the  famous  engineer  of 
the  same  name  to  tr)-  the  hot-air  engine  as  a  motive  power  in  ocean  navi- 
gation), the  I'allev  Fori^e  of  1,280  tons,  and  the  Columbus  of  1,000  tons. 
Capt.   Dl\(.;i,i;\'  is  president  of    TllK    Gokdo.x    I[.\Rinv.\Ki-:    Co.\[l'.\NY, 


'I! 


588 


MANLI'Af  rUUKS. 


250  and  252  Market  Street,  half  owner  in  the  Pacific  Oakum  Factor}',  and 
one  of  tlie  4  stockhoklers  in  TllK  Glalala  MlLI,  CoMl'ANV,  which  owns 
17,000  acres  of  redwood  timber  land,  and  a  mill  with  a  ca])acity  of  60,000 
feet  a  day.  He  also  owns,  separately,  5,000  acres  of  redw(X)d  timber  land. 
For  15  years  he  held  the  San  Francisco  agency  of  the  I'<jrt  Ludlow  Mill, 
and  afterwards  of  the  Port  Discovery  Mill. 

Dolbeer  &  Carson. — Among  the  lumber  dealers  of  San  Francisco,  and 
the  lumber  manufacturers  of  Humboldt  Bay,  Doi.lsKKK  &  C.VKSON,  whose 
office  is  at  22  California  Street,  occupy  a  notable  place.  They  own  the 
Bay  Mill,  whicii,  soon  after  the  first  excitement  of  the  gold  discovery  had 
passed,  was  erected  by  a  firm  in  which  Mr.  DoLl'.EKR  was  one  of  the  part- 
ners. The  mill  was  burned  in  i860,  and  again  in  187S,  and  e.ach  time 
rebuilt  with  improvements;  and  now  it  is  a  mf)del  establishment,  complete 
in  all  its  parts,  and  prepared  to  handle  the  immense  logs  for  which  the 
Humboldt  forests  are  celebrated.  It  has  a  capacity  to  produce  60,000  feet 
of  lumber  a  day;  and  is  supplied  with  machinery  of  the  latest  patterns  for 
making  shingles,  laths,  and  pickets.  The  sawdust-conveyor  feeds  the  saw- 
dust into  the  furnace  from  the  top,  live  rolls  carry  the  timlxir  to  the  sec- 
ondary saws,  and  power  is  furnished  by  2  steam-engines,  each  of  100 
horse-power.  Besides  this  mill  they  have  a  separate  shingle-mill,  with  a 
capacity  of  100,000  shingles  a  day.  Doi.liKKU  &  Carson  are  also  agents 
for  the  sale  of  the  i)roducts  of  the  Milford  Mill  on  Humboldt  Bay,  owned 
by  THK  MiLFOKD  Mill  and  Lumbkr  Company,  in  which  they  arc  the 
leading  shareholders.  This  mill  has  a  cai)acity  to  saw  40,000  feet  in  a  day, 
and  is  supplied  with  shingle,  lath,  and  picket  machinery.  To  .secure  an 
abundant  .supply  of  material,  they  have  purchased  20,000  acres  of  redwood, 
including  some  of  the  best  near  the  bay.  They  have  4  tramways,  extending 
to  the  logging  camp,  2  miles  of  T-rail,  and  a  locomotive.  They  have  6 
schooners  measuring  1,400  tons  in  the  aggregate,  and  they  ship  to  San 
Francisco,  to  the  leading  ports  on  our  continent  south  of  Monterey,  and  to 
most  of  the  large  seaport  towns  on  both  sides  of  the  South  Pacific,  as  well 
as  to  New  York  and  Boston.  John  Dolbeer,  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm,  is  the  inventor  of  a  valuable  steam  logging  machine,  which  will  be 
mentioned  among  the  notable  inventions  of  the  coast,  and  is  a  recognized 
authority  in  questions  relating  to  lumber  .supply. 

Hanson  &  C3o. — The  Tacoma  Mill,  at  Tacoma,  on  Pugct  Sound,  30,000 
acres  of  magnificent  fir  forest,  purchased  to  .secure  a  supply  of  log.s,  4  sailing- 
ves.sels  measuring  4,000  tons  in  the  aggregate,  a  large  steam-tug,  and  an 
extensive  lumber-yard  at  pier  11,  Steuart  Street,  San  Francisco,  are  the 
property  of  Cn.\RLES  Hanson,  doing  business  under  the  name  of  HANSON 


■ 


> 

rf, 
V. 

> 


c 


7: 


V. 

5 


I  lit    f  i;,  II  f 


WOOD. 


589 


&  Co.  The  mill,  po  feet  long  and  So  wide,  has  ;i  capacity  to  produce  1 25,- 
000  feet  of  lumber  and  40,000  laths  daily.  The  machinery  includes  2  large 
circular  saw.s,  2  resaw  and  gang  edgcrs,  2  upriglit  saw  gang.s,  a  lath  ma- 
cliine,  a  picket  machine,  3  j)laner.s,  a  patent  sawdust-feed,  an  endless  cliain 
.slab-carrier,  and  a  barley-mill.  The  log  is  drawn  over  a  slip  into  the  mill 
at  one  end  to  the  large  circulars,  from  which  it  is  carried  by  live  rolls  to  the 
.secondary  saws,  and  from  them  it  passes  in  shapes  ready  for  the  market 
down  an  inclined  plane  to  the  ships.  The  mill  can  saw  lumber  150  feet 
long.  Additional  machinery  has  been  orderetl  so  that  in  September,  1882, 
the  capacity  of  the  mill  will  be  increased  to  175,000  feet  a  day.  Mr.  HAN- 
SON has  15  logging  camps  in  which  he  employs  400  men,  the  largest  camp 
being  on  the  line  of  the  Olympia  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
At  Tacoma,  besides  the  mills,  he  owns  54  dwellings,  a  telegraph  office, 
and  a  store,  in  which  last  goods  to  the  value  of  $220,000  were  sold  in 
1881.  The  resident  superintendent  in  Tacoma  is  GEORfJi;  E.  Atkinson. 
Mr.  Hanson's  sailing-vessels — the  bark  Sainosct  of  700  tons,  and  the  ships 
Das/ling  Wave  of  1,054,  the  SUirky  of  i,ioq,  and  the  Canada  of  1,200  tons- 
are  employed  exclusively  in  conveying  lumber  to  San  Franci-scu  market. 
The  steam-tug  Tacoma,  measuring  260  tons,  with  a  600-horse-powcr  >  iiginc, 
is  said  to  be  the  strongest  ves.scl  of  her  class  on  our  coast.  Mr.  HANSON 
also  owns  a  sawmill  with  a  capacity  of  20,000  feet  a  ilay  at  Redwood  City, 
giving  employment  in  the  mill  and  logging  camp  to  50  men.  He  is  also 
agent  for  the  Union  Mill,  with  a  capacity  of  40,000  feet,  at  Humboldt  Bay. 

S.  H.  Harmon. — One  of  the  large  lumber-yards  of  San  Francisco  is  that 
of  S.  H.  Harmon,  whose  office  is  at  pier  No.  13,  Steuart  Street;  and  he 
has  branch  yards  at  Point  Sal,  Santa  Barbara  County,  and  at  San  Buena- 
ventura. To  carry  his  lumber  to  market  he  has  4  schooners — the  Z.  B. 
Hcyti-'ood,  107  tons;  [he  (SiM/ala,()i  tons;  ihn  Bi/l t/te  Butcher,  H$  tons;  and 
.  ihc  Bessie  Everdine,  74  tons.  II i-  sells  most  of  his  lumber  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, but  he  ships  to  many  ports  on  the  southern  coast  of  California, 
especially  Wilmington,  to  which  point  he  has  sent  much  redwood  timber, 
some  of  it  43  feet  long,  for  the  sectional  ]>iling  and  bridges  of  the  Atchison, 
Topcka,  and  Santa  Fd  Railroad.  Since  1864  Mr.  Harmon  has  been  a 
stockholder,  and  is  now  the  president,  of  TilK  GuALALA  MiLL  Company, 
an  incorporation  organized  in  1876.  His  associate  shareholders  are  F. 
Heywood,  W.  B.  Heyvvood,  and  C.  L.  Dingley — ail  the  stock  being 
lield  by  4  pcrson.s.  The  company  own  17,000  acres  of  redwood  timber,  a 
railroad  9  miles  long,  2  locomotives,  and  the  Gualala  sawmill  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gualala  River,  and  2^  miles  from  Bowen's  Landing,  a  place  at 
which  no  vessel  has  ever  been  wrecked.     All  the  machinery  of  the  mill  is 


T?^ 


r) 


ill' 
IIP 


590 


M.WIIAdTUr.S. 


(if  the  latest  impnived  pattcins,  and  tlie  caiiacity  is  fio.ooo  feet  a  (la\-.  A 
ntiiles'  saw,  a  Sl'l'.KN's  tri|)k'  ciiciilar  saw,  a  pi)iiy  saw,  a  L;aii;,' etlj^'er,  ^  |)lan- 
iiii;  machines,  a  i)icket  niaeiiiiic,  a  shini;lc  machine,  anil  a  i^ristmill  are 
dri\en  b)'  :;  larije  steam-cnijines,  one  C)  linder  heinj^  J4  bj-  ]o  inches  and 
the  other  14  iiy  24.  The  building'  is  J50  feet  Ion;,'  b_\'  60  wide;  uml  in  the 
loL,';4in.L[  camps  and  mill  IJ5  men  are  emplnjcd,  at  wa.Ljes  r,ini;in;4  fmm  .$30 
t(i  .$100  a  month.    W.  H.- 1  iKVWi  »  >li  is  superintendent  at  the  mill. 

Hastings  Sawmill. — One  of  the  imied  lumber  manufacturinij  est.iblish- 
mcnt.«  of  our  coast  is  the  llastin;4s  .Sawmill,  erected  in  1865  on  the  shore 
of  Hnrrard  Inlet,  near  the  mouth  of  I'razer  Ri\-er,  by  JuiLjlisii  capitalists, 
and  now  the  propert}-  of  DliKSON,  Dl-:  WdLK  iK:  Co.  'l"he  machinery, 
which  was  sent  from  l'.ML;land,  has  a  capacity  to  .saw  -0,000,  and  to  surface 
30,000  feet  a  day.  The  mill  shijis  from  10,000,000  to  12,000,000  feet  annu- 
aiij-,  and  has  been  distin.Ljuishcd  for  the  nmnber  of  larye  spars  fsome  of 
them  40  inches  in  diameter)  which  it  has  sent  to  h'.urope.  The  demand 
tliere  for  wooden  spars  li.-is  howe\er  decreased,  because  of  the  substitution 
of  iron.  The  shi])ments  of  hmiber  in  iScSi  amountcti  to  ii.Soo.ooo  feet, 
cxclusi\cof  SiSo.OOO  laths.  Of  19  cargoes,  12  went  to  jVustralia,  4  to  China, 
and  one  each  to  San  Francisco,  Soutli  Africa,  anil  South  America.  Of  the 
boards,  about  one  tenth  were  dressed,  and  the  \essels  carried,  on  the  average, 
750  feet  of  lumber  for  each  ton  of  measurement.  The  luinber  of  Binrard 
Inlet,  tjcnerally,  is  similar  to  that  of  I'ui^et  Sound,  and  equallj-  ifood  for 
every  purpose,  but  some  of  it  is  softer,  takes  a  smoother  surface  under  the 
plane,  and  is  preferred  b\'  carpenters  for  the  insiile  work  of  jiou.scs.  J.  A. 
R.WMliR  is  tlic  resident  m.inaijer  antl  superintendent  of  the  mill,  and  the 
San  I'rancisco  office  is  that  of  IJICKSON,  Dk  WoLK  i.i:  Ct,).,  412  antl  414 
Uattery  Street. 

George  B.  Knowles  &  Son.— Gkouce  H.  Knowlf.s  &  Son  arc  prom- 
inent lumber  merchants  in  .San  l-"rancisco.  Their  stock  of  Eastern  hard- 
wood, inchKlin;^  oak,  ash,  antl  liickory,  is  s;iitl  to  |je  tlv:  larijest  west  of  the 
Rocky  .Mountains,  and  besitles  they  tleal  in  bl.ick  walnut  and  ICastern  pine, 
and  in  the  kuu'el  (for  shipbiiiklers;,  redwood,  fir,  pine,  antl  cetlar  of  otu' 
coast.  The}'  ha\e  a  lumber-j-artl  occupying  2  50-\ara  lots  on  the  corner  of 
Main  and  Bryant  streets,  and  another  covering  a  50-vara  Kit  on  the  corner 
of  Main  and  Mission  streets.  The  senior  partner  came  to  Califtjrnia  in 
1851,  antl  in  the  same  )ear  began  to  ship  lumber  from  Oregon,  and  has 
continuetl  in  the  lumber  business  imtil  the  present  time.  Mis  first  lumber- 
yard in  San  I'rmcisco  was  establishctl  in  1853,  on  the  north  side  of  Cali- 
fornia .Street  near  I'ront  .the  firm  name  then  was  Haiij;v  K:  K.VOWLES), 
\\here  it  reinained  until  1867,  when  it  was  mtnetl  to  tiie  ctirner  of  Main 
and  Mi.s.sion  strcet.s,  the  present  location. 


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Moodyville  Sawmill. — On  the  shore  of  Ikinaicl  Tnlct,  the  most  con- 
\enieiit  harbor  for  vessels  of  deep  draught  oil  the  mainland  of  Uritisli 
Columbia,  and  near  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  liailnjail,  is  the 
sawmill  of  THE  MOODWILLE  Sawmill  Comtanv  (limited),  the  stock  of 
which  is  held  by  ANDREW  WELCH,  of  San  Francisco,  and  the  lion.  IIUGII 
Nelson,  of  ]?urrard  Inlet,  who  is  the  resident  manager.  It  has  a  capacity 
to  saw  I  50,000  feet  of  lumber  and  to  surface  25,000  in  24  hours.  The  main 
building  is  350  feet  long  by  75  wide,  anil  it  has  2  gang  saws,  a  double  cir- 
cular, 2  planers,  and  an  cdger,  and  gi\es  employment  to  150  white  men. 
WlXCH,  KrniET  &  Co.,  in  Victoria,  and  Welch  &  Co.,  in  San  I'rancisco, 
are  the  agents  of  the  mill. 

Nickerson  &  Co.  —  NiCKERSON  &  Co.  (Byron  Nicker.son  and 
Samuel  ]!akekj  are  proprietors  of  the  Garcl\  Sawmh.L,  one  of  the 
largest  lumber-mills  in  Mendocino  County.  The  mill  was  built  in  1869, 
and  is  fitted  with  double  circular  cdger  and  trimmer  saws,  5  planers,  and  a 
picket  machine,  and  has  a  capacity  of  45,000  feet  a  day  of  rcdwotnl  and  pine. 
The\'  own  a  tract  of  timber  land  containing  3,500  acres,  and  employ  from 
75  to  130  men,  and  sell  by  the  cargo.  A  .shipi)ing  point  is  reached  b>'  a 
flume  6  miles  long,  and  a  tramway  2  miles  in  length,  and  loading  into 
vessels  is  effected  by  a  chute.  The  anchorage  is  o[)eii,  but  vessels  receive 
cargoes  throughout  the  )car.  The  office  of  the  Inni  is  at  202  Sacramento 
Street,  San  I'"rancisco. 

Occidental  Sawmill. —  The  Occidental  Sawmill,  in  the  town  of  luireka 
on  nuinboUlt  Hay,  was  originally  built  by  Rv.\N  &  UUKE,  in  iSOS.  After 
being  burned  down  in  1869,  it  was  rebuilt  by  them  in  1870,  and  sold,  in 
1872,  to  Evans  &  Co.,  who,  in  1875,  .sold  it  to  the  present  owners,  McKay 
&  Co.,  the  partners  in  the  firm  being  Allan  McKay,  Harris  Connick, 
ALiiXANDER  Connick,  anil  A.  J.  Brvant.  The  firm  own  4,000  acres  of 
redwood  timber,  and  cut  their  own  logs,  emiiloying  60  men  for  logging,  and 
40  at  their  mill.  V'cs.sc-ls  drawing  20  feet  can  lie  at  their  wharf  Near  the 
mill  they  have  their  office,  machine  and  blacksmith  slujps,  and  a  boarding 
and  lodging  house  for  their  men.  The  mill,  which  has  a  capacity  to  saw 
50,000  feet  in  12  hours,  and  can  saw  logs  10  feet  'hrcjugh  and  40  feet  long 
into  boards,  is  i6o  feet  long,  60  wide,  and  2  stories  high.  The  first  floor 
has  2  42-inch  tUie  boiler,'-,  24  feet  long,  an  engine  of  100  horse-power,  and 
shingle,  siding,  lath,  and  picket  machines,  shafting,  etc.  The  second  floor 
has  3  62-inch  circular  saws,  (jiie  above  the  other,  arrangetl  under  the  EvANS 
'Jriple  Circular  I'.itent  (which  belongs  to  McKav  &  Co.),  a  pony  circular 
for  resawing  cants,  a  gang-edger,  3  trimming  saws,  and  3  planers  lor  sur- 
facing and  niatching.  The  logs  are  stored  iu  the  waters  of  the  bay,  and  are 
li.iuled  by  steam  up  into  the  mill. 


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592 


MANUFACTURES. 


Pope  &  Talbot. — Since  pioneer  times  PoPK  &Tai,I!()T  h,-i\-c  been  pmmi- 
nent  in  the  liiinbcr  business  of  our  coast,  as  dealers  in  .San  Francisco  (office 
204  California  Street),  inanufactiirers  in  WashinLjton  Territor)',  and  shippers 
in  their  own  vessels.  Amon;^  the  first  to  perceive  the  advantacjes  of  Piiget 
Sound  as  a  source  of  lumber  suppl)-  for  the  Califoriiian  market,  they  selected 
an  excellent  site  at  Port  Gamble,  and  erected  a  mill,  which  has  been  one  of 
the  most  productive  enterprises  of  its  kind.  Workin^^  under  the  name  of 
Tiili  PUGIIT  Mill  Company,  the)-  have  2  mills  at  Port  Gamble,  with  a 
capacity  to  turn  out  I75,CXX)  feet  a  da)-.  Litfht  is  furnislied  by  17  electric 
burners  to  the  spit  and  boom,  the  new  mill,  the  old  mill,  the  firc-ioom,  the 
machine  shop,  the  burners  for  the  spit  and  boom  being  on  hifjh  mast.'i.  The 
actual  annual  product  is  40,000,000  feet.  The  new  mill,  supplied  with  the 
best  machinery  and  with  the  latest  impro\cments,  has  one  circular  saw,  2 
gangs,  one  tabic  edgcr,  2  gangs  of  edgcrs,  one  lathing  machine,  6  trimmers, 
and  2  planing  machines.  TiiK  Pur.ET  Mill  Company  also  own  the 
Utsalady  Mill,  which  cuts  17,000.000  feet  annuall)-;  and  they  also  own  the 
Port  Ludlow  Mill,  which  has  recently  been  supplied  with  a  large  stock  of 
new  machinery,  including  an  automatic  slab  machine,  a  sawdust-conveyer, 
and  live  rolls.  With  their  mills  at  Port  (jamble,  I'ort  Ludlow,  and  Utsalady, 
Thk  Puget  Mill  Comp.WY  will  be  able  to  produce  about  99,000,000  feet 
of  lumber  annually,  a.s  much  as  the  entire  consumption  of  .Sicily,  Cjreece,  or 
even  Portugal.  The  Puget  Mill  Company  also  own  106,000  acres  of 
timber  land  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and  near  their  mills;  and  Till') 
Puget  Sound  Co.MMI:kcl\L  Co.MP.VNY,  another  corporation  comijosed  of 
the  same  members,  have  16  vessels  measuring  14,500  tons  in  the  aggregate, 
for  the  accommodation  of  their  business. 

Port  Discovery  Mills.— This  mill,  the  property  of  The  Port  Discov- 
ery Mh,L  &  LUMliER  CoNH'ANY,  365  feet  long  and  95  feet  wide,  with  a 
capacity  of  100,000  feet  in  12  hours,  has  all  the  most  recent  appliances  for 
sawing  lirst-class  lumlicr  and  economi/ing  labor.  A  new  device  called 
Hve  rolls,  distributes  material  to  the  saws.  An  automatic  wire-feed  carries 
away  the  refuse  isl.ibs,  chii)s,  and  sawdust),  some  of  it  to  the  boiler-room, 
and  some  to  a  place  where  a  continuous  fire  ilispo.scs  of  the  surplus.  The 
macliinei)-  includes  a  gang  of  large  saws  in  a  wide  gate,  3  large  circulars, 
a  gang-edger  with  «  saws,  a  gang  of  lath  saws,  and  3  planers,  driven  by  4 
steam-engines  with  250  horse-iiower.  The  mill  gives  employment  to  70 
men,  wlm  live  in  a  town  laid  off  by  the  coinpan)-,  which,  besides  50  sepa- 
rate dwellings,  contains  a  hotel,  boarding-house,  general  merchandi.se  store, 
t<iwn  hall,  machine  shops,  etc.  The  company  also  owns  and  uses  for  its 
business  the  brig  /),;i<v//.  the  hark  J/irry  (,7orir,  ship  W'nr/iavk.  tug  .S'.  L. 


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Mastick,  and  steamboat  Helen,  wliicli  last  carries  passengers  and  freight  to 
tlic  logging-camps  and  various  ports  on  the  strait  and  sound.  Tlic  mill, 
located  on  I'ort  Discovery  Harbor,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  choicest 
timber  of  I'uget  Sound,  and  which  affm-ds  the  best  facilities  for  ob- 
taining logs.  The  harbor  of  I'urt  Discovery,  an  inlet  2  miles  wide  and  <S 
miles  long,  is  5  miles  west  of  I'ort  I'ownsend,  extending  southward,  and 
only  10  miles  from  I'uca  Strait,  with  a  good  entrance,  secure  anchorage,  and 
ileplh  sufficient  for  the  largest  vessels.  The  greater  proximity  of  this  mill 
and  harbor  to  the  ocean,  being  nearer  thereto  than  any  other  mill  in  Washing- 
ton Territory,  saves  from  $300  to  $500  in  time  and  towage  on  every  large 
vessel,  as  compared  with  other  sawmill  ports  of  Puget  Sound.  Foreign  ves- 
sels arc  allowed  to  enter  and  clear  witJiout  going  to  Port  Townsend,  making 
an  important  saving.  About  20  cargoes  arc  .sent  from  the  mill  to  foreign 
ports  annually.  Commodore  Wll.KKS  recommended  I'ort  Discovery  as  a 
suitable  place  for  a  naval  station;  and  its  excellence  as  a  harbor  and  ad- 
\antageous  situation,  gi\e  it  the  promise  of  future  i)rominence.  The  M.\s- 
IICK  15RollIt:KS  are  the  principal  owners  of  this  pro[)erty,  and  its  agents  in 
San  I'rancisco  are  .(\cki;r.son,  Moore  &  Co.,  at  pier  10,  Steuart  Street. 


Renton,  Holmes  &  Co. —  Ri:\roN,  IIoimi.s  &  Co.,  lumber  merchants  at 
])ier  3,  Steuart  Street,  San  I'Vancisco,  arc  manufacturers  of  lumber  on  I'uget 
Sound  under  the  title  of  TDK  PoUT  Hl,.M<i:i,v  Mli.i,  Co.Ml'.WY.  They  own 
a  great  mill  ;it  I'ort  Hlakely,  opposite  Seattle,  35,000  acres  of  timber  land, 
7  sailing-vessels,  and  a  steain-tug.  The  mill,  originally  built  in  1864,  and 
since  enlarged,  is  490  feet  long  uid  90  wide.  The  ])ower  is  steam,  ami  H 
has  a  capacity  to  saw  175,000  I'eel  of  lumber,  besides  planing  50,000  leet 
and  making  50,000  laths  in  a  ilay  of  12  hours.  It  cuts  logs  6  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  145  feet  long.  Among  its  machinery  are  2  double  circulars,  2 
gangs,  2  gang  edgers,  one  resawing  machine,  a  table  edger,  a  lath-mill,  2 
planers,  sl.ib-carriers,  a  convey<.>i  to  feed  the  sawilust  and  refuse  to  the  fur- 
nace, and  numennis  electric  lights  furnisheil  by  TilK  C'ALli'ORNi.V  I£li:(:tric 
LlCIIT  COAtPANV,  .so  that  ill  th.-  short  winter  days  there  shall  be  no  dark- 
ness to  obstruct  the  manufacture  or  shipment  during  the  working  hours. 
The  vessels  of  the  coinpany  are  the  ships  To/"^al/a)it,  of  i,2.So  tons;  the 
J^nissiit,  of  1,220  tons;  and  the  (?/(r^(',  qf  S80  tons;  the  bark  Ruicotit,  of  850 
tons;  the  b.irkenline  A'.  A',  'lam,  of  560  tons;  the  bark  I.ir:r:h:  Marshal,  and 
the  schooner  C'c'iirser.  In  1881,  70  vessels  t<^i>k  cargoes  oflumber  from  tJie 
mill.  The  town  on  the  land  of  the  company  has  100  dwellings,  a  hotel, 
with  acconunotKilions  for  120  guests, a  school-house,  a  Masonic  hall,  a  store, 
and  400  inhabitants.  The  mill  gives  employment  to  120  men,  and  the  log- 
ging department  to  200  more. 
75 


594 


MWriACI  IRKS. 


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Redwood  Lumber  Mills. —  Ihu  Island  Mill,  nn  an  island  in  Iliimhuldt 
I?ay,  with  a  cai)acit_\-  of  75,000  feet  one  of  the  l;ir.L;est  of  retlwocid  sawmills), 
and  the  Jones  Mill,  with  a  capacity  of  40,000  feet  a  da\-,  in  the  town  of 
Eureka,  on  the  s.une  ba\-,  helony;  to  a  lirni  which  conducts  the  liusiness 
under  the  name  of  1).  R.  J(i\i;s  i  Ci  1.  at  luueka,  and  of  JmiN  KiONT- 
I'lELlJ  &  Co.  at  pier  9,  Steu.art  .Street,  .San  I'nuiciseo.  'l"he  ])artner.s  are  D. 
R.  JoNi.s,  n.  II.  lU;  I  INK,  and  JmiN  Ki;.\tkii.i,|).  The  Jones  Mill,  built 
about  i'S50,  in  earh^  times  contiibuted  much  to  the  prosperity  of  ICureka, 
and  deserves  a  prominent  ])lace  in  the  historv  of  Humboldt  County.  It 
has  been  I'cfitted,  antl  both  mills  are  now  sup])lied  with  the  l.iest  maehiner)- 
and  the  Latest  improvements.  The  Island  Mill  h,is  a  wharf  at  which  5  shijis 
can  load  at  a  time,  The  firm  own  laruje  tracts  of  redwood  timber  near  the 
ba}-,  anil  the\-  have  a  railroad  6  niiles  Ioiil;',  with  20  car-trucks  and  2  first- 
class  locomotives  to  haul  their  Ioljs  to  tide-water,  where  thev'  are  made  into 
rafts  to  be  towed  by  the  firm's  steaui-tui,''  to- the  mills.  The  shijiments  by 
this  firm  to  the  Saiulwich  Islands  L;ive  emiiloyment  to  3  vessels;  4  vessels 
arc  required  to  carrv  their  products  to  ,San  h'rancisco;  and  larLje  (|uantities 
of  ties  antl  lumber  are  shipped  to  the  southern  ports  of  Califi)rnia,  ,ind  to 
Central  and  .South  .America. 


Rock  Bay  Sawmill. —  The  Rock  Hay  Sawmill,  in  \'ictoria,  w.is  erected 
in  187S,  In-  W.  1'.  S.vVWAki),  a  resilient  of  British  C'olumbia  since  iS^.S,  and 
a  pioneer  in  its  lumber  industry  It  occu[)ies  a  valuable  site  near  the  water 
front  of  the  harbor,  and  has  a  coinmoilious  wharf  300  feet  lonj;  on  the  deep 
channel,  ,ind  .).(X)  feet  witle,  offerinij  c.xcellcnt  fiicilities  for  shi|)pini;  the 
products  of  the  mill.  The  capacity  is  30.000  feet  of  lumber  dailv,  anil. 30 
men  arc  cmployeil,  of  whom  one  third  are  Indians.  The  latter  receive 
$1.25,  while  the  pa_v  of  the  white  laborers  is  !$2  a  day. 

A.  M.  Simpson  &  Brother. — A.  .M.  Si.Mi'sox  &  HKorm.u,  prominent 
manufacturers  and  dealers  in  lumber  on  our  coast  fiir  a  quarter  of  a  ccn- 
turv,  are  rem.irk.able  for  the  wide  extent  of  their  operations.  They  have 
7  sawmills,  one  at  .Shoalwater  Hay,  ipiie  im  the  Columbia,  _'  at  (iardner, 
on  the  L'ni]Kiua  River,  one  at  Coos  Hay,  one  at  Crescent  Citv-,  and  one 
at  Boca.  Their  mills  have  a  capacit)-  to  produce  ::70,000  feet,  in  the  aL;;4re- 
[;ati',  dailv,  includinL;  30,000  each  from  Coos  Bay,  Crescent  City,  and  lioc.a; 
40,000  at  .Shoalwater  Hay,  .and  70,000  e.ich  at  the  Colu:iiI)ia  and  (i.ird- 
ner.  Hoca  supjilies  suLjar  pine;  Crescent  Citv,  ledvvood  ;  Coos  Ha_v,  white 
cedar;  and  the  oihei's,  n-d  fir  'Oi'e^on  pine},  .ind  spruce,  makinLj  a  variety 
of  the  most  valuable  kimls  of  I'acific  lumber  now  in  the  market.  I'or  the 
piu'po.ses  of  transportation  the\-  liave  a  licet  of  15  vessels,  includinL;  a  bark 
of  51.S  toil.,,  <i  harkentini.M  of  j,ooo  aL^Ljre^^ate  tons,  a  bri^;  of  31J   tons,  8 


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schooners  of  i,6Hi  aijgicf^atu  tons,  and  6  stcain-tucjs ;  tliey  arc  now  builclini^ 
a  schooner  of  300  tons,  and  a  steamer,  to  add  to  their  fleet.  They  employ 
500  men,  and  pay  from  $30  to  $100  a  month  waijcs.  Their  office  is  at  44 
Market  Street,  San  Francisco. 

Starbird  & Goldstone.— The  firm  of  S  r.\RiUi;i)  &  Goi.nsnjNK,  established 
as  lumber  merchants  in  San  Francisco  since  1872,  arc  part  owners  in  the 
Albion  Sawmill,  situated  on  y\lbion  harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Albion 
Kiver,  in  Mendcxino  County.  The  comjiany  have  a  steam  tug,  and  chain 
moorings,  where  vessels  of  heavy  draught  can  load.  They  also  own  r8,ooo 
acres  of  redwood  timber  (to  supply  the  material  of  their  production),  a 
town  with  a  hotel,  store,  post-office,  telegraph  office,  28  dwellings,  and  26 
cabins.  The  mill  is  160  feet  long,  100  wide,  and  2  stories  high,  and  has  a 
capacity  to  saw  50,000  feet  in  12  hours.  Its  machinery  includes  sash-saw.s, 
double  circular,  lath-mill,  ijickct-machine,  and  shingle-mill;  and  in  the  log- 
ging and  other  departments  140  men  are  employed.  SlWKBlRi)  &  GOLD- 
.STOXK  have  2  lumber  yards  in  San  Francisco,  one  for  wholesale  business  on 
the  water  front,  between  Main  and  Beale  Street  wharves,  and  one  for 
retail  purpo.ses  at  the  corner  of  Market  and  Spear  streets. 

H.  B.  Tichenor  &  Co. — The  Navarro  River,  which  empties  into  the  Pacific 
in  latitude  39  1  5',  runs  through  the  midst  of  a  region  covered  with  magnifi- 
cent redwood  timber,  in  which  H.  15.  TiCIIENOR  &  Co.,  lumber  merchants  in 
San  Francisco  (office  42  Market  Street),  Iiave  a  saw-mill,  20,000  acres  of 
land  to  supply  material  for  it,  a  wharf  for  convenience  of  shipment,  a  town 
for  the  accommodation  of  their  employees,  and  a  ranch  which  furnishes  beef, 
milk,  and  vegetables.  They  have  work  for  about  200  men,  on  the  aver- 
age, of  whom  175  are  in  the  logging  camps,  and  the  remainder  are  engaged 
at  the  mill  and  wharf  or  rafting  on  the  river.  They  own  a  line  of  5  sailing- 
packets,  pl>ing  between  San  ['rancisco  anil  Navarro  River.  Besides,  they 
have  5  other  vessels  in  the  trade  under  charter.  Their  mill,  erected  in  1861, 
has  a  capacity  of  40,000  feet  a  day.  Cii.\KI.l:s  G.  Y.\Li:,  in  his  valuable 
pamphlet  on  Pacijic  Coast  I /arbors,  published  in  1879,  referring  to  the 
Navarro  River,  saitl:  "The  mill  and  wharf  arc  owned  by  il.  ]}.  TlClIKXOR  & 
Co.  This  new  wharf  is  the  best  and  most  substantial  on  the  north  coast. 
The  piles  have  been  driven  in  very  deep  and  all  the  work  has  been  done  in 
the  ver\-  best  manner."  A  horse  railway,  half  a  mile  long,  leads  from  the 
mill  to  the  end  of  the  wharf.  Not  infrequently  loo.OOO  feet  of  lumber  arc 
.shipped  in  a  day.  They  also  send  several  hundred  cords  of  chestnut-oak 
tanbark  to  San  h'rancisco  annually.  Their  town  has  35  cottages,  a  store,  a 
blacksmith  sho[),  a  telegraph  office,  express  office,  and  a  hall  used  by  the 
Odd  Fellows  and  United  Workmen.    H.  R.  TiCIIENOR  has  been  prominent 


': 


5'/' 


MAXn  At  TIKKS. 


.it 


i 


iil 


l.:'i     ■  1 


ill  the  hiinbci-  business  for  many  \cais,  havini,'  built  a  mill  at  Port  Orford, 
in  1.S53,  to  cut  white  cedar,  which  because  of  that  supplj-  became  known  as 

Port  Orfnnl  cedar. 

Watsonville  Mill. — One  of  the  larijest  lumber  enterprises  on  the  coast 
south  of  San  I'rancisco  is  that  of  Till';  WatsoWILLI;  jMiM-  AXD  Lcm- 
r.KK  COMl'.WS,  which  <:;rew  out  of  a  small  mill  erected  in  iS62ln-  J.  li. 
I?U(i\v\.  .Sofin  afterwards  he  was  jfiincd  b)-  J.  I,.  I  l.M.si  1; ai  >,  ,ind  as  busi- 
ness enlarged  under  careful  and  judicious  mana,^'ement,  llu}-  admitted 
NliWM.VN  S.wr.ORX  into  their  firm,  ami  built  a  new  mill.  l"or  the  purpose 
of  consoliilatiny;  ri\al  redwood  interests,  thej-  added  CUARI.KS  FoUD,  Lu- 
CIEN  Samiorn,  and  \Vm.  Willia.Msox  to  their  list  of  partners.  Four 
years  later  Xi:\VMAX  Saxisorx  died,  and  .\.  L.  SAMinRX,  a  younL;er 
brother,  took  his  place.  Mr.  WJI.LIAMSOX  .sold  out  in  1872;  and,  in  1.S7S, 
the  partners  formed  an  incorporation.  C'lI.VRl.I'.S  FoRI)  is  president;  J.  15. 
Browx,  superintendent;  .\.  L.  .S.WI'.okX,  treasurer;  and  Jami.s  Li:\- 
SCOTT,  secretary ;  and  other  shareholders  are  Lucius  .SaxudRX  and  J.  L. 
ITai,sT!;.\1j.  They  have  3  .sawmills  with  an  aggrcLjalc  capacity  of  75,000  feet, 
and  a  shiiv^le-mill  that  can  .saw  40,000  shinj,des  a  da)'.  To  supjily  the  mate- 
rial for  their  mills,  they  own  8,000  acres  of  redwood  timber  in  the  .Santa  Cruz 
mountains.  Their  mills  and  los^gini^  camp  i;ive  emi)loyment  to  150  men. 
The  main  |)roduct  is  lumber  for  buiklin.Lj  purposes,  but  the\-  also  sell  large 
quantities  of  timbers  suitable  for  railroad  bridges.  The  firm  of  Ivird  & 
SAXIiORX  have  large  mercantile  establishuK  nts  in  .Salinas  ;md  \\'atson\ille, 
Messrs.  MoRKV  and  jMur.Vsco  being  partners  of  the  house  in  the  latter 
town. 

John  Wigmore. — Joiix  \VI(;M()Ri:,  importer  and  dealer  in  hardwood 
lumber  and  veneers,  came  to  California  in  1854,  and  returning  to  the 
Atlantic  States  the  same  year,  c.ime  out  ag;iin  in  1S57,  ;uul  beg.in  manu- 
facturing the  next  season,  on  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the  Merchants' 
l'-xch;mge  building.  In  1.SO7,  he  built  a  large  furniture  factors-  on  Spear 
Street,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  within  1  J  months  .after  its  completion. 
He  then  discontinued  m.inufacturing,  .and  cnnfined  his  business  to  the  im- 
portation of  cabinet  wcioils  ,ind  s(]uare-edged  hardwood  lumber,  this  being 
the  onl)-  house  nii  the  co.ast  dealing  exclusi\el)'  in  these  articles.  A 
si)eci.ilty  is  maile  of  counter  tops,  choice  foreign  woods  in  logs  and  in  lum- 
ber, white-oak  timber  and  plank,  :ind  locust-tree  nails,  wedges,  etc.  The 
office  and  \'anl  are  at  1  ;,  1  Spear  .Street,  the  pivmises  co\'ering  ;in  .area  of 
230  by  137  feet.     The  proprietor  lives  in  Hosion,  Ma>-..'ichusetts,  and  attends 


to  ]iurchasing  and  shipping,  the  .San  Francisco  business  bcini. 
by  his  son,  Al,i  iioxsn  .\.  Wii-.Mi  )Ri:. 


conducted 


to 


woon. 


597 


Willamette  Sawmill.— Thr  l.irt^cst  s.iwniil!  in  Orcj,'oii  is  tliat  of  TilE 
WiLLAMr.TTi:  Stkam  Mills,  LLMnr.ui.\(.,  .VXD  Manukactltunc  Com- 
I'ANV,  Ijuilt  at  Portland  in  1869  by  Gr.()K<;i':  VV.  WianLER.  Tlic  main 
l)iiildinj.j  is  325  feet  long  by  60  feet  wide,  and  2  stories  higli,  the  upper 
stor)-  being  iisetl  for  a  sawmill,  and  the  lower  one  for  planing  and  mokling 
work.  The  company,  which  was  incorporated  in  1.S71,  employs  150  men, 
at  from  $2.50  to  $3.50  per  day,  cutting  out,  in  a  )-ear,  2G,ooo,ooo  feet  of  lum- 
ber, including  about  I  2,ocxd,ooo  feci  o(  dre.-sed  lumber,  and  6,000,000  lath. 
Sonic  of  this  lumber  is  exported  to  California,  Sandwich  Islands,  South 
America,  and  China,  but  the  larger  part  is  used  in  Oregon  and  W'ashington. 
The  total  \alue  of  a  year's  product  is  about  $325,000.  Connected  with  the 
mill  arc  a  s;ish,  door,  and  blind  factory,  and  a  bo.\  factory,  the  former  turn- 
ing out  products  worth  about  $100,000,  and  the  latter  $25,000.  I'our  other 
sawmills  in  Portland  jjroducc  about  iS,ooo,ooo  feet  annually,  making  a 
grand  total  in  Portland  of  44,000,000  feet,  valued  at  $600,000. 

John  Vance.— In  the  manufacture  of  redwood  lumber,  perhaps  no  one 
has  been  more  successful  than  JOIIX  VaN'CE,  of  Eureka.  He  is  a  pioneer 
settler  at  Humboldt  Bay,  and  president  of  the  Pioneer  Society  of  Eureka; 
also  i)resitlent  of  the  I'.ureka  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  a  leader  in  the 
business  of  his  county.  The  finest  hotel  in  a  seaport  town  between  the 
Golden  Gate  and  the  Columbia  River,  was  built  b)-  him  at  luireka,  and 
supplied  with  all  the  modern  im[)rovemcnts,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000.  To 
obtain  a  .supply  of  jirovisions  for  his  guests,  and  feed  for  his  domestic  ani- 
mals, he  has  a  farm  of  200  acres.  He  owns  thc^  barkentinc  C'/ic/c  Jolui, 
built  for  the  Sandwich  Island  trade,  and  is  part  owner  in  another  vessel. 
He  has  2  sawmills  and  a  shinglc-mill,  each  of  the  former  having  a  capacity 
to  produce  40,000  feet  a  day.  One  mill  is  at  Eureka,  anil  the  other,  with 
the  shingle-mill,  is  on  Mad  River,  15  miles  from  Eureka.  The  mills 
have  live-rolls,  s.iwdust  conveyers,  slab-carriers,  double-circulars,  gang- 
edgers,  and  Stern's  head-blocks.  Mr.  VANCE  also  has  PkeSCOTT's  Patent 
Steam-feed,  the  first  on  this  coast.  This  machine  has  a  steam-cylinder  40 
feet  long,  the  piston  of  which  moves  the  log  back  and  forth  at  pleasure,  and 
can  be  controlled  with  one  finger,  even  when  a  log  weighing  20  tons  is  on 
the  carriage.  Redwood  is  not  sawed  to  a  length  greater  than  40  feet.  He 
has  3,000  acres  of  fine  redwood  timber  on  Mad  River,  a  railroad  8  miles 
long,  laid  with  T  steel  rails,  and  2  Baldwin  locomotives  to  transport  his 
logs.  In  his  mills  and  logging-camps  he  gives  employment  to  150  men. 
Although  the  entrance  of  Humboldt  Bay  i.--  sometimes  difficult,  the  harbor 
of  luu-cka  is  secure.  It  is  expected  that  the  town  will  .soon  be  made  a 
port  of  entry. 


I  I 


■ 


5.;,S 


\iA\riAii  I  i;i:s. 


Planing-mills.— riio  alnindani  ■■  and  cheapness  i.f  lumber,  the  adoption 
rif  unod  a.  tile  ciuef  material  in  the  CDnstruction  of  the  houses,  and  the 
skill  of  the  pc()])le  iti  workintj  wood  on  our  si  )pc.  north  of  Mcxieo,  imply 
the  (.'xtensive  use  of  the  planin;^'-mil!  to  sa\e  'ahor  in  prepariniij  the  hunber 
for  the  carpenter.  The  pieces  rei|uired  fo.  niakiuij  tloors,  sashes,  blinds. 
columns,  pilasters,  cornices,  porticos,  balustrades,  frames,  and  internal  and 
external  casin;.;s  fur  doors  and  windows,  arc  cut  by  machincr)-,  in  finished 
patterns,  at  little  expense,  from  soft  wood.  We  not  only  sup|)K'  our  honie 
demand  for  such  articles,  but  have  bcLjun  an  active  e.K])ortation,  the  annual 
sliipments  to  Mexico,  C  entral  America,  and  Australia  amounting;-  to  $350,000, 
with  a  prospect  of  rapid  increase.  The  sugar  pine,  white  cetlar,  .\laska  cedar, 
asli,  and  redwood  arc  well  ad.ipted  for  such  purposes.  Tlie  suyar  pine,  liow- 
cver,  is  becoming;'  scarce,  the  price  of  its  lumber  iiaxini^f  achanced  to  .$75  for 
1,000  feet.  Redwood  is  used  extensivel)-  for  m.ui\-  kinds  if  planin^-mill 
work,  becau.se  it  is  cheap  ai^d  docs  not  warp,  stain,  or  crack.  Our  coas'  has 
now  20  planiuLj  and  door  jiiills,  with  an  ay.Ljrei^ali'  capital  of  $i,(X)0,ooo, 
einploN'in.L;  1,500  men.  pa_\-in;j;  them  $1,350,000  in  u;iL;es,  usinij  40,000,000 
feet  of  lumber,  worth  .$i,JOO,ooo,  anti  tin-nin;_;  out  a  pnnluct  wortli  $.4.,500,- 
000  in  the  aL^j^ret^atc. 

The  hrst  i)laninjj-miilll  on  our  coast  was  started  in  1S57  on  Market  .Street, 
near  First,  .San  I•"ra^ci^iCo.  by  Mr.  IIl'TTo.N;  and  the  second  one  was  built 
at  Xorth  15each  by  llENiA  Mi;i(;i;s.  The  first  sash  and  iloor  factor\-  was 
e)|)ici«ed  at  MarxsviUc  tn  1N54.  .Amonij  the  noted  planinL;-mills  of  the  coast 
air*  the  California  'PliEM  uTT  &  S.\.N-i;(iK\),  the  .Meciianics'  Rr>si;LL, 
Wilis  &  Co.j,  the  Einterprise  -D.  ;V.  M.WDONAI.U  &  Co.),  the  Centennitil 
(W. !B.  Bkaduukv  .in  San  Franci.sco;  the  Pioneer  1).  G.  Hauxks),  in  Oak- 
lamti::  Perrv,  VVi  lonwc  )R1II  ^;:  Co.,  in  Los  Angjeles;  G.  W.  WlCini.llK,  in 
Pnmiand;  and  the  Royal  City,  in  New  Westminster. 

Ssyal  City  PJAning-mllls.-  I'lii:  Rhvai.  Cit\  I'LAMXC-MiLr.s  Com- 
PX"^-  .  LiMiTi.h  i)artners.  Jdiix  Ih'.NDKV,  IXwii'  McX.MK,  R.  15.  Kki.I.v, 
anc  A\I)l^i:w  I  l.\si..\,.M ),  establisheil  in  1.S7.S,  at  New  Westminster,  is  one 
of  cne  leading;  industrial  enterprises  of  iiritish  Columbia.  The  mills  do 
wrought  and  scroll  :-;u\ing,  pkmin-,  and  turning,  and  maiuilacture  dres.sed 
lumber,  doors,  saslies,  blinds,  and  inold'iigs.  They  can  saw  ::o,ooo  feet  antI 
plane  as  much,  besides  making  100  doors  and  100  windows  in  a  da\-,  and  the 
dr_\'ing  capacil_\-  is  jo.ooo  feet.  The  mills, ire  situated  on  the  b.ink  of  I'rascr 
Ri\er,  with  a  water  froiUage  396  feet  long,  and  a  wharf  reaching  out  to  a 
«lei)th  of  12  feet  at  low  tide.  Tile  mill  is  |,S7  feet  long  b\-  IJO  wide,  with 
additional  buildings  to  furnish  abutulant  store  room.  The  dii\ing  power  is 
supplied   l)y  2  siij.im-engines,  tine  of   1  50  and   the  other  of  j:,  horse-power. 


ti< 


:»;. 


\}i 


1 

1 

!        h! 


m 


.1,    M 


wdon. 


599 


their  lumber  from  Tiir.  Mahfra  Flumt'.  and  Tr AiMNr,  CoMrAW,  aii<l 
tlu.'ir  principal  material  is  sii^^ar  \m\Q,  to  obtain  wliich  they  ]ia\e  at  \arious 
times  biiili  23  saw  mills,  thoui;h  the}-  ha\e  u  illulrawii  n<nv  iVum  tlu'  pro- 
lUictioii  of  roll;,;!!  lumber.  They  were  the  ownersof  a  ihrnr  and  sash  factory 
at  Chico.  with  a  cajiacity  to  produce  10,000  doors  a  month,  and  its  destruc- 
tion by  lire  in  1.S7.S  caused  a  loss  of  $;"3,ooo  to  them.  The)-  employ 
100  men  in  their  factory.  Their  hunber-j'ard,  warehouse  lor  storini^  their 
doors,  sashes,  and  blintls,  and  office  are  at  the  corner  of  Mission  and  Spear 
streets,  where  they  occui)}'  a  lot  Joo  feet  loiii^  by  IJO  wide.  TlKy  shij)  to 
foreit;!!  ports,  but  most  of  their  [jroduels  fmd  a  market  on  tiiis  coast.  The 
partners  are  Jaso.V  .Si'RINdl'.K  and  W.  M.  S.VI.siiruv. 

Box  Factories.— Tile  manufacture  of  \\<ioden  packin,t;-bo.xes  is  an  exten- 
sive business  on  our  coast.  Our  fresh  fruits  are  sent  to  the  local  markets, 
and  our  dried  and  canned  fruits  and  canned  salmon  shipjied  awa)-  in  such 
boxes.  Three  fifths  of  the  entire  production  is  consumed  for  such  purposes. 
There  are  about  a  dozen  factories,  ineludini;  5  in  San  I'raneisco,  .md  one 
each  in  Sacramento,  Los  Anyeles,  San  Jose,  'I'ruckee,  rortland,  Astoria,  and 
Seattle.  They  consume  annually  30,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  worth,  as  they 
receive  it,  $20  a  thousaml  feet,  and  as  the\'sell  it.  $35,  The  price  of  l:)o.xcs 
when  sold  in  considerable  (jiiantities  is  calculateil  liy  the  superficial  feet  of  the 
material.  About  two  fifths  of  the  boxes  are  used  for  soap,  candles,  sui.;ar, 
crackers,  ami  niiscellaneous  piir[)oses.  The  wood  jjreferred  for  fruit  and 
provisions  not  eaiuied  is  siiruce,  which  imparts  neither  taste  nor  odor  to  the 
substances  in  contact  with  it,  is  soft  enf)ugh  to  be  worked  witli  little  expense 
anil  strong;  enou.i,di  to  hold  toLjether  well.  The  suppl)'  of  this  material  is 
abunilaiit  in  the  forests  north  of  latitude  39  ,  but  the  price  has  risen  nearly 
50  ])er  cent,  since  iiS79.  The  machinery  of  the  factories  is  simijle  in  pat- 
tern, tliL  chief  i)ur[)osi;  bein^r  to  turn  oLit  a  threat  ciuantit}'  of  boards  of  uni- 
form sizes  in  brief  time.  Some  of  these  are  planed,  and  others  are  printed 
with  the  address  of  the  houses  ordering  them,  before  nailini,^,  which  last 
is  done  b\-  hand.  Some  of  the  factories  are  associated  with  saw-mills, 
which  cut  th.c  boards  from  the  loy  into  the  rcquiretl  sizes,  and  fasten 
them  together  in  bundles  of  ".shocks,"  which  when  received  at  the  factories 
are  ready  for  nailinjT  tojj[ethcr.  About  40  men  arc  employed  on  an  average 
in  a  factory,  the  wages  being  from  $1.50  to  $2  a  day.  A.s  the  boxes  occu])y 
a  large  .-Dace  in  [iroportion  to  their  weight  and  value,  they  arc  nearly  all 
made  at  he  places  where  the  packing  is  to  be  done.  Thus  San  I'rancisco 
jjacks  large  quantities  of  fruit,  vegetables,  and  sa'aiion,  and  is  besides  a  cen- 
tral jioint  tor  the  supply  of  a  tnultitude  of  towns,  which  are  not  large  enough 
to   maint.un   box    factories  uf  their  own.     Los  Angeles,  Sacramento,   ,San 


m 


iU 


'JOO 


MAM  lACTlKKS. 


Jose,  atul  Portland  arc  similar  cciitcis  of  a,L;i'iciiltiiraI  production;  Astoria 
needs  lioxcs  for  ils  canned  salnif>n  ;  Truckee  and  Scatllc  arc  ])iaccs  where 
more  siiook-.  tlian  hoxc-;  arc  made;  and  Crescent  City  also  makes  shooks. 

Most  of  the  boxes  on  our  coast  arc  made  in  factories  uliicli  de\()te  theni- 
sches  cxclusi\ely  to  the  manufacture  of  boxes:  but  in  places  not  supplied 
with  a  box  factor)-,  if  there  is  a  planin;;-mi!l,  it  usually  has  a  d^p^rtment  in 
which  boxes  are  made  to  order.  AmouL;  the  notable  establishments  arc  the 
L'liion  l)Ox  I'aetory,  eniployitic^  125  men,  the  factory  of  I  loi;i;s,  W'Al.l.  & 
C(  I.,  the  i'acillc-iSox  i'actory,  the  .Standard  Iiox  J-"actory,  ,md  the  San  Imiui- 
cisco  TackitiL,'^  ]5ox  kactory,  of  .San  I-"rancisco;  the  I'iunecr  Hox  l'"actory,  of 
Sacramento,  and  the  factories  of  Jniix  II.VKl.oW  &  Co. 

'j'lit;  ()ut;i;(iN  r)Ai;Ki.i.  Cumi'anv,  of  which  H.  ().  Si:vi:r.\N(  1:  was  th(; 
founder,  and  \\'.viill.\MS  &  EiAAO'lT,  merchants  of  i'ortlanil  are  share- 
holders and  a,c;ents,  has  a  factory  at  St.  Johns,  on  the  Willamette  Ri\er, 
where,  besitlcs  barrels  antl  pails,  bo.xes  lor  fruit  and  cases  for  salmon  are 
made  to  tile  value  of  ,$l  5,000  .annuallj'. 

Cigar-boxes. — The  cit,far-boxcs  required  to  hold  the  cifjars  made  on  our 
c<jast  are  all  made  in  San  l'"iancisco.  The  number  of  boxes  produced 
annuall)-  is  about  1,800.000,  and  their  total  \aluc  $210,000.  The  material 
includes  (ioo.ooo  square  feet  of  Spanish  cedar  an  inch  thiclc,  wortii  $70  a 
thou--and  feet,  and  half  as  mucli  redwood  worth  $^-,.  The  Spanish  cedar  is 
considered  the  best  of  all  wood  for  tile-  purpose,  haviuL^  an  admir.iijle  com- 
bin.ition  of  aroma,  color,  facilit)'  of  workin;^,  ;ind  smoothness  of  texture.  .As 
cigars  ,irc  sold  1)}-  the  thousand,  the  boxes  are  desit;n;ited  b_\'  the  proportion 
of  that  number  they  will  hold.  'i"he  common  sizes  are  tenths  (holdini,'  100 
cigars  eac1i\  worth  16  cents  at  the  factor}-;  tu-cntieths  (lioldinij;  50  each\ 
worth  IJ  cents;  antl  fortieths  (holdin<^  25,',  w-orth  10  cents.  Of  the  entire 
production  ;,o  per  cent.  nia}-  be  tenths,  60  per  cent,  twentieths,  and  the 
remainder  fortieths.  Those  are  the  i)riccs  at  the  factories  ownetl  by  white 
men  foi-  jjoxes  of  Spanish  cedar;  for  redw-ood  the  charLje  is  2  cents  less  on 
a  l)ox;  and  llu' Chinese,  who  make  about  one  sixth  of  the  entire  ])roduction, 
sell  their  boxes  at  lower  fif^ures.  There  are  150  white  laborers  (uien,  boys, 
and  t;irlsi  in  the  factories  owned  by  white  men.  The  white  sawyers  i;ct 
from  .$10  to  .'fi5  a  week;  the  naik-n-  from  $7  to  ."fio,  and  the  planers  from 
$6  to  ,$.S.  The  bo)-s  and  twirls  work  In-  the  piece,  and  the  skillful  L;ct  from 
$6  to  ,$()  a  week.  Hesides  the  white  laborers,  the  factories  owned  by  white 
men  emi)lii_\-  V-'  Chinamen;  and  aboiit  as  man>-  more  Chin, mien  woik  in 
the  C!hincse  factories,  so  that  the  total  number  of  (icrson^  enL;at.;etl  in  (he 
business,  in  liSSi.  is  210,  4  times  as  man)-  .'is  in  I1S7C1. 

riie  factories  of  ciijar-boxes  on  our  coast  are  all  in   .San    Ir.mcisco,  and 


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include  those  of  Koui'.KL  &  BROTHERS,  who  make  600,000  boxes  annually; 
of  C.  A.  &  G.  W.  Hooper,  who  make  1,500  boxes  a  &dy;  and  of  A. 
WaldstEIX,  who  makes  about  as  maiu'. 

Jewelry -boxes. — The  manufacture  of  jewelry-boxes  on  our  coast  is 
conlmed  to  .San  I"rancisco,  and  ^ives  employment  to  a  dozen  persons,  who 
receive  on  an  average  .$1.50  a  day,  about  one  fourth  more  than  is  paid  to 
men  in  the  same  occupation  in  New  York.  The  poplar,  or  white  wootl,  used 
for  frames,  the  imitation  morocco  for  covers,  and  the  linings  arc  all  brought 
from  the  East.  The  annual  production  is  worth  $25,000,  while  the  finished 
articles  brought  from  the  Atlantic  are  worth  twice  as  mucli,  the  annual 
consumption  being  about  $65,000.  There  has  been  a  rapid  growth  in  the 
demand,  purchasers  now  requiring  elegant  boxes  with  jewelry  which  was 
formerly  taken  in  a  pasteboard  bo.x  or  a  paper  wrapper.  The  San  I'ran- 
cisco  boxes  compare  favorablj'  in  design  and  finish  with  those  brought  from 
New  York.  A  considerable  part  of  the  local  business  owes  its  existence  to 
the  local  manufacture  of  jewelry  and  sih'erware  to  order  on  patterns  requir- 
ing special  bo.KCS.  The  only  Pacific  house  that  manufactures  jewelry- 
boxes  is  that  of  i\.  H.  LociIBAUM. 

Furniture. — The  present  condition  of  the  furniture  business  on  our  coast 
may  be  stated  in  general  terms  as  well  inaugurated,  measurably  prosperous, 
and  of  growing  importance.  The  statistics  show  that  the  furniture  trade 
in  California  considerably  exceeds  .$2,000,000  annually,  and  in  Oregon 
reaches  $750,000.  About  one  half  the  furniture  sold  in  the  Californian 
market  is  made  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  the  other  half  is  manufactured 
in  the  State,  while  in  Oregon  not  more  than  one  third  is  imported, 
and  the  other  two  thirds  are  home-made.  A  large  proportion  of  the  furni- 
ture imported  is  sliipped  in  separate  pieces  in  what  is  called  the  "  knock- 
down" state,  ready  to  be  put  together,  and  is  set  up  and  upholstered  here. 
It  is  chiefly  the  higher  priced  goods  that  arc  imported,  though  all  kinds  of 
chairs  are  brought  from  the  East  in  cases  of  a  dozen  each,  to  be  put  together 
here,  as  both  the  material  and  labor  employed  in  their  manufacture  arc  much 
cheaper  there  than  here.  The  "rawhide"  chair,  the  only  distinctl)'  original 
article  of  furniture  produced  on  the  coast,  comes  in  competition  to  a  limited 
extent  with  the  cheap  Eastern-made  chains,  as  it  is  a  light,  durable,  and  in- 
expensive chair,  well  adapted  to  the  climate,  being  someW'hat  larger  than  the 
common  kitchen  chair,  and  made  of  round  pieces,  except  the  nearly  straight 
back,  and  seated  with  rawhide  strips  wo\en  or  plaited  in  large  open  squares. 

The  chief  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  manufacturers  of  furniture  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  are  in  the  mild  and  equable  climate,  and  in  the  high  rates  of 
freight  from  the  Eastern  States.  There  is  no  loss  of  time  here  on  account 
76 


m 


IS 


ii 


602 


M  AM    l\<  TIUKS. 


fif  cxlmm-  liLMl  nr  cold,  and  hu\.  lilllc  oulla\-  is  rc()uircd  for  fuel  and  shelter. 
The  cost  (if  transportation  from  the  I'.ast  is  25  per  cent,  of  the  Eastern 
sclliii;;  ])rice,  even  for  such  articles  as  can  be  packed  to  advantacje,  and  so 
hif^h  as  to  practically  prohibit  tlie  im|)ortation  of  upholstered  jjoods.  The 
f^reat  hindrances  to  production  are  in  the  necessity  of  importing  nearly  all 
the  materials  used.  ']"he  manufacturini^  centers  of  our  coast  have  an  e.\- 
cellent  situation  for  sup[)l)-in;,f  fine  furniture,  not  onl\-  to  the  American  and 
Biitish  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mf)untains,  but  al.so  the  Pacific  islands, 
■yVustralia,  the  eastern  shores  (,f  Asia,  and  the  western  slopes  of  Mexico, 
and  Central  and  .South  America. 

Material  for  Furniture. — The  hinibcr  for  the  manufacture  of  furniture 
is  near!}-  all  imiioricd,  consislin;.;  of  black  walnut,  oak,  asli,  maple,  and 
cherr)-  from  the  Mississippi  \'alle\-;  prima\era  and  Spanish  cedar  from  the 
west  coast  of  Mexico;  toa  and  tamano  from  the  South  Pacific  islands; 
and,  for  the  Ciilifornian  market,  maple,  ash,  alder,  and  white  cedar  from 
OicL^on  and  \\'ashii)L;ton.  .About  one  fourth  of  all  the  wood  consumed  in 
the  manufacture  of  furniture  in  San  I'rancisco  is  imjiorted  from  the  Missis- 
sippi X'alley,  one  half  from  ( )rei;dn  and  W'ashin.Ljton,  one  tenth  froin  Mex- 
ico and  the  .South  Pacific  islands,  antl  the  remainder  comes  from  California. 
Of  the  lumber  broULjht  from  tlie  Mississi])pi  X'alley,  prob.ibly  three  fifths 
are  black  walnut,  and  two  fifths  are  .about  cquallj-  divided  among  ash,  oak, 
maple,  and  cherry.  The  wholesale  ])riccs  of  lumber  in  the  San  Francisco 
market  in  ,Septeiiib('r,  iiS,Si,were  as  follows:  Black  walnut,  $160;  cherry, 
$150;  ma])le.  oak,  and  ash,  each  $110;  Ore^'on  maple,  $40;  white  cedar, 
$55;  akler  and  ash,  .$45;  primaver.i,  $145;  .Spanish  cedar,  $100;  tamano, 
$100;  and  toa,  $140  for  1,000  feet. 

Some  year.s  ago  the  native  woods  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  from  Washington 
to  Central  America,  were  carefully  examined  b)'  Tin;  West  Co.v.st  Fuk- 
NITURIO  Co.MP.V.W  under  the  instruction  of  the  late  W.  C.  R.VLSTO.V,  the 
master  spirit  of  the  compan)-.  .As  the  result  of  this  examination,  prima- 
vcra,  a  Mexican  wood,  strong,  even  in  grain,  susceptible  of  good  polish, 
and  light  yellow  in  color,  was  selected  as  the  material  for  the  furniture  of 
the  Palace  Hotel.  .Such  Californian  oak  as  was  obtainable  at  the  time 
was  unfit  for  furniture,  being  coarse  and  brittle. 

At  that  time  Californian  laurel  had  been  rejected,  because  much  furniture 
and  the  inside-work  of  houses  made  of  it  had  been  honeycombed  by  .small 
W(jrms;  and  the  same  opinion  still  jirevails  gcnerallj',  although  persons 
possessing  some  k-nowlcdge  and  experience  declare  that  it  is  a  mistake. 
The  laurel  in  the  inside-work  of  a  very  costly  mansion  in  San  Mateo 
Co"nt)-  is  in  excellent  condition  after  a  lapse  of  mure  than    10  years,  and 


\\l-)(  111. 


(n^\ 


bills  fair  t<i  last  as  lonij  as  the  liinisr  itsilf.  Thi-^ucmd  was  ua'-lu'i!  w  illi 
kerosene  l)efi)ie  vaniishiiv^f,  ami  sinci-  thru  llic  worms  haw  shdun  iii>  si;;iis 
of  life.  L'apt.  .\.  \V.  Cll.\si:,  of  the  L'liiteil  Slates  Coast  Survey,  in  the 
t7i'iV-/i?//V  .lAv/////)' for  September,  1S74.  .sai;l:  "The  laurel  is  an  e\eri;reiMi, 
but  has  ,111  annual  llow  of  sap.  This  is  (|uile  an  important  laet  in  eoiniec- 
tion  with  the  proper  |)re[)aration  of  the  timber  for  shipbuiUlinii.  The 
riijht  time  for  cuttiiiLf  is  durin!.;-  the  months  of  .September,  ( )ctober,  and 
November.  If  eut  before  or  after  these  months,  tin-  wnod  is  liable  to 
dcca\-,  and  also  to  be  attacked  In- a  small  worm;  but  in  tin-  proper  time, 
and  when  water  or  dock  .seasoneil,  it  is  full\-  equal  to  I'.astern  oak."  lie- 
.sidcs  pos.sessiny;  the  stren.L;th  and  durabilit}'  suitable  for  ships,  it  has  a  fme 
color,  [(rain,  and  texture,  \er_\-  desirable  in  elcLjanl  furniture.  In  veneers, 
however,  it  remains  sound  and  will  hokl  its  place  as  a  most  beautiful  haid- 
M'ood,  bcin<,f  ecjual  to  satin  wood,  .ind,  for  sonie  purposes,  Ljreatl)'  excels  it. 
For  beauty  of  finish,  delicac)-  of  color,  and  hardness  of  texture  our  nati\e 
laurel  has  no  superior  amontj  all   the  furniture  woods  known  to  the  trade. 

Suijar  pine  is  a  soft  wood,  without  a  ri\al  for  ])atlern-niakin;_;",  but  is  too 
soft  for  ^'eneral  furnitine  purposes.  J'orl  Orford  cedar,  or  white  cedar,  is  a 
fine  wood,  and  is  extensi\ely  used  in  finniturc.  It  is  .somewhat  harder  than 
Eastern  whitewood,  antl,  like  it,  will  take  a  black  stain  equall)'  well  u  ilh 
any  other  wood,  llavint^  a  pleasant  perfume,  with  the  property  of  repel- 
linjj  moths,  much  of  it  is  used  for  the  inside  of  ilrawers,  wartlrobes,  anil  cup- 
boards. The  Thuja  white  cedar,  found  extcnsivelj-  on  oin-  coast,  is  used  in 
Oreyon,  \\'asliinj,rton,  and  Hritish  Columbia  for  furniture  anil  the  in.siile  trim- 
ming of  hou-sc.s.  Its  light  color  appears  to  advantage  when  associa,':cd  with 
darker  wood. 

.Alaska  cedar,  in  the  judgment  of  our  best-informed  furniture  djalers,  is 
destined  in  a  few  )ears  to  fiiul  a  [)lace  in  the  list  of  favorite  woods  for  the 
manufacture  of  fine  furniture.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  grained  woods  in  the 
world,  and  receives  a  polish  equal  to  a  mirror,  and  for  ebonizing  ,s  without 
a  rival.  It  grows  large,  affords  excellent  milling  timber,  and  is  abundant. 
Its  greatest  drawback  is  a  rather  ilisagrccable  odor,  which  can  be  overcome 
on  outside  cabinet  work  that  is  \arnished.  There  is  no  dark  wood  in 
Alaska  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  fui'niture.  Th .  ma|)Ie  of  Oregon 
and  Washington  is  of  a  soft  species,  and  is  e.xtensi\ely  iisci!  in  chair  work 
and  for  furniture  which  is  to  be  ebonized,  anil  in  many  respects  is  inferior 
to  the  maple  of  Canada  and  the  Mississippi  \'alle)-. 

The  Oregon  ash  is  a  very  fine  wood,  none  better  in  the  world,  and  is  as 
much  superior  to  the  ICastern  ash,  for  furnitm-e,  as  the  ICastern  majjle  is 
.superior  to  ours.  Furniture  made  of  this  ash  and  trimmed  with  ash  burl,  is 
very  attracti\e  and  durable.      liej'ond  a  iloubt  this  inie  ash  will,  some  day 


i 


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m 


ili 


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604 


MANll  AinUKS. 


in  tlic  near  fiitiirc,  hccoinc  such  a  faxoriti'  that  it  will  l)c  s(ni_L;lU  after  all 
(iMillir  woiKl.  rile  alilcr  of  (jur  coast  is  a  jjjootl  wood  (ov  use  in  some 
parts  cif  furiiitinc,  hut  requires  to  be  ihoroui^hl)"  kiln-Llried,  more  so  than 
almost  any  (ither  uood.  It  will  take  a  black  stain  readily,  but  bcini;  a  soft 
^^•ood,  it  is  not  s(j  much  in  demand.  The  red  fir  of  Orcj^on  is  the  staple 
\\(pod  of  that  State.  It  is  miicli  like  the  fir-,  of  other  States,  but  differs  in 
the  immense  heiL;]it  of  the  tree  and  the  strength  of  its  fiber.  It  is  used 
ni,iinl_\-  fiir  the  inside  work  of  furniture. 

Tlu;  redwdod  of  California  is  well  known  to  fame,  and  is  indeed  without 
;i  ri\;il  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  distinguished  alike  h_\-  tlie' enormous  si/c 
it  alt.iins,  and  the  niunerous  uses  m.ule  of  it.  In  furniture  it  serves  almost 
innumerable  piu'[)osc.s,  when  treated  in  the  prf)per  manner.  It  can  be 
stained  tn  iinit.ite  any  dark  wootl,  and  [lossesses  this  peculiarity  ih.il  ;i(ler 
beconiinL;  nioderatel}'  dr}'  it  ne\er  shrinks  ;uid  swells  as  do  nearly  all  other 
kinds  of  furniture  wood.  ThouL,di  a  soft  wood,  it  becomes  hard  in  time 
iifter  bciiiL;'  well  wirni-^hed.  The  redwood  knots  cut  into  \eneers  ,are  as 
Ije.iiUiful  as  ambo\'na,  and  when  properly  treated  take  a  very  luLjli  polish. 
This  fact  seems  to  be  not  !,renerall\-  known,  and  it  can  not  be  Ioul;'  before 
the  redwood  burl  will  be  much  sf}Ut;ht  after  for  (jrnamcntinL;  furniture  and 
for  the  inside  finish  of  costl\'  dwellinLjs. 

The  Mexican  prima\cra  is  a  very  fine  hardwood,  and  ha  a  wavy  figure 
similar  to  satin  wood  or  birch.  It  makes  excellent  furniture,  office  trim- 
mings, bank  and  store  counters  and  furnishings;  but  when  used  alone  it 
presents  a  rather  monotonous  appearance.  Ilowcxer,  when  blended  with 
.some  darker  wood  it  makes  beautiful  work.  The  toa  wooil  of  the  .South 
Pacific  islands  is  similar  to  F.astern  w.Unut  in  color  and  texture,  but  is  much 
finer  in  figiu'e.  Some  of  it  is  remarkably  beautiful.  It  has  light  and  dark 
shades,  and  sometimes  very  \\-,\\y  figures.  It  works  up  well  in  mantels  as 
well  as  furniture.  Libraries  fitted  up  in  this  wood  can  not  be  excelled.  It 
takes  a  fine  hard-finish,  is  very  durable,  and  is  much  used  on  this  coast. 

In  certain  styles  of  fine  furniture  teak  is  in  growing  favor.  Central 
American  walnut,  which  is  much  like  toa,  is  gaining  in  popularity  rapidly. 
It  is  a  lighter-colored  wood  than  the  black  walnut  of  commerce  from  Canada 
and  the  Xorthcrn  Mississippi  Valle)-,  and,  when  finished  with  the  dark 
woods  from  the  tropics,  it  makes  a  light  and  gniceful  st\'le  of  furniture.  The 
old  familiar  walnut  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  V.illey  and  the  Canadas  is  in 
the  gre;itcst  demand  in  I'-urope  ever  known,  and  in  recent  years  has  nearly 
doubled  in  value,  iuid  it  has  .already  become  necessary  to  .seek  for  a  substi- 
tute for  it,  which  is  likel)-  to  be  found  in  tlvj  tamano  of  the  South  Pa.cific 
islands. 


\V(  PI  111. 


60^ 


Furniture  Factories.  Tlic  tuniituic  Inisiiiess  dii  etir  od.i'^l  imrtli  <<\ 
IMcxici),  csi)cci.illy  in  tlu'  I'stahliihiiKiUs  mamir.u-turinL;  llu'  inosl  iK.'^^.inl 
articles,  li:is  liccii  associ.ili-il  witli  iipliolsui) .  which  i>  laatcil  si'imratcly  in 
the  chapter  on  textile  faiirics.  .Sonu'  of  the-^e  hoiwe-  have  enii>l..\eil  umre 
men  in  their  iiijjiolstery  departmi'iU--  than  in  the  workiii-  <A'  uoiui.  Such 
stores  as  those  of  C.  V..  I'lJ'M  .S;  Co.,  I'm.  (.AlIl  ( iK  M  A  ITUMll  Ui; 
Mam  t  \ei  u;iNr,  c'umi'ann,  1".  .S.  Cii  mumi  um:  ^:  d  >.,  ami  W.  J. 
lll'.M.V  &  C'li.  contain  l,ir^e  collections  of  furniture  fmi -hed  with  the 
lii;.;hest  mechanical  skill,  in  the  most  costly  materials.  i'he  tasteliil,  orig- 
inal, and  varied  desi,L,nis  are  based  on  acute  perci  ptions  of  s_\ininetry  of 
form  and  harmony  of  color.  In  maii>-  of  their  products  the  dem.mds  of 
art  have  been  stiulied  as  carel"iill\-  .as  those  of  hixiirioiis  comlort.  I  he 
stores  thcnisclves,  or  portions  of  them,  will  compare  favorably  in  the  ele- 
f^ancc  of  their  arran;_;ement  and  decoration,  as  well  ,is  in  the  excellence  and 
beauty  of  their  furniture,  with  first-cla.ss  establishments  of  the  same  class 
in  New  York,  London,  or  P.aris.  Hut  the  correct  taste,  orii;inalit\-  of 
dcsifjn,  and  fmislied  workinanship  are  not  limited  to  the  larijest  establish- 
ments, for  some  of  the  manufacturers  en|j;ay;ed  in  business  <in  a  relatively 
small  scale  sliow  the  capacity  and  enterprise  whicli  promise  to  secure  to 
them  a  large  business  reputation  and  patronai^fc  at  no  distant  time. 

The  first  furniture  factory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  established 
b)-  Mormon  enterprise  at  Provo  in  1.S52.  1  he  work  w.is  roUL;h  but  sub- 
stantial, and  there  h;is  been  a  steady  improvement  in  the  desii;ns.  Till-, 
CaI.IK<ir\1A  l''rRNirUKi:  MANfl-ACTURIXC  Co.Ml'.\.^^■  are  the  successors 
in  business  of  Gi;()R(;i;  C).  Will  iNKV  &  Co.,  who  established  themselves 
as  importers  of  furniture  in  San  I'ranci.sco  in  1S49;  and  the  senior  jjartner 
in  the  furniture  and  upholster)- store  of  I'l-fAt  &  Ij, I. is,  opened  in  1S50, 
occupies  the  .same  place  in  the  firm  of  ClIARLKS  .M.  Fl.UM  &  Co.  For 
)-ears  furniture  was  made  onh'  in  small  shops,  which  were  partly  occupied 
with  repairs  and  with  the  production  of  articles  to  order:  and  it  was  not  until 
I<S57  that  California  had  a  furniture  factor)',  of  which  W.  G.  VVi;iR  was 
])roprietor  lie  eniplo)'ed  100  men,  continued  in  the  business  for  12  )-ears 
or  more,  and  his  success  induced  others  to  follow  his  example.  The  rise  in 
freit;hts  and  in  w.ages  in  the  Atlantic  .States,  caused  b)-  the  civil  war,  yave 
a  lixel)-  stimulus  to  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  as  well  as  of  many  other 
articles  in  San  h'rancisco.  In  iS/O,  .accordinij  to  the  n.ational  census  of 
that  )-ear,  the  i'acific  States  and  Territories  had  126  furniture  factories, 
eniplo\-iiii,r  493  men,  and  the  gross  value  of  their  annual  product  was  $972,- 
000.  Most  of  those  factories  might  properly  be  described  as  the  shojas  of 
cabinet-makers,  in  which  work  was  done  on  a  small  scale.  Our  slope  has 
not  more  than  50  factories  devoted  e.xclusivcly  to  the  manufacture  of  furni- 


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HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  •72-4503 


''^> 

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^^^ 


7. 


6o6 


M.Wl  I  A(  TIKKS. 


tiirc  \»itli  the  ;iiil  nf  stc;iin-pciucr,  anil  most  of  these  arc  to  be  found  in  ami 
ne.ir  Sail  I'"iaiicisco,  I'ortlaiul,  Seallle,  I'i-o\-o,  ami  Sail  Lake  City.  I^cavinf^ 
till'  caliinel  .'.lio])s  out  of  consiileration,  San  l";ancisLO  iias  j6  houses  nianu- 
faiturinL;  furniture,  anil  the  reniaimler  of  the  slo])e  has  as  man)'  more. 
J'he  aj,f!,n-e'^ale  capital  is  $1,(XX),000;  tlie_\-  employ  i.ooo  operatives,  whose 
\vau;i's  .iir.oiinl  to  $750,000  a  jear;  ami  the  a^f^regate  product  is  worth  at 
least  $.?,cxx),i:kdo  a  \-ear. 

Anioni,'  the  furniture  factories  of  .Sari  I'"r,incisco  are  those  of  I'lll';  W'KSl' 
CoA^^r  .Mamiai  TIKINC  CoMi'AW  ;  L.  &  I'..  l".MAMi:i.  I,  which  has  a 
lar^e  factor)'  occupied  mainly  in  the  production  of  jjlain,  hut  ^jood  furni- 
ture; Tin:  L'.Mo.v  |'"i'KMriRi;  Companv,  Kiiin  &  Fuciis,  J.  S.  Hkx- 
M:ri.  RiciiAKi)  1Ii:kkin(;,  S.wukk  ^:  Ri;iriii.i\(i,  J.  H.  LfciisixcjKu  & 
Son,  and  l'"KANK  I.AI.KI'.MANS.  Connected  with  the  house  of  I'".  S.  ClIAD- 
UOL'KNM';  &  Co..  of  San  I'"rancisco.  is  that  of  1'".  S.  CllAUm  ii'km;  &  Co., 
in  Tortland.  In  the  latter  cit\' Ci.  SlIlNDl.LK  has  a  factory.  (■ilI,lii;RT  iS: 
MiidHi:,  in  .San  I'Vancisco,  make  a  specialty  of  manufacturing  school  and 
office  furniture. 


ij 


California  Furniture  Manufacturing  Company. —  The  leading  furni- 
ture house  in  San  I-Vancisco  is  that  of  Till'".  C.\i,ii'i>u\ia  I-'iRM  iLKf; 
Mam  lAi  riuiNc.  Comi'.wv,  \.  I*.  Com-:,  iiresident,  M.  1'.  MooRi:,  sccro- 
t.ir\'.  and  SMAT.sii.u  Mi:rkii.i.,  treasurer,  at  22Q  to  226  Hu.sh  Street.  The 
compaii)'  uas  incorporated  in  I.S72,  with  a  ])aiil-up  ca|)ital  of  $6oo,000.  It 
alixirhed  the  firms  of  X.  1".  Col.l-;  &  Co.  lestablished  in  1S65),  ami  Gi:()R<;i': 
( ).  WlllTMA  iS:  C(i..  and,  not  long  after,  on  the  failure  of  J.  I'.  GOODWIN 
^  Co..  took  the  entire  stock  and  building  of  that  firm.  .Soon  after  the  in- 
corporation, the  conipaii)'  made  a  contract  with  the  .State  for  the  employ- 
ment of  |)riM)ners  at  .San  (Juentin,  200  being  thus  emi)lo)'ed  at  the  rate  of 
40  cents  a  day  for  each  man,  gi\  inij  the  .State  a  ie\enue  of  $So  a  day,  or 
nearly  ^Jj.ooo  a  jear,  till  the  end  of  i.X.Si,  when,  b)-  the  terms  of  the  new 
State  Constitution,  convict  labor  could  no  longer  be  employed  by  imlivid- 
uals  or  corporations.  The  comp;my  gives  emploj'ment  to  75  men  (e.M.'lusive 
of  convicts'  and  to  a  number  of  women  in  the  u[)holstery  ilepartment,  and 
also  to  .1  number  of  apprentice',,  at  wages  ranging  from  $4  to  .$25  per  week. 
In  1S7J  the  comi)any  sold  goods  to  the  amount  of  $i,ir)7,ooo,  the  largest 
amount  ever  sold  by  one  firm  on  the  coast,  though  the  sales  for  2  or  3 
jears  were  not  much  short  of  that  sum.  With  the  depression  of  otiier 
branches  of  business,  the  fiunitiire  trade  has  suffered  for  several  years,  but 
is  now  grailuall)'  recoverin.,,  and  gives  promise  of  renewed  prosperity, 
'i'lll':  C.\I, NORMA  I''iRMHRi.  M  AM  I'.u  If  Kl  M 1  Co.Ml'ANV  keep  a  large 
stock  of  all  the  styles  for  wiiich   there  is  a  demand,  and  find  purclvisers  in 


f 


wonn. 


Coj 


Asia,  Australia,  South  America,  and  Mexico,  as  well  as  in  the  American 
States  and  Territories  of  our  slope. 

Friedrlchs  &  Gercke.— Hci^innini^  on  Spear  Street  in  1S76,  in  ,1  room 
15  by  60  feet,  I'KIKDRK  lis  &  CiiOKi  Ki:,  proprietors  of  the  S.w  I-"kan- 
c:iSCO  I'rRMTl'RK  I'ACIdRV,  both  |)ractical  workmen,  have  built  up  .i  bus- 
iness which  now  occupies  a  buildin;.;-  100  b\-  120  feet,  on  Berr)-  .Street, 
between  Third  and  I'ourth,  and  emiiloys  JO  men,  at  $50  a  day  of  ai^ijreujate 
waj^es,  usin;^  modern  machiner)-,  including;  saws,  ])l,iners,  shiners,  jointc-rs, 
lathes,  stickers,  borers,  etc.,  .and  turns  out  .imiu.ill\-  furniture  worth  from 
.$.^5,cxxi  to  $40,000.  \  m.arket  is  found  in  California,  Orej^on,  \\';ishin.L;toii, 
.(\rizona,  and  the  Sandwich  Islantls.  Their  special  'ine  of  work  has  iieen 
furniture  made  of  cedar  and  walnut.  Both  proprietors  were  born  in  (ier- 
man>-,  Iii;.\RV  I'"Rir.i)Rl<:ils  in  1S47,  and  Wll.i.i.VM  Gkrckic  in  1.S49,  where 
both  were  educaleil.  The  former  cune  to  .America  in  1S66,  and  the  latter 
in  1S69.  in  the  prime  <jf  life,  with  ;i  l;irj,re  and  ijrowing  business  as  ,1  reward 
for  their  enteri)rise  and  hard  work,  the  future  is  full  of  promise  and  encoiir- 
a.ujement. 

Indianapolis  Chair  Manufacturing  Company. —This  establishinent 
\va.s  founded  in  1874  by  F.  KlCN  rscilLER  in  a  store,  20  by  30  feet,  on 
Market  Street,  as  a  branch  of  the  Indianapolis  house.  The  business  in- 
crcasin,:,^  rajiidly,  he  soon  f(3rmed  a  copartnership  with  Messrs.  Woi.MM'.R  I' 
and  Sci IWKR I )r,  and  opened  business  on  a  lar^^e  scale  in  their  present  prem- 
ises on  Xcw  Montgomery  Street,  near  Howard,  embracing;  4  stores  witji 
basement  100  bj-  200  feet,  and  a  finishin^r  department  on  Xatoma  Street, 
25  by  80  feet.  Their  specialt_\-  is  Indian.ipolis  furniture,  also  the  "  Perfect 
Rest  Chair"  and  the  "  I'erfect  Sofa-bed,"  likewise  upholsterinj^,  mattress  and 
bed  manufacturins.;,  and  carpets.  The)-  employ  20  h.'inds,  and  their  annual 
sales,  umountini^'  to  more  than  $150,000,  are  increasing. 

California  Spring  Manufacturing  Company.  — The  Californi.v 
Si'Rl.\(;  M.Wll  AeTlRlNC  Company,  or^rani/.etl  in  1876,  with  a  paid-up 
capital  of  $15,000.  by  the  consolidation  of  the  firms  of  W.VRXI'.K  &  .Sll..sin' 
and  William  Crawiord  &  Co.,  occupy  2  stories  of  the  brick  premises 
Nos.  147  and  149  New  Montgomery  .Street,  anil  ha\e  a  branch  est.iblish- 
mehl  at  224  I'irst  -Street,  Salem,  Oregon.  They  manufacture  wire  si)rings 
for  beds,  sofas,  chairs,  lounges,  etc.,  and  use  about  15  tons  a  month  of  Besse- 
mer steel  wire.  A  read)'  market  is  found  for  their  gootis  all  over  the  coast, 
in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  Japan.  Their  sales,  amounting  to  about 
$f)0,000  annually,  are  const.mtly  increasing.  With  this  business  the)-  com- 
bine the  sale  of  bedding  and   ujjholstered  goods.      The)-  make  a  s[)ecialty 


II 
If 


I     1 


I   i 


e  ■■'. 


r.o8 


MWl   I    \l  TlKl-.S. 


(if  tlu'ir  "Star  Sprin,;  Hod,"  «hicli  lias  a  lar<^c  sale.  The  foiiiulcT  o(  tin; 
business,  .\\iii>  Sai  lokh  \\'ai;m;i.i,  was  Ijoni  in  W'l-monl  aiul  educated 
in  Ohio,  lie  came  tu  t'alifornia  across  the  plains  in  1S50,  settled  at  Diy- 
ti>u  n.  afterwards  innved  tu  t'liica;^(i,  where  he  was  married  in  1S66.  In  1S71 
he  came  to  San  I'rancisco  and  enL;a|-;ed  in  his  presinl  lni>iness. 

Andrew  Frei. — One  of  tlu'  oldest  and  most  successful  furniture  factories 
in  San  iM-ancisco  is  that  of  .\\l>ui:\v  1'"ki:i,  231  to  2y)  Kin.L,'  Street.  The 
business  foutuktl  in  1S64  !))•  I'll.l.li  iS:  I'ki  I,  on  I''rcinont  Street,  in  a  room 
50  by  1CX5  feet,  was  mo\ed,  in  \X6i<  to  Hrannan,  and  in  1S73  to  KiiiL;  Street. 
Mr.  l"li;i,l)  sold  out  to  Mr.  I'Ri'.t  in  1.S77.  The  (.growth  of  this  establishment 
has  been  remarkable.  It  now  o(^u])ies  43,5C)0  sijuare  feet  more  than  an 
acre}  of  floors  in  factory,  warehouse,  dr\in;4-rooni.  and  euLjine-house,  exclu- 
sive of  a  hnnber-yard  IJ5  b)'  100  feet,  |;ives  employment  to  200  men  (no 
Chinamen  ,  reiiuires  j6  niachines,  dri\en  b)'  a  50-horse-power  enjj;ine,  and 
represents  a  capital  of  $35,000.  Mr.  l"l<i;i  does  a  ,Ljcncral  business,  but  his 
s|)ecialty  is  chaniljer  sets,  bedsteads,  and  the  cheaper  class  of  <^(iods;  market, 
the  Pacific  ("oast  and  Sandwich  Islands.  1  le  was  born  in  Sw  itzorlaiul  in 
iS^j,  educated  in  the  common  schools,  .ind  taui;ht  the  wood-turner's  trade. 
After  comiiiL;  to  Anierici,  in  iSjj,  he  passed  7  je.irs  in  I'ittsburi;  and  Cin- 
cinnati, and  reached  California  in   l>!59. 

Herman  Granz.  -.\  strikiuL;  example  of  success  in  the  furniture  business 
is  seen  in  the  case  of  iIi;R\IAN  CiR.W/,  who  started  in  1  Sriy  with  $500 
capit.il.  in  a  room  Ji  by  Vs  ''-■'-'*•  '"i*^'  I'l^'  business  has  j^rown  up  under  his 
nianai,fenient  until  his  capital  amounts  to  .$55,000.  1  leeiii])lo\s45  men,  pays 
$l(X)  a  da\-  waives,  and  $2^  runniiiLj  expenses,  and  occupies  a  lar.L,'e  factory 
3  stories  hii;h,  full>-  e(|uipped  with  modern  machinery,  includinL;  jilaners, 
jointers,  sh.ipers,  band,  jii;,  ami  circular  s.iws,  lathes,  borint,',  stickint.;,  ^'roov- 
in;^f,  and  dovetailiiij^  machines.  ("he  articles  |)roduce(l  in  this  establishment 
are  bedroom  sets,  parlor  frames,  ta  lies,  chairs,  warilrobes,  sideboanls,  library 
and  olTice  furniture,  etc.,  and  are  sold  in  C'alifornia,  ( )re^on.  W'ashini^ton, 
Ne\ada,  . Arizona,  and  the  S.uidw  icli  Islands.  UlCKM.W  (iK.\.\/  was  born 
in  .Saxony,  (lermany,  in  1S41,  where  he  was  educated,  lie  came  to  New 
\'ork  in  1S6.S;  the  next  )ear  he  arrived  in  San  {'"rancisco,  anil  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  present  prosperous  business.  His  factory  fronts  on  Hian- 
nan  ami  Hluxome  streets,  near  Sixth. 

A.  F.  Knorp.— Since  icSOS  \.  I'.  KnokI',  41  1  Mission  Street,  has  been 
successfull\-  en,i;a;.;ed  in  wood-turniii^r  and  manufacturin.i,'  fine  finiiiture. 
I  le  employs  from  1  5  to  20  hands,  .it  an  averaj^e  of  $]  a  da)-,  and  makes  use 
of  I.?  machines.      1  U-  iloes  ,ill  kinds  (if  f.mc)'  woodwork,  devises  models  for 


'Lttimta 


wnoi). 


fiog 


machinery,  and  furniture  for  the  office,  store,  library,  anti  household,  ;uid 
makes  a  specialt)'  of  fittin;,'  up  stores  and  offices.  He  recommends  man>- 
kinds  of  woods  found  on  our  coast,  from  Alaska  to  Central  America,  for 
ornamental  purposes.  Mr.  KXOKI'  was  born  in  W'urtcmbcr^,  ("lermany,  in 
icS^j,  where  lie  was  educated  and  tauj^dit  the  milUvrij^ht's  trade.  In  ICS53  he 
came  to  America,  and  in  1S55  to  Californi.i  in  the  steamship  Uncle  Saw. 
The  tri])  was  an  eventful  one,  as  321  passcnj,'ers  died  of  cholera.  Ik- 
passed  .several  years  in  Tuolumne  and  Solano  counties,  havinj^  been  coroner 
of  the  latter  county  for  several  years. 

Picture-frames,  etc. — All  civilized  communities  spend  annually  larjje 
sums  f(}r  objects  u.sed  in  the  adornment  of  their  homes.  Paintinjjs,  statuary, 
and  mirrors  were  once  the  exclusive  ])ossessioP',  of  the  rich  or  of  the  state. 
Among  the  chief  glories  of  modern  culture  and  industrial  skill  are  tlie  crea- 
tion (jf  a  taste  for  beautiful  objects  among  the  masses,  anil  the  invention  <jf 
mechanical  processes  by  which  the  works  of  great  artists  may  be  nuiltiplied 
and  placed  within  their  reach.  Mirrors  and  pictures  require  frames,  and  to 
the  manufacture  of  these  is  n;iturally  joined  that  of  orn.imental  brackets, 
stands,  and  other  brie  a-brac.  The  now  pre\alent  custom  among  well-to-do 
families  of  personally  pre])aring  many  of  the  household  decorations  has 
created  a  large  demand  for  these,  and  also  for  artists'  materials,  the  sale  of 
which  last  is  said  to  be  10  times  greater  in  proportion  to  ])opulation  in  Cali- 
fornia than  in  any  European  country.  That  the  Pacific  Coast  is  not  be- 
hind the  rest  of  the  world  in  this  respect  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  13  San 
Francisco  firms  arc  engaged  in  the  .sale  of  such  articles.  It  is  estimated 
that  $500,000  is  annually  expended  on  this  coast  for  frames,  mirrors,  and 
pictures.  I-'our  firms  in  San  Francisco  are  engaged  in  importing,  manufac- 
turing, and  jobbing  these  goods,  employing  in  the  aggregate  75  mechanics, 
at  wages  ranging  from  $15  to  $25  per  week. 

The  great  volume  of  this  trade  is  in  pictures  and  mirrors.  The  cheapest 
mirrors,  of  common  silvered  American  window-glass  of  good  quality  in  com- 
mon ])inc  frames,  stained  in  imitation  of  rosewood  or  walnut,  are  usually 
imported  to  this  coast  from  the  I*lastern  States  in  their  frames.  Next 
in  grade,  the  German  iiiatc,  of  which  there  are  several  qualities,  and  of 
these  Havaria  is  the  largest  ])roduccr,  arc  imj)orted  with  silver  backs,  and 
usually  framed  on  this  coast.  The  best  arc  of  excellent  quality,  clear  and 
white,  and  well  polished,  and  differing  from  the  I'rench  plate  mainl)'  in 
thickness  and  strength.  The  so-calleil  I'Vench  plate,  produced  not  only  in 
l'"rance,  but  in  Belgium  and  England,  is,  on  account  of  its  strength,  neces- 
sarily used  in  the  largest  mirrors.  Some  American  plate-glass  is  made  of 
satisfactory  thickncs.s,  but  lacking  in  whiteness,  clearness,  and  polish. 
77 


' 


(jIO 


M.\M;KA(  TLKICS. 


A  lar^c  part  of  tlic  ])icture  trailc  is  done  in  chronios,  pjcncrally  inferior  in 
artistic  (|ualit\-,  tint  occasionally  possessing;  inucli  merit.  These  are  t,'ener- 
all_\-  broii^Mu  in  thin  sheets  and  mounted  liere.  Hoston,  I'hilaiielphia,  and 
New  \'ork  are  hej^innin};  to  ci)mpete\vith  Germany  and  I"'rancc  in  their  pro- 
duction, anil  scarcely  a  jear  passes  without  \isible  imi)rovement,  resultiTij^f 
from  the  tendency  of  buyers  to  reject  the  jxiorer  works.  I'liere  i>  a  consid- 
erable trade  in  cheapoil  ])aintinfrs,  soUl  at  marvelously  low  rates,  in  "silver- 
f,'ilt"  frames.  Steel  en},'ravinj;s  sell  well.  The  increasin;;  demand  and  the 
accumulated  supply  of  larjje  plates  make  it  |)ossible  to  produce  them  with 
less  expcn.sc  than  20  years  ago.  It  reiiuires  hi^h  artistic  abilitj-  to  copv 
the  picture  of  a  jjreat  master,  anil  do  justice-  -so  far  as  black  and  white  can 
do  justice  to  colors — to  its  numerous  merits.  Great  reputations  ha\e  been 
achieved  in  this  art,  and  the  name  of  the  artist,  familiar  to  connoisseurs, 
connnands  hij,'h  ])rices  for  "artists'  ]iroofs,"  as  the  best  impressions  are  called. 
I'iiotoi^ravures,  prints  taken  from  a  surface  made  b)-  the  photo[;ra|)hic 
process,  are  rapidl)'  t;ainin^'  favor.  The)-  are  made  mechanicall)-,  and  can 
never  build  up  artistic  reputations,  but  they  pos.sess  important  merits  in 
which  the  eye  and  hand  of  the  engraver  can  never  eijual  them  in  coi)yinf,f 
|>ictures. 

The  people  of  our  coast  have  a  luxurious  taste  in  frames  for  their  pictures 
and  mirrors,  and  a  multitude  of  skillful  mechanics  fmd  ])rofitable  occupation 
in  supplying;  the  public  want.  The  simple  molilin^^s  used  in  this  work  are 
imiKirted,  but  much  of  the  finer  Work  and  all  the  j;olil-leaf  },nlilin^  on  the 
lartjc  frames,  are  done  here.  S.VXItOKN,  V.VIl.  &  Co.,  .S.  &  G.  Gl'Mi', 
II.Ms.M.WN  HkdlllKU.s,  and  lIi:u.M.\\N  Cniii..\  are  leading  manui'ac- 
turers  of  frames  in  San  Francisco.  \'ery  few  are  made  elsewhere  on  the 
coast. 

Billiard-tables. — The  preat  demand  for  billiard-tables  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  caused  this  brancli  of  manufacture  to  be  established  at  a  very  earl_\- 
date.  In  icS6o  there  were  5  small  factories  in  o|)eration  in  California,  mak- 
in}.j  up  pof'd''  to  the  value  of  about  .$30,cxx)  a  year.  In  1870  there  were 
6  establishments  making'  over  $90,000  worth  of  articles.  In  iSSi  the  value 
of  manufactures  for  the  entire  coast  was  estimated  to  be  little  short  of 
$200,000.  This  industry  is  princi|)all)"  in  the  hands  of  (icrman  and  l""rench 
mechanics,  whose  waf^es  a\erajj;e  about  $3  a  day.  I\astern  mainifacturers 
pa)',  for  the  same  class  of  labor,  from  15  to  20  per  cent,  below  that  rate; 
but  still  are  not  able  to  sell  any  large  quantity  of  goods  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Tables  and  a])paratus  of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture  are 
shipped  in  small  iiuantity  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  Japan, 
and  occasionally  to  other  foreign  destinations.     It  is  claimed  that  in  work- 


i. 


I 

=1^ 


\V(.)OU. 


61 


inanship  anil  beauty  of  design,  tables  made  in  San  Francisco  ami  elsew  licic 
on  this  coast  arc  superior  to  those  of  Mastcrn  manufacture.  Medals  liavc 
been  awarded  at  International  ICxhibitions  helil  in  Santiago,  Chile,  and  in 
S)'dn(;y,  New  South  Wales,  for  articles  made  in  California. 

The  outer  frame  of  the  table  is  inaile  of  ash.,  laurel,  or  walnut.  IJifferent 
varieties  of  wood  are  used  for  the  inner  fr.ime,  but  the  sugar  i)ine,  indige- 
nous to  the  Pacific  Coast,  ami  the  rod  fir  are  those  usually  preferreil. 
The  former  costs  G  to  7  rents  a  foot,  and  the  latter  about  2]4  cents.  Slate, 
for  the  bed  of  the  table,  is  imported  from  Vermont,  but,  for  \ery  costl)' 
articles,  Italian  or  other  marble  is  occasionally  used.  Tile  cloth  is  importeil 
from  I'Vance  or  Mnglantl,  but  more  often  from  I-Vance,  and  costs  $8.50  to 
$9  a  yard.  The  oils,  varnish,  and  shell.ic  used  in  the  process  of  manufac- 
ture are  mainly  of  home  production.  The  rubber  for  the  cushions  is  of 
course  imported. 

The  slabs  of  slate  that  form  the  bed  of  the  table  are  rubbed  as  smooth 
as  |)ossible  with  blocks  of  marble,  ami  afterwards  with  saiulpaper.  The 
bed  is  cemented  to  the  frame  with  glue  and  tightened  with  jacks.  The  legs 
arc  shajied  and  carvetl  by  haiul.  In  fact,  the  process  of  manufacture  is  en- 
tirely manual,  reiiuiring  much  time  and  labor.  In  .some  of  the  o])erations, 
especially  in  that  of  carving  the  legs,  a  nice  taste,  a  sharp  ev-e  and  keen 
tools  are  required.  The  table  most  commonly  used  is  S  feet  iS  inches  long, 
4  feet  6  inches  wide,  and  34  inches  high.  The  cost  when  complete,  with  ali 
the  ajjparatus,  as  cues,  cue-rack,  a  set  of  ivory  balls.  2  strings  of  markers, 
etc.,  ranges  from  $200  to  $500;  but,  of  course,  highly  ornamentetl  articles 
can  be  made  to  order,  up  to  any  jiricc  that  the  purchaser  is  disposed  to  pay. 
The  cost  of  recushioning  tables  is  from  $50  to  $()0. 

The  principal  manufacturers  in  San  I'Vancisco  are  I'llii.ii'  LlKSENl'KI.D, 
J.  G.  II.  Mkvi:k,  Jacob  StkaiilI'  &  Co.,  August  Juncmslut  &  Co.,  and 
theJ.M.  Hkuxswrk  &  IULK1-;  Comi'ANV.  The  first-mentioned  gentle- 
man sl.irted  in  business  in  1855,  employing  only  2  operatives.  He  has  now 
30  men  at  work,  when  working  in  full  force.  The  principal  articles  manu- 
factured in  San  Francisco  in  the  line  of  billiard-tables  are  the  centennial 
bevel  table,  the  American  standard,  the  I'rench  curve,  the  excelsior  and 
the  combination  table.  In  bagatelle-tables,  the  ICnglish  bagatelle,  the 
Jenny  Lintl,  the  Tivoli  and  parlor  bagatelle,  and  the  top  bagatelle  are 
among  the  favorite  descriptions,  and  are  all  maile  on  this  coast. 

The  cues  arc  of  Kastcrn  or  foreign  manufacture.  The  more  expensive 
ones,  inlaid  with  ivory  or  ebony,  come  from  France,  and  are  worth  $12  to 
$50  a  dozen.  Cheaper  articles,  such  as  are  commonlj-  in  use  at  billiard- 
saloons,  are  made  entirely  of  ash,  and  cost  $7  a  dozen.  I'"or  the  cutting  and 
turning  of  billiard-ball.s  there  is  but  one  establishment  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 


n 


!      ;i 


6i2 


MAMl  At  nULS. 


that  of  J.  (i.  II.  Mi;\i;u,  in  San  Francisco,  already  mcntioncti  as  a  inanii- 
factiirer  of  billiartl-tablcs.  The  ivorj'  obtained  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Africa  is  usually  preferred  for  this  purpose,  on  account  of  its  superior  white- 
ness, but  the  tusks  of  Asiatic  elephants,  and  the  fossil  ivory  obtaineil  in 
Siberia,  arc  also  used  for  that  purpose.  In  the  inakinjj  of  a  billiard-ball 
much  delicate  nicet)'  of  manipulation  is  required,  and  iont^  exjicricncc, 
coupled  with  natural  ailroitness  on  the  ]>art  of  the  workman,  are  indispens- 
able. Just  as  every  block  of  marble  is  .said  to  contain  a  statue,  so  every 
block  of  ivf)ry  is  supposed  to  contain  a  perfect  billiaril-ball:  but  it  requires 
a  liit^dily  skilled  mechanic  to  demonstrate  the  fact.  The  utmost  care  is 
ob.^^ervcd  in  thorou.L,dil\-  sea.sonin_Lj  the  balls  in  order  to  extract,  as  far  as 
necessan,-,  the  natural  moisture  of  the  ivor)'.  After  the  scasoninj^  process, 
which  requires  5  or  6  months,  the  colorinjj  is  im|jarted  by  the  use  of  expen- 
si\e  dyes  anil  acids.  The  balls  are  then  polished,  and  are  ready  for  use.  A 
set  of  4  hand.somcly  linished  ivory  balls  is  worth  from  $25  to  $30.  K<ach  one 
wei^'hs  from  7  to  g  ounces,  and  the  standard  size  m  2i^  inches  in  diameter. 


Pianos. — The  value  of  the  inusical  in.strumcnts  sold  annually  on  this 
coast  is  about  $  1, 000,000,  of  which  amount  nine  tenths  are  paid  for  piantis, 
$50,000  for  parlor  organs,  anil  the  remainder  for  other  instruments.  Of  the 
total  value  nearl\-  two  thirds  are  paid  for  imported  work,  principally  the 
output  of  Eastern  factories.  I'-xports  amount  to  $25,000  per  annum, 
bein;^  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and 
Japan,  in  the  order  named.  The  entire  business  of  manufacture,  import, 
and  export  is,  it  may  be  said,  centered  in  San  Francisco.  The  annual  pro- 
duction is  al)out  800  piano.s,  200  house,  and,  perhaps,  5  church  organs,  and 
a  few  guitars,  and  other  small  instruments.  Cai>ital  amounting  to  $700,000 
is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  furnished  to  r  50  men,  who  are 
paid  an  average  of.  $3  per  day  of  10  hours.  Of  pianos,  about  2,500  in 
all,  and  of  organs  300,  are  sold  )'early.  The  chief  labor  of  the  pian(j- 
maker  consists  in  arranging  parts  produced  by  other  manufacturers  and  in 
selecting,  properly  seasoning  and  working  up  suitable  lumber  into  the 
various  forms  of  cases  which  gi\e  beauty  to  the  completed  instruments,  and 
entitle  them  to  classification  with  ornamental  furniture.  Usuall)'  the  com- 
bination of  levers,  by  means  of  which  the  wires  are  struck,  ca'..^-d  the  action, 
is  made  by  a  firm  who  do  nothing  else.  Sounding-boards,  necessarily  of 
thin,  resonant  material,  are  the  work  of  another  house.  The  strings, 
made  of  steel  wire,  must  be  prepared  by  workers  in  that  metal;  the  iron 
frame  and  brass  pedals  must  be  cast  in  foundries;  and  the  key.s  require  for 
their  fashioning  artisans  familiar  with  the  mani|)ulation  of  ivory  and 
m<jther-of-peail.     Most,  if  not  all  of  the  jjarts  mentioned,  are  made  in  the 


WUDI). 


^'13 


Atlantic  Stales,  although  it  is  but  a  few  j-cars  since  strinjjs  were  iinpoited 
from  ICnfiland  and  Germany.  Our  coast  produces  several  varieties  of 
ti.nbcr  having  a  handsome  (,'rain,  admittin}^  of  a  high  polish,  little  affected 
by  ordinary  variations  of  temperature,  and,  consecpiently,  well  suited  for 
piano  cases  or  other  articles  of  household  furniture.  The  demand  for  pianos 
here  is  at  ]>resenl  confined  chiefly  tf)  the  shape  known  as  "upright,"  in  which 
the  strings  are  held  in  a  vertical  frame.  Makers  account  fcjr  this  preference 
partl>-  on  the  ground  of  fashion,  and  partly  because  the  upright  instrument, 
re(]uiring  less  horizontal  space  than  either  the  .square  or  grand,  can  be  used 
in  a  smaller  apartment. 

The  total  number  of  pianos  made  on  the  coast  up  to  the  clo.se  of  I  <S68 
was  550,  and  about  1,000  were  imported  in  that  year.  A  6-octave  square 
piano,  made  in  San  I'rancisco  in  nSjC  by  jACon  Zkcii,  was,  it  is  said,  ihe 
first  instrument  of  the  kind  made  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountaiirs.  The 
first  ujjright  piano  made  in  San  I'Vancisco  was  turned  out  by  G.  RlDOU'  in 
1865.  The  principal  piano-makers  on  the  coast  are  SllEKM.VN,  Clav  & 
Co.,  STRATflAM  &  CoNli,  G.  RUDOLI'II  &  Co.,  IIliM.Mli  &  LONci,  and  C. 
R.  Hall. 

Knabe  Pianos. — A  i)iano  factory  unsurpassed  in  size,  completeness  of 
machinery,  skill  of  workmen,  and  amount  of  material  kept  in  store,  is  that 
of  Wnl  KN'ABK  &  Co.,  in  Baltimore.  The  business,  which  began  about 
50  years  ago  in  a  small  shop,  has  e.vpanded,  until  now  there  is  a  capacity  to 
produce  1,800  pianos  in  a  year.  Tiie  building  covers  2y>  acres,  and  a 
portion  of  it  is  5  stories  high.  The  commercial  department  has  a  branch 
liouse  in  New  York  City,  and  agencies  in  all  the  American,  and  many 
European  cities.  At  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  Wm.  Kn.\BE  &  Co.  ob- 
tained a  diploma  of  honor,  and  medal  of  merit  "  for  general  excellence  in 
the  requirements  of  a  first-cla.ss  instrument."  This  praise  is  apjiroved 
by  the  most  eminent  musicians,  and  their  commendation  has  secured  a 
market  for  the  KN'ABE  I'ianos,  which  are  noted  for  the  volume,  clearness, 
sweetness,  duration,  and  quality  of  all  their  notes;  for  the  precision  and 
elasticity  of  their  touch;  for  the  .solidity  and  thorough  honesty  of  their 
work,  the  uniformity  of  their  excellence,  and  the  extraordinarily  long  time 
for  which  they  remain  in  tune.  If  every  manufacturer  and  distinguished 
pianist  in  the  United  States  should  mention  2  pianos  which  he  preferred, 
the  Knabk  would  probably  be  mentioned  oftener  than  any  other.  Wm. 
Knahe  &  Co.  make  grand,  square,  and  upright  pianos,  and  their  general 
agents  for  the  entire  Pacific  Coast  arc  A.  L.  BANCRorr  &  Co. 

Organs,  etc. — The  number  of  parlor  organs  sold  on  the  coast  annually 
has  not  exceeded  one  fourth  that  of  the  pianos  up  to  the  present  time. 


MANUFACTURES. 


aiul  must  of  these  were  imported;  but  ns  this  branch  nf  the  business  is 
now  recci\inL;  the  particular  attention  of  at  least  one  iar^e  manufacturer,  it 
is  probable  that  hereafter  home  products  will  take  the  ])lace  of  F.astern 
work.  In  the  manufacture  of  organs,  as  in  that  of  pianos,  several  of  the 
parts — as  reeds,  ke\-s,  etc. — are  the  work  of  special  makers,  and  all  are 
assembled  at  the  case  factory  by  experts.  The  present  fashionable  case  is 
made  of  cboniz.cd  wood,  or  wood  stained  black  to  resemble  ebony.  Parlor 
or  house  or},'ans  are  sold  at  from  $100  to  $200  each,  and  upright  pianos  at 
$400  each. 

About  75  church  orphans  have  been  built  in  San  Francisco,  costing;  from 
$1,000  upwards,  some  of  which  were  shipped  to  \Vasiiinj.jton,  Orej^on, 
Nevada,  Me.vico,  and  Centnil  .\merica.  The  first  organ  built  on  the  coast 
was  put  up  by  Joseph  Maver  in  Marysvillc  in  1856.  The  largest  instrument 
on  the  coast,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the  United  States,  is  that  in  the 
Mormon  Tabernacle  at  -Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  Its  base  measures  20  by  30 
feet,  it  is  40  feet  high,  contains  nearly  2,000  pipes,  and  has  a  compass  of 
35  stops.  It  was  built  by  JosKi-il  11.  Riih;ks  in  Salt  Lake  City  in  1866, 
mostly  of  home  material.  Other  musical  instruments,  as  accordions, 
guitars,  violins,  zithcrns,  flutes,  banjoes,  and  a  few  brass  wind  instruments  arc 
m.iile  b\' small  manufacturers  to  fill  special  orders,  but  the  entire  annual  ])ro- 
duction  will  not  exceed  $10,000  in  \alue,  while  at  least  4  times  this  value 
;.re  imported  from  the  Atlantic  States. 

The  laigest  house  organ  manufactory  is  the  establishment  of  TllO>r.\S 
1\I.  Antiseli,.  Tlie  largest  church  organ  building  establishment  is  that 
of  JoiI.N  HerGSTROM,  who  has  been  engaged  in  the  business  since  1864. 
Othci  builders  are  /osEI'II  Maver,  the  oldest  on  the  coast,  FELIX  V. 
SciKJENsrEiN,  and  F.  B.  ScHoENSTElN.  The  last  makes  orchestrion 
cylinders  as  well. 

I'iano  and  organ  keys  are  made  in  San  Franci.sco  by  W.  KELLER  &  Co. 
The  materials  used  are  pine,  cherry,  and  bass  woods,  obtained  here,  and 
elephant  ivory  imported  from  New  York.  About  10  .sets  are  turned  out 
monthly  so  far,  selling  at  from  $15  to  $19  each. 

Clarionets  and  flutes  were  made  in  San  FrancLsco,  in  1859,  from  Mexican 
rosewood,  by  GEORtiE  Pfaek,  a  mechanic  from  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
who  sold  the  clarionets  at  from  $50  to  $150  each,  and  his  flutes  at  $50  each. 
Cll.VRLES  StI'Ml'KE  made  guitars  and  violins  in  the  same  city  in  1857,  the 
wood  for  which  he  obtairled  from  the  Sandwich  Islands.  About  30  orches- 
trion cylinders  have  been  made  in  San  F'rancisco,  and  sold  at  prices  ranging 
from  $100  to  $400  each. 

Coffins. — The  average  number  of  deaths  occurring  in  San  Francisco  is  at 
the  rate  of  about  lof)  a  week,  and  in  California  250  a  week,  or  1 3,000  a  year. 


WOOD, 


r.i; 


It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  business  of  makinp  or  importin}^  coffins 
is  not  a  very  extensive  one.  The  death  rate  in  California,  in  ordinary 
seasons,  is  about  |6  (x;r  t,000,  and  in  San  I'rancisco  about  21  per  1,000. 
Many  of  the  interior  towns  on  the  I'acihc  Coast  have  a  lower  death  rate 
than  San  Francisco;  but  there  arc  few  cities  or  towns  in  the  Union  in  which 
there  is  a  lower  rate  of  mortal  ty  amonj^  infants.  In  New  York,  (!hicaf^o, 
Philadelphia,  and  Haltimore,  nearly  one  half  of  all  the  deaths  are  those  of 
children  under  5  years  of  age.  In  San  I'rancisco  not  more  than  one  third 
of  the  deaths  occur  amoiifj  infants.  With  one  or  two  exceptions,  the  num- 
ber of  deaths  ])cr  1,000,  of  all  apjcs,  is  consi<lcrably  lar},'er  in  ICastern  cities 
than  in  San  I'rancisco.  In  the  populou-.  cities  of  ICuro|)e  it  is  very  much 
lar^jcr.  In  Naples,  Milan,  I-'lorence,  iicrlin,  antl  Vienna,  it  is  almost  double. 
In  i^iverjiool,  Manchester,  and  Glastjow  it  is  50  to  fio  per  cent.  hi{,'her.  In 
New  York  it  is  30,  and  in  Haltimf)re  .75  per  cent,  hij^her. 

There  arc  but  5  firms  in  .San  I'rancisco  exclusively  enga^jcd  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  casket.s,  and  these,  when  running  to  their  full  capacity,  can  sup- 
ply the  dem.'uids  of  the  entire  Pacific  Coast.  Several  importing  and 
retail  houses  also  manufacture  to  order  to  a  small  extent,  aiul  some  of  the 
interior  towns  have  one  or  more  establishments  where  coffins  are  made. 
The  entire  value  of  all  such  articles  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  ])robabiy 
about  $200,000  a  year.  The  materials  used  may  be  estimatcil  at  40  per 
cent,  of  this  sum,  or  $80,000.  There  arc  not  more  than  60  or  70  work- 
men cmjiloycd,  anil  the  amount  distributed  for  labor  may  be  set  down  at 
$45,000. 

Metallic,  walnut,  and  rosewood  coffins  are  imported  from  the  East  to  the 
value  of  $30,000  or  $40,000  a   year,  but  imports  are  rapidly  decreasing. 

The  material  commonly  used  by  manufacturers  on  this  coast  is  Califor- 
nian  or  Oregon  redwood,  but  lumber  merchants  are  now  importing  large 
quantities  of  rosewood  and  walnut  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  and  the  more 
expensive  classes  of  articles  can  now  be  made  in  San  I'Vancisco  of  these 
materials  to  better  advantage  than  they  can  be  imported.  Overland  freight 
on  wooden  coffins  from  New  York  is  4  to  6  cents  a  pound,  while  lumber 
can  be  imported  by  sea  for  less  than  one  cent  a  pound.  With  this  advan- 
tage in  their  favor,  manufacturers  have  already  reduced  the  amount  of  im- 
]iorts  to  a  very  small  figure,  and  it  is  probable  that,  with  the  exception  of 
metallic  caskets,  they  will  soon  supply  the  entire  demand  of  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

It  was  the  custom  in  the  mining  districts  of  California,  during  the  early 
days  of  her  history,  to  bury  corpses  in  rough  wooden  boxes,  and  sometimes 
even  in  sacks.  Until  i860,  coffins,  of  whatever  description,  were  almost 
entirely  imported.     In  that  year  there  was  but  one  establishment  on  the 


6i6 


MAMIAiTlKllS. 


i      j 


Pacific  Ci>ast  at  which  burial  cases  were  made,  and  tlvir  value  did  not 
exceed  $15,000  a  year.  In  1870  there  were  14  manufacturers,  makiti^j 
about  $110,000  wortli  of  caskets,  or  about  half  the  ijuantitj-  required.  In 
iSSi  there  was  not  more  than  one  funeral  in  6  at  which  imported  colTuis 
were  used.  .About  three  fourths  of  the  interments  in  .San  l-'raiv.isco  are 
inatle  in  redwood  coffm.s,  ;ind  tile  remainder  princiijall)'  in  walnut,  ro.scwood, 
or  metallic  caskets.  The  frei^jht  on  metallic  coffins,  from  New  York  to  San 
Francisco,  is  $20  to  $25,  and  still  thc\'  can  be  iinported  for  less  money  than 
it  costs  to  manufacture  them  in  San  Francisco.  It  was  c  ice;  sujjposed  that 
caskets  made  of  metal  possessed  the  advantajjc  of  being  j.ir-ti[;ht.  The 
remains  f)f  a  man  buried  in  ^'erl)a  Huena  t.'emetery  in  1S55,  vere  e.xhumed 
after  a  lapse  of  15  years,  anil  foutiil  to  lie  in  a  perfect  state  of  preservation. 
The  cor])se  had  been  buried  in  a  metallic  coft'm;  and  for  some  years  after- 
wards there  was  a  considerable;  demand,  on  the  Pacific  C<vi:st,  for  similar 
articles.  In  1S70  an  attcm])t  was  made  to  manufacture  them  in  San  P'ran- 
cisco;  but  the  hi^jh  ])rice  of  labor  and  material  rendered  it  impossible  to 
compete  with  Fastern-maile  caskets.  Moreover,  it  was  afterwards  dis- 
covereil  that  most  of  the  metal  cases  were  not  air-tijjht,  anil  wiicn  this  fact 
become  known,  the  ilemand  for  them  ra])idly  decreased. 

Carriages. —  The  liiyh  rate  of  wages,  the  value  of  time  to  business  men, 
the  abundance  and  cheapness  of  horses  anil  horsefeed.  the  sparseness  of  ])oi)- 
ulation,  the  long  distances  at  which  many  of  the  farmers  live  from  towns, 
the  numlx-r  of  good  roads,  and  the  considerable  amounts  of  cxi)orts  and 
imports,  ha\e  led  the  people  of  our  coast  to  own  and  use  an  exceptionally 
large  number  of  wagons  and  buggies.  It  is  doubtful  whether  so  many  arc 
to  be  found  in  proportion  to  the  people  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  All 
the  large  towns  have  iileasure  drives,  on  which  the  light  buggy  and  the  fast 
trotter  are  leading  features. 

While  we  consume  a  great  number  of  wheeled  vehicles,  we  produce  but 
few.  The  oak  u.sed  in  the  heavy  and  the  hickory  in  the  light  wagons  are 
cquall}'  lacking,  and  we  must  import  both  from  the  Mississippi  V'allej-,  anil 
it  is  found  cheaper  to  obtain  them  for  general  use  in  forms  prepared  for 
putting  together,  if  not  already  ]Hit  together,  in  the  various  parts  of  wagons. 
A  great  part  of  the  value  of  a  wagon  is  in  the  wheels,  most  of  which  arc 
made  up  for  us  bej'ond  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Even  when  wagons  are 
made  here,  the  spokes,  felloes,  hub.s,  axles,  and  tongues  have  not  infre- 
quentl)-  been  shaped  in  the  l£ast.  We  purchase  on  this  coast  about  7,000 
farm  wagons  annually,  worth  $100  each,  and  the  number  made  here  is  very 
small,  not  one  factory  or  shop  being  devoted  exclusively  to  their  produc- 
tion.    Nor  until  we  grow  some  wood  that  can  rival  the  Eastern  white  oak 


Wool  I. 


in  strcn^jth,  elasticity,  and  even  hardness  of  tjrain,  is  it  probable  that  we 
can  establish  large  factories  for  farm  wagons  with  profit,  even  if  the  differ- 
ence of  25  per  cent,  in  wages  against  our  inamifacturcrs  should  be  removed. 

In  s|)ring  wagons,  such  as  are  re(|uii  ,11  express,  grocery,  and  dairy 
business,  and  in  buggies  and  other  light  pli  ri-nrc  wagt.'is,  we  do  more,  but 
even  in  this  branch,  we  should  jjrobably  d'l  little  if  it  were  not  for  the 
necessity  of  repairing  old  and  broker  vehicles  in  shopr:.  which  contain  the 
labor,  skill,  tools,  and  materials  for  n  •'  ing  new  work,  ivheii  there  is  nothing 
to  do  in  rep.-iiring.  Most  of  the  shops  in  which  buggies  are  iii.ide  are,  or 
were,  primarily  ilependent  mainly  on  repairs  fir  their  maintenance. 

San  I'rancisco,  which  has  probably  one  third  01  the  manufacturing  in- 
dustry of  the  coast  in  this  branch,  in.ikes  annually  .ibout  500  spring  wagons, 
worth  $200  each  on  the  average;  ;is  many  buggies,  worth  $250;  100  rocka- 
ways.  worth  $450;  ■■md  25  hacks  ;ind  coupes,  worth  $8or.  Man>-  of  these 
are  made  to  order,  either  for  the  sake  of  getting  something  diifcrcnt  from 
the  imported  vehicles,  or  because  of  confidence  in  the  superior  excellence 
of  a  certain  shoji.  Sacramento,  .Stockton,  and  Portland  have  .1  similar, 
and,  perhaps,  relatively  larger  patronage. 

In  some  respect;!  there  has  been  a  considerable  decline  in  the  business  of 
the  C.alifornian  cities.  When  all  the  freights  required  by  the  northern  and 
.southern  mines  were  sent  out  from  Sacramento,  Stockton,  and  Marysville 
in  wagons,  a  special  construction  was  required,  and  the  wagon  factories  in 
those  places  were  large  and  jirofitable  establishments.  The  building  of 
railroads  and  the  decrease  of  ])roduction  and  population  in  the  pl.iccr  min- 
ing camps,  deprived  these  mountain  teamsters  of  much  of  their  business, 
and  diminished  the  demand  for  wagons  of  special  patterns.  The  freight 
is  now  carried  in  vehicles  brought  from  Michigan.  For  many  years 
KiMH.VLL  &  Co.  maintained  a  large  carriage  factory  in  San  Franci.sco,  in 
which  they  employed  100  men,  and  turned  out  100  vehicles  monthly. 
Another  factory,  founded  in  1851,  and  for  many  )-ears  nearly  as  large,  cm- 
])loyed  70  men.  Both  the.se  have  disappeared,  leaving  no  successors. 
High  wages  and  the  necessity  of  importing  all  the  material  destroyed  tlicir 
permanence.  The  more  rapid  communication  with  the  Kastcrn  States,  and 
the  facility  of  obtaining  articles  within  a  few  weeks  after  sending  the  order, 
have  given  the  wagon  ''ctorics  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent  advan- 
tages for  supplying  our  market  much  greater  than  thc>'  had  before  the  rail- 
road days.  The  annual  productioa  o'"  wagons  and  carriages  was  not  half  so 
large  in  1881  in  San  Francisco  as  it  was  in  1869.  It  would  probably  soon 
revive  if  wages  were  the  same  here  as  in  New  York. 

In  1870  California  had  84  establishments  in  which  carriages  and  wagons 
were  made,  employing    630  men  and    10  boys,  with    wages   aggregating 
78 


6i8 


MANUI  ACTURF.S. 


■i     |fi 


11 


$447,336,  using  material  worth  $439,404,  and  producing  vehicles  worth 
$1,309,443.  In  the  same  year  Oregon  made  wagons  in  14  shops,  employ- 
ing 35  men,  with  a  total  product  of  $46,405.  The  similar  statistics  for 
1880  have  not  yet  been  published,  but  the  figure.';  are  probably  not  much 
greater,  notwithstanding  the  large  incre.isc  of  population  and  of  business. 

At  Sacramento  TiiK  Ckntu.m,  Pacific  Raii-KCVO  Company  have  most 
of  their  shops  for  the  construction  and  repairing  of  cars  for  their  own  roads, 
and  the  numerous  roads  whicli  they  control  under  leases.  Cars  are  also 
made  for  several  San  Tranci.sco  street  railroads.  In  1881  the.se  shops  made 
100  cars  and  repaired  800.  This  establishment  is  the  most  extensive  of 
its  kind  on  our  coast,  and  gives  employment  to  1,200  men. 

Among  the  carriage  factories  of  the  coast  are  those  of  Gravk  &  Co., 
Bi.RNAKi)  Gallagmkr,  J.  McCuK,  and  TiiK  Carvill  Manufacturing 
Co.mianv,  of  San  Francisco;  Watkriiou.se  &  LlCSTFR,  II.  M.  Hernard, 
Martin  Kestlkr,  J.  I\  Hill,  Johnson  &  Blue,  and  Pike  &  Youn(;, 
of  Sacramento;  W.M.  P.  MiLLICR  and  M.  P.  HENDERSON,  of  Stockton; 
CiEORdE  P.  Hunt,  Charles  Raisch,  and  Sarers  &  Cutt.s,  of  Marys- 
ville;  and  L.  M.  DvER,  TiiOMAs  I'REEMAN,  and  The  I^spev  ]Man- 
Ul  A(  rURINC.  Company,  of  Portland.  San  P'ranci.sco  has  also  a  factory 
ercctctl  for  the  manufacture  of  baby  carriages,  but  as  its  capacity  exceeds 
the  tlcmand,  most  of  the  time  of  its  10  employees  is  given  to  the  produc- 
tion of  toys. 

Espey  Carriage  Factory.— The  carriage  factory  of  THE  KsPEY  Man 
UF.UTCRiNi;  Company  at  Portland,  the  leading  establishment  of  its  kind 
in  Oregon,  turns  out  half  of  all  the  wagons  and  carriages  made  in  the 
State.  T1k'\'  are  manufactured  with  special  regard  for  the  local  needs,  and 
the  peculiarities  of  a  climate  without  its  like  in  any  other  part  of  the 
Unitetl  States.  The  business  was  commenced  in  1874,  and  has  been  in- 
creasing steadily.  Purchasers  come  from  Idaho  and  Washington,  as  well  as 
from  Southern  and  l'3astern  Oregon,  and  there  is  a  good  i)rospect  for  future 
devcK-jpment.  Most  of  the  materia!  comes  from  the  Atlantic  Slope;  but 
.some  of  Oregon  production  compares  favorably  witli  the  best  oak  and  ash 
of  the  ]\lississippi  basin,  and  is  u.sed  only  in  heavy  wagon  work  and 
machinery  purjioses. 

Holt  Brothers.— Holt  Brothers  established  themselves  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1870  as  importers  and  dealers  in  hardwood  lumber,  carriage  hard- 
ware, anil  trimmings,  including  springs,  a.xles,  bolts,  and,  in  fact,  every  de- 
scription of  material  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  carriages;  also 
ship-plank,  boat-builders'  materials,  and  other  hardwood  lumber.  In  1875 
the  house  started  a  factory  at  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  where  they  manu- 


WOOD. 


619 


facturc  wheels,  hubs,  spokes,  felloes,  shafts,  poles,  and  carriage  woodwork 
for  their  trade  on  this  coast,  and  for  the  Eastern  market.  They  have  also 
a  mill  at  Adrian,  Ohio,  and  one  a'.  New  River,  Virginia,  for  the  manufacture 
of  the  various  kinds  of  hardwood  lumber  direct  from  the  forest.  The  firm 
is  compo.sed  of  four  brothers,  of  whom  C.  II.  HoLT  is  the  representative 
and  resident  manager  in  San  Francisco,  the  others  superintending  the  pur- 
chasing, manufacturing,  and  shipping  of  material  in  the  East.  Their  place 
of  business  in  San  Francisco  is  at  27  and  29  Ik-ale  Street,  and  30  and  32 
Main  Street,  the  store  extending  through  the  block,  fronting  the  last-named 
street.  In  1880  they  erected  for  their  accommodation  a  3-story  fire-proof 
brick  building,  especially  arranged  to  facilitate  the  prompt  handling  of 
goods  with  the  least  possible  amount  of  labor,  including  a  hydraulic  eleva- 
tor, reaching  from  the  basement  (which  is  sunk  3  feet  below  the  water  level, 
and  kept  dry  and  tight  by  planking  and  caulking)  to  the  third  floor.  Their 
trade  embraces  all  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories,  as  well  as  Mexico, 
British  Columbia,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 


Waterbouse  &.  Lester— Wateriiouse  &  Lester,  extensively  en- 
gaged in  the  importation  and  sale  of  hardwood-lumber,  carriage  and  wagon 
material,  and  carriage  hardware  and  trimmings,  the  oldest  house  in  that 
lino  o{  business  on  the  coast,  had  their  origin  in  Sacramento  as  a  shop 
for  the  manufacture  and  repair  of  wagons  and  mountain  stages,  under  the 
firm  name  H.  W.  Bra(;g  &  Co.,  in  1850.  CoLUMisus  Wateriiouse,  the 
-senior  partner,  a  native  of  Vermont,  came  to  California  in  June,  1S50,  spent 
several  years  in  the  mines,  and  in  July,  1853,  bought  an  interest  in  the 
business.  In  the  fall  of  that  year,  the  house  commenced  the  importation  of 
wagon  lumber  and  materials,  and  gave  up  their  manufacturing  branch. 
Sacramento  being  then  the  central  point  for  the  sale  of  wagons  and  wagon 
matcrial.s,  their  business  increased,  and  in  the  fall  of  1854,  after  J.  W. 
Lester  became  a  partner,  Mr.  Wateriiouse  went  to  New  York,  and 
established  there  a  branch  house  (of  which  he  was  manager  for  5  ycvs), 
for  the  purchase  and  shipiTient  of  stock.  In  1859  he  returned  to  California, 
and  J.  VV.  Le.STER  became  the  resident  partner  in  the  East.  During  the 
great  floods  of  1 861-62,  they  were  compelled  to  establish  a  branch  in  San 
Francisco.  In  October,  1865,  11.  W.  Br.\OG  having  .sold  out  to  his  part- 
ners, the  firm  assumed  its  present  title.  The  opening  of  the  Central 
Pacific  and  Union  Pacific  railroads,  by  facilitatirg  heavy  importations  of 
cheap  wagons  from  the  East,  .severely  affected  their  line  of  business.  The 
competition  of  Eastern  wagon  and  carriage  factories,  aided  by  cheap 
freights  on  their  manufactured  work,  forced  several  thousand  mechanics  oil 
our  coast  to  give  up  their  business,  and  tompcUed  WATERIIOUSE  &  Lester 


i 


I  1 


620 


MANLTALTURES. 


to  engage  again  in  manufacturing.  In  the  spring  of  1875,  they  bought  out 
the  firm  of  W.  A.  llrOKNliURC  &  Co.  in  Sacramento,  and  opened  a  factory 
for  the  manufacture  of  wheels  and  wagon  and  carriage  wood  work.s, 
which  they  make  a  specialty.  By  the  extensive  use  of  machinery  they 
can  supjily  the  wagon  and  carriage  makers  of  the  coast  with  wheels 
and  wagon  and  carriage  wood  work  at  prices  as  low  as  I^astcrn  pro- 
ducts of  the  same  cla.ss  can  be  .sold  here,  or  lower.  H.  A.  W.VTKR- 
lIiiL'Si;,  an  elder  brother,  is  now  the  resident  partner  in  the  East,  and  2 
jounger  brothers  are  engaged  with  the  house.  All  are  thorough  busi- 
ness men  and  good  mechanics.  They  have  a  large  store  and  factory  in 
.Sacramento,  and  in  San  Francisco  :cupy  a  brick  building  i^/'/i  feet 
square,  with  3  stories  and  a  basement,  which  they  have  recently  completed 
at  14  to  22  Beale  Street. 

O.  P.  Willey  &  Co.— O.  F.  WiLLEY  &  Co.,  of  427  Montgomery  Street, 
importers  and  manufacturers  of  carriages  and  harness,  have  long  been  fa- 
vorably known  in  the  trade  of  San  Francisro.  The  firm  is  composed  at  the 
liresent  time  of  O.  V.  WiLLKY  and  ClIARLKS  J.  WiLLEY,  brothers,  natives 
of  Vermont.  The  former  came  to  California  in  1850,  and,  after  mining 
for  a  few  months,  established  himself  in  San  Francisco  and  engaged  in  the 
business  of  supplying  water  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  until  1855,  when 
lie  started  in  the  carriage  trade  with  Mll.l.s  C.VDY,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Caov  &  W'lLLEY,  at  316  California  Street.  Having  dis.soKed  partnership 
with  Mr.  Cadv  in  1857,  he  associated  himself  with  T.  S.  EASTMAN  in  the 
firm  of  O.  F.  WiLLEY  &  Co.  Three  years  later  Mr.  Eastman  withdrew, 
and  O.  F.  WiLLEY  was  sole  proprietor  until  1867,  when  Charles  J. 
WiLLEY,  who  had  been  a  resident  of  California  since  1852,  became  a  part- 
ner. The  house  obtained  all  its  stock  in  trade  by  importation  previous  to 
1863,  since  which  year  they  have  been  engaged  also  in  manufacturing;  and 
about  one  third  of  all  the  carriages  sold  by  them  in  the  last  2  years  were  the 
])roduct  of  their  factory.  They  make  a  specialty  of  importing  the  finest 
styles  of  carriages,  and  have  been  agents  for  .several  of  the  leading  manu- 
facturers of  Eastern  cities,  including  BREWSTER  &  Co.,  of  New  York  (who 
recei\ed  the  first  award  at  the  I'aris  ExiJosition  and  the  decoration  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor);  \V.  D.  ROGERS,  of  Philadelphia;  CllARLES  S.  Caefrey, 
of  Camden,  N.J. ;  and  H.  Kll.LAM  &  Co.,  of  New  Haven.  They  deal  exten- 
sively in  harness,  robes,  whips,  and  other  goods  of  the  trade.  O.  F.  WiLLEY 
was  a  member  of  tlie  Asscmbl)'  in  i860, 

Cooperage. — The  wages  paid  to  skilled  coopers  on  the  Pacific  Coa.st 
range  from  $2.50  to  $3.50  a  day,  and  steady  employment  is  furni.shcd  the 
year  round;  but  even  at  these  rates  there  is  a  scarcity  of  workmen.     In  New 


\\\)OlJ. 


621 


York  and  Chicago  the  rate  is  $2  to  $3  a  day,  and  the  latter  price  is  paid 
only  to  the  most  highly  skilled  operatives.  The  difficulty  in  procuring 
labor,  even  at  rates  15  to  25  per  cent,  above  those  prevailing  in  Eastern 
cities,  has  very  much  retarded  the  growth  of  this  industry.  Invitations 
have  repeatedly  been  extended  to  Eastern  workmen,  but  few  of  them  have 
been  induced  to  settle  on  this  coast.  The  journeyman  cooper  is  usually 
inclined  to  improvidence,  and  lack  of  means  rather  than  disinclination  may 
have  stood  in  the  way.  Apprentices  are  prevented  from  obtaining  employ- 
ment b)'  the  jealousy  of  workmen,  or,  if  employed,  do  not  take  hold  of  their 
trade  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  satisfaction. 

It  would  be  very  difficult  to  estimate,  even  approximately,  the  quantity 
of  coopers'  wares  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast  by  brewer.s,  wine  and  liquor 
merchants,  sugar  refiners,  flour  mills,  provision  packers,  dealers  in  drugs, 
chemicals,  oils,  lime,  cement,  etc.  The  multiplicity  of  uses  for  which  keg.s, 
barrels,  liogsheads,  and  casks  are  required  in  California,  where  so  much 
wine,  flour,  fruit,  and  butter  are  produced,  and  in  San  Francisco,  where  the 
manufacturing  interests,  already  large,  are  constantly  increasing,  prevents 
any  detailed  statement  of  the  present  condition  of  this  industry  in  all  its 
departments.  '  tne  idea  of  its  extent  may,  however,  be  gathered  from  the 
following  figuri  hich  have  been  compiled  after  careful  inquiry  among  the 
best  informed  co'  .  in  San  Francisco,  and  represent  the  leading  branches 
of  the  business  on  the  entire  Pacific  Coast. 

It  i.s  estimated  that  there  are  now  in  operation  about  icx)  coopers'  shops, 
giving  employment  to  550  operatives,  and  that  there  are  manufactured 
annually  200,000  casks  and  kegs  for  the  use  of  brewers,  and  for  the  wine 
and  liquor  trade,  worth,  at  an  average  of  $4.50  apiece,  $900,000;  350,000 
barrels  and  half  barrels  for  sugar,  worth  .$210,000;  35,000  barrels  for  pro- 
visions (apart  from  sugar),  worth  $55,000:  and  95,000  powder-kegs,  valued 
at  $.4.3,000;  making  ;i  total  of  $1,208,000.  These  estimates  do  not  include 
ship  cooperage  or  the  requirements  of  the  lime  and  cement  trade. 

Coopers'  Materials. — The  value  of  ship  cooperage  for  1881  was  $30,000 
to  $40,000,  and  of  lime  and  cement  barrels  about  $25,000.  Where  the  kilns 
are  within  reach  of  suitable  timber,  lime-barrels  arc  usually  manufactured 
on  the  premises.  Redwood  is  the  material  commonlj'  used  for  this  purpo.sc. 
For  ship-casks  hard  wood  is  mainly  used,  and  oak  timber  from  the  Fastern 
or  Middle  States  is  the  favorite  material;  but  for  water-casks  supplied  to 
.shipping,  spruce  is  the  favorite  wood.  For  cooperage  requiring  soft  wood, 
the  main  supplies  come  from  the  forests  of  Oregon  and  Washington, 
although  sjirucc,  white  pine,  and  other  soft  woods  are  also  imported  to  a 
small  extent  from  the  Fast. 


■I 


02  2 


MAN  Ul'AC  TURKS. 


Amontj  provision  and  liquor  incrciiaiits  there  is  a  strong  objection  to  the 
use  of  Pacific  Coast  lumber,  parti)-  on  account  of  the  acid  properties  con- 
tained in  the  wood.  Timber  imported  from  the  Mast  is  cut  in  the  winter 
montiis,  when  the  sap  has  ceased  to  flow.  On  this  coast  it  is  cut  at  all 
seasons,  and  when  made  into  barrels  for  the  packing  of  provisions,  or  stor- 
age of  liquors,  is  apt  to  impart  an  acid  fiavor  to  their  contents.  Moreover, 
the  Californian  oak  is  harder  to  work,  and  costs  almost  as  much  to  lay 
down  in  San  Francisco  as  Eastern  material. 

Powder-kegs  arc  usually  made  of  redwood.  The  Santa  Cruz  powder- 
works  alone  use  40,000  to  50,000  kegs  a  year,  and  obtain  their  lumber  in  the 
adjacent  forests. 

Iron  and  steel  hoops  are  made  of  imported  materials.  The  price  of 
hoop-iron  in  San  PVancisco  is  4' j  to  5  cents  a  pound.  Wooden  hoops  are 
made  of  the  hazel-bush,  which  gro-.s  in  ;  cat  abundance  in  Oregon  and 
California. 

Cooperage  Production. — The  value  of  coopers'  wares  produced  on  this 
coast  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  operatives,  is  much  higher  than  in  the 
Eastern  .States.  In  California,  each  workman  produces  on  an  average  more 
th.in  $2,000  worth  of  goods.  In  none  of  the  large  manufacturing  cities  of 
the  East  docs  the  a\crage  exceed  $1,500,  and  it  sclilom  reaches  that  figure. 
In  the  iJroportion  of  the  cost  of  labor  to  the  value  of  production,  the  differ- 
ence between  Calif(jrnian  and  ICastern  cooperages  does  not  exceed  3  or  4 
])er  cent.,  and  is  in  favor  of  this  coast,  notwithstanding  the  higher  rates  of 
wages  prevailing  here.  In  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Illinois,  the 
e.vpense  for  labor  ranges  from  27  to  31  per  cent.  In  California  the  average 
is  about  25  per  cent.  This  advantage  is  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the 
higher  cost  of  material,  which  in  California  is  not  less  than  55  to  60  per  cent., 
while  in  I'"astern  cities  the  average  is  not  more  than  50  per  cent.,  but  the 
difference  has  been  considcrabl>-  reduced  of  late.  Three  years  ago,  freight 
on  staves  from  Lafayette,  Indiana  (the  main  source  of  supply),  was  $3i.S  a 
ton;  it  is  now  $200. 

The  making  of  wine,  liquor,  antl  beer  casks,  includes  at  least  three 
fourths  of  all  the  coopers'  work  done  on  this  coast,  and  as  the  wine  yiekl 
promises  in  the  future  to  cause  a  great  development  in  this  branch  of  busi- 
ness, it  ma)'  be  of  interest  to  state  precisely  the  relative  cost  of  labor  and 
material.  T(j  make  a  puncheon  of  160  gallons,  the  i)rice  of  which  would 
be  $10  (or  a  little  over  6  cents  a  gallon),  there  would  be  required  27  staves, 
worth  at  I0j4  cents  ;ipiecc,  $2.84;  and  25  pcjunds  of  iron,  worth,  at  ^'/,  cents 
a  pound,  $1.12;  the  headings  would  cost  $2;  making  a  total  of  $5.96  for  ma- 
terial, or  nearl)-  60  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  cask;  the  cost  of  labor 


WOOD. 


02}, 


would  also  be  $2,  making  an  additional  20  per  cent.  The  value  of  the  cask 
increases  in  proportion  to  its  size;  the  usual  range  is  5^j  to  8  cents,  but 
some  of  the  largest  ones  made  for  the  cellars  of  wholesale  wine  merchants, 
with  a  capacit)-  of  thousands  of  gallons,  cost  as  much  as  lo  cents  a  gallon. 
Nearly  all  the  different  kinds  of  articles  known  to  the  cooper's  trade,  from 
a  butter  firkin  to  a  I3,000  gallon  wine-cask,  are  manufactured  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  The  packing  of  butter  in  the  spring,  of  fish  and  fruit  in  the  fall 
months,  and  the  demand  for  sugar-barrels  all  the  year  round,  form  consider- 
able items,  but  the  requirements  of  the  wine  and  liquor  trade  far  exceed  all 
others.  The  wine  interest  in  California  has  now  attained  very  large,  and 
promises  to  assume  vast  proportions  in  the  future.  Already  there  is  a  diffi- 
culty in  obtaining  casks  at  reasonable  rates,  and  leading  wine  merchants 
find  it  necessary  to  import  material  in  bulk,  and  to  employ  coopers  to  put 
the  casks  together.  The  entire  value  of  material  and  manufactured  coopers' 
wares  imported  to  this  coast  pnjbably  exceeds  $1,000,000  a  yean  The 
demand  for  wine-casks  was  formerly  restricted  to  certain  portions  of  the 
year,  but  the  storage  and  shipment  of  wine  are  now  conducted  on  so  large 
;i  .scale  that  casks  are  in  request  the  year  round.  Many  of  the  leading 
vine  growers  in  Los  Angele.s,  Sonoma,  and  Napa  counties  have  extensive 
depots  in  San  Franci.sco,  with  vaults  of  cellars,  in  which  they  store  the  prod- 
uct of  each  year.  The  stock  kept  constantly  on  hand  at  some  of  these 
establishments  is  not  less  than  500,cxx)  gallons.  A  glance  around  their 
vaults  shows  a  display  of  casks,  vat.s,  pipes,  and  puncheons  that  would  have 
delighted  the  heart  of  Flannibal,  when  on  his  march  to  Rome  he  bathed  his 
horses'  legs  in  the  choicest  vintages  of  Italy.  At  these  cellars  may  be  seen 
some  of  the  largest  wine-casks  ever  made  or  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  cost- 
ing about  $i,200  each,  and  with  a  capacity  for  holding  \2,ooo  gallon.s.  Sup- 
posing that  the  vintage  of  California  should  increase  only  at  the  rate  of  lo 
to  1 5  per  cent,  a  year  (and  it  is  almost  certain  to  increase  much  more 
rajiidly),  the  production  will,  in  a  few  year.s,  exceed  20,000,000  gallons  a 
year,  in  addition  to  about  600,000  gallons  of  brandy.  To  store  this  stock 
of  wines  and  liquors  will  require  2  or  3  times  the  quantity  of  casks  that  arc 
now  made  by  all  the  coopers  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Many  of  the  regular 
coopers  are  hard  pressed  to  supply  the  miscellaneous  liquor  and  the  provis- 
ion trade,  and  it  may  become  necessary  for  the  owners  of  large  vaults  to 
establish  cooperage  shops  of  their  own,  in  which  to  manufacture  casks  of 
the  si/e  and  strength  needed  for  shipment.  This  has  already  been  done  by 
Dui'.Vl  rs  it  Co.,  proprietors  of  the  Eagle  Wine  Vaults,  and  their  example 
will  probably  .soon  be  followed  by  other  leading  viniculturists. 

Among  the  leading  coopers  in  San  i-'rancisco  are  Lawken'CK  Felvkv, 
RuDoi.i'ii  Armstkong,  L.  N.  II.vndv  &  Co.,  Hogan  &  Co.,  John  L. 


634 


MANTlAt  Tl'KKS. 


IIOI.DKN,  XOKTOX  &  MaDSF.N,  I'CMiA  HrOS.  &  CO.,  TlIE  MATTULLATII 
MANri'A<  TIKINC    C'oMI'ANV,  and  DaVII)  WOKRNER. 

Woodenware. — The  pails,  tubs,  churns,  sjrup-kcf^s,  powder-kegs,  and 
similar  articles  made  of  soft  wood  by  the  iielji  of  machincrj-,  and  forming  the 
chief  products  of  'he  "  woodenware  "  factories,  arc  consumed  here  annually  to 
the  value  of  about  $200,000,  and  are  entirely  supplied  by  local  establishments, 
including  2  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  each  in  Sacramento  and  Portland. 
These  factories  also  make  other  woodenware,  including  broom-handles, 
washboards,  ice-chests,  butter-molds,  sieves,  and  man}-  smaller  articles  for 
domestic  use.  The  one  at  Sacramento  also  makes  fruit-bo.ves.  The  woods 
most  u.sed  are  sjirucc,  cedar,  and  fir.  The  hoo]js  are  usually  of  iron,  thougii 
hazel  hoops  are  also  used  to  a  small  extent. 

Such  articles  as  a.\  and  pick  handles  of  hickor\-,  and  chopping  bowls 
and  trays  of  beech  and  sugar  maple,  arc  imported,  because  there  is  no  tim- 
ber on  this  coast  suitable  for  making  them,  :ind  there  is  more  hand  labor 
used  in  the  process  o{  manufacture  than  can  be  applied  here  profitably. 

In  1S52,  the  mercantile  firm  of  ]'2lam  &  IIoWKS  (succeeded  by  Gi;oKt;K 
IIOWKS  &  Co.,  and  afterwards  by  E.  K.  IIoWKS)  erected  a  woodenware 
factory  in  San  Francisco,  and  it  continued  to  run  until  1880,  when  it  was 
closed  in  consequence  of  losses  suffered  by  the  proprietor  in  other  lines  of 
business.  It  was  the  pioneer  establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  slope.  C.  \V. 
and  G.  W.  Akmes  began  the  manufacture  of  woodenware  at  Mark  West, 
Sonoma  County,  in  1853,  and  encouraged  by  the  condition  of  their  busi- 
ness, moved  to  San  Francisco,  \\here  the  firm  took  the  name  of  Armk.S  & 
Dai.1..\M,  now  the  oldest  factor)-  on  the  coast.  Their  annual  product  is 
worth  about  $190,000.    TiiK  Ma iTui,L.\Tii  Manufacturing  Co.mi>anv, 

and  E.  A.  Stockton,  are  other  manufacturers  of  woodenware  in  San  Fran- 
cisco; Nichols  &  Co.  have  a  lactory  in  Sacramento,  and  Z.VN  Ukotiieks, 
in  Portland. 

MattuUath  Mills. —The  Mattullath  ManuF'Wctuiung  Comi-anv 
of  San  I'rancisco  are  an  extensive  cooperage  enterprise,  (icrhaps  une(|ualed 
in  the  amount  of  their  production.  They  run  3  mills,  employ  about  500 
persons,  ami  turn  out  3,000  barrels  a  da)-.  Two  mills  in  Washington  saw 
or  cut  out  the  material,  and  one  in  San  ]~rancisc<i  ])Uts  it  into  final  shape. 
The  i'-agle  Mill  (a  stave  factory),  situated  on  the  bank  of  Elliot's  Ha)-, 
North  .Seattle,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  tlic  business  center  of  the 
town,  is  the  largest  and  best  eciuipped  of  all  establishments  of  its  kind.  It 
has  200  hands,  and  can  turn  out  the  stavi  and  heads  for  5,000  barrels  a 
day,  besides  furnishing,  from  the  refuse,  material  for  man)-  thousands  of 
boxes.     The  greater  part  of  the  machincrv-  is  maile  under  recent  patents,  of 


WOOD. 


C^:: 


which  this  company  has  exclusive  control,  and  which  were  first  adapted  for 
practical  working,  in  a  large  scale,  by  HUGO  .MaituLLATII,  [ircsident  of 
the  company.  The  process  differs  {jreatly  from  that  used  in  the  old 
methods  of  barrel  manufacture.  The  sides  of  the  vessel  are  made  of  a 
single  sheet,  which  takes  the  place  of  20  separate  staves.  The  sheets  arc 
cut  from  a  large  log  by  revolving  it  against  a  luige  knife.  The  second  stave 
factory,  at  I'uyallup,  employs  60  hand.s,  turns  out  the  material  for  1,500 
packages  a  day,  and  is  a  very  lively  establishment,  running  all  the  year. 
The  total  number  of  persons  in  the  .service  of  the  company  in  Washington 
Territory  is  about  300.  The  sheets,  heads,  and  other  materials  from  the 
Seattle  and  Puyallup  mills  arc  shipped  in  compact  packages  to  the  finish- 
ing factory  on  Brannan  Street,  between  Seventh  and  Eiglith,  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  the  vessels  are  put  together  for  the  market.  The  timber  used 
includes  fir,  spruce,  and  cottonwood,  and  the  barrels  made  are  mostly  of 
the  classes  used  for  holding  dry  substances.  The  San  Francisco  factory 
gives  employment  to  200  persons.  The  company  are  incorporated  for  the 
purpose  of  manufacturing  cooperage,  and  have  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000, 
all  paid  in. 

They  also  make  a  petroleum  barrel,  under  an  invention  patented  by  Mr 
Mattuli..\TII.  The  S-gallon  tin  cans  in  ordinary  use  for  transporting 
petroleum  being  costly,  and  objectionable  in  various  respects,  TllE  Cox- 
TlNENTAL  OiL  AND  Traxspoktation  COMPANY,  of  San  Francisco, 
applied  to  him  for  a  barrel  that  would  serve  the  purpose.  Casks  of 
wood  leaked  ;  casks  of  tin  broke;  and  every  device  failed  until  Mr.  MattL'L- 
L.VTH  invented  a  machine  to  make  a  tin  cask,  which  he  placed  in  a  wootlcn 
cask  a  little  larger,  filling  the  intervening  space  with  cement,  which  prevented 
shrinkage  of  the  wood.  He  then  devi.sed  a  reversible  faucet,  serviceable  as 
a  plug  until  the  kerosene  is  to  be  drawn  off  These  are  the  main  features 
of  the  Mattullatm  Kerosene  Barrel,  which  has  overcome  all  the  diffi- 
culties in  the  way  of  transporting  kerosene  in  casks.  Of  these  kerosene 
barrels,  each  holding  46  gallons,  5,000  are  now  in  use,  and  600  are  made 
every  month. 


Faucets  and  Bungs. — Until  5  or  6  years  ago,  trade  in  these  lines  of 
goods  was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  importers.  Timber  suitable  for  the 
making  of  bungs  is  scarce  and  costly  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  San  Francisco 
firms,  that  import  corks  and  bungs,  have  agents  in  the  Ea.st,  who  are  pre- 
pared to  take  advantage  of  the  fluctuations  in  the  market,  and  who  pur- 
chase and  ship  by  water  at  low  rates.  It  sometimes  happens  that  wooden 
articles  can  be  imported  for  less  money  than  it  costs  to  lay  down  the  rough 
lumber  in  San  Francisco.  Notwithstanding  this  disadvantage,  there  are  3 
79 


1 


!l  il 


! 


i   .1 


n  i 


626 


MANTIACTLUES 


lioiiscs  in  San  I'laiicisco  whose  sole  business  is  the  making  of  wooden 
blinds  and  faucets,  and  one  small  factor}-  for  the  making  of  metallic  bimgs. 
Oak  timber  from  Lake  C<>imty,  California,  is  suitable  for  this  purpose,  but 
most  of  the  material  is  imported  from  Wisconsin.  Spruce  from  Oregon,  hr 
rosewood  from  Mexico,  are  commonl>'  used  for  faucets.  The  cost  of  faucets 
ranges  from  $5  to  $lS  a  dozen,  of  wooden  bungs,  from  $6  to  $7  for  1,000. 
The  capital  invested  in  this  branch  of  business  in  San  P'rancisco  is  about 
$5,000,  and  the  value  of  the  different  articles  manufactured  does  not  exceed 
$7,000.     There  are  still  some  small  im])()rtations. 

Willowware. — Our  coast  buy.s  baskets  to  the  value  of  $50,000  an- 
nually, and  manufactures  to  the  value  of  $10,000,  obtaining  most  of  the 
sur])lus  from  luirope,  and  paying  30  per  cent,  of  the  value  as  national  ta.K 
on  the  importation.  Even  with  such  a  burden,  the  cheap  labor  of  luirope 
can  undersell  llu  Californian  basketmaker,  e.Kcept  for  the  heavy  market - 
baskets,  which  can  not  be  packed  in  a  compact  manner,  and  for  baskets 
recjuireil  to  be  made  to  order.  Most  of  the  factf)ries  are  retail  establish- 
ments, where  the  proprietor  and  several  hired  men  are  engaged  part 
of  the  time  in  selling  or  repairing  imported  articles,  and  give  merely 
a  surplus  of  leisure  to  manufacture.  The  business  conducted  in  this  way 
requires  but  a  small  capital.  The  laborers  number  about  30,  and  are  nearly 
all  men  who  learned  the  trade  in  ICurope.  The  San  I'rancisco  boys  and 
girls  ha\e  shown  no  zeal  in  learning  basketmaking.  Some  Chinese  make 
baskets  for  the  use  of  their  class;  and  a  few  are  employed  in  covering 
demijohns  with  rattan  work  at  the  glass-factory. 

The  coast  has  S  establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  baskets 
and  willowware,  including  7  in  San  Francisco  and  one  in  Sacramento.  It 
gives  employment  to  about  30  persons.  The  pioneer  in  the  business  is 
V"lCTOR  N.WI.KT,  who  opened  his  shop  at  .117  Leidesdorff  .Street,  in  iiSsi, 
and  still  works  at  the  same  place,  with.iut  an  assistant.  The  largest  shop  i.s 
a  branch  of  TllK  W.VKKi'il'.l.l)  R.viTAN  C(iM PAX V,  which  has  1 2  operatives. 

Iiasts. — The  making  of  lasts  was  commenced  in  San  Francisco  in  1864, 
on  a  very  small  scale.  The  establishment  of  numerous  boot  and  shoe  fac- 
tories brought  with  it  a  corresponding  increase  in  the  demand  for  lasts,  and 
at  present  about  30,000  pairs  a  j'ear  are  manufactured.  There  are  but  2 
last  factories  on  the  I'acific  Coast,  both  <if  which  are  in  San  I'rancisco. 
They  employ  14  hand.s,  distribute  $12,500  a  >ear  for  labor,  and  $6,000  for 
material,  anil  make  goods  to  the  value  of  about  $30,000  a  year.  The  wages 
paid  range  from  $12  to  $21  a  week.  Plain  anil  ironed  lasts  are  made  in  all 
styles  and  sizes.  The  materials  u.sed  are  sheet-iron  (used  for  bottoming 
certain  kinds  of  articles),  and  maple  or  laurel  wood.     The  wood  of  the  apple- 


gH 


WOOD. 


O.v 


tree  is  also  used,  and  is  preferred  by  some  boot  and  shoe  manulacturcrs  to 
any  other  description.  A  .small  quantity  of  wood  is  imported  from  the  East; 
principally  from  the  State  of  I\Iaine,  on  account  of  its  being  a  little  harder 
than  California  timber.  Shipments  of  goods  manufactured  in  San  Francisco 
are  made  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  Japan,  and  Australia. 
During  1881,  a  large  order  was  filled  for  a  firm  in  Paris.  California-made 
lasts  compare  favorably  with  goods  of  Eastern  and  foreign  make,  and  have 
undisturbed  control  of  the  home  market. 

Ship-biUldlng. — An  extensive  seacoast,  possessing  numerous  secure  har- 
bors, an  active  maritime  commerce,  and  many  skillful  mechanics,  must  have 
some  ship-building  industry.  In  the  early  years,  after  the  gold  discovery, 
several  ship-yards  were  established  on  the  shores  of  San  Francisco  Bay, 
and  these  were  followed  by  others  at  Stockton,  Vallejo,  Oakland,  Hum- 
boldt Bay,  Coos  Bay,  Puget  Sound  (at  Seattle,  Seabeck,  Port  Blakely,  Port 
Hudson,  Port  Townsend,  Port  Madison,  and  Utsalady),  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  Columbia  and  Umpqua  rivers.  The  vessels  built  on  the  coast  in 
1882  had  an  aggregate  measurement  of  about  17,000  tons,  and  were  worth 
about  $1,200,000.  California  took  the  lead,  with  a  production  of  about 
8,000  tons,  and  the  remainder  were  nearly  equally  divided  between  Oregon 
and  Washington.  Besides  other  work,  San  Francisco  built  4  ocean  steam- 
ers ;  Portland  built  7  river  steamers  and  made  extensive  repairs  on  2  ocean 
steamers.  The  vessels  built  on  our  coast  are  generally  small.  Of  129 
built  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  in  1 1  years,  the  average  measurement  is 
164  tons;  at  Humboldt  Bay  it  is  about  175;  at  San  Francisco  it  is  consid- 
erably larger.     The  mean  for  the  coast  will  not  exceed  250  tons. 

The  first  ships  built  on  the  western  shore  of  North  America  were  con- 
structed by  order  of  Cortez  in  1521,  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  the  coast, 
and  were  vessels  of  less  than  100  tons  capacity.  The  Spaniards  have  never 
been  distinguished  in  ship-building,  and  in  this  respect  Mexico  was  inferior 
to  Spain.  No  large  vessel  has  been  built,  nor  has  there  ever  been  a  notable 
ship-yard  at  any  Mexican  or  Central  American  port  on  the  Pacific.  The 
only  vessel  constructed  north  of  Mazatlan,  under  the  Spanish  or  Mexican 
dominion,  so  far  as  we  know,  was  the  El  Triimfo  de  la  Cruz,  built  at  Lo- 
rcto.  Lower  California,  in  1719.  The  schooner  Z>o//k  was  built  by  Ameri- 
cans in  the  Columbia  River  in  1810;  in  1841  a  small  vessel  was  constructed 
on  the  bank  of  the  Willamette ;  and  a  schooner  of  74  tons  was  launched  at 
Victoria  in  1846.  There  was  a  ship-yard  at  Sitkci,  which  probably  began 
to  provide  small  sailing-vessels  for  the  Russian  fur-traders  early  in  this 
century,  but  we  have  no  precise  information.  The  first  steamboat  in  the 
waters  of  California  was  coftstructed  in  pieces  there  in  1847,  for  W.  A. 


1 

■ 


I  III' 

1'' 


638 


MANUFACTURES. 


Leidesdorff.  and  was  put  together  on  Yerba  Buena  Island.  She  was 
very  small,  aiul  her  machinery  was  so  weak  that  she  could  not  make 
headway  against  the  strongest  tides  in  the  bay.  The  immigration  of  1849 
brought  a  multitude  of  skillful  ship  carpenters  to  California;  and  before  the 
end  of  that  year,  several  ship-yards  were  established  in  San  I'rancisco  for 
repairing  and  building  vessels.  The  active  demand  for  steamboats  to  ply 
on  the  bay  and  its  tributary  streams,  made  business  lively  in  the  ship-yards 
for  years.  Stockton  launched  her  first  vessel  in  1850,  and  has  continued 
to  do  a  considerable  business  in  constructing  river  steamers  ever  since. 
Other  notable  vessels,  each  the  first  in  their  respective  classes,  were  a  brig 
of  235  tons,  built  on  the  bank  of  the  Umpqua  River,  larger  than  any  sail- 
ing-vessel previously  constructed  on  our  coast;  the  Eliza  Anderson,  at  Port- 
land in  1858,  the  first  ocean  steamer;  the  Toticcy,  at  the  Marc  Island  Navy 
Yard,  the  first  vessel  belonging  to  the  American  Government;  the  brig 
Western  Belle,  oi  275  tons,  in  1S64,  at  Humboldt  Bay;  the  Del  Norte,  the 
first  ocean  steamer  at  San  Francisco,  in  1865;  the  Wihhvood,  of  1,200  tons, 
built  at  Port  Madison  by  MEIGS  &  Gawley,  in  1871 ;  and  the  Western 
Shore,  of  1,778  ton.s.  built  at  Coos  Bay  in  1874  by  SIMPSON  BROTHERS. 

Competition  of  Iron. — The  main  obstacle  to  the  development  of  the  ship- 
building industry  of  our  coast  is  the  fact  that  the  material  in  which  wc 
c.Kcel  has  ceased  to  be  the  favorite  material  for  marine  architecture.  Iron 
has  superseded  wood  for  ships  almost  entirely  in  European  ship-yards,  and 
we  can  not  expect  to  find  an  extensive  market  for  wooden  ships  unless  they 
are  to  be  used  in  the  coasting  trade,  where  they  arc  not  exposed  to  compe- 
tition with  British  vessels.  Many  wooden  vessels  built  before  iron  had  been 
introduced  extensively  in  the  ship-yards,  or  while  its  relative  value  was  con- 
sidered doubtful,  arc  still  used  in  Europe,  but  the  new  vessels,  for  routes 
where  there  is  a  large  trade,  arc  iron  steamers.  The  larger  and  more  costly 
the  vessel,  as  in  the  case  of  steamers,  the  greater  is  the  advantage  of  having 
an  iron  hull.  Shippers,  insurance  companies,  and  mariners,  give  the  prefer- 
ence to  iron  vessels.  Wooden  vessels  are  often  much  injured  by  passing 
through  the  tropics,  while  iron  vessels  are  not.  It  requires  70  per  cent, 
longer  to  load  and  unload  a  wooden  than  an  iron  ship.  While  there  may 
be  a  profitable  occupation  for  all  the  ship-yards  which  wc  now  have,  and 
for  some  more,  we  must  not  delude  ourselves  with  the  idea  that  the  posses- 
sion of  a  large  supply  of  excellent  ship  timber  will  certainly  lead  to  the 
development  of  a  great  business  in  ship-building.  After  Japan  and  China 
have  made  a  little  more  progress  in  the  art  of  navigation,  will  they  not  come 
to  us  for  wooden  vessels  suitable  for  their  coasting  trade?  In  reply  to  such 
a  question  E.  B.  DEAN,  ship-builder  at  Coos  Bay,  and  lumber  merchant  in 


!ii«MI 


WOOD. 


629 


San  Francisco,  said:  "  The  Chinese  have  already  bou^jht  up  one  line  of  Eng- 
lish iron  steamships  engafj;cd  in  the  Asiatic  Coast  trade,  and  a  full-blood 
negro  born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  is  the  general  manager  of  the  line.  As 
they  are  beginning  to  u.se  iron  steamships  f(jr  their  coast  trade,  there  is  little 
prospect  for  the  sale  to  them  of  wooden  sail  vcsjxLs  built  on  this  coast.  He- 
sides,  Maulmain,  on  the  Hay  of  Bengal,  is  a  great  ship-building  piirt,  and 
the  teak  ships  built  there  are  the  best  in  the  world  for  durability,  and  as 
material  is  cheap,  and  labor  extremely  cheap,  a  good  vessel  can  be  built 
there  for  less  money  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world." 

Several  other  authorities  expressed  similar  opinions.  If  China  and  Japan 
need  a  large  supply  of  small  wooden  coasters,  they  will  probably  build  in 
their  own  j-ards.  J.\Mi:s  DiCKllC  thought  Australia  might  come  to  us  for 
such  vessels,  which  they  can  obtain  here,  of  excellent  model  and  material; 
but  the  larger  vessels  there  as  elsewhere  will  be  iron  steamers.  Messrs. 
De.\N,  Tii.VVEK,  and  C.VKSON  agreed  that,  as  we  ha-e  built  20  vessels  for 
the  trade  of  the  I  lawaiian  and  Society  islands,  we  may  reasonably  hope  to 
furnish  them  with  many  more.  For  use  on  our  own  coast,  JA.VIES  DlCKIE 
advises  that  all  ves.sels  over  800  tons  should  be  built  of  iron;  all  under 
800  should  be  built  of  wood.  Iron  ships  suffer  in  the  tropics  from  exces- 
sive fouling  only ;  wooden  ships  suffer  much  more,  and  rot  is  a  very  dangerous 
thing  for  them. 

No  large  iron  vessel  has  ever  been  built  on  this  coast,  and  the  largest  job 
in  iron  ship-building  done  here  was  done  by  the  I  -  jON  Iuon  Wokks,  in 
lengthening  the  ship />W/i-'rtr.  Her  original  length  was  215  feet,  and  by 
putting  a  section  in  her  middle  she  was  made  300  feet  long.  Her  measure- 
ment was  increased  from  1,100  to  1,800  tons.  She  now  runs  to  Victoria. 
An  iron  sailing-vessel  built  here  would  cost  about  $125  a  ton;  in  Scotland, 
$85.  The  difference  in  cost  between  wood  and  iron  is  greater  in  a  sailing 
than  in  a  steam  .ship.  Wooden  sailing-ves.scls  can  be  built  about  as  cheaply 
here  as  they  can  be  in  Maine.  The  higher  wages  on  this  coast  are  counter- 
balanced to  some  extent  by  the  greater  amount  of  labor  to  be  spent  on  the 
harder  timber  of  the  East,  and  our  vessels  are  at  least  as  strong. 


Other  Obstacles. — In  the  cost  of  fitting  out  a  vessel  for  sea,  our  coast 
can  not  compete  with  Eastern  and  European  rivals,  as  nearly  all  the 
materials  used  are  imported,  costing  about  12  per  cent,  more  for  transpor- 
tation and  interest  on  the  investment,  while  labor  here  is  generally  80  per 
cent,  higher  than  in  Maine,  and  40  or  50  per  cent,  higher  than  in  Europe. 
A  great  drawback  to  ship-building  on  our  coast  is  the  cost  of  labor.  Ship- 
carpenters  are  paid  here  $4  to  $4.50  per  day  on  new  work  and  $5  a  day  on 
old  work.     Calkers  receive  $5  a  day  for  both  old  and  new  work,  and  when 


650 


MAM  IA(  1L-Ki;s, 


engaged  on  old  work,  according  to  the  rules  of  the  Calkers'  Association, 
100  running  feet  of  calking  with  2  threads  are  a  day's  work,  and  when 
using  4  threads,  50  running  feet  arc  a  day's  work,  and  the  men  arc  not 
allowed  to  ilo  any  more.  On  new  work  they  are  not  limited.  These  rules 
only  ajjply  to  vessels  built  for  the  coast  trade.  Ship-lniiklers  occasionally 
object  to  these  arbitrary  ami  stringent  rules,  but  without  effecting  a  change. 
As  an  illustration  of  the  difference  it  makes  in  this  one  item  in  the  cost  of 
building,  the  cost  of  calking  a  steamer  built  by  the  DuKll';  HuoTllKKS, 
for  CiOoUAl.l,,  I'r.RKlNS  &  Co.,  for  the  coast  trade,  was  $1,250;  while  the 
calking  of  a  .steamer  of  the  same  size  for  the  Hawaiian  trade  cost  only 
$Soo.  Wages  in  the  Eastern  States  range  from  $2  to  $2.50,  and  in  Eng- 
land, $1.50  for  skilled  labor,  is  the  average.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cost  of 
rigging  is  15  jjcr  cent,  greater  here  than  in  the  Kastcrn  States,  and  25  per 
cent,  greater  than  in  l"2ngland.  The  rel.itive  cost  of  building  and  equip- 
ping a  sailing-vessel  of  i,cxx)  tons  in  these  countries  may  be  stated  thus: 
In  California,  $75  per  ton,  or  $75,000;  in  Maine,  $66,520;  in  England,  $55,- 
2S5 ;  lx.'ing  13  per  cent,  greater  in  Califor.iia  than  in  Maine, and  35  percent, 
greater  than  in  lingland.  But  this  estimate  has  reference  only  to  the  wages 
paid  for  labor  and  the  price  paid  for  rigging  the  vessel.  On  Coos  and 
Humboldt  bays  and  on  Pugct  Sound  we  have  the  advantage  in  the  price  of 
timber  and  lumber,  both  o\'cr  Maine  antl  ICngland.  At  I'uget  Sound,  fir 
costs  but  $10  per  1,000  feet,  while  lumber  of  like  character  costs  $18  to  $20 
in  Maine,  and  in  England  $27.50  to  $30,  and  finishing  lumber  is  as  high  in 
|)roportion.  This  will  offset  the  13  per  cent,  in  Maine  and  the  35  per  cent, 
in  I'lngland,  lea\e  a  margin  of  6  to  8  [ler  cent,  in  favor  of  Coos  Hay  and 
Pugct  Sound  builders,  and  nearly  cancels  the  balance  against  the  San  Fran- 
cisco builders. 

One  great  obstacle  to  the  development  of  ship-building  in  the  United 
States,  and  especially  on  this  coast,  is  the  great  discrimination  by  the  tariff 
against  ship  iron,  which  must  pay  $43  a  ton,  while  railroad  iron  pays  only 
$7.50,  and  there  is  no  important  difference  betw^ecn  their  quality  and  cost. 
This  discrimination  may  be  adapted  to  the  interests  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
is  destined,  apparently,  to  be  the  chief  scat  of  iron  ship-building  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast  of  our  continent,  but  it  docs  not  suit  the  wants  of  California, 
Oregon,  and  Washington.  Again,  in  San  Francisco  a  vessel  of  1,800  tons 
must  lie  at  a  wharf  60  days  while  fitting  out,  and  must  pay  the  State  $1,200 
for  that  privilege.  In  Great  Britain  no  charge  is  levied  on  a  vessel  till  she 
is  ready  to  receive  freight.  In  Scotland,  now  the  greatest  of  ship-building 
countries  in  proportion  to  population,  the  Harbor  Commissioners  provide 
ship-yards,  which  are  let  to  none  save  ship-builders  actively  engaged  in  the 
business;  here  there  is  a  great  difficulty  in  finding  good  sites  for  yards. 


WOOD. 


6v 


Ship  Timber.— The  assertion  can  be  maclc  with  confidence,  that  if  the 
Pacific  Ocean  is  to  have  a  hirf^c  and  inf;rcasint(  supply  of  wooden  vessels  for 
ocean  navigation,  through  the  future,  there  must  be  a  great  ship-build- 
ing industry  on  this  coast  at  some  time  not  far  distant.  The  disadvantages 
of  more  costly  lalior,  and  dcaicr  supplies  of  many  kinds,  will  diminish 
rapidly,  while  centuries  will  probably  elapse  before  our  supply  of  timber 
will  be  as  scanty  as  that  of  luiropc;  and  scantv  as  it  may  be  in  ciuantity, 
it  will  still  be  superior  in  quality.  Ship-builders  were  slow  to  recognize  the 
merits  of  the  red  fir  and  the  Alaska  cedar  as  material  for  large  vessels ; 
but  it  is  now  admitted  that,  for  the  general  purposes  of  marine  architecture, 
they  are  unsurpassed.  In  the  combination  of  strength  and  elasticity  with 
great  length  and  straight  grain,  they  are  -mequaled. 

The  red  fir  has  just  cnorgh  pitch  to  enable  it  to  hold  iron  fa.stenings 
with  a  tenacity  so  great  that  bolts  and  spikes  will  gcneially  break  before 
they  will  draw  out  of  it.  Its  durability,  when  put  into  any  part  of  a  ship, 
is  all  that  could  be  desired,  and  in  the  oldest  vessels,  some  of  the  .schooners 
being  20  and  25  years  old,  gives  entire  satisfaction,  as  they  arc  still  per- 
fectly sound ;  although  it  decays  in  3  or  4  years  when  used  in  damp  places  on 
land,  and.expo.scd,  as  in  fence  posts  and  street  planking,  or  for  cellar  floors. 
It  greatly  excels  the  Georgia  oak  in  length,  and  indeed  is  now  celebratcil 
throughout  the  world  for  its  wonderful  proportions,  and  for  the  size  and 
strength  of  the  masts  it  supplies.  Timbers  150  feet  long  and  18  inches 
square,  without  a  strip  of  sap,  without  rent  or  check,  perfectly  sound, 
straight,  and  free  from  knots,  can  be  obtained  in  the  forests  from  Oregon 
to  British  Columbia.  As  an  illustration  of  the  use  of  these  fine  timbers, 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  in  the  ship  Blue  Jacket,  which  was  brought  out  to 
this  coast  from  New  York  by  D.  O.  MILLS,  to  ply  between  San  Francisco 
and  Australia,  6  timbers  were  placed  to  stiffen  her,  each  of  which  measured 
135  feet  in  length,  and  24  by  18  inches  in  thickness.  As  was  remarked  by 
Mr.  Boole,  to  whom  the  contract  was  awarded:  "There  is  no  other  part  of 
the  world  where  timbers  of  such  dimensions  can  be  found."  Planks  of 
this  timber  60  to  90  feet  long,  and  of  any  required  width  and  thickness,  arc 
readily  obtainable,  the  use  of  which  avoids  the  necessity  for  more  than  one 
third  as  many  butts  and  scarfs  in  a  ship's  side  as  are  required  in  an  East- 
ern or  European  vessel. 

Other  Pacific  Coast  timbers  are  now  found  to  be  of  great  excellence  in 
ship-building,  which  demand  our  attention.  Tideland  spruce,  which  abounds 
in  parts  of  Oregon,  Washington,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska,  is  particu- 
larly suitable  for  top  timbers  and  natural  crooks  White  cedar,  the  common 
cedar  of  the  Eastern  States,  is  found  on  the  mountains  in  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington.    Laurel,  found  on  the   Northern  Coast   Range  in   California,  and 


632 


MANUFACTURES. 


l;i    •      ■! 


throughout  Oregon  and  Washington,  in  logs  50  to  60  feet  long,  is  used  for 
stanchidiis,  stems,  stcrnposts,  rudder  stocks,  aprons,  and  cabin  finishing,  for 
whicii  latter  purjjose  it  is  pre-eminently  adapted  by  its  beautiful  color  and 
susceptibility  of  taking  a  high  polish. 

Yellow  cedai,  found  in  abundance  from  coos  Bay  along  the  coast,  and  on 
the  islands  northward  as  far  as  Alaska,  is  a  most  valuable  wood  for  s'liiJ- 
building,  perhaps  excelling  the  now  famous  red  fir.  A  vcs.sel  built  of  yellow 
cedar  about  the  year  1836  at  Sitka,  w.is  examined  b)-  the  officers  of  the 
revenue  cutter  Liiico/ii,  in  1867,  5  years  after  she  was  wrecked,  and  the  tim- 
bers were  as  sound  and  perfect  as  on  the  day  she  was  launched.  The  yel- 
low cedar  grows  to  a  height  of  180  feet,  and  attains  a  diameter  of  4  feet. 
It  is  said  to  be  the  finest  material  in  the  world  for  the  deck'  of  ships  and 
like  uses.  Prof  GEORGE  DAVIDSON  recently  visited  Alaska  on  behalf  of 
the  United  States  Government,  to  make  examination  of  the  forests  of  that 
country,  and  he  reports  that  ash  and  oak  are  abundant,  and  walnut  can 
be  obtained  in  great  quantities.  It  thus  appears  that  timber  of  the  best 
quality  for  ship-building  is  most  abundant  on  this  coast,  and  perfectly 
accessible. 

Ship-yards. — One  of  the  leading  ship-yards  of  the  coast  is  that  of  TllR 
Central  Pacieic  Railway  Company,  at  Oakland,  where  numerous  boats 
for  the  navigation  of  the  San  Francisco  Bay  and  its  tributarj'  waters  ha\c 
been  built,  including  the  elegant  ferry-boats,  and  the  freight-boats  i)l>Mng 
between  San  Francisco  and  Oakland.  The  largest  boat  from  this  ship-j-ard 
is  the  Sfl/dito  which  carries  trains  acr<5ss  the  Strait  of  Carquinez.  Her 
length  is  424  feet;  width,  1 16,  and  depth,  18.  She  has  4  tracks,  and  at  one 
load  can  carry  a  train  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long. 

Among  the  notable  ship-)-ards  of  our  coast  are  those  of  DiCKliC  Brotiieks, 
Matthew  Turner  and  Ciiarli:s  Wiute,  in  San  Francisco;  E.  B.  Dean 
&  Co.,  and  SiMi'soN  Brothers,  at  Coos  Bay;  Mr.  Cousins  and  II.  D. 
Bendixson,  at  Humboldt  Bay;  and  the  Hall  Brother.s,  at  Port  Blakely. 

Dickie  Brothers.— The  Dickie  Brothers,  whose  ship-yard  is  on  the 
Potrero,  in  ,San  I'rancisco,  have  ta'- en  the  lead  on  our  coast  in  the  construc- 
tion of  ocean  steamers.  In  1881  they  built  3,000  tons  of  wooden  vessels, 
including  the  JAuvVv,  a  steamer  of  1,800  tons;  another  steamer,  the  Bonita, 
of  600  tons,  one,  the  /'u'a/tvi/,  of  300,  and  a  schooner  of  300.  All  were 
classed  in  the  Bureau  Veritas  as  good  for  12  years.  The  material  of  the 
frames  and  planking  is  yellow  fir.  In  1880  they  constructed  600  tons;  in 
1879,  Txx);  and  in  1878,  900.  The  Mcxiio  cost  $235,000  or  $130  a  ton. 
The  contractors  offered  to  build  her  of  iron  for  $310,000,  or  $172  a  ton. 
The  Bonita  cost  $75,000,  and  could  have  been  made  of  iron  for  $105,000. 


^-^..liN-,. 


WOOD. 


633 


The  hm/aiti  coat  $43,000.  TllE  RisnoN  Iron  Works  .supplied  the  ma- 
chinery for  these  steamers.  The  DiCKlK  BROTHERS  have  built  24  vessels 
in  San  Francisco,  all  .steamers  save  4,  ranging  in  size  from  150  to  1,800  tons; 
6  were  constructed  for  the  Sandwich  Islands,  3  for  Mexico,  and  the  remain- 
der for  California  and  Oregon.  In  March,  1882,  they  have  3  vessels  on  the 
stocks  and  4  under  contract,  including  the  pioneer  steam  whaling  vessel 
for  GOODALL,  GrII-I'-ITHS,  and  others.  They  are  thoroughly  versed  in 
iron  ship-building,  and  propose  to  construct  iron  vessels  at  tio  distant 
time.  The  partners  arc  John  and  JAMES  DiCKlE  (brothers  of  G.  VV. 
Dickie,  of  The  Risdon  Iron  Works,  one  of  the  most  prolific  inventors 
of  our  coast),  are  natives  of  Scotland,  and  belong  to  a  race  of  ship-builders. 
Their  ship-yard  in  San  Francisco  was  established  in  1872,  and  it  has  ever 
since  occupied  a  prominent  place  among  the  industrial  establishments  of 
our  coast. 

Simpson  Brothers.— A.  M.  Simpson  &  Brother,  extensively  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  lumber,  have  built  about  30  sailing-ves.scls, 
most  of  them  at  North  Bend  or  Coos  Bay,  where  they  have  their  principal 
ship-yard.  They  have  another  on  the  Columbia  River  opposite  Astoria. 
They  liave  also  occasionally  rented  yards,  in  which  they  built  4  vessels  at 
San  Francisco,  2  at  Oakland,  and  2  at  the  Umqua  River  Besides  these 
sailing-vessels,  they  have  built  5  tug.s. 

Dry  Docks,  etc.— The  only  large  dry-docks  on  our  coast  arc  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  Hunter's  Point  stone  dry-dock,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
complete  to  be  found  anywhere,  is  465  feet  long  at  the  top  and  400  at  the 
bottom,  120  feet  wide  at  the  top  and  60  at  the  bottom,  and  22  feet  deep  in 
water  over  the  miter  sill.  This  dock  is  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  and 
convenient  of  access,  so  that  there  is  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  labor  or  sup- 
plies of  any  kind.  The  pumps  throw  out  40,000  gallons  a  minute,  and  can 
einiity  the  dock  in  ^yi  hours.  It  was  in  the  construction  of  this  dock  that 
A.  W.  Von  Schmidt,  C.  E.,  first  used  his  original  and  valuable  system  of 
submarine  blasting.  This  stone  dry-dock  and  floating  dry-docks  (one  250 
feet  long  by  100  wide,  and  another  150  feet  long  by  75  wide)  are  controlled 
by  a  company  which  charges  60  cents  a  ton  per  day  of  24  hours  for  sailing- 
vessels,  75  cents  for  steamers.  There  is  also  a  marine  railway  slip  for  the 
repair  of  vcs.sels  not  exceeding  800  tons  measurement,  and  also  smaller 
slips. 

The  National  Government  is  constructing  a  stone  dry-dock,  to  be  350  feet 
long  and  100  feet  wide,  at  the  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard;  and  the  Canadian 
Dominion  is  making  a  larger  stone  dry-dock  at  Esquimalt.     Portland  and 
Victoria  have  marine  ways  for  repairing  vessels. 
80 


MAXUIACTURES. 


House-building. — The  chief  building-matcrinl  in  4  houses  out  of  5  on 
our  coast  north  of  Mexico  is  wood,  and,  in  the  rcmaininj^  fiftli,  brick  occu- 
pies an  equally  large  proportion,  leaving  little  for  stone  and  adobe,  or 
unbumcd  brick,  which  last  was  used  almost  exclusively  by  the  native  Cali- 
fornians  before  the  American  conquest.  In  San  I'rancisco,  brick  is  pre- 
ferred for  the  costly  business  establishments,  but  for  dwellings  is  considered 
objectionable  on  account  of  earthquakes  (though  nobody  has  ever  been 
hurt  in  a  brick  dwelling  in  California  by  an  earthquake)  and  of  the  moisture 
which  fill.s,  or  is  supposed  to  fill  the  wall.s.  A  dwelling  of  wood,  while 
cheaper  than  one  of  brick,  will  usually  find  tenants  at  a  higher  rent,  and 
that  fact  is  the  main  cause  of  the  rarity  of  brick  buildings  on  the  residence 
street.s. 

The  brick  store-buildings  of  our  coast  arc  not  distinguished  from  simi- 
lar structures  elsewhere  by  any  jjcculiar  features,  unless  it  is  that  they 
are  generally  constructed  in  the  most  modern  style,  combining  elegance 
of  outward  appearance  with  convenience  of  internal  arrangement.  The 
stories  are  high ;  and  the  fronts  arc  arranged  with  large  windows,  ad- 
mitting much  light  and  allowing  passers  to  see  what  is  for  sale.  The  lead- 
ing retail  stores  of  San  Franci.sco  are  noted  for  large  windows  and  doors 
and  elaborate  window  displays  of  tlicir  attractive  goods. 

It  is  in  the  wooden  buildings  that  the  prominent  characteristics  of 
Californian  architecture  arc  most  observable;  and  thc\-  are  especially 
noticeable  in  San  I'rancisco.  The  houses  are  not  framed,  bnt  nailed 
together  in  the  method,  if  not  invented,  at  least  first  made  generally  known 
in  Chicago  about  I1S45,  and  for  that  reason  stj'led  the  "  Chicago  frame." 
I'lxcept  in  large  buildings  there  are  no  timbers  more  than  3  inches  tiiick ; 
there  is  no  mortising;  and  none  of  the  raising  necessary  in  "heavy  frames." 
Flimsy  as  these  structures  look  before  they  are  co\ercd,  they  are  found  to 
be  very  strong,  and  can  be  moved  on  rollers  for  miles  without  serious 
injury,  as  many  sucli  houses  3  or  4  stories  high  have  been  moved.  They 
have  been  built  to  a  height  of  6  stories.  The  external  ornamentation  is 
elaborate;  and  in  San  Francisco,  where  the  average  temperature  in  suinmer 
is  .seldom  above  the  degree  of  comfort,  bay-windows  are  very  numerou.s,  for 
the  purpose  of  catching  the  sun. 


PAPER,   PRINTING,   ETC 


^35 


CHAPTER  XXXIII.— PAPER,  PRINTING,  ETC. 

Paper. — Four  varieties  of  paper  arc  made  on  the  coast,  printing,  manilla, 
straw,  and  pasteboard.  In  manufacturing  the  first  kind,  the  materials 
chiefly  employed  arc  rags,  old  paper,  and,  within  the  past  year,  wood-pulp. 
Manilla  of  the  better  qualities,  such  as  is  used  for  bags,  is  made  from  old 
manilla  rope.  For  the  inferior  products,  as  heavy  wrapping  paper,  burlap 
(coarse  bagging)  furnishes  the  raw  material.  Straw  paper,  as  its  name 
implies,  is  made  entirely  of  straw,  that  of  wheat  being  usually  preferred. 
Pasteboard  is  also  made  from  straw,  the  pulp  being  subjected  to  hydraulic 
pressure.  Various  other  substances  have  been  used  unsuccessfully,  includ- 
ing the  stem  fibers  of  the  yucca  growing  abundantly  in  the  arid  tracts  of 
Southern  California  and  Arizona;  the  tule,  a  coarse  reed  found  in  the 
marshes  along  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers,  and  coarse  grass 
gathered  along  the  Columbia  River,  after  the  subsidence  of  a  flood.  The 
American  aloe,  or  century  plant,  has  likewise  been  used  for  this  purpose, 
and  an  irjcombustible  paper  has  been  made  in  very  small  quantity  from 
asbestos.  The  first  straw  employed  here  in  the  industry  was  found  to  con- 
tain so  much  silica,  that  it  could  not  be  bleached  by  ordinary  processes.  As 
the  portion  used  was  cut  by  a  machine  that  severed  the  stalk  about  9  inches 
from  the  head  of  grain,  the  lower  part  of  the  growth  was  examined  and 
found  free  from  the  objectionable  matter.  Only  the  middle  of  the  stalk  is 
now  used.  The  annual  production  of  paper  on  the  coast  is  about  1,800  tons 
of  printing,  worth  at  wholesale  $160  per  ton;  1,000  tons  of  manilla,  sold 
for  $iSo  per  ton  ;  and  2,400  tons  of  straw  wrapping,  and  300  tons  of  paste- 
board, each  sold  at  $60  per  ton;  making  in  all  5,500  tons,  \,orth  $630,000. 
The  annual  consumption  is  more  than  6,000  tons  of  printing,  2,500  tons  of 
wrapping,  1,300  tons  of  manilla,  and  750  tons  of  pasteboard,  leaving  5,000 
tons  to  be  supplied  by  the  Eastern  States.  A  portion  of  that  supply, 
especially  in  the  finer  qualities  of  book  and  label  paper,  comes  from  the 
Boston  house  of  S.  D.  WarrEN  &  Co.,  who  have  about  a  dozen  paper  mills 
in  various  parts  of  New  England.  No  writing  paper  is  manufactured  on 
the  coast,  and  the  imports  of  that  article  probably  amount  to  $350,000 
annually,  four  fifths  being  received  at  San  Francisco.  The  value  of  the 
envelopes  consumed  yearly  is  about  $150,000,  or,  at  $4  per  1000,  25  to  each 
inhabitant  of  the  coast  north  of  Mexico. 


ffT 


636 


MANUFACTURES. 


Of  the  raw  material  consumed  by  our  paper-mills  yearly,  i,cxx3  tons  arc 
•"■'ift^'  5oOO  tons  wheal  straw,  and  1,000  tons  manilla  stock.  The  rags  arc 
gathered  mostly  by  Chinese  in  our  towns,  and  cost  $45  per  ton ;  straw  sells 
for  $5.50  per  ton,  and  manilla  stock  for  $60  per  ton.  About  $350,000  are 
invested  in  buildings  and  machinery;  the  working  capital  amounts  to 
$ico,ooo,  and  employment  is  furnished  to  joo  person.s,  one  third  of  whom 
are  \vomen  and  minors.  The  men  are  paid  $2  per  daj-,  and  the  others 
from  $1  to  $1.25,  a  day's  work  being  10  hours.  In  all,  10  paper-mills 
have  been  built  on  the  coast,  the  earliest  erection  of  the  kind  being  in 
1B56.  Of  these,  8  were  put  up  in  California,  and  one  each  in  Oregon 
and  Utah.  There  arc  7  remaining.  Of  the  3  mills  no  longer  in  ex- 
istence, the  one  in  Utah  was  built  by  direction  of  Buigiia:^  Younc;, 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  about  20  j-ears  ago,  and  was  di.scontinued  for  want 
of  support.  The  ILiglc  ;\Iill  at  Punta  Arenas,  Mendocino  County,  Cal- 
ifornia, was  unsuccessful  by  reason  of  location,  being  too  remote  from 
the  sources  of  supply  of  its  raw  material.  The  third  establishment  now 
closed  was  built  in  Los  Angeles  ('ount)-,  to  use  the  yucca  fiber,  and 
was  unable  1.0  compete  with  liastern  manufacturers.  The  production  of 
paper  on  the  coast  is  not  equal  to  one  half  the  consumption;  in  fact, 
the  consumption  of  printing  paper  alone  is  greater  than  the  total  pro- 
duction, ^lost  of  the  printing  paper  is  used  for  book  and  other  work  out- 
side of  newspaper  issues,  that  consumption  being  now  nearly  supplied 
b}-  home  production.  The  material  that  by  its  abundance  and  cheapness 
enables  our  manufacturers  to  compete  most  successful!)'  with  Lastern  pro- 
ducers, is  straw.  The  most  productive  establishment  is  that  (jf  TlliC  Cai.i- 
FOKM.v  PaI'KR  ^Lvnuiactukinc.  Comi'AW,  wlio.se  works  are  at  Stockton. 
Cajjital  amounting  to  $300,000  is  invested,  and  80  hands  employed. 

Lick  Paper-mill.— The  mill  of  Tin;  Lick  Papi;k  Co^n>ANV  at  Alviso, 
California,  was  built  as  a  flour-mill  in  1852  by  J.VMKS  LiCK,  the  noted  phi- 
lanthropist. In  his  earl)'  )ears  he  had  been  a  millwright  and  cabinet- 
maker, and  when  he  Ibund  himself  wealthy  in  California,  he  gratified  his 
pride  as  a  mechanic  b)-  building  a  mill  which  not  only  turned  out  the  best 
flour  then  made  in  the  .State,  but  was  finished  with  jjolished  mahogan)-.  at 
an  e.\i)ense  of  several  hundreel  thousand  dollars.  The  situation,  however, 
was  inferior  for  grist  purposes  to  that  of  many  other  mills  built  aftcrward.s, 
so  it  was  converted  into  the  Lick  I'aper-mill,  the  production  of  which,  com- 
])rising  printing,  manilla,  cartridge,  anil  hardware  pajjcr,  is  about  2  tons  per 
day,  the  r.iw  material  being  procured  from  junk  ile.ilers  in  San  l-'rancisco. 
Special  machiner)-  has  recentl)'  been  introduced  capable  of  manufacturing 
from  75  to  200  paper  bags,  of  the  satcliol-bottom  pattern,  per  minute,  the 


I 


■W':\m 


If     i«    '!  ■ 


PAPER,   PRINTING,   KTC. 


<537 


number  depending  on  the  size  of  the  bag.  The  working  force  consists  of 
20  men.  The  present  company  was  incorporated  in  1880  with  a  capital  of 
$100,000,  with  1"-.  II.  McCORMICK  as  president  and  !•".  \.  DkL.VNOV  secrc- 
tar)-.  The  tirst  mentioned  has  been  on  this  coast  since  1865,  and  went  into 
business  in  San  Franci.sco  in  1876.  The  secretary  came  here  in  1874.  The 
products  of  the  mill  are  sold  chiefly  to  the  trade  by  the  company's  agents 
in  San  Franci.sco,  McCORMiCK  &  Dkl.ANOV,  shipping  and  commission 
merchants,  whose  office  is  at  109  California  Street. 

The  Pioneer  Paper-mill. — The  Pioneer  Paper-mill,  the  first  one  on  our 
slope,  was  built  in  1856  on  the  bank  of  the  San  Gcronimo,  or,  as  it  is  now 
generally  called.  Paper-mill  Creek,  in  Marin  County,  California,  15  miles 
from  San  Rafael,  in  the  midst  of  beautiful  redwood  timber.  A  village  has 
grown  up  about  the  mill,  and  in  the  summer  there  is  an  additional  popula- 
tion of  campers,  who  find  favorite  resorts  in  the  vicinity.  Power  is  sup- 
plied by  the  creek  during  half  the  year,  and  by  steam  during  the  dry 
season.  Employment  is  given  to  20  hands,  who  receive  from  $30  to  $50  a 
month.  The  mill  was  erected  by  S.  P.  Taylor  &  Co.,  who  still  own  and 
run,  it,  and  dispose  of  its  product,  about  300  tons  of  manilla,  at  their 
paper  warehouse  at  414  and  416  Clay  Street,  San  Franci.sco.  Mr.  Tavlor, 
the  senior  member  of  the  firm,  a  native  of  New  York  State,  and  a  resident 
of  California  since  the  spring  of  1850,  has  .served  the  city  of  San  Francisco 
as  supcrvi.sor  for  one  term  in  a  creditable  manner. 

Other  mills  on  our  coast  are  those  of  E.  T.  King  &  Co.,  at  Saratoga; 
Brown  Brothers  &  Watson,  at  Corralitos;  the  South  Coast  Paper- 
mill,  at  Soquel ;  and  the  Clackamas  Paper-mill,  near  Oregon  City.  The 
last  mentioned  was  established  in  1868  by  the  present  proprietor,  H.  L. 
PiTTOCK,  who  has  $50,000  invested  in  the  industry,  employs  25  hands,  and 
turns  out  news,  manilla,  and  coarser  papers  to  the  value  of  $50,000  annually. 

The  Graham  Paper  Company. — Among  the  mills  which  send  large 
supplies  of  paper  to  our  coast,  arc  tho.se  of  THE  GRAHAM  PAPER  COMPANY 
of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (formerly  H.  B.  GRAHAM  &  BROTHER),  represented  in 
San  I'Vancisco  by  the  agency  of  \V.  G.  RICHARDSON,  at  507  Montgomery 
Street,  established  since  1873.  The  products  of  this  company  are  well 
known  to  all  large  consumers  of  paper  on  the  coast.  Since  the  establish- 
ment of  its  business  27  years  ago,  the  success  of  the  house  has  been  unin- 
terrupted. The  company  now  occupies  Nos.  217  and  219,  and  also  212 
North  Main  Street;  all  4-story  buildings,  containing  the  largest  stock  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountain.s,  assorted  to  supply  the  wants  of  publishers, 
printers,  binders,  box-makers,  and  the  wrapping-paper  trade.  Their  Paper 
Stock  warehouse — the  largest,  most  complete,  and  convenient  on  the  conti- 


w 


63S 


MANUFACTURKS. 


r^ 


/:< 


.i 


ncnt,  at  Nos.  1229  to  1237  North  Sixth  Street — brings  them  in  close  com- 
niunicition  with  the  l,n-t^cst  mills  in  the  laiiil.  Their  facilities  arc  unsur- 
])asscd  for  promptly  filling' car-load  orc'crs  fordail>-and  weekly  publications, 
as  well  as  the  minor  wants  of  the  general  trade.  They  obtain  book  and  flat 
jiapers  from  the  best  known  mills  of  the  country,  and  handle  the  i)roduct  of 
.several  news  print  mills.  Their  brand  of  Keystone  paper  being  used  by 
leading  dailies  in  many  states,  taxes  their  jirescnt  capacity  for  production 
to  the  utmost;  but  the)-  arc  completing  arrangements  to  materially  increase 
the  product  of  this  popular  brand,  and  arc  in  the  market  to  supply  any  of 
the  products  of  paper-mills. 

The  Owen  Paper  Company.— Tin;  0\vi:\  Paper  Factory  was  estab- 
lished at  Lee,  Ma.ssachusctts,  in  1822,  by  a  firm  of  which  CilAKl.LS  M.  0\vi:x 
was  the  senior  partner.  His  son,  Edward  H.  Owkn,  became  a  partner  in 
1849,  and  soon  after  assumed  the  management  of  the  works.  In  1857-8  the 
firm  erected  at  Housatonic,  Massachusetts,  what  is  now  known  as  the  "Old 
Mill,"  which  has  been  enlarged  from  time  to  time  until  it  is  now  320  feet 
long,  and  fitted  with  the  most  approved  machinery,  much  of  it  patented  by 
the  mill-owners.  The  arrangements  are  such  that  the  rags  arc  received  from 
cars  at  one  end  of  the  mill,  and  the  finished  stock  shipped  from  the  other 
end.  The  company  incorporated  in  1862  comprised  E.  H.  OwiCN,  CHARLES 
M.  Owen,  and  Henrv  D.  Cone.  Within  20  years,  \arious  changes  have 
occurred,  and  now  IlENRV  D.  CONE  is  sole  proprietor  and  active  man- 
ager. The  specialty  of  the  works  is  the  manufacture  of  first-class  jiaper 
from  carefully  selected  linen  and  cotton  rags,  and  the  uniform  good  quality 
of  the  goods  has  secured  for  them  a  reputation  not  only  throughout  the 
United  States,  but  also  in  other  countries  which  use  much  paper.  A  new 
mill  put  up  in  1881  is,  it  is  claimed,  one  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  in 
the  world.  The  main  buildings  ha\'c  a  frontage  of  500  feet,  with  a  second 
building  in  the  rear  400  by  300  feet,  and  a  wing  200  by  40  feet.  The  boiler 
and  storehouses  are  detached.  Mr.  CoNE  having  bought  the  land  on  both 
sides  of  the  stream  upon  which  his  works  are  situated,  for  a  distance  of  ,1  mile 
and  a  half,  is  enabled  to  command  the  supply  of  pure  water  necessary  in  fac- 
tories of  this  kind.  The  cottages  of  the  workmen  form  a  village,  with  pleasant 
surroundings,  and  the  proprietor  has  furnished  a  free  library  of  several  thou- 
sand volumes  for  the  use  of  the  employees.  The  result  of  this  enterprise 
has  been  to  place  on  the  markets  of  the  country  a  class  of  paper  for  which 
the  American  market  \\'as  previ(jusly  dependent  upon  foreign  producers. 

Bags,  Boxes,  and  Collars. — The  consumption  of  paper  bags  on  this 
coast  is  about  60,030,000  ])er  annum,  \alucd  at  $180,000.  They  arc  made 
by  an  automatic  machine  that  jjcrforms  the  entire  work,  including  pasting. 


I'AI'KK,    I'RINTIXC;,    ETC. 


639 


Tlic  paper  is  fed  from  a  roll,  and  upon  the  completion  of  each  50  bacjs,  a 
bell  is  struck,  Icavinjj  only  the  packintj  to  be  done  by  hand.  The  principal 
manufacturers  arc  Bl.vkk,  RoRlilXS  &  Co.  of  San  Francisco,  and  TllK 
Lick  I'.m'kr  Comi'ANv. 

The  annual  consumption  of  paper  boxes  is  valued  at  $50,000,  and  is  sup- 
plicil  by  home  production,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  French  snoods,  worth 
not  to  exceed  $500.  The  industry  furnishes  work  to  about  60  persons,  the 
fjreatcr  portion  of  whom  are  boys  and  ^irls,  who  are  paid  by  the  piece, 
earning  from  $3  to  $12  per  week,  according  to  proficiency.  The  few  adults 
employed  are  paid  from  $12  to  $20  per  week.  A  day's  work  is  10  hours. 
Raw  material  is  consumed  to  the  value  of  $20,000,  and  is  mostly  imported, 
onl)'  about  one  fourth  being  the  product  of  our  paper-mills.  Paper  b.o.xcs 
arc  made  in  San  Francisco  by  ClIARLEs  TuiKBAUT,  Max  Waizman,  and 
W'KMl'K  Hrotiiers,  and  Otto  Roenicke  has  a  factory  in  Portland, 
Oregon. 

Paper  collars  are  consumed  at  the  rate  of  about  2,000,000  per  annum, 
at  an  a\erage  price  of  $6.50  per  1,000,  or  a  total  of  $13,000.  None  are 
made  here  now,  a  combination  of  Eastern  manufacturers  and  a  largely  re- 
duced consumption  having  compelled  the  only  producers,  Wempe  &  Co., 
of  San  Francisco,  to  discontinue  the  business.  In  1870  this  firm  had 
$10,000  invested  in  the  industry;  employed  12  hands,  to  whom  they  paid 
$3,000  wages;  consumed  material  to  the  value  of  $9,000;  and  produced 
collars,  cuffs,  etc.,  to  the  value  of  $22,000. 

No  paper  hangings  are  now  manufactured  on  our  coast,  though  a  few  have 
been  made  experimentally. 


Type  Foundries. — Until  the  year  1866  the  newspapers  and  printing- 
hou.ses  of  the  I'acific  Coast  drew  their  supplies  mainly  from  agencies,  in 
connection  with  some  of  the  leading  type  foundries  of  the  Eastern  States. 
Agents  were  compelled  to  carry  large  assortments  of  stock  and  to  charge 
high  prices,  in  order  to  realize  a  fair  profit  on  the  capital  represented.  The 
want  of  a  nearer  depot  of  sujjplies  than  New  York  or  Philadelphia  was  a 
great  drawback,  and  it  is  estimated,  that  since  1849,  not  less  than  $1,500,- 
000  has  been  sent  abroad  for  the  purchase  of  type  and  printers'  materials. 
The  establishment  of  type  foundries  in  San  Francisco  wrought  an  immedi- 
ate saving  to  purchasers. 

Previously  to  1866  several  attempts  were  made  at  Iiome  manufacture,  but 
with  no  very  encouraging  results.  A  successful  type  foundry  is  a  business 
that  is  apt  to  be  slow  in  development,  but  when  once  firmly  established, 
there  is  no  limit  to  its  growth  and  duration.  In  I'^ngland  some  of  the 
foundries,  known  to-day  as  the  best  and  largest,  had  their  origin  soon  after 


640 


MANUFACTURES. 


ii;' 


I  :;{ 


the  introduction  of  the  art  of  printinj^ ;  and  in  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
the  foundations  of  several  establishments,  that  arc  now  world-famous,  were 
laid  ncarl_\-  a  century  ago. 

There  are  now  4  foundries  in  operation  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  3  of 
which  are  in  San  Francisco — those  of  Paintkr  &  Co.  (proprietors  of  the 
San  Francisco  and  California  Type  I'oundrics),  Marder,  Lusk  &  Co.  (the 
Pacific  Type  Foundry),  and  FOREMAN  &  Co.  The  Pacific  I'oundry  is  a 
branch  establishment  of  a  Chicago  liouse,  and  until  recently  was  under  the 
management  of  N.  C.  Mawks.  There  is  also  a  foundry  at  Oakland  con- 
ducted by  the  Pacific  Press  Publishing  A.ssociation. 

The  value  of  type  manufactured  at  these  foundries  is  estimated  at  $50,- 
ooo  a  year,  and  the  number  of  operatives  employed,  at  45.  -Skilled  work- 
men, who  do  the  mold-making  and  machine  work  and  the  fitting  of 
matrices,  are  paid  fixen  wages,  ranging  from  $15  to  $2 1  a  week.  Others, 
working  by  the  piece,  make  $12  to  $18.  J-'oremen  receive  $25  to  $35;  boys 
earn  $2.50  to  $5,  and  girls  $3  to  $7  a  week.  There  are  19  casting  machines 
at  the  .several  establishments,  with  a  capacit)'  for  turning  out  30  pounds  of 
tj-pc  per  day  to  each,  but  the  demand  is  not  large  enough  Ik  keep  all  the 
machines  running.  The  different  kinds  of  type  required  by  newspapers, 
and  all  the  different  varieties  of  what  are  known  as  "standard  job  faces," 
arc  made  on  this  coast.  Imports  ,-onsist  chiefly  of  display  types  and 
borders,  for  which  patents  have  been  issued  in  the  Eastern  States.  The 
quantitj-  of  stock  kept  constanth'  on  hand  by  foundries  and  dealers,  is  esti- 
mated at  $60,000  to  $70,000  for  the  entire  Pacific  Coast. 

The  materials  used  in  making  type-metal  arc  lead,  antimony,  tin,  and 
copper,  the  2  lacter  being  used  as  alloys.  The  usual  proportion  is  for  large 
type,  70  per  cent,  of  lead  and  20  per  cent,  of  antimon)-;  for  small  type,  60 
per  cent,  of  lead  and  30  per  cent,  of  antimony.  The  jiroportion  of  tin  is 
about  8  per  cent.,  and  of  copper  2  per  cent.  The  degree  of  hardness  in  the 
inetal  depends  on  the  proportion  of  antimon>'  u.scd ;  the  degree  of  tough- 
ness or  durability,  on  the  projiortion  of  tin  and  copper.  Tough  type,  or 
good  wearing  type,  is  in  demand  by  establishments  in  which  cylinder 
prcs.scs  are  in  use,  and  for  this  description  less  antimony  is  required.  The 
best  type  foundries  have  established  rules,  from  which  the)-  seldom  deviate, 
as  to  the  degree  of  hardness  that  type-metal  should  possess;  but  among 
printers  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  on  this  point.  Hard  type  is  pre- 
ferred by  some  printers,  but  objected  to  by  others.  If  too  hard  it  is  liable 
to  become  brittle,  and  crumble  when  under  pressure. 

Until  the  completion  of  the  overland  railroad  in  1869,  most  of  the  lead 
taken  from  the  base  metal  mines  of  the  Pacific  Coast  would  not  repay  the 
expen.sc  of  freight,  and  was  therefore  unmarketable,  the  supply  needed  by 


TAPER,   rUINTINd,    KTC. 


641 


t)'pc  founders  being  mainly  imported.  Since  that  year,  refined  lead  of 
home  production  and  antimory  have  been  in  suppl)-,  at  rates  just  low 
enough  to  stop  their  importation. 

I'rintcrs'  materials,  which  include  such  articles  as  cases,  stands,  cabinets, 
imposinj^-stoncs,  brass  rules,  and  various  kinds  of  brass-work,  are  used  in 
San  Francisco  to  the  value  of  $50,000  a  year.  Of  this  sum,  about  $12,- 
500  represents  the  cost  of  brass-work,  all  of  which  is  done  in  that  city,  and 
the  remaining  $37,500,  the  cost  of  wood-work,  which  is  imported  or  made 
at  the  local  mills  in  about  equal  proportions. 

Of  the  type  foundries  now  in  operation,  that  of  Pai.xtlk  &  Co.  is  worthy 
of  special  mention,  as  one  of  the  members  of  that  firm  has  been  connected 
with  the  business  on  this  coast  from  its  first  inception,  and  a  brief  descrip- 
tion of  his  career  will  recall  sortie  interesting  recollections. 

Painter  &  Co.— Jkromk  B.  Painter,  of  the  present  firm  of  Painter 
&  Co.,  510  Clay  Street,  comirtenced  business  in  1850,  in  partnership  with 
Messrs.  Joii.soN  and  Steri:t"I',  on  the  south-west  corner  of  Sansome  and 
Washington  streets.  The  firm  made  printing  their  specialty,  but  also  man- 
ufactured leads  and  slugs,  and  dealt  in  type,  presses,  and  printers'  mate- 
rials. In  the  conflagration  of  1851  the  premises  were  burned  to  the  ground, 
and  the  partnership  was  thereupon  dissolved.  Three  jears  afterwards  Mr. 
Painter  associated  himself  with  JoilN  O'Me.vra,  and  these  gentlemen 
conducted  business  together  till  1859,  when  Mr.  O'Me.VR.v  died,  and  Mr. 
P.\i\Ti;u  formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother,  Tiii;oi)OKi-;  P.  Painter, 
lUKlcr  the  firm  name  of  P.MNTER  &  Co.  In  1866  he  purchased  the  San 
iMancisco  Type  Foundry,  originall)'  started  in  1853  by  IU)\v.\Ri)  Pelouze, 
and  afterwards  conducted  by  that  gentleman's  brother.  In  the  fall  of  1866, 
1'\\ULKXI;R  &  Sox,  in  connection  with  the  New  York  firm  of  CONNER  & 
Son,  established  the  California  Type  I'oundry,  and  carried  on  business  on 
an  extensive  scale.  In  1S68  IIacj.vr  &  Co.  opened  a  branch,  in  connection 
with  their  business  in  New  York.  Competition  afterwards  became  too  great 
for  so  limited  a  field  of  operations,  and  prices  were  forced  down  to  a 
point  that  w.as  unremunerative.  In  i  S75  the  business  of  the  California  Type 
P'oundry  and  of  H.\(;.\R  &  Co.  passed,  by  purchase,  into  the  hands  of 
P.VIN  TER  &  Co.  This  firm  now  does  a  large  and  increasing  trade  in  the 
manufacture  of  type,  the  sale  of  printers'  materials  and  supplies,  and  in  elec- 
trotyping  and  stereotyping,  under  which  head  further  mention  is  made  of 
the  establishment. 

Eleotrokype  and  Stereotype.— y\  stereotv'pe  is  a  fac  simile  of  a  page 
(jf  ordinary  t}-i)e,  but  with  fi.xcd,  instead  of  movable  characters.     The  main 
.lesign  is  to  dispen.se  with  the  necessity  of  keeping  in  type  publications  for 
81 


i   11 


642 


MANl  TACTLKUS. 


which  there  is  iikclj-  to  be  a  future  ilemaiul.  The  tasl<  of  rccompositioti  is 
thus  avoiileii,  and  llie  type,  Ixmul;  thus  released,  can  Ije  distributed  and 
reset. 

On  account  of  the  small  number  of  i)ool<s  publisiieil  on  this  coast,  electro- 
typiny  and  stereotyping;  furnish  enipio\iuent,  outside  of  work  done  in 
news[)aper  offices,  to  on!)-  jj  wcjrknien. 

There  are  at  iircsent  3  fn"nis  in  San  l'"rancisco  and  oni-  in  Oakianil  en- 
!,'a,L;ed  in  this  line  of  i)usiness.  I'AIN  11;r  &  Co.,  aireatly  mentioned  uniler 
the  headiiiLJ  of  1  )'pe  I'ounihies,  executed  in  1858  tile  first  piece  of  electro- 
typiuLj  e\er  attempted  in  this  State,  for  the  hcadins^  of  the  Gohkn  Era.  The 
app.aratlis  for  a  complete  stereoty[)e  founih")',  with  the  latest  imprrAcnients, 
was  also  brou,L;lU  here  in  1857  b}-  the  same  fn-m,  and  they  still  ha\e  a  por- 
tion of  it  in  use,  A  complete  electrotype  and  stereotype  foundry  was 
brou^dit  from  the  Ilast  in  1865,  by  the  printing;  lirm  of  ToWM-;  &  Hacon, 
and  afterwards  fell  into  the  liaiids  of  1'A1\ii;k  ^  Co.,  who  now  employ  13 
hantls  in  that  department,  .md  put  into  plates  from  100  to  200  paijes  of 
boi_)k-work  a  da)-,  besides  doing  a  lar;;e  amount  of  other  work  for  printeis. 
W.  IIoKisc  iim;ii)|;r,  of  the  funi  of  Win ti:k1!LKN  &  Co.,  started  an 
electrotxpe  foundr_\-  in  uSd^,  and  is  still  en.Ljaged  in  tliat  business.  l'.\l..Mt;i<. 
&   Rl'.V  are  mentioned  in  the  next  para:4raph. 


Palmer  &  Rey.—  Prominent  amon;^  the  type  founders  of  San  I'rancisco,  is 
the  lirm  (jf  TAi^MiiK  &  Kev,  who,  although  comparati\el)'  new  liere,  have  tlie 
most  complete  stock  of  t\-pe,  printing-presses,  and  ])rintcrs'  materials  upon 
the  coast;  and  liavc  also  an  extensi\e  machine-sho[)  for  the  manufacture 
and  repair  of  presses  and  book-bintlers'  machiner)-,  and  the  largest  and 
ixst  appointed  electrotyping  and  stereotyping  foundry  west  of  Chicago. 
They  empio)'  about  30  men  on  the  average.  The)-  are  the  sole  agents  of 
MlLLLR  &  RiCllAKIi,  the  eminent  type  founders  of  I'.dinburgh;  TlIK 
CAMriiKl.l.  Trkss  ManliA(  riKiXd  CuMPANV,  of  New  York,  manufac- 
turers of  cylinder  presses;  TUK  Gl.oKK  MaNUIWCTIRINC  ComI'.\.NV,  of 
Xew  York,  manufacturers  of  Peerless,  Clipper,  and  Jewel  jobbing  i)resses ; 
C.  15.  Coiria:!,!,  &  Co.,  cjf  Westerly,  R.  I.,  manufacturers  of  c>linder  presses; 
Howard  Ironworks,  of  Buffalo,  manufacturers  of  paper-cutters  ;  TlNCUK, 
llcjusi;  &  Co.,  of  New  York;  J.  C.  ToDi),  of  Xew  York;  and  various 
other  i)rominent  I'lastern  manufacturers.  1'AI,.Mi;r  &  Ri:\'  iiave  a  brancli 
house  in  Chicago  for  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  lithographic  presses. 

Printing-inks. — Printing-inks,  as  produced  on  the  coast,  are  of  3  general 
varieties;  common  black,  colored,  and  lithographic.  The  first  named  is  a 
mixture  of  linseed  oil,  lampblack,  .soap,  and  resin;  the  others  being  made  o( 


ro.ST  IXTKLLKiKNUER    HUILDIXC,  SKATTLE,  W.  T. 


Il     I 


H  k 


m     I 


vs 


\  m  ■■ 


'p. 


^IriwtfilHHiinHMHii 


PAPER,    PRINTING,   ETC. 


643 


more  costly  matcrinls,  including  soiutions  of  the  precious  metals.  Usually 
all  arc  applied  by  means  of  elastic  rollers,  composed  of  glue  and  molasses, 
and  wliich  arc  manufactured  in  connection  with  the  inks.  The  present  pnj- 
duclion  of  inks  comprises  16  "grades  f)f  news  and  poster;  20  of  book,  job,  and 
woodcut;  and  4  of  diagram,  which  \ary  in  price  from  is^j  cents  to  $5  pet 
I)ound;  also  26  standard  grades  and  tints  of  colored  inks,  costing  from  50 
cents  to  $5  per  pound,  and  lithographic  inks  and  bronze  powders.  The  ink 
used  in  printing  this  book  was  made  here.  The  manufacture  is  conducted 
Uj  some  extent  by  machinery,  not  more  than  10  men  being  employed.  The 
capital  invested  amounts  to  $30,000,  and  the  annual  production  is  valued  at 
$40,000.  About  100  cases  are  exported,  chiefly  to  British  Columbia  and 
tlie  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  importation  of  printing-ink  is  very  small,  but 
the  raw  material  is  all  brought  from  abroad,  mostly  from  Europe.  The  only 
manufacturers  of  printer's  ink  on  the  coast,  are  SlIATTUCK  &  Fletciikk, 
at  San  Francisco. 

Newspaper  Printing.-  After  the  mind  has  been  awakened  by  books, 
and  the  conversation  of  intelligent  companions,  and  accustomed  to  habits 
of  observation  and  study,  it  craves  thought-food,  the  most  attractive  form  of 
which,  for  the  majority  of  mankind,  is  a  knowledge  of  the  events  happening 
contemporaneously  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  We  arc  so  constituted  that 
we  feel  an  irresistible  interest  in  all  the  facts  that  have  a  large  influence  on 
the  happiness  of  any  considerable  number  of  our  race;  and  this  interest  is 
greater  in  proportion  as  the  occurrence  is  recent.  Our  good  and  evil  for; 
tunes  arc  felt  most  keenly  when  they  are  still  fresh;  after  a  few  weeks  or 
even  days,  the  sensations  suggested  by  them  become  dull.  For  a  similar 
reason,  our  feelings  arc  not  arou.sed  to  the  same  extent  by  hearing  of  an 
event  weeks  after  it  has  become  stale  to  the  participants,  as  if  wc  had  heard 
of  it  while  it  was  still  in  progress.  It  was  reserved  for  our  century  to  invent 
the  electric  telegraph  and  bring  it  into  general  use  as  the  handmaid  of 
journalism;  and  thus  to  associate  all  civilized  nations  in  a  daily  communion 
of  thought  and  sympathy  over  the  news  of  th.e  world. 

Nowhere  else  is  the  craving  for  reports  of  the  most  recent  occurrences 
from  all  parts  of  the  globe  stronger  than  in  the  American  and  British  por- 
tions of  our  slope;  nowhere  else  arc  journalism  and  the  general  news  depart- 
ment of  telegraphy  more  liberally  patronized  in  proportion  to  population 
than  here;  and  nowhere  else  has  journalistic  skill  iri  the  clear  presentation 
of  news  reached  a  higher  development.  Our  people  generally  have  b-^cn 
trained  by  schools,  travel,  and  familiarity  with  extensive  business  and  bold 
enterprise  to  take  an  interest  in  the  affairs  of  all  mankind.  In  the  places 
provided  with  a  daily  mail,  the  morning  paper  with  its  record  of  the  notable 


644 


MANUFACTURES. 


political,  commercial,  industrial,  literary,  and  social  events  of  the  previous 
day  in  Europe  aiy!  America,  is  one  of  the  necessaries  of  life. 

The  newspapers  of  our  coast,  as  a  class,  ha^•c  trained  an  honorable  dis- 
tinction by  their  careful  study  and  intelligent  elucidation  of  the  local  com- 
merce and  industries.  The  varied  and  rich  resources,  their  rapid  develop- 
ment, and  the  active  traffic  of  these  Pacific  States  and  Territories,  offered 
interesting'  ficld.s  for  investigation,  and  many  of  the  editors  have  shown 
much  zeal  and  knowledge  in  using  their  opportunities.  The  annual  reviews 
published  at  the  clo.se  of  each  year  by  leading  dailies  of  San  I'rancisco, 
Oakland,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  Salt  Lake  City, 
Victoria,  Seattle,  and  other  places,  and  by  the  commercial  weeklies  of  San 
Francisco,  are  models  of  costly,  comprehensive,  and  judicious  compilation. 
Some  of  these  papers  will  be  mentioned  hereafter  more  specifically. 

The  public  journals  of  our  coast  are  so  numerous,  and  they  have  exerted 
.so  much  intlucnce  on  the  development  of  its  resource.''-,  that  a  comprehen- 
sive account  of  their  origin  and  progress  would  make  up  a  large  part  of  its 
history.  Here,  as  in  the  Atlantic  States,  the  newspaper  has  been  a  semi- 
nary and  training  school  for  politicians  and  statesmen,  and  some  of  the 
highest  offices  within  the  gift  of  the  people  of  California  have  been  given 
to  the  graduates  of  composing  and  editorial  rooms.  The  first  newspaper 
on  the  Western  slope  of  our  continent — at  least  the  first  of  which  we  have 
an}'  note — was  the  Oregon  Spcc/ator,  a  weekly  paper,  the  first  number  of 
u'hich  appearetl  on  I'ebruary  5>  1^146,  at  Oregon  City,  then  the  chief  town 
of  Oregon;  J A.ME.S  \V.  Xe.SMITII,  since  a  member  of  the  National  Senate, 
was  one  of  its  proprietors.  Spain  and  Mexico  held  California  for  three 
quarters  of  a  century  without  establishing  a  ncwsjjaper;  the  Americans  had 
been  in  pu.ssession  of  Monterey  just  39  days  when  the  wecklv  Califondan 
appeared  on  August  15,  1846.  The  Califoniian  Star,  published  with  ma- 
terial brought  by  the  i\Iormons,  issued  January  7,  1S47,  was  the  first  news- 
paper in  San  Francisco,  and  the  first  daily,  the  Alia  California,  welcomed 
the  sun  on  January  22,  1850.  Since  that  day  there  has  been  a  steady  and 
rapid  increase,  not  only  in  all  the  American  States  and  Territories  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  also  in  British  Columbia,  iMexico,  and  Central 
America. 

The  number  of  printing-establishments  of  all  kinds  on  the  coast  is  about 
700.  Of  these,  more  than  400  publish  periodicals,  the  remainder  being 
book  and  general  job  offices.  Steam-power  is  employed  by  f,o  of  the 
former  and  55  of  the  latter.  The  annual  value  of  the  newspaper  ami 
literary  business  is  .$3,500,000;  that  of  the  book  and  job  work,  .$J,000,ooo. 
The  circulation  of  the  y6  daily  newspapers  is  at  least  225,000  copies.  Of 
this  number  San  Francisco  supplies   133,000  in  the  I'lnglish,  and  7,000  in 


"^m 


PArKK,   rUINTINf;,   ktc. 


(345 


other  languacjcs,  the  issues  comiMisinij  14  publications.  Outside  of  the  city 
there  are  28  dailies  in  the  State  of  California.  Nevada  has  12;  OrcL^on 
and  Arizona,  6  each;  Utah,  4;  W'ashin^'ton  Territor)-,  3;  l^ritish  Cnlunihia, 
2  ;  and  Panama,  one.  Their  subscription  lists  range  from  200  to  4,000 
copies  each. 

Of  the  newspapers  not  dail\'  California  has  i.S.S  weekly,  1  1  semi-weekly, 
antl  2  tri-weekly;  Nevada  has  10  weekly;  Oregon,  52  weekl)-,  and  one 
monthly;  Washington  Territor)-,  21  weekly;  Arizona,  14  weekly;  Utah,  S 
weekly;  Idaho,  10  weckl)-,  and  one  tri-weekl)';  British  Columbia,  4  weekly, 
and  2  semi-weekly;  Mazatlan,  2  weekl_\';  Lower  California,  2  weekl)-;  and 
Panam.i,  one  weekly.  Tlie  proprietors  of  40  of  this  class  own  neitlier 
type  nor  machinery,  but  get  their  editions  printed  at  job  works.  The  sub- 
scription lists  of  the  dailies  range  from  200  to  40,000  copies  each.  The 
capital  invested  in  the  business  amounts  to  $3,200,000,  of  which  $2,000,000 
is  in  the  newspaper  and  literar)-  establishments,  I'.mployment  is  gi\en  to 
1,816  compositors,  of  whom  654  work  in  the  book  and  job  offices.  Of  all, 
about  200  are  females.  The  book  and  job  employees  are  paid  from  $7  to  $25 
per  week,  or  rates  averaging  35  cents  per  1,000  ems,  when  working  by  the 
piece;  expert  compositors  averaging  $15  per  week.  An  "em"  is  the  space 
formerly  occupied  by  a  square  letter  M,  which  is  the  unit  of  measurement. 
News  and  literary  compositeurs  receive  from  25  cents  to  50  cents  per  1,000 
cms,  averaging  40  cents.  I'^oremcn  and  power  pressmen  of  the  first  class 
are  paid  from  $25  to  $35  per  week;  those  of  the  .second  class,  from  $15  to 
$25  for  the  same  period.  These  rates  are  about  10  per  cent,  hir'ier  than 
those  in  the  Eastern  Stat(;s.  The  leading  San  I'rancisco  dailies  employ 
fnnn  25  to  50  regular  hands  each,  including  foremen  ;  anil  the  ra*es  paid 
compositors  are  50  cents  per  1,000  cms.  Tour  arc  printed  from  stereo- 
t}i)cd  plates — the  Call,  Chronicle,  Exaniinci;  and  Post.  The  first  2  have  the 
latest  improved  perfecting  R.  I  loi;  prcs.ses,  which  print  from  paper  in  contin- 
uous roll,  cutting,  folding,  and  pasting  33,000  copies  per  hour  each,  if  driven 
at  full  speed.  Other  presses  in  large  news  and  job  offices  aver.ige  10,000 
copies  per  hour.  Several  of  the  important  job-printing  establishments  have 
facilities,  which  would  enable  tjiem  to  .set  up  and  print  a  large  double-sheet 
newspaper  complete,  anil  furnish  20,000  copies  within  10  liours  after  re- 
ceiving notice. 

In  I'.irly  d.iys  San  h'rancisco  w;is  the  printer's  paradi.se.  Higher  wages 
were  paid  compositors,  and  higher  prices  charged  for  work,  than  e\'er  was 
known  in  the  world's  histoi)-  elsewliere.  In  1X70  wages  beg.an  to  decline, 
owing  to  the  incrca.sing  number  of  workmen,  who  had  become  so  many 
;is  to  crowd  each  other,  causing  competition  between  firms  and  reduction  in 
prices. 


646 


MAXUFACTURKS. 


-A 


i.i  I 


Book  and  Job  Printing.— Our  slope  has  ncarl)-  300  book  and  job  )iiint- 
iiv^  offices,  most  of  them  small  shops,  cmploj-cd  cxchisi\-cly  on  job  work, 
not  cmp!o_\-in;^  more  than  3  or  4  persons  each.  The  number  of  those  fre- 
qucntl)'  employed  on  book  work  does  not  e.xceeil  20;  there  is  ])erhaps  not 
more  than  one  constant!}-  oiV4a;4cd  in  book  work,  and  not  one  devoted  ex- 
clusi\el)-  to  it.  The  circumstances  are  not  fa\'orable  jiere  to  the  publication 
of  books  generally;  labor  antl  materials  ,ire  higher  than  in  the  .Atl.uUic 
States,  and  the  leading  houses  there  are  con\-eniently  situated  for  controlling 
tlie  trade  of  50,000,000  |>eople,  while  here  the  entire  population  numbers 
onl_\'  1,500,000.  Under  these  circumstances  it  required  mucii  enterprise  to 
undertake  book  publishing  on  our  coast  as  a  regular  business,  but  it  lias 
been  done  with  success. 

The  largest  book  and  job  offices  of  the  coast  arc  in  San  Francisco,  ami 
include  those  of  A.  L.  Bancrokt  i'^:  Co.,  II.  S.  CuocKEU  &  Co.,  F,.  Hositfi 
&  Co.,  I!.\(  ON  &  Co.,  R.  F.  Sti;rri;tt  &  Co.,  W.  A.  Woodward  &  Co., 
Framv  l"..\srM.\\,  Josi.rii  Wintkrcurx  &  C<x,  and  George  Spauldixg 
&  Co.  The  printing-house  of  II.  S.  CROCKER  &  Co.,  established  at  Sacra- 
mento in  US56,  does  the  printing  of  TlIE  CENTRAL  rAcii'lC  R.MI.Road 
COMI'.WV  anil  \.nious  associated  corporations,  and  iiesides  the  large  busi- 
ness of  that  kind,  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  sale  and  manufacture  of 
stationery  and  blank-bo(jks.  Thc)-  deserve  to  be  classed  among  tlie  l.irge 
stationer)'  and  printing  establishments  of  thc  United  States.  Tlie  main 
office  is  in  San  Francisco,  and  the)'  ha\e  a  branch  house  in  Sacramento. 
Bacon  &  Co.,  successors  to  Wiiittox  &  Townk,  established  in  1853,  give 
cmi)loymcnt  to  40  persons,  and  make  a  specialty  of  book  work.  H.  I'. 
Sterrett,  the  succcs.sor  of  the  firm  of  JoiisON,  .Sterrett  &  P.vinter, 
established  in  1850,  has  20  men  in  his  office.  Hosc^iUI  &  Co.  give  special 
attention  to  thc  finer  ciualitics  of  work.  Frances,  Vaeentink  &  Co.,  and 
WlLl,E\M  M.  lliXTOX  &  Co.,  arc  other  prominent  firms. 

A.  li.  Bancroft  &  Co. — The  San  I'rancisco  firm  of  A.  L.  H.vxcRoiT  & 
Co.,  one  of  the  leading  book  and  stationery  houses  of  thc  llnited  .States, 
have  a  business  that  amounts  in  the  aggregate  to  $1,000,000  a  )ear.  They 
receive  y.ooo  invoices  from  700  different  Furopcan  and  American  manufac- 
turers; they  pa)- $150,000  on  freight,  and  $200,000  on  salaric.  and  wages 
to  250  emplo)-ees  in  thc  same  period.  Their  wholesale  department  makes 
fre(|ucnt  shipments  to  l,Soo  retailers  in  China,  Jap.iii,  thc  llawaii.in  Islamls, 
and  on  our  coast.     The  letters  pouring  in  numl;er  400  a  da)-. 

riieir  business  consists  of  a  manufacturing  and  a  mercantile  branch.  The 
former  includes  composing,  |)rinting,  engraving,  lithographing,  ruling,  .mil 
binding  departments;  and  has  published  a  multitude  of  book-   including 


<t  I  1 


•  liiiniiiirtr 


PArru,  rRiN"TiN(;,  ktc. 


647 


165  volumes  of  law  books.  Ainont^  these  arc  30  volumes  of  the  American 
Decisions;  57  volumes  of  tlie  California  Reports  and  Digest;  mail}'  volumes 
of  the  Supreme  Court  Reports  of  Oregon,  Nevada,  \Vashin;j;ton,  Arizona, 
Idaho,  and  Utah;  HlTTEU.'s  Codes;  and  standard  elementary  works  by 
PoNrEROV,  F-STIU-:,  I'^REF.MAN,  and  Profeatt.  The  American  Decisions,  to 
comprise  the  leading  cases  of  all  the  American  State  supreme  courts,  from 
1 776  to  1 869,  and  to  be  complete  in  90  or  100  volumes,  is  so  comprehensive  in 
its  plan,  and  so  difficult  and  costly  in  its  execution,  and  requires  so  much 
learning  and  research  for  its  proper  compilation,  and  so  many  years,  15  at 
least,  for  its  completion,  that  it  is  one  of  the  largest  publishing  enterprises  of 
our  time.  /\11  iJatterns  of  blank-books  and  stationer)-,  including  blanks  for 
banks,  official  and  legal  documents,  are  manufactured.  The  labels  turned 
out  in  a  single  year  have  numbered  20,000,000. 


A.   L.   Bancroft  &.  Go's  Cuilding. 

The  mercantile  branch  is  divided  into  8  departments  (the  wholesale,  the 
retail,  the  law,  the  official,  the  music,  the  educational,  the  subscription,  antl 
the  .serial),  each  under  an  able  and  experienced  manager.  The  educational 
department,  besides  selling  school-books,  school-stationery,  school-apparatus, 
and  schonl-fin-niture,  publishes  aiul  introiluces  school-i)ook.s.  Three  times 
as  many  books  are  sold  by  the  subscri[)tion  as  by  the  retail  department. 
The  official  department  supplies  blank-books  ijind  stationery  for  banks  and 
public  offices.  The  music  department  has  Knabe  and  Pease  jManos  and 
printed  music  for  sale. 

The  brick  building  at  721  Market,  75  feet  in  front  on  that  street  and  also 
on  Stevenson,  170  feet  long,  and  6  stories  high,  counting  in  the  basement,  is 


I     i 


64S 


MANUFACTURES. 


owned  liy  <inc  of  tlic  fiiTn.  They  occup)-,  for  the  putposcs  of  their  business, 
8  llours,  with  an  area  of  more  than  an  aero,  about  equall}-  divitlcLl  between 
tlie  nianufacturinf;  and  mercantile  branches.  T'he  acconipanyini,^  enL;ra\in[j 
reiirescnts  the  Market  S;  .  ■';  front  of  the  buildini;.  and  an  ideal  \iew  of  the 
interior,  showint^  the  distr    i  "  the  departments.     The  steam-engine  to 

drive  the  machiner}',  and   ti..  .[)ini,''-desks,  are  in  the  basement.     The 

wholesale,  retail,  official,  law,  an.,  education.al  departments  are  on  the  first 
stor\-  (Ml  a  level  with  the  street.  The  music,  subscription,  and  serial  depart- 
ments are  in  the  second  story.  The  thirtl  has  school-furnitinx',  paper,  and 
locsc  stock.  On  the  fourth  floor  are  compositors,  engravers,  lithographers, 
pressmen,  and  presses.     The  folders  and  binders  are  in  the  fifth  story. 

The  firm  consists  of  2  brothers,  natives  of  Gran\ille,  Ohio:  11.  I  [.  ]5a.\- 
CKOI  T,  born  in  1S32,  and  A.  L.  B.VNCROFT,  born  in  1S41.  The  business 
was  commenced  in  1S56  by  11.  II.  Hancuoit,  Mith  G.  L.  Kl'..\NV  as  his 
.-.ssociate,  under  the  stj'le  of  II.  II.  l?.VNCROl"T  &  Co.  Five  years  later  Mr. 
KrxNV  withdrew  to  join  ,1  brothcr-in-Iaw  in  Lii.sincss;  and  A.  L.  Bancroit, 
who  had  arrived  in  .San  I'rancisco  in  1859,  was  admitted  as  a  |)artner  with 
a  fourth,  which  was  subsequentlj-  increa.sed  to  a  half  interest.  The  business 
prospered,  and  the  lot  at  721  ^larket  Street  was  bought,  on  which  was 
erected  a  large  building  speciall)'  adapted  to  their  wants.  They  moved  in 
1.S70,  after  having  been  for  14  )-ears  on  Montgomery  Street,  near  Merchant, 
and  having  part  of  the  time  a  front  on  the  latter  street. 

The  title  of  the  firm  was  changed  to  A.  L.  ]5a.\CROF1'  &  Co.  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  the  senior  partner,  who,  while  retaining  an  undiminished  interest 
in  the  house,  wished  to  withdraw  from  the  direction  of  its  business,  so  that 
he  could  devote  himself  to  the  more  congenial  occupation  of  writing  a  large 
history  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  a  work  to  which  he  has  devoted  much  of  his 
time  for  the  last  10  years.  In  the  4,000  i)ages  of  his  Xutirc  Rnas  of  the 
Pacific  States,  he  has  published  what  may  be  called  an  anth.ropological 
introtluction  to  his  history. 

Ferno'W's  Drying  Machine. — The  recent  development  of  manufacturing 
industr\-  has  made  a  large  demand  for  labels  fit  to  attract  the  eye,  please 
the  artistic  taste,  and  convey  a  clear  idea  of  the  article  sokl.  L.ibels 
printed  in  colors  as  well  as  oil  ]Mcturcs,  require  varnishing,  to  gi\c  smooth- 
ness of  surface  and  bring  out  their  best  effects.  But  the  dr)-ing  of  labels 
m;uiufactiu-ed  b)-  hundreds  of  millions,  was  a  costly  and  troublesome  op- 
eration, until  Lolls  .\.  I'ERNiiW,  119  .Monroe  Street,  Chicago,  devised  a 
cheap  and  coiuenient  methotl  of  overcoming  the  difficult)-,  lie  in\ented 
a  machine  which  may  be  described  in  general  terms  as  a  light,  flexible,  mov- 
able wire  frame,  which  recjuiris  little  space  or  power,  takes  the  labels  at  the 


h. 


wmm 


■ 


PAPEU,    PRINTING,    ETC. 


649 


varnishing  press,  lifts  them  scparatcl}-  to  the  top  of  the  room,  holds  them 
apart,  moves  them  in  the  air,  and  brings  them  back  in  a  drj-  condition, 
ready  to  be  packed  away  without  danger  of  damage  by  sticking  together. 
Extensive  experience  having  proved  the  practicabilit)-,  economy,  and  su- 
periority of  I'crnow's  Drying  Machine,  it  has  been  introduced  into  many 
first-class  label -printing-houses  in  the  United  States,  including  that  of  A.  L. 
Bancroft  &  Co.,  in  San  Francisco.  Its  adoption  in  any  city  is  a  sign  of 
extensive  manufacturing,  and  a  necessary  adjunct  to  the  production  of  labels 
in  large  quantities,  with  the  strongest  effects  of  color  and  gloss.  Its  effi- 
ciency in  doing  with  a  relativeh'  small  amount  of  machine  power,  what 
could  not  [lossibly  be  done  in  the  same  space  and  time  b)'  hand  even  at  ten 
times  the  expense,  makes  it  one  of  the  curiosities  of  modern  ingenuity. 
With  its  help,  one  person  is  enabled  to  do  as  much  as  20  could  do  by  the 
methods  in  use  before  its  invention,  and  the  work  is  done  in  better  style 
The  machine  is  made  useful  for  drying  various  substances,  such  as  cottons, 
woolens,  yarn.s,  tobacco,  also  in  paper-mills,  card-board  manufactories, 
laundries,  etc. 

Book-binding  and  Blank-books. — The  growth  of  these  industries  is  best 
indicated  by  the  following  figures.  In  i860  there  were  5  book-binding 
establishments  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  employing  15  hands;  expending  about 
$1 1,000  for  material,  $7,000  for  labor,  and  receiving  $32,000  as  the  proceeds 
of  the  year's  work.  In  1870  there  were  14  binderies  in  operation,  with  1 20 
hands,  paying  out  $74,000  a  year  for  material,  $62,000  for  wages,  and  re- 
ceiving about  $185,000  as  the  value  of  their  manufacture.  In  1881  the 
number  of  binderies  had  increased  to  34,  and  the  number  of  operatives  to 
about  350.  The  amount  expended  for  material  was  estimated  at  $300,000, 
and  for  labor  at  $250,000,  the  value  of  manufacture  at  $750,000.  In  1S81, 
a  single  firm  in  San  Francisco,  A.  L.  BancroI' r  &  Co.,  did  thrice  as  much 
work  as  was  done  in  i860,  and  more  than  half  as  much  as  was  done  in 
1870  by  all  the  binderies  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Book-binding,  paper-ruling,  and  the  manufacture  of  blank-books  are 
usually  conducted  in  connection  with  other  industries.  There  are  in  San 
Francisco  18  binderies;  there  are  2  in  Oakland;  2  in  Sacramento;  and  one 
each  in  Stockton,  San  Josi^,  Petaluma,  Los  Angeles,  and  Yountvillc.  At 
some  of  these  establishments  only  the  cheaper  kinds  of  work  are  done, 
while  at  others  the  most  expensive  bindings  are  produced  in  full  Russian, 
calf,  and  Morocco,  as  well  as  the  cheapest  in  cloth  or  paper.  The  value  of 
the  work  done  at  the  different  binderies  in  San  Francisco,  including  book- 
binding, paper-ruling,  and  the  manufacture  of  blank-books,  was  estimated, 
82 


6;o 


MANriACTfRES. 


!    ;.  I 


for  1 88 1,  at  $550,000,  or  70  per  cent,  in  value  of  all  the  work  executed  on 
the  Pacific  Coast, 

In  Orc;,ron  there  are  7  binderies  located  in  Portlaml,  and  one  in  Salem. 
At  least  2  of  the  Portland  establi.shmcnt.s  (JoilN  J.  IMeston  and  Ilowii  & 
Co.)  manufacture  blank-books,  and  do  paper-rulin_!.(  in  any  required  pattern. 
Mr.  .Meston  al.so  fills  orders  for  the  mountincj  and  varnishing  of  maps  and 
charts. 

There  is  one  book-binder)-  in  Nevada,  at  Viri^inia  City,  and  2  in  Wash- 
ington, at  Tumwater  and  Walla  Walla.  With  the  exception  of  the  cloth  and 
leather,  nearly  all  the  materials  used  in  these  industries  are  of  home  pro- 
duction. In  California  the  cost  of  labor  is  very  much  higher,  and  of  material 
considerablj-  lower,  than  in  the  Mastern  States,  in  ])roi)ortion  to  the  value  of 
manufacture.  New  York  and  ]\'nns)lvania  do  far  more  work  of  this  de- 
scription than  all  the  other  States  and  Territories  in  the  Union,  and  in 
neither  of  these  States  is  the  cost  of  labor  much  above  20  per  cent.,  while 
material  costs  in  New  York  over  60,  and  in  Pennsylvania  over  50  per  cent, 
of  the  value  of  production.  In  California  the  expense  for  labor  is  not  less 
than  }}i,  and  for  material  about  40  per  cent.  The  difference  is  explained 
by  the  fact  that  most  of  the  wcjrk  done  on  this  coast  consists  of  the  cheaper 
descriptions  of  book-binding,  anil  by  the  very  high  rates  of  wages  still  pre- 
vailing in  this  dc[>artment  of  l.ibor.  In  New  York  the  earnings  of  skilled 
male  book-binders  range  from  $12  to  $20  a  week.  In  San  I'rancisco  as 
much  as  $30  a  week  is  paid,  and  the  lowest  rate  for  skilled  male  labor  is  $15. 
Women,  who  do  the  stitching  work,  receive  $9  to  $12,  and  boys,  $4  to  $6. 

Procejs  of  Binding.— A  brief  description  of  the  usual  process  of  book- 
binding may  not  be  without  intcicst.  After  the  printed  sheets  have  left  the 
press  they  are  dried  in  a  steam-heated  temperature  of  at  least  100  degrees, 
and  then  subjected  to  hydraulic  pressure.  After  undergoing  this  process 
the  sheets  are  taken  to  the  folding  and  cutting  machines,  and  arc  first  folded 
into  pages  of  the  size  required  for  the  book.  If  the  sheet  be  onl)-  once 
folded,  into  2  leaves,  or  4  pages,  the  book  is  in  the  form  of  a  folio;  if  twice 
folded,  as  is  the  ca.sc  with  this  volume,  it  becomes  a  quarto;  folded  once 
more  it  is  an  octavo;  ami  so  on  to  the  smallest-sized  book,  which  contains 
32  leaves  or  6.4.  i)ages  to  eacli  sheet  of  |)rinted  matter.  The  next  operation 
is  to  collect  the  pages  for  each  volume,  until  all  tlie  sheets  are  exhausted. 
The  leaves  arc  then  taken  to  the  "  mashing-machine,"  which  presses  them 
solidly  together.  Grooves  arc  then  formed  in  the  backs  of  the  folds  by 
what  are  termed  "sawing-machincs,"  in  order  to  receive  the  cords,  through 
which  the  thread  is  passed,  in  sewing  the  sheets  together,  and  so  avoid  a 
jirotubcrance  at  the  back.     After  being  sewed  together  at  the  .sewing-frames, 


PVPEK,    PRIXTING,    KTC. 


65.. 


the  printed  matter  is  in  book  form,  but  witliout  bindin<jor  cover.  The  sides 
are  then  trimmed  smoothly  ;ind  accurate!)-,  and  the  backs  rounded.  The 
baclv  is  thinl)'  coated  with  ^duc  to  preserve  its  roundness  of  sliape,  and  cov- 
ered with  musUn,  over  which  is  pasted  a  piece  of  pajjer.  The  cdijes  are 
then  usually  gildetl,  marbled,  or  sprinkled,  and  the  book  is  ready  to  receixe 
its  bintlinLj.  In  cloth-bound  books  the  cloth  is  cut  in  the  required  size,  and 
ylueil  to  the  boards,  which  are  made  of  such  material  as  is  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  cheap  coarse  jjaper.  The  design  is  then  impressed  on  the  sides 
and  back  of  the  cover  by  means  of  an  embossing  press.  The  book  is  pasted 
or  glued  into  its  binding  or  case,  and  pressed  in  boards  to  form  the  joint 
between  the  sides  and  back.  The  process  last  mentioned  completes  the 
binding. 


Book-binderies. — ^Thc  largest  book-bindery  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  the 
one  in  connection  with  the  publishing-hou.se  of  A.  L.  B.VN'CROKT  &  Co., 
721  Market  Street,  San  Francisco.  The  fifth,  or  top  floor,  of  the  building, 
is  set  apart  for  this  branch  of  the  business,  and  occupies  a  space  of  40  by 
170  feet.  Through  the  center  of  the  main  room  runs  a  line  of  shafting,  by 
which  motion  is  communicated  to  the  machinery.  The  machines  in  use 
arc  of  the  latest  pattern.  The  most  remarkable  of  them  are  the  embossing 
press,  which  is  the  largest  in  California,  and  a  "wave-ruler,"  that  will  de- 
.scribe  a  circle,  a  reversed  curve,  or  an  ellipse;  and  is  almost  as  great  a 
curiosity  as  the  celebrated  geometric  machine,  used  in  the  United  States 
Treasury  at  Washington.  At  this  establishment  are  found  the  only  ma- 
chines in  use  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  for  the  folding  of  paper  for  book  pur- 
poses. A  machine  feil  by  a  single  person  can  fold  160,000  octavo,  or 
240,000  i2mo  pages  in  9  hours;  while  an  expert  folder,  working  by  hand, 
can  not  do  one  third  so  much.  There  are  machines  for  stitching  paper- 
covered  pamphlets  and  cheap  books  with  wire,  and  apparatus  for  binding 
gift  volumes  in  gilded  Morocco.  About  50,000  volumes  of  law-books  and 
50,000  of  .school-books  are  turned  out  every  jear  from  this  single  bindciy,. 
in  addition  to  a  large  number  of  miscellaneous  volumes  and  of  blank-books 
for  the  use  of  county  offices,  departments  of  state,  banks,  mining  com- 
panies, railroad  companies,  etc.  The  working  force  is  under  the  supervision 
of  G.  W.  Cooke,  and  numbers  60  employees,  including  20  men,  35  girls, 
and  5  boys.  The  entire  business  of  BANCROFT  &  Co.'s  book-bindery  is 
estimated  at  $130,000  a  year. 

Other  notable  binderies  in  San  Francisco  arc  those  of  H.  S.  CROCKER 
&  Co.,  li.vRTLixc;  &  Kimball,  D.  Hicks  &  Co.,  A.  Buswell  &  Co., 
and  E.  BosQUi  &  CO. 


652 


MANUFACTURES. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV.— IRON. 


Iron  Manufactures. — This  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  and  excludes  the  extraction  of  ore  and  its  reduction  to  the  metallic 
form.  Those  processes  belong  to  the  division  of  mining,  in  which  an 
account  has  been  given  of  the  few  iron  smelting  establishments  on  our  coast. 
The  principal  manufacturing  processes  in  use  here  are  the  casting  and  roll- 
ing of  iron,  the  construction  of  stamp-mills,  hoisting-works,  and  pumps  for 
mines,  of  steam-engines  and  boilers  for  mines,  factories,  and  steamships,  of 
locomotives  for  railroads,  and  of  castings  for  houses,  agricultural  and  other 
machinery  and  kitchen  furniture,  and  the  making  of  wire,  wire  rope,  wire 
cloth,  other  wire  wares,  saws,  edged  tools,  and  cutlery.  Under  this  heading, 
also,  we  treat  of  agricultural  implements,  windmills,  and  elevators,  which 
are  made  of  wood  and  iron,  the  latter  being  the  more  costly  material  in  a 
majority  of  cases. 

Notwithstanding  the  high  price  of  labor,  the  dearness  of  coal,  and  the 
fact  that  until  very  recently,  most  of  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  iron  have  been  imported,  the  growth  of  this  branch  of  industry  has  been 
very  remarkable.  Including  all  its  departments,  the  gross  value  of  produc- 
tion for  1 88 1  was  not  short  of  $20,ooo,cxx),  while  in  1871  it  did  not  e.Kceed 
$6,000,000.  Considering  the  enormous  deposits  of  rich  iron  ore  that  have 
been  discovered  in  many  portions  of  this  coast,  and  the  sure  prospect  of  a 
greatly  increased  demand  for  iron  manufactures,  it  is  very  probable  that 
the  ne.\t  10  years  may  witness  even  a  greater  development  than  has  oc- 
curred in  the  past.  A  single  illustration  will  show  the  great  possibilities  that 
e.xist  in  the  future.  During  1881  the  quantity  of  steel  rails  used  by  the  dif- 
ferent railroads  in  course  of  construction  on  the  Pacific  Slope  was  estimated 
at  75,000  tons.  There  is  but  one  rolling-mill  on  this  coast  that  produces 
these  articles,  and  its  capacity  is  limited  to  10,000  tons  a  year.  It  would 
require,  therefore,  "Jj  years  to  furnish  the  rails  needed  for  12  months'  con- 
sumption. The  growth  of  our  iron  interests  has  depended,  and  will  yet  de- 
pend in  a  measure  on  the  demand  for  mining  machinery,  which,  in  1S81 
was  manufactured  in  San  Francisco  alone  to  the  value  of  $3,000,000,  and 
in  some  previous  years  has  exceeded  that  amount.  At  one  time  the  found- 
ries and  machine-shops  of  this  coast  received  the  bulk  of  their  orders  from 
the  mining  districts,  and  their  prosperity  was  of  course  affected  by  the  alter- 


IKON. 


653 


nations  of  success  and  failure  that  are  inseparable  from  mining  enterprise. 
This  is  no  ioniser  the  case. 

Iron-work. —  It  is  to  the  credit  of  our  iron  manufacturers  that  thc\'  ha\c' 
exerted  themselves  to  extend  tlieir  trade  and  to  increase  the  \ariety  of 
their  products;  and  the)-  have  been  rewarded  by  securinL;  a  iart;c  increase 
in  business  from  distant  markets.  i\bout  5  j-cars  ago  all  the  machinery 
recjuired  for  the  sugar  plantations  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  was  im])orted 
from  luu'fjpe.  San  I'"rancisco  foundr>-men  secured  patterns  of  the  ma- 
chinery in  use,  and  imdertook  to  compete  with  the  European  manufacturer. 
The  result  has  been,  that  at  the  present  time  nearly  all  the  machinery  or- 
dered for  the  plantations  is  made  in  San  I'rancisco.  In  the  manufacture  of 
marine  machinery  also  this  coast  has  made  rapid  progress,  instead  of  send- 
ing ICast  for  such  m.achinery,  as  was  the  case  heretofore,  it  is  now  ncarlj'all 
made  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  An  order  was  given  for  the  construction  here 
of  machinerj-  for  a  steamship  of  i.Soo  tons,  recently  completed  in  one  of  our 
ship-)'ards,  although  the  owner  of  the  vessel  is  an  Eastern  man,  and  resides 
in  an  Eastern  State. 

The  manufacture  of  architectural  iron-work  has  practically  become  a 
separate  branch  of  business.  One  firm  in  San  Francisco  is  almost 
exclusively  engaged  in  casting  ornamental  work,  and  another  in  making 
wrought-iron  girders,  beams,  ticbands,  bridge  irons,  and  railings;  al.so  iron 
doors,  .shutters,  burglar-proof  bank-vaults,  etc.  Hoth  complain,  however, 
that  orders  arc  not  increasing,  but  have  of  late  years  fallen  off.  This  is 
clearly  due  to  the  fact  that  there  has  been  a  decrease  in  the  number  of 
large  buildings  erected  in  San  Francisco;  and  the  foundries  have  done 
remarkably  well  if  they  have  held  their  own  in  their  particular  lines  of 
business.  Manufacturers  of  wrought-iron  draw  their  supplies  mamly  from 
the  Pacific  Rolling-mills,  and  the  pig-iron,  for  castings,  has  mostly  been 
imported.  It  is  estimated  that  this  branch  of  t''  ■  n  -i  industry  amounts  to 
about  $500,000  a  j-ear. 

During  the  early  hi  'ory  of  the  iron  trade  on  this  coast  many  difficulties 
were  encountt  :"ed.  ():tc  of  these  was  the  need  of  a  rolling-mill  to  utilize 
the  scrap  iron  which  u  \s  accumulating  all  the  while.  Not  less  than  1,500 
to  1, 800  tons  were  yearly  shipped  East,  and  yet  it  was  estimated  that  2  or 
3  times  that  quantity  went  to  waste;  the  price  paid  for  it  by  ship-owners — 
$12  a  ton — not  making  it  worth  the  trouble  of  collecting  it  and  hauling  it 
to  the  dock.  The  occasional  scarcity  of  coal  and  the  exorbitant  prices 
sometimes  demanded  for  it  ($35  per  ton  being  paid,  for  example,  in  1864), 
so  increased  the  cost  of  castings,  that  only  such  machinery  was  ordered  as 
was  absolutely  indispensable.     The  alternations  of  success  and  failure  in 


654 


MAN L'lAl  TURKS. 


I    ■! 


iniiiii,'.;  enterprises  were  always  clusel)-  followed  !))■  like  clianfjcs  in  the  iron 
foundres  and  niaciiine  siiops.  In  the  flush  times  of  1.S61-2,  new  foundries 
and  shops  were  openeil  almost  e\cr)-  week— many  of  them  to  be  closed  at 
the  firs,  season  of  depression  in  tratle.  Great  i|Uantities  of  mininj,'  machin- 
ery were  sent  into  the  mountains  and  placeil  in  un[)roductive  mininj^ 
camjjs.  On  the  failure  of  the  mines  this  niacln'nerj-  was  sold  to  others 
at  merely  nominal  prices.  The  nuniher  of  orders  for  new  macliinery  was 
thus  diminished,  and  the  shops  sufUred  accoiditifjl)'.  Other  obstacles  en- 
co.nUeretl  in  the  jjrogress  and  de\elopnient  of  the  industr)',  were  the  hit,di 
i/rices  of  pig-iron  and  coal  and  the  great  cost  of  labor.  I'ig-iron  has  been 
mainly  imported  from  the  Eastern  .States  and  Murope  to  the  amount  of 
about  14,000  tons  ainuiall)-,  taking  the  average  of  the  past  G  jears,  though 
in  iS.Si  imports  were  reduced  to  8,600  tons.  The  cost  of  iron  in  .San 
I'rancisco  has  ranged,  since  1876,  from  .$^4  to  .$38;  averaging  about  .$30  a 
ton  igainst  $20  to  $22  in  Pennsylvania.  Coal  abounds  on  tiie  i'acific  Coast, 
but  appears  to  be  of  t(jo  recent  ft)rmation  to  be  usetl  in  making  castings. 
Coal  and  coke  must  therefore  be  im[)orted  at  a  cost  of  $12  a  ton,  while  tiie 
same  k.nd  of  fuel  costs  in  I*emis)lvani.'i  but  .14  per  ton.  Labor  in  Cali- 
fornia is  about  35  per  cent,  higher  than  in  the  Mastern  .States,  molders 
recei\ing  .$3  to  .$3.50  per  tla\',  machinists  ami  pattern-makers  the  same, 
blacksmiths  $3  to  $4,  and  laborers  ,^2.  Although  foundrymen  are  of  opin- 
ion that,  on  account  of  the  climate,  men  can  do  more  wf>rk  in  a  da\'  here 
than  in  the  ICastern  .Stales,  there  is  still  a  large  percentage  in  favor  of 
I-Iastcrn  manufacturers  on  the  score  of  wages. 


Advantages. — At  first  thought  it  would  appear  that  these  various  hin- 
drances arc  so  formidable  as  to  render  competition  with  Eastern  foundries 
practically  impossible;  but  tliere  are  some  compensating  advantages  enjoj'cd 
b)-  our  I'acific  Coast  inruiufacturcrs  which  enable  them  to  i)rosecute  their 
business  successfully.  On  all  foreign  machinery  there  is  an  import  duty  of 
35  per  cent.,  which,  coupled  with  the  cost  of  freight,  practically  excludes  it 
from  our  markets.  There  is  now  a  fair  prospect  that  the  iron  mines  of  the 
I'acific  Slope  will  jiroduce  a  full  supply  of  pig-irt)n  for  home  consumption, 
and  thoiigh  it  is  the  opinion  of  our  foundrymen  that  this  will  not  materially 
reduce  the  price,  it  must  place  the  iron  market  on  a  steadier  basis,  and 
secure  a  more  regular  su[)pl\'.  The  distance  from  eastern  cities,  and  the 
con-sefjuent  loss  of  time  in  the  fuinihnenl  of  f)rtlers,  is  a  great  ad\antage  to 
I'acilic  Coast  manufacturers.  Californians  are  noted  for  doing  business  in 
liaste,  and  when  they  gi\'e  an  order  for  machiner)-,  retjuire  it  for  inunediate 
use.  The\'  can  not  dela}'  long  enough  10  senil  luist  without  serious  detri- 
ment to  their  business,  and  hence  their  work  must  be  done  as  rapidly  as 


COMPOCNl)  MARINE  ENGINE. 

JOHN  DOUGALL,  ATLAS  IKON  WORKS,  VICTORIA,  R  C. 


I 


i  11 


!l    ;! 


t  III 


IRON'. 


^55 


pos'-iblc  by  our  local  foundries.  In  ihe  liuif^unt^c  of  one  of  our  pnimincnl 
iron  founders,  "  the  short  time  in  which  machinery  has  to  be  delivered  alter 
being  ordered,  is  our  great  safeguard  against  eastern  competition."  An  inci- 
dent which  occurred  in  San  I'rancisco  w  ill  illustrate  this  puint.  Some  time 
since  a  local  sugar  refiner  invited  bids  for  iron  tanks,  to  be  deli\ereil  within 
a  limited. time.  The  lowest  bid  was  $50,000,  and  was  made  by  a  firm  in 
New  \'ork.  A  number  of  bids  were  received  from  foundrymen  on  the-l'a- 
cific  Coast,  but  the  lowest  one — thai  of  a  .San  I'rancisco  firm — was  for $3,000 
more  than  the  tanks  would  ha\e  cost  if  the  order  had  been  filled  in  New 
"N'ork,  and  the  frcigiit  paid  by  the  purchaser.  ;\s  the  tanks  would  be  un- 
handy for  tran.sportation  by  rail,  and  the  time  was  short  for  shipment  by 
way  of  Cape  Horn,  the  refiner  concluded  to  accept  the  bill  of  the  San  l'"ran- 
cisco  hou.sc,  at  a  loss  to  himself,  and  some  gain  to  the  local  fiiundr)'. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  on  this  coast  leaves  a  fair  margin  of  profit,  and 
the  price  received  here  for  machinery  and  castings  considerabK-  exceeds 
that  which  is  paid  in  I'.astern  cities.  It  is  probable  that,  with  slight  modifi- 
cations, this  condition  of  affairs  will  continue,  as  freights  arc  not  likely  to 
be  reduced  to  such  a  point  as  will  bring  the  Eastern  and  Pacific  Coast 
markets  nearly  to  a  level.  In  order  to  state  the  case  full)-  antl  clearl}-,  as  it 
now  exists,  it  will  be  necessary  to  make  a  comparison  between  the  ICastern 
and  the  Pacific  states,  in  the  cost  of  material  and  manufacture,  and  also  in 
the  value  of  production. 

In  Penn.syKania,  pig-iron  is  wortli  $20,  and  coal  $4  ]3cr  ton,  against  $30 
a  ton  for  iron,  and  $13  for  coal  in  California.  As  one  ton  of  coal  will  melt 
8  tons  of  iron,  the  cost  of  |)roducing  a  ton  of  manufactured  iron  would  be, 
in  Pennsylvania,  $20.50;  and  in  Califijrnia,  $31.62^/2.  Hence,  the  cost  of 
coal  and  raw  iron  is  $11.12^2  a  ton,  or  about  54  per  cent,  higher  in  Cali- 
fornia than  in  Pennsj'lvania.  The  higher  prices  prevailing  for  labor,  rent, 
interest,  etc.,  will  probably  increase  the  margin  against  the  Pacific  Coast 
manufacturer  to  at  least  60  per  c.^  it.;  so  that  an  article  which  costs  the 
Eastern  foundiyman  $100,  will  co  .t  $160  in  California.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  value  t)f  plain  castings  in  P(  msslvania  is  $2.10  ]3cr  100  pounds;  and  in 
California,  $4;  making  a  difference  of  about  90  per  cent,  in  favor  of  manu- 
facturers on  this  coast,  as  an  offset  to  the  adverse  margin  of  (3o  per  cent,  in 
the  cost  of  production. 

If,  therefore,  some  foundries  ha\e  had  to  close  their  drxirs  on  account  of 
financial  disaster,  it  must  ha\e  been  for  want  of  the  capital  neetleil  to  title 
(jver  a  dull  season,  or  through  mismanagement;  for  there  is  clearl)-  a  larger 
profit  in  the  iron-trade  on  this  coast,  than  in  the  East,  and  Eastern  estab- 
lishments, as  a  rule,  are  growing  stronger  and  extending  their  business  from 
)-ear  to  year. 


Cs6 


MANUFACTURES. 


All  the  foregoing  estimates,  however,  are  made  on  the  basis  of  plain  cast- 
in'^s,  while  the  great  bulk  of  the  business  done  on  this  coast  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  machinery  made  to  order,  and  such  work  varies  in  price  from  $4.50 
to  $9  per  100  pounds,  $5  being  regarded  as  a  fair  average  price.  The  cost 
of  production  on  woik  made  to  order  is  about  25  percent,  more  than  on 
plain  castings,  which  will  make  the  value  of  such  work  $2.62 ^3*  per  lOO 
pounds  in  the  East,  as  against  $5  on  this  coast,  which  leaves  $2.37^^  or  90 
per  cent,  in  favor  of  this  coast. 

The  probable  reduction  in  the  near  future  in  the  price  of  pig-iron,  is  still 
another  and  greater  prospective  element  of  profit  in  favor  of  this  coast. 
The  proprietors  of  furnaces  in  Oregon,  Washington,  and  California,  now 
say  they  can  produce  iron  at  a  profit  for  $24  per  ton,  delivered  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. This  is  $6  per  ton  or  20  per  cent,  less  than  eastern  iron  now  sells  for 
in  this  market.  The  reduction  of  freights  may,  at  some  future  time,  take 
off  10  or  15  per  cent,  of  the  profits  now  enjoyed  by  the  Pacific  Coast  manu- 
facturer over  his  eastern  competitor;  but  the  time  will  probably  never  come 
when  our  iron  foundries  will  not  have  a  decided  advantage  over  those  of  the 
East  and  of  Europe. 

Mining  Machinery. — San  Francisco  machinists  have  long  been  noted 
for  their  success  in  the  manufacture  of  mining  machinery,  and  our  foundries 
and  machinc«shops  arc  unrivalctl  in  this  line  of  work.  Great  efforts  have 
been  made  by  eastern  competitors  to  secure  a  portion  of  the  trade,  espe- 
cially in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  but  most  of  the  orders  for  mining  ma- 
chinery still  come  to  San  Francisco.  Special  appliances  for  mining  purposes 
were  invented  from  time  to  time,  to  meet  the  requirements  of  various  enter- 
prises on  thi.'5  coast.  The  experience  gained  in  constructing  machinery  for 
the  early  quartz  mines  of  California,  and  afterwards  for  the  Ccmstock  and 
other  great  mines  in  Nevada,  has  enabled  San  Francisco  machinists  to  pro- 
duce work  of  such  a  superior  character,  that  from  Idaho  to  Arizona,  and 
from  Oregon  to  Mexico,  they  command  the  market  without  a  rival.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  sum  of  $3,000,000  was  paid  in  18S0  to  Pacific  Coast 
foundries  and  machine-shops  for  this  class  of  work,  including  hoisting, 
pumping,  crushing,  and  smelting  machinery  and  steam-power.  In  the  con- 
struction of  hoisting  works  no  great  changes  have  recently  been  made. 
Most  of  the  cables  are  imported  from  England,  especially  those  used  in 
deep  mining;  their  strength  is  increased  in  proportion  to  the  depth  attained 
b_\-  the  shaft. 

Ill  pumping-machinery  great  improvements  have  been  made.  Twenty 
years  ago  a  40  horse-power  engine  for  working  a  pump  was  considered  a 
wonder  on  our  coast;  now  at  least  one  such  engine  has  700  horse-power. 


mmummm 


IRON. 


''^^; 


Man\-  devices  for  lessening  friction  and  the  chances  of  brcakacjc,  and  I'm 
tile  saviiiLf  of  fuel,  ha\e  been  introduced.  Improvements  have  also  been 
made  in  drills,  and  with  f^n'eat  benelit,  as  much  depends  upon  the  eiTective 
workint,'  of  the  drill.  Little  use  is  now  made  of  the  ordinaiy  harid-drill  in 
large  mines.  Patent  drills,  driven  by  steam,  are  usetl  in  all  extensive  min- 
ing; enterprises.  These  drills  are  operated  by  compressed  air,  which  is  con- 
\e)-eil  through  tubes  from  the  surface,  thus  serving  the  double  purjiosc  oi 
cooling  and  jiurifying  the  air  for  the  miners,  and  furnishing  the  motive 
power  for  driving  their  drills.  In  the  early  days  of  mining,  before  com- 
pressed air  came  into  practical  u.se,  the  steam-engine  was  lowered  into  the 
mine,  and  its  direct  action  upon  the  drill  was  the  common  metlKxl  of  oper- 
ation ;  but  when  any  great  depth  was  reached,  it  was  found  that  the  steain 
condensed  so  rapidly  as  to  lose  its  power.  The  air-compressor  permits  the 
steam-power  to  be  placed  above  ground,  ilriving  the  compressed  air  through 
tubes  to  an}'  depth  desired.  The  diamond-pointed  steam-drill,  commonly 
called  the  diamond-drill,  is  only  used  as  a  prospecting  drill.  One  of  its 
advantages  is  that  it  can  be  used  l<i  i)enetrate  the  fcirmation  before  the 
miners  arc  aware  of  the  nature  (if  the  rock  they  an;  about  to  cncoimter, 
and  tluis  enable  the  parties  i  ntrol  to  ascertain,  in  advance,  the  situation 
of  valuable  ore  bodies. 

In  stamp-mills  there  has  beei,  :ent  improvement;  the  chief  differ- 

ence being  in  the  weight  and  lunnber  -  'hi  tamps.  Several  new  devices 
for  crushing  ore  have  recently  attracted  considirable  attention,  and  a  num- 
ber of  them  have  gone  into  u.se.  ?  liners  gencrallv' continue  tn  purchase  the 
ordinary  stamp-mill,  in  i^reference  to  any  other.  The  price  of  the>o  mills 
varies  with  the  number  of  stamps,  the  usual  price  being  at  the  rate  f  $ioo 
to  $150  per  stamj).  The  combination  amalgamating  pans  arc  in  general 
use,  and  unite  the  main  features  of  man)'  inventions.  The)'  arc  made  by 
nearl)'  all  the  foundries  and  machine-shops,  and  cost  $500  each.  Settlers 
are  now  made  almost  entire!)-  of  iron,  and  cost  from  -$450  to  $500.  Con- 
centrators cost  about  $400.  Rock-breakers  of  variou.s  design  re  in  use,' 
and  cost  from  $12^  to  $400,  and  one  kind  $750.     Cars  f>y  ^porting  ore 

from  the  mines  are  made  42  inches  long,  24  wide,  and  j  ,    lecp,  with  a  12- 
inch  wheel  and  an  18-inch  track,  and  cost  $100  each. 

Pumps. —  San  l-Vancisco  li.is  jiroduced  a  number  of  large  pumps  for 
mines,  ihe  most  notable  and  original  of  which  is  that  made  by  Tin:  Ris- 
DO\  luiix  WoRK.S  for  the  Choll.ir-Norcross  shaft  at  Virginia  Cit)-.  A 
brief  account  of  it  is  given  in  the  eha[)ter  on  Inventions.  Anotiier  great 
pump  is  tiiat  of  the  Union  Consolidated  Mine,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $500,000 
by  The  Union  Iuon  Works. 
83 


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.\I.\MIA(TUKi:S. 


The  manufacture  of  ordinary  small  pumps  has  not  proved  profitable, 
though  a  j;()od  deal  of  capital  has  been  invested  and  lost  in  the  effort  to 
establish  special  manufactories  of  cistern  and  household  pumps;  and  at  the 
present  time  there  are  at  least  500  of  these  pumps  imported  from  the  I'last 
for  100  manufactured  on  our  coast.  The  relative  cheapness  of  eastern 
pumps  is  due  mainly  to  the  greater  advantat^es  of  the  eastern  manufacturers 
in  the  employment  of  labor.  The  eastern  method  is  to  pay  boys  75  cents 
to  $1  a  day,  and  pnt  each  bo)-  at  work  on  some  one  part  of  the  pump,  and 
confine  him  to  that  one  tj.-»nch,  and  for  each  gang  of  boys  one  expert  pump- 
maker,  who  puts  the  pumps  together  and  finishes  them' at  $2.50  a  day,  while 
on  our  coast  onlj-  skilled  workmen  aic  emijloycil,  who  are  competent  to 
make  all  the  parts  and  finish  the  pump,  to  whom  from  $2.75  to  $3.25 
a  day  is  paid.  The  cheapest  kinds  of  eastern  pumps  have  but  little  brass- 
work  compared  with  ours,  and  this  one  item  cheapens  the  eastern  goods. 
Again,  eastern  manufacturers  have  sale  for  20  times  as  man)'  pumps,  and 
this  greater  tratlc  gives  them  a  great  advantage,  both  in  percentage  on  sales 
and  in  cost  of  j^rodiiction.  The  eastern  pumps  range  in  ])rice  from  $4  to 
$7,  and  our  home  made  from  $10  to  $12  for  cistern  and  house-pumi)s,  and 
for  windmills  the  eastern  i)rice  is  from  .'J520  to  $25,  and  ours  $30  to  $35, 
The  total  value  of  small  pumps  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  a  year  is  esti- 
mated at  $200,000,  and  most  of  them  are  inaile  in  San  l'"rancisco.  The 
1>  .ding  manufacturers  are  W.  T.  G.\RRATT,  IlKDOKS  &  DlLLKNlsUKC,  and 
11.  II.  Roi)\vi;ll. 

Iron  Beginnings. — The  DoNArit'E  foundry,  now  known  as  the  Union 
Iron-works,  established  in  1849,  was  the  first  enterprise  of  the  kind  on  the 
I'acific  Coast,  In  the  next  j-car  the  X'ulcan  I"i>undry,  the  Sutter  Iron 
Works,  and  the  I'acific  I'oundry,  began  work.  The  h'ureka,  which  made  a 
specialt)-  of  railings,  balconies,  etc.,  appcareil  in  1S51.  The  ra[)id  increase 
in  mining  operations  during  the  2  or  3  succeeding  years,  caused  the  erection 
of  sin.ill  foundries  and  inachiiie  shops  in  many  of  the  mining  towns.  The 
enormous  demand  for  machinery,  and  the  high  price  which  it  commanded, 
induced  eastern  manufacturers  to  make  and  ship  articles  which  thej'  suji- 
posed  to  be  suitable  for  the  purpose,  but  which,  when  tested,  proved  to  be 
almost  entirely  useless.  The  local  establishments  were  therefore  called  on 
to  supply  the  demand;  and  in  iSfjo  San  Franci.sco  had  14  foundries  and 
m.ichine-shops,  emi)!o)'ing  222  men,  consuming  $57  1,750  worth  ol  materials, 
and  i)roducing  machinery  valuetl  at  $1,218,500.  In  the  mean  lime  several 
establishments  of  considerable  size  and  importance  had  grown  up  in  various 
parts  of  the  State,  and  notiibl)-  at  .Sacramento  and  Mar\  -\ille.  Hoilei- 
works  were  established   at    Portland,  Oregon,  as  early  a.s    1852.      Utah,  in 


IRON. 


659 


1S54,  had  a  foundry  at  Salt  Lake  City,  and  one  at  Cedar  City  in  1855. 
The  Salt  Lake  foundrj-  made  a  specialty  of  cogwheels  and  mill  machinciy. 
Ill  1865  the  first  locomotive  ever  built  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  was  made  at 
the  Union  Iron-works,  San  Francisco,  for  the  San  Jose  railroad,  and  i;avc 
such  satisfaction  that  this  foundry  was  employed,  at  inter\als,  for  4  years  in 
making  locomotives  for  the  San  Jose  and  other  interior  railroad  lines,  man- 
ufacturing 12  of  them  during  that  time.  The  trial  trip  of  the  pioneer  loco- 
motive was  made  the  occasion  of  a  festivity,  and  when  it  made  its  appearance 
on  the  streets,  drawn  by  8  horses  over  a  temporary  track  to  the  railroad, 
much  interest  was  manifested  by  the  people  of  the  city. 

Foundries  and  Machine-shops. — In  most  respects,  the  leading  foundries 
and  machine-shops  on  the  Pacific  Coast  compare  favorably  with  those  of 
the  larger  and  older  cities  of  the  Eastern  States  and  of  Europe.  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  York,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  contain  many  large  establishments,  but 
few  that  arc  better  appointed  than  those  of  our  leading  manufacturers.  The 
Eastern  method  is  for  each  house  to  make  a  specialty  of  some  particular 
branch  of  the  business,  while  our  larger  foundries  and  machine-.shops  make 
everything  that  is  in  demand,  from  mining-machinery,  locomotives,  steam- 
ship engines,  sugar-mills,  and  architectural  iron-work,  down  to  the  various 
small  articles  required  for  cvery-day  use.  Some  of  the  establishments  on 
this  coast  are,  however,  conducted  on  the  Eastern  plan,  making  only  orna- 
mental castings,  or  such  articles  as  iron  railings,  fenders,  grates,  sash- 
weights,  etc.  Few  of  them  work  otherwise  than  to  order,  and  the  quantity 
of  goods  made  up  in  stock  is  very  inconsiderable.  Such  articles  as  pump.s, 
sto\es,  car-wheels,  etc.,  are  usually  ordered  from  the  East,  while  those  cast- 
ings w  hich  require  special  molds,  or  are  needed  for  mining-machinery,  or 
being  bulky  would  cost  too  much  in  freight,  are  made  on  this  coast.  Our 
principal  establishments  have  machine-tools,  costing,  in  .some  instances, 
$10,000  or  $15,000,  with  which  they  turn  out  work  quite  equal  to  that  pro- 
duced in  an)-  part  of  the  world.  Mining-machinery  has  constituted  the 
great  bulk  of  the  heavy  iron-work  done  in  San  Francisco  up  to  the  present 
time.  As  the  mines  on  the  great  Comstock  lode  have  increased  in  depth, 
the  difficulties  in  hoisting  and  pumjjing  have  also  greatly  increased,  and 
what  was  regarded  as  heavy  machinery  10  years  ago,  is  now  considered 
quite  inadequate.  In  the  construction  of  mining-machinery  inventive  and 
nicchanical  skill  have  been  taxed  to  their  upmost,  to  meet  each  new  emer- 
gency, and  thus  results  have  been  attaineil,  perhaps  superior  to  any  similar 
work  done  elsewhere  in  the  world.  In  general  business  our  foundries  are 
also  abreast  of  the  times  in  their  equipments,  their  thoroughness  of  work- 
manship, and  the  excellent  quality  of  their  productions. 


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C6o 


MANLIACTIRKS. 


At  present  few  of  our  foundries  ;incl  machinc-sliops  are  running  to  t!iei\ 
full  capaeit)-,  and  it  is  probable  that  an  increase  of  30  or  40  per  cent,  in  llie 
voiunie  of  business  could  be  met  without  an\-  incon\eniencc;  nor  would  such 
an  increase  be  attentled  with  any  threat  atUance  in  the  cost  of  manufacture. 
It  was  estimated  that,  in  i<S<Si,  the  \arious  establishments  in  San  I'rancisco 
};avc  employment  to  about  1,200  operatives,  and  consumed  18,250  tons  of 
pitj-iron  and  16,500  tons  of  bar-iron  in  manufacturing  the  tlifferent  imple- 
ments and  machinery  ordered  during  that  year.  The  amount  of  work  done 
by  the  larger  houses  was  estimated  at  $4,000,000,  of  which  about  $3,000,000 
represents  the  \aluc  of  mining-machinery,  and  the  remaining  $1,000,000 
that  of  marine,  stationary,  .sugar-mill,  and  miscellaneous  machinery.  The 
smaller  establishments  in  the  city,  where  special  lines  of  work  are  done,  such 
as  the  making  of  iron  doors  and  shutters,  fenders,  .safe-vaults,  cornices,  etc., 
do  a  business  estimated  at  $750,000  a  j-car. 

Californian  foundries  and  machine-shops  outside  of  San  I'"rancisco,  do  not 
less  than  $5CX),000  worth  a  year.  Oregon,  Washington,  and  other  portions 
of  the  coast,  will  [irobably  add  about  $2,000,000  to  the  volume  of  produc- 
tion. The  entire  business  of  the  Pacific  Coast  already  amounts,  therefore,  to 
about  $7,250,000  a  )-car,  and  there  is  an  almost  certain  prospect  of  a  large 
increase  in  the  future. 

Risdon  Iron  Works.— Tiir:  RisnoN  Ikon  .wd  LocdMorivi-:  Works, 
which  makes  ,1  speci.ilty  of  machinery  for  mines,  steamships,  anil  sug.ir- 
mills,  is  one  of  the  great  iron  establishments  of  our  time,  especialh-  worthy 
of  note  for  lia\ing  manufactured  the  Virginia  City  water-pipe  and  the 
Chollar-Norcross  pump,  which  seem  destined  to  occup)'  a  place  in  the  his- 
tory of  hj'ilraulic  engineering,  as  well  as  in  that  cjf  our  co;ist.  The  Risdon 
Works  also  made  the  jiipc  to  conve\-  water  .icross  a  deep  ravine  for  the 
irrigatifin  of  Cl.MS  .S|'RE('KI;i.s'  sugar  plantation  in  the  Ilawaii.in  island  of 
Maui,  and  the  Yellow  Jacket  hoisting  apparatus,  which  last,  constructetl  to 
hoist  ore  from  a  dejnh  of  4,000  feet,  weighs  350  tons,  antl  is  the  hca\iest 
machinery  of  the  kind  ever  matle.  The  Risdon  Works  had  the  first  h)'- 
draulic  [iress  riveting  machine  in  the  United  States.  The  pump  and  hoist- 
ing works  which  the_\-  are  building  for  the  Eureka  Consolidated  Mine,  are 
designed  on  a  pl.in  Ixjld  and  original  in  conception  as  well  as  grand  in  scale, 
and  promise  to  add  much  to  a  reputation  .alrcid)'  high.  In  short,  if  the 
Risdon  establishment  is  not  so  large  as  many  in  l'"uro])c  or  on  the  Atlantic 
Slope  of  oiM'  continent,  it  is  second  to  none  as  to  capacit)'  in  its  specialties. 
In  order  to  hantlle  the  enormous  weight  of  the  pieces  of  machiner)-  manu- 
factured in  its  sho|)s,  it  has  a  revolving  crane,  caii.ible  of  lifting  50  tons, 
with  12  hydniulic  side  cranes.      IClcctric  light  is  supplied,  after  dark,  b)'  16 


IKON. 


66 1 


Brush  burners,  each  of  2,000  candlc-poucr.  The  establishment,  at  the  corner 
of  Mission  and  ]5eaic  streets,  San  Francisco,  is  the  property  of  an  incorpo- 
rated conipan}',  in  which  there  are  12  shareliolders.  W.  H.  Tavlor  is  the 
president,  and  JosiU'iI  MooKli  superintendent. 

Union  Iron-works.  —  Tui':  Union  Iron-works,  inckiding  foundr)', 
machine-shops,  and  boiler-shops,  o-cupy  a  lot  on  Mission  Street,  extending 
from  I-'irst  to  Fremont,  with  a  frontage  of  275  feet  on  each  of  the  last  2 
streets.  The  half  of  this  lot  nearest  to  First  is  covered  with  a  brick  building 
3  stories  higii,  above  the  basement;  and  the  other  half  has  a  wooden  buil'J- 
ing.  By  the  number  of  their  departments,  the  comjileteness  (jf  their  equi[)- 
ment,  and  the  large  size  of  their  machinerj-,  TllK  UnioN  Ikon-works  are 
prepared  to  undertake  extensive  enterprises  in  all  the  main  classes  of 
foundry  and  machine  work.  One  of  the  planers,  the  largest  on  the  coast, 
can  plane  10  feetsciuare  by  25  feet  long.  There  are  6  cranes  with  power  to 
lift  50  tons  each,  2  large  steam-hammers,  and  lathes  with  capacity  tt)  turn 
a  shaft  25  feet  long  or  a  balance-wheel  25  feet  in  diameter.  Mining 
machinery  is  one  of  the  specialties  of  Til K  UNION  lRt)N-WORIvS.  In  1879 
they  made  the  [jumping  machinery  of  the  Union  Consolidated  IMine,  cal- 
culated to  pump  106,000  gallons  an  hour  from  a  dei)th  of  4,000  feet,  and 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $500,000.  They  give  employment  to  600  persons,  and 
have  paid  much  attention  to  the  industrial  education  of  boys,  many  of  whom 
under  their  training  have  become  excellent  mechanics  and  successful  busi- 
ness men.  The  intluence  of  Till::  Union  Iron-works  has  been  used  to  de- 
velop the  iron  mines  of  the  coast.  G.  W.  I'RESCOTT.thc  senior  partner,  is  inter- 
ested in  the  Irondale  Mine  in  Washington  Territory;  antl  the  .second  partner, 
1rviN(;  iM.  Scott,  was  one  of  the  promoters,  and  is  one  of  the  chief  share- 
holders in  the  Clipper  Gap  Mine,  California.  The  third  partner  is  1Ii;nry 
T.  Scott.  The  present  firm  (I'RESCOTT,  Scott  &  Co.)  in  1875  succeeded 
II.  J.  HoOTH  &  Co.,  who,  in  1865,  succeeded  BoOTiI  &  Co.,  successors  to 
Pktkr  DoNAIIUi:,  who,  in  company  with  his  brother  JAMKS,  in  1849,  estab- 
lished the  Union  Foundry,  the  first  on  the  coast,  or  at  least  in  California. 
It  made  millionaires  of  the  DoNAlIUES,  and  has  been  one  of  the  prominent 
indu.strial  institutions  of  the  coast. 


Peter  Donahue. — The  most  prominent  iron  manufacturer  of  our  coast 
has  uniloubledl)-  been  Pktkr  Donahuk,  who  has,  however,  now  retired 
from  the  busines.-^.  Born  of  Irish  parents  at  Glasgow  in  1S22,  he  came, 
with  his  father,  in  1835,  to  New  York,  where  he  learned  the  engineering 
trade.  He  w.is  cmpl(i)-eil  on  a  steamer  on  the  western  coast  of  South 
;\mcrica,  when  the  gold  mines  of  California  were  discovered,  and  in  1849 


662 


MANUFACTURES. 


he  arrived  in  San  Francisco,  where  he  met  his  brothers,  Jamks,  a  boiler- 
maker,  and  Mli'ilAEL,  a  molder.  They  opened  a  blacksmith  and  machine 
shop  on  Montijomery  Street,  near  Jackson,  and  then  moved  to  the  corner 
of  Mission  and  First  streets,  in  what  was  then  Mappy  Valley,  where  they 
established  a  foundry.  After  the  great  fires,  old  iron  was  very  cheap,  and 
their  castings  were  in  demand  at  good  prices,  so  in  a  few  years  the  establish- 
ment was  a  source  of  a  large  income  to  l'i;TER,  who  had  become  its  exclu- 
sive owner.  His  prominence  in  the  iron  busincs.s,  his  wealth,  and  his  sound 
judgment,  gradually  enabled  him  to  take  a  leading  part  in  many  impc^rtant 
enterprises,  including  the  San  Francisco  Gas  Works,  the  tlmnibus  Street 
Railroad,  the  San  Jose  Railroad,  the  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific  Rail- 
road, and  the  construction  of  the  United  States  steamer  Saranac,  of  the 
monitor  Comanche,  of  various  merchant  steamers,  and  of  notable  build- 
ings. Mis  work  has  left  a  permanent  impress  on  California,  and  especially 
CHI  San  Francisco. 


'  n 


I  t     % 


JEtm.  Iron-works. — One  of  the  oldest  and  most  prominent  iron  manu- 
facturing establishments  on  our  coast  is  the  ^Etna  Iron-works  started  on 
Sutter  Street,  between  Montgomery  and  Sansome,  in  1857,  by  TllOM.vs 
Pe\I'>i:R('..\,st,  and  moved  to  the  present  site  at  217  to  221  FVemont  Street, 
between  Howard  and  I'olsom,  in  .San  I'Vancisco.  The  works  include  pat- 
tern, foundry,  blacksmithing,  and  machine-shop  departments,  supplied  with 
all  the  complex  and  fine  iin[)lements  retjuired  for  a  foundrj-  and  machine- 
shop  of  the  superior  class.  The  blacksmith-shop  connects  the  machine- 
shop  with  the  foundr)',  and  has  a  3-ton  hammer.  The  foundiy  is  80  feet 
long  antl  40  wide,  with  an  L,  and  contains  2  cupola  furnaces,  capa- 
ble of  melting  15  tons  of  iron  daily.  The  machine-shop,  occupying  the 
main  building,  90  feet  long,  <So  wide,  and  3  stories  high,  embraces  all  the 
latest  improvements  in  heavy  tools,  such  as  lathes,  boring,  planing,  and 
slotting  machines.  The  principal  products  of  TllE  /Etna  Iron-Works 
arc  designed  for  mining  purposes,  and  include  engines,  boilers,  amalgama- 
tors, ore-breakers,  smelters  ft)r  reducing  argentiferous  galena  and  copper 
ores,  and  hoisting  and  pumping  engines.  The  WlIITK  Rotary  Furnace,  of 
which  George  W.  White  is  the  inventor  and  sole  owner,  is  manufactured 
exclusively  in  this  establishment,  of  which  the  present  proprietors  are 
Thomas  Fenderi-.a-st,  Ja.mes  Pendergast,  and  George  Johnson. 
The  number  of  men  employed  varies  from  80  to  120. 


Fulton  Iron-vrorks. —  The  F-uetdn  Iron-works  on  the  corner  oi 
Fremont  and  Howard  streets,  prominent  among  the  large  iron  manufactur- 
ing establishments  of  San  I'rancisco,  were  founded  by  D.  B.  HiNCKLEV  in 


IKON. 


663 


1.S55,  and  arc  now  owned  by  D.  H.  HlNCKLKY,  Jamks  Spikks,  and  D.  K. 
IlAVlis  in  partnership.  They  give  employment  to  300  persons,  and  the 
value  of  their  annual  production  is  about  $800,000.  The  foundry,  boiler, 
and  machine  departments  arc  extensive,  and  well  sup[)lied  with  machinery, 
stock,  skill,  and  experience  for  undertaking  large  and  costly  enterprises. 
They  have  manufactured  the  iron-work  for  many  quartz-mills  of  all  sizes, 
from  s  to  60  stamps,  and  they  supplied  the  engines  for  the  ocean  steamers 
S/aU  of  Soiiora,  Thomas  A.  IV/iitelazo,  and  C.  R.  Bis/top.  In  their  cupola 
furnaces  20  tons  of  iron  can  be  melted  in  a  day;  their  large  lathe  has  14 
feet  swing;  their  principal  planer  can  plane  surfaces  20  feet  long  and  5  feet 
square,  and  one  of  their  steam-hammers  can  strike  a  blow  with  a  weight  of 
1 1  tons. 

Paolfio  Iron-works.— The  Pacific  Iron-works,  established  in  1850, 
and  long  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  noted  industrial  establishments  of 
our  country,  have  pattern,  molding,  smithing,  machine,  and  boiler  depart- 
ments, with  all  the  mechanical  appliances,  technical  experience,  and  the 
best  engineering  ability  requisite  for  the  complete  production  within  their 
own  establishment  of  the  various  kinds  of  heavy  machinery  most  in  de- 
mand on  cnir  slope.  They  make  a  specialtj'  of  machinery  for  mines,  mills, 
and  smelting- works,  and  creditable  samples  of  their  production  can  be 
found  in  nearly  every  mining  camp  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Many 
of  the  most  .successful  mining  enterprises  of  the  country  use  the  hoisting- 
works,  mills,  and  other  products  of  TlIK  PACIFIC  lUON-WORKS.  Within 
the  past  few  years,  extensive  orders  have  been  received  from  the  Japanese 
Government,  and  from  Central  and  South  America.  They  employ  from 
200  to  300  men,  and  consume  4,000  to  5,000  tons  of  pig,  bar,  and  plate 
iron  annually.  For  the  last  20  years  the  business  has  been  conducted  by 
Rankin,  Brayton  &  Co. 

Empire  Foundry.— The  Empire  Foundry  and  Machine-shops,  at  135- 
143  I'"remont  Street,  of  Savage  &  Sons,  make  all  descriptions  of  machinery, 
for  agricultural,  mining,  shipping,  architectural,  or  ornamental  purposes. 
Among  the  products  of  this  establishment  are  the  cast-iron  fronts  of  the 
Palace  and  Baldwin  hotels,  the  .stairs  of  the  Hall  of  Records,  the  entrance  col- 
umns of  the  New  City  Hall,  of  SllEKWOOD's  Union  Block,  of  HUNTINGTON, 
Hopkins  &  Co.'s  new  building,  of  Crocker's  business  buildings,  O'Con- 
nor's Block,  all  in  San  Francisco;  of  the  Opera  House  at  Salt  Lake,  of 
Baker's  Block  at  Los  Angeles,  and  of  the  New  Palace  at  Honolulu. 

Salem  Iron  Works.— The  Salem  Iron  Works  were  established  in  i860 
by  B.  F.  Drake,  the  present  owner,  and  for  the  last  15  years  have  been 


664 


MAM'IA(n  Ri;s. 


*   ^! 


I!   '1 


i 


under  the  forciiiaiisliip  of  JditN  1  [oLMAX.  Tlic}-  cn\cr  a  space  Sj  feet  loner 
b_\-  "5  wide,  Ljivini,'  cmpldviiieiit  to  12  men,  wlui  turn  out  a  i;reat  \  arict\-  of 
engines,  iiiacliiner\',  and  castin^^s.  'J'lie  averaj^e  wattes  are  ,f  3  |)er  da\'.  Mr. 
Draki-;  came  to  our  co.ist  in  iS5i,and  ;ifter  minint^  lor  a  short  time  in 
\e\;ula  County,  Calif  irnia,  mo\ed  to  ( )ret;on  City,  where  he  remained  till 
he  engaged  in  the  iron  business  at  Salem. 

Albion  Foundry. — One  of  the  most  extensive  and  comi)rchensi\e  foun- 
ilrics  t)n  our  coast  is  the  .Mbion  at  \'ictoria,  owned  by  Josi'.l'll  Sl'k.V'ir, 
who,  like  most  other  successful  men  in  the  newer  portions  of  our  continent, 
began  work  on  a  sm.ill  sc;de,  and  gratlually  enlarged  his  operations  as  he 
accumulateil  capital  and  e.Kperiencc.  The  foundry  has  iron  and  brass  cast- 
ing departments,  ;i  blacksniith-shop  with  a  steam-hammer,  a  boiler-shop, 
a  machine-slmi),  a  brass-fuiishing  slir)p,  aiul  a  bi..'lt-shop.  The  machiner)-, 
tools,  antl  arrangements  for  casting,  forging,  planing,  turning,  grinding, 
pfilishing,  japanning,  antl  enameling  work  for  steamboats  or  mills,  are  com- 
plete. Stoves  are  maile  in  anticipatit)n  of  the  demand,  and  Mr.  .Sl'RAir 
keeps  them  for  sale  in  a  large  v^tf'T  J^tore  with  an  elevator,  where  he  also 
sells  imported  agricultural  imjilements.  lla\ing  prepared  himself  to  make 
sleambo;it  machiner\-,  Mr.  Sl'lv.\ri'  built  the  steamer  jftiut/,  ami  after  bus- 
ing the  Carilwo  l-'ly  and  the  Wilioit  G.  Hunt,  refitted  them  and  iil.iced  them 
on  the  rt)ute  between  X'ictoria  .and  Xanaimo,  touching  at  intermediate  |)orts. 
lie  has  Commodious  warehouses,  sc\eral  large  wharves,  with  deep-water 
frontage,  and  emploj-s  60  men,  e.\clusi\e  of  his  wharf  and  steambo.at  hands. 
lie  also  owns  a  large  mine  of  rich  iron  ore  on  Te.\ada  Islanil,  tlestined  to 
be  very  \aluable  at  no  distant  future.  Mr.  Si'K.V  Tl'  ser\etl  an  apprentice- 
sliip  to  the  trade  of  machinist  under  Sir  JollN  Rknmi;,  in  London.  I  lis 
[Mjsition  in  Briti.sh  Columbi.i  is,  and  his  career  has  been,  in  some  rcspect.s, 
similar  to  that  of  I'lnr.R  DoNAllUK  in  California,  but  unlike  the  latter,  he 
has  not  been  o\ershadoweil  by  railroad  or  mining  magnates. 

The  V'ictoria  Iron  Works  of  SllAW  &  Ku.NA,  on  Herald  Street  near 
Stove  Street,  in  V'ictoria,  are  occupied  maini)-  in  boiler-making.  They 
occupy  a  building  120  feet  long  by  60  feet  wide,  in  which  they  emjiloy  16 
men,  at  wages  ranging  from  $2  to  $4  a  day.  They  ha\  e  been  established 
.since  1S76. 

Uavid  Lisii:k  &  Co.,  proprietors  of  the  New  Tacoma  Iron  Works,  in 
Wa.shington,  manufacture  about  3  tons  of  castings  a  day,  besides  doing  a 
large  business  in  connection  with  their  machine-shoi),  in  which  they  have 
all  the  appliances  rcc|'.iired  for  the  different  kinds  of  work.  One  of  their 
specialties  is  the  making  of  chilled  car-wheels,  several  hundreds  of  which 


X 


'mi 

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frr 


'i  I 


ll<l)\. 


665 


have  already  been  [)ra(lucccl  at  their  establishment,  and  lia\c  been  pro- 
nounced of"  first-class  (jualit)'.  The  orders  recei\ed  by  this  firm  are  sufficient 
to  keel)  about  40  operatives  in  constant  cinployinent. 

^\mon}^  the  oilier  foundries  of  f)ur  coast  are  the  National  Iron-works,  of 
MaUSi  in  T/  &  CaMKLLI.;  the  F.uieka,  of  TiIuMI'SON  Huotiikrs;  ,uu1 
the  Occidental,  of  Sii;I(;i;r  vV:  Ki;rk,  in  San  I'rancisco;  the  Oakland 
Iron-works,  of  IVES  SCOVILLK,  in  Oakland;  the  Mope  Iron-works,  of  II. 
II.  IM(  \Vll.M.\Ms;  the  Union  Works,  of  Root,  Xf.ILson'  &  Co.;  and  the 
Sacramento  I'oundry,  of  Gt:  ri;xiii:U(;i:u  &  Co.,  of  .Sacramento;  the  Globe 
Iron-work.s,  of  JoilN'  C.MNi:;  and  the  foundry  and  machine-shop  of  I'".\r<- 
RINGTON,  IIVATT  &  Co.,  of  Stockton;  H.  J.  Bocxni  &  Co.,  of  Marys- 
villc;  The  VVilla.mkttk  Ikun-works  and  Smith  Brothers  &  Co., 
of  Portland;  White  &  Tenxv,  of  Seattle;  and  the  Silver  Iron-works, 
and  Salt  Lake  Iron-works,  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Railroad  Workshops.— The  workshops  of  The  Central  Fach'ic  Rah.- 
KO.\i)  COMi'A.W  at  Sacramento,  prominent  amon^  the  industrial  establish- 
ments of  the  coast,  comprise  rolling-mills,  foundries,  and  machine,  boiler, 
])attern,  car,  bl;icksmith,  copi)er  and  tin,  cabinet,  and  upholstery  shops  The 
chief  material  in  point  of  cost  is  iron,  but  wood  and  man}-  other  materials 
are  also  used  e.vtcnsively.  The  main  products  in  1 881  included  7  locomo- 
tives, 100  cars,  100  truck-wheels  for  locomotives,  9,550  car-wheels,  2,200  tons 
of  iron  castings,  74.3  tons  of  bar-iron,  1 16  tons  of  bra.ss  castings,  and  repairs 
on  800  cars.  .Among  the  materials  consumed  were  3,000  tons  of  wrought- 
iron,  2,000  tons  of  c.ist-iron,  500  of  sheet-steel,  50  of  pig-copper,  3,000,000  feet 
of  lumber,  1,800  tons  of  coal,  and  1,500  cords  of  wood.  The  space  occupied  is 
I  30  acres,  all  of  it  reclaimed  from  sloughs  connected  with  the  Sacramento  and 
American  rivers,  and  filled  in  with  earth  to  the  high  grade  of  the  cit}'.  In 
1881  a  rolling-mill  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $55,000,  and  it  is  expected  that 
a  larger  mill  for  rolling  Bessemer  steel  will  soon  be  built.  These  are  the 
main  stoichou.scs  of  the  compaiu'  for  its  3,000  miles  of  rail  and  600  miles  of 
steamboat  route,  and  the  value  ot  the  material  in  store  on  January  i,  1882, 
was  $600,000.  Among  the  articles  kept  in  store  arc  illuminating  and  lubri- 
cating oils;  and  of  these,  230,000  gallons,  worth  $95,000,  were  issued  in  i88i, 
the  quantity  of  the  lubricating  being  nearly  three  times,  and  its  gross  value 
nearly  twice,  that  of  the  illuminating  oil.  Employment  is  given  to  1,200 
•  men,  thus  contributing  much  to  the  prosperity  of  the  city.  Besides  these 
shops  at  Sacramento,  TlHC  CENTRAL  Pachtc  RaILKOAD  COMPANY  has 
repairing-shops  at  the  ends  of  v.irious  divisions  of  the  roads. 

The  OrE(;o\  Rahavav  and  Navic.vtion  Co>U'axv  has  extensive  ma- 
chine-shops for  building  ami  repairing  cars  at  Portlaiul  and  The  Dalles,  and 
The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  its  shops  at  Tacoma. 
84 


i 


I  Si 


i  ■ 


666 


MAN  UK  ACT  U  RES. 


Boiler-making. —  The  nianufacturc  (if  marine,  locomotive,  and  stationarv 
boilers  is  included,  anioni;  otlicr  branches,  at  many  of  the  leading  found- 
ries and  machine-shop.s  on  the  Pacific  Coast;  and  there  are,  besides,  a  lew 
establishments  which  confine  their  operations  exclusively  to  boiler-making 
anil  repairing,  and  to  the  manufacture  of  sheet-iron.  I'rofits  in  this  line  of 
business,  when  '-onducted  alone,  are  smaller  than  in  other  branches  of  the 
iron  trade,  and  the  work  of  repairing  is  considered  the  most  lucrative 
portion  of  it.  The  number  of  boilers  made  in  San  Francisco  is  estimated 
at  about  500  a  year,  and  their  average  value  at  $1,000  each,  or  $50^,000  in 
the  aggregate.  Horizontal  tube-boilers  are  more  in  use  than  other  descrip- 
tions. The  entire  demand  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  whether  for  steamship, 
factory,  mining,  or  other  usi:,  is  supplied  by  local  manufacturers,  with  the 
e.xception  of  a  few  small  boilers  for  stationary  engines,  which  arc  occasion- 
all)'  shipped  round  tlic  Horn,  at  an  expense,  including  freight,  about  equal 
to  what  they  would  cost  if  made  in  California.  .\  single  firm  in  San  l*"ran- 
cisci)  has  occasionall)'  not  less  than  60  or  70  boilers  in  various  stages  of 
]irogrcss  at  one  time. 

Plates  for  boiler-making  arc  imported  from  the  Eastern  .States,  and  can 
be  laid  down  in  San  I'rancisco  at  chea])er  rates  thantho.se  of  Englisb  man- 
ufacture, which  have  to  bear  the  charge  of  import  duty.  Moreover,  the 
laws  (if  the  United  .States  forbid  that  any  other  than  Americiui  sheet-iron 
shoukl  be  used  in  the  construction  of  marine  boilers.  I'he  law  also  re- 
(|uircs  tliat  those  in  use  on  steaii..-.hips  shoukl  be  inspcctetl  once  a  \-ear  by 
an  officer  especially  ap])oiiited  for  that  piiqjose. 

There  are  I J  establishments  in  .San  Francisco  where  boilers  are  manufac- 
tured, and  3  where  boiler-tubes  are  maile.  Among  the  former  are  PUKS- 
coTT,  SoriT  &  Co.  and  Tin;  Risdun  Ikon  and  Locomotivk  Works, 
both  (if  which  ha\e  alreail)'  been  mentioned. 

Among  the  other  boiler-works  of  our  coast  are  those  of  Prktorius, 
TRowiiKincK  &  Co.  and  J.  \'.  Hall,  in  San  Francisco;  The  Portland 
Boiler-woiks,  in  Portland;  and  iosiiril  Si'K.vrr,  in  Victoria. 


Stoves. —  The  value  of  stoves  and  stove-castmgs  manufactured  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  is  estimated  at  not  less  than  $j;o,ooo,  and  the  value  of 
imported  articles  at  $i,ocx),CKX)  a  year.  At  various  times,  efforts  have 
been  inatle  to  establish  stove-works  in  San  Francksco,  but  with  limited  suc- 
cess. In  several  of  the  interi(3r  towns  of  California  the  local  foundries  have 
supplied  the  home  trade  to  a  large  extent,  but  no  reliable  statistics  concern- 
ing thi'iii  are  at  hand.  One  great  obstacle  in  tlie  way  of  establishing  stove 
factories,  is  the  dilTicull)'  in  proiluciiig  a  new  style,  which  will  not  be  an 
infringement  on  some  previous  patent,  and  the  high   price  that  must  be 


II?.! 


IRON. 


667 


paid  for  any  new  style  or  pattern  which  is  in  popular  demand.  Not  less 
than  $5,000  is  occasionally  paiil  by  lartje  Eastern  establishments  for  new 
styles,  which  the  purchasers  then  ])atent  for  their  own  protection. 

The  yreat  number  of  stj'les  or  patterns  ahead)'  patented  rentiers  the  inven- 
tion or  construction  of  a  new  stove  inuch  more  difficult  than  is  generally 
supposed,  and  the  liabilit}'  to  infriiiLjement  of  pre\ious  ])atents  renders  the 
business  of  manufacturing  somewhat  hazardous.  In  manufacturing  accord- 
ing to  Eastern  patterns,  protected  by  patent,  the  ro)-alt)-  is  usually  so  large 
as  to  reduce  the  margin  of  profit  to  a  very  low  point;  and  in  consequence 
there  is  little  or  no  inducement  to  engage  in  the  business  of  manufacturing. 

About  $5,ooc  worth  a  year  of  kitcheri-ranges  are  made  to  order  in  Si.n 
Francisco,  of  special  size  or  measure,  and  they  are  almost  exclusively  inanu- 
factured  by  JoUX  G.  Ils,  who  also  makes  stove-castings  and  grates  for 
local  hardware  houses,  using  only  Scotch  pig-iron  for  his  work.  About 
$7,000  worth  of  ship-ranges  arc  annually  manufactured  by  11.  C.  Langreiik, 
who  is  the  chief  manufacturer  of  this  line  of  goods  in  San  Francisco. 

The  Alvarado  Stove  Works,  established  in  1872,  and  owned  by  Georgk 
II.  Tav  &  Co.,  are  located  in  Alvarado,  Alameda  County.  More  than 
$200,000  has  been  invested  in  this  enterprise,  which  promi.ses  to  become  a 
success,  as  their  work  is  equal  to  the  best  from  the  East;  and  their  stoves 
are  free  from  .sea-rust,  and  the  corroded  or  broken  parts  can  be  readily 
duplicated.  They  make  a  specialty  of  the  Imperial  Range,  which  for  finish, 
convenience,  and  material,  rivals  any  imported  article.  The  material  used 
is  a  mi.xture  of  Eastern,  Scotch,  and  Oregon  iron,  a  combination  producing 
a  superior  quality  of  iron  for  stovc-ca.stings.  About  30  hands  arc  employed 
in  the  works,  and  as  their  stoves  gradually  supplant  the  Eastern-made  arti- 
cles, which  they  now  biil  fair  to  do,  they  will  employ  from  150  to  200  men 
regularl}-.  They  also  manufacture  all  kinds  of  stoves  and  heating  and 
cooking  ranges.  The  Oregon  Stove  Works,  owned  by  a  company,  of  which 
J.  LOWENBERG  is  president,  established  in  1862,  produces,  on  an  average, 
12  stoves  a  day,  and  finds  a  ready  market  for  them  in  Oregon,  Wasjiington, 
and  Idaho.  They  use  90  per  cent,  of  Oswego  and  10  per  cent,  of  Scotch 
iron  in  their  casting.;. 

Wire-workfi. — The  wire  manufacturing  industry  of  our  coast  lias  been 
much  stimulated  by  the  large  demand  for  wire  cables  to  hoist  ores,  to  carry 
them  down  the  sides  of  steep  mountains,  and  to  draw  street-cars  on  the  cable 
ronds.  The  cable  roads  and  wire  ropeways  require  round  cables;  the  largo 
hoisting-works  liave  flat  cables,  sometimes  8  inches  wide  and  seven  eighths 
of  an  inch  tliick.     These  larger  cables,  4,000  feet  long,  weigh  more  than  12 


668 


MAxnACTrKr.s. 


tons;  ami  as  the  transportation  is  vcr)-  cost!)'  on  account  of  their  great 
buil<  ami  weight,  anil  the  weaving  is  done  b)-  liand,  se\cral  niinin;^  com- 
panies at  \'irjj;inia  City  have  imported  their  wire  and  made  their  own  cables 
near  their  shafts.  The  wire  rope  factoiy  of  A.  S.  Hm.I.IDIK  is  the  only 
establishment  which  makes  or  draws  wire,  or  makes  wire  rope  on  our  coast. 
The  raw  material  for  wire  is  rolled  iron  or  soft  steel  rod,  which  is  drawn 
through  a  hole  in  a  hard  steel  plate — the  hole  beini;  smaller  than  the  rod. 
'I'his  operation  is  repeated  until  the  wire  is  small  enouyh,  e\en  till  it  is  as 
thin  as  a  line  thread.  Mr.  rL\I,LIUU:'s  factor)-  has  240  such  plates  for 
wire-drawinij;  and  of  its  smallest  wires  140  can  be  laid  side  by  side  within 
the  space  of  one  inch.  The  wire-drawing  machiner\'  is  working  to  its 
full  capacity,  and  is  to  be  enlarged  to  meet  increasing  demands.  The 
wire  factor)'  is  on  one  side  of  Sansonie,  between  Vidlejo  anil  Crrcen  streets, 
and  on  the  opposite  side  is  the  wire  rope  factor)' owned  b)'  the  same  gentle- 
man. It  makes  cable  ropes  anil  wires  of  all  sizes  demanded  here,  to  the 
length  of  4,000  feet.  The  power  for  the  2  factories  is  furnished  b)'  steam- 
engines  with  liSo  horse-power. 

Tin:  C.M.noKMA  Wire-works  Co.mpanv,  of  which  A.  S.  Hallidie 
is  president,  has  succeeded  to  a  business  originall)'  established  in  San  Fran- 
cisco by  Gi;()RGl-;  rJi;XMS  in  1S54.  It  makes  screens  for  quartz  and  (lour 
mills,  sie\es,  riddles,  biril-cages,  fenders,  fire-guards,  anil  a  great  multitude 
of  other  articles  for  use  in  kitchens,  i)arlors,  anil  industrial  establishments. 
The  ,imounl  of  wire  used  annually  is  goo  tons.  Wire  is  manufactured  on 
a  small  scale  in  3  retail  shops  in  San  I'rancisco,  and  b)-  JoilN  Hkusii  & 
"SOV,  of  Alban)-,  Oregon. 

Saws.  -The  factoi)-  of  TuE  rACiEic  Saw  Maxuiactl'Rim;  Co.Mi-A.w, 
located  at  17  and  19  I'remont  Street,  San  Francisco,  is  the  only  establish- 
ment of  this  kind  on  the  coast,  and  was  jjut  into  operation  in  1866  by  C. 
P.  SllEl'irEI.ii,  X.  W.  Si'Ai/LDlNi;,  and  Jame.s  Paitekscv.  The  capital 
was  $24,000,  whicii  was  all  invested  in  machinery,  tools,  and  raw  material. 
Pre\ious  to  this  time,  i\Ir.  Sl'.MM.IilXi;  had  in\ented  an  adjustable  and 
removable  tooth  for  circular  saws,  which  has  rexolulionized  the  m.inufac- 
turing  of  lumber  in  all  portions  of  the  world,  which  h.i\e  sawmills 
su[)plieil  with  the  most  efficient  machiner)-.  .Saus  with  this  invention 
attached  are  made  extensivel)'  in  St.  Louis  and  (,!hieago;  and  nearly  all 
circular  saws  above  40  inches  in  iliaineter,  made  on  the  i'aeific  t.'oast,  ,ire 
iitled  with  movable  and  adjustable  teeth.  About  500  circular  s,iws  arc  sold 
amu'.ally  in  .S.iii  i-'rancisco  for  sawmill  use  on  the  coast,  the  sizes  ranging 
from  2  to  64  incbe.  in  iliameti'r,  anil  thi'  cost  from  ,$1  to  $2~.  The  greatest 
di.uueter  for  eircul;u- saws   is  84  inches.     Of  all   the  saws  manufactured   in 


JMH,, 


' 


IRON. 


660 


San  I"rancisc(i  three  fVuirtlis  arc  intcinictl  for  sawinill  use,  and  nineteen 
twentieths  of  the  himber  manufacturetl  upon  the  Pacific  Coast  is  cut  !))•  cir- 
cular saws.  The  company  are  turning  nut  all  the  finer  grades  of  hantl  and 
crosscut  saws,  and  of  the  latter,  3,600  dozen  are  manufactured  annualK'. 
They  sell  rcadil}'.  The  import.itions  of  sucli  .saws  are  also  a  I.-.vfrc  item ; 
during  1.S80  there  were  imported  to  this  coast  2,500  dozen  handsaws,  and 
about  15,000  crosscut  saws,  [t  is  generally  understood  by  the  more  in- 
telligent mechanics  of  the  coast,  that  the  saws  of  all  kinds  made  licre  arc 
of  finer  material  and  better  workmanship  than  those  sliii)peil  from  the 
Atlantic  States.  The  business  of  TuIl  PACIFIC  S.WV  M.\.NUK.\CTUI<ING 
COMIWNV  ha.-,  been  a.  complete  success  in  c\cr)'  detail,  and  the  trade  now 
extends  from  .South  America  t<3  all  of  the  northern  territories  of  the 
P.'icific.  IuTiplo)'.nent  is  given  to  30  men,  whose  wages  range  from  .$2  to 
$C>  per  da)-.  The  annual  \-alue(if  the  product  is  ,$100,000,  anil  the  raw  m.ate- 
rial  used  anni.all}-  is  \alued  at  .$24,000.  The  steel  usetl  is  obtamed  mostly 
from  Pittsbjrg,  antl  some  from  Sheffield.  Little  difference  in  the  ([ualities 
of  the  steel  shippetl  from  these  i^laces  is  observed,  the  American  being  in 
some  resj.ects  preferable.  Mr.  SP.VL'I.HINC.  has  lately  invented  a  gouge- 
tooth  anc  bit  for  circular  saws,  which  is  intended  to  supersede  e\erything 
in  the  sa\,'-tooth  line.  It  is  now  being  used  by  se\eral  lumber  companies, 
and  pracrical  tests  show  that  it  requires  less  [lowcr,  cuts  smoother,  and 
needs  les-  Icerf  to  clear  it.     The  companj-  have  orders  aheatl  of  their  supjily. 

Cutlery. — ()"'■  ccjast  has  not  done  much,  and  for  man)'  )cars  to  come 
will  probabl)'  not  do  much,  in  the  manufacture  of  cutlery.  The  high  price 
of  labor  as  coinpared  with  that  of  the  raw  material,  and  the  hjw  cost  of 
transportation  as  compared  with  the  market  price  r)f  the  finished  product, 
gi\c  great  adx'aiUagcs  to  the  manufacturers  of  Europe  and  liastern 
America.  Xotwithstantling  these  aiKantages,  however,  a  s.'  all  business 
has  been  done  on  our  slope  in  making  cutlery  adapted  to  special  wants. 
The  first  cutler  west  of  the  Rocky  Mount.iins  was  Wir.l.l.VM  W.VLKl'.R,  who 
made  knives,  razors,  and  scissors  at  .Salt  Lake  Cit)^  in  185  i.  IIuc;H  Mc- 
CONNELI,,  of  .San  I'rancisco,  in  1852  made  butcher  knives  and  bowie 
knives,  the  latter  being  of  excellent  temper  and  mounted  with  silver,  or 
even  gold,  in  such  m.mner  that  a  knife  sold  for  $100  or  more.  .San 
I'rancisco  carving  knives,  finishetl  with  care  and  much  elegance  of  form, 
command  high  prices,  and  find  a  sale  in  Xcw  York.  The  princii)al 
cutlers  on  our  coast  at  jirescnt  are  Wll.l^  &  FlNClC  (successors  of  Mc- 
CoXNKIJ.)  and  Mk  IIAKI,  PuiCi;,  of  San  I*rancisco.  The  annual  jiroduct 
is  worth  about  ,$60,000;  the  niunber  of  men  cmplo)ed  is  50,  and  their 
wages  are  $3.50  a  day. 


h'il 


W      !'. 


670 


MANUIACTIRKS. 


Files. — dur  coa-^t  consiiincs  files  to  the  value  (if  several  hiiiidrod  thou- 
sand dollars  annuall)-,  and  imports  nearly  all.  We  have  no  factory  cnf;a;j;ed 
in  making  files  for  the  trade,  but  a  dozen  mechanics  are  em[)loyed  in  4  .San 
Francisco  shops  in  recutting  files;  and  some  work  of  the  same  kind  is  done 
in  the  shops  of  TliH  Ckntr.m,  l'.\ciFir  R.mlko.M)  Comi'.vnv  at  Sacra- 
mento. A  few  files  and  rasps  of  odd  shapes  are  made  out  of  old  material, 
but  the  file-cuttin;^  business  of  the  coast  iis  a  whole  is  insif^nificant.  .Vbout 
1S70  there  were  3  factories  making  files  for  the  trade,  antl  it  was  supposed 
the  business  was  on  a  secure  basis.  Till':  Cai,ii"ORXI.\  Fili-:  Comi'.WV  iti 
one  )'car  produced  files  worth  $20,000,  but  the  enterprise  became  unprofit- 
able when  the  inarkct  obtained  cheaper  supplies  by  rail  from  Fastcrn 
factories. 

Miscellaneous  Tools. —  The  only  factories  on  our  coast  of  miscellaneous 
mechanical  tools,  of  classes  not  heretofore  mentioned,  arc  in  San  Francisco. 
The  Caliioknia  Tool  Works  make  edged  tools,  and  also  dies  and 
punches  for  shoemakers,  tinners,  and  printers,  and  \arious  agricultural  im- 
plements. B.VL'KK  Hroiiikrs  manufacture  tools  for  .shoemakers  and 
saddlers;  AlSNKR  DoniJ';  makes  tools  for  blacksmiths,  masons,  and  miners. 
Till"  .San  Francisco  Tooi,  Comiwnv  devote  most  of  their  attention 
to  the  manufacture  of  heav\'  machines  anil  tools  for  turning  and  planing 
iron,  but  produce  small  tools  also.  All  these  establishments,  howe\er,  ilc- 
pcnd  to  a  large  extent  on  orders  for  their  business,  and  could  not  compete 
with  ICastern  factories  advantageously,  if  they  depended  exclusively  on  pro- 
duction fi)r  the  trade. 

The  instruments  of  civil  engineers  and  the  tools  of  machinists  are  mostly 
imported  from  Fastern  States,  with  a  small  percentage  from  Germany 
and  Fngland ;  the  last,  although  generally  considered  the  best,  find  a 
limited  sale  on  account  of  their  high  price.  The  tools  used  by  the  large 
fountlries  and  machine-shops  are  mosti)' import(;d  b\' these  institutions,  anil 
it  is  impossible  to  get  <i  trustworthy  estimate  of  the  j-eaily  consumption  on 
this  coast. 

Abner  Doble. — Tools  for  blacksmiths,  stone-cutters,  and  miners  have 
been  manufactured  in  San  l'"rancisco  since  iSjoby  Abmcr  DoiiLE.  His 
factory  is  situated  at  13  I'"remont  Street.  The  shop,  in  the  rear  of  the 
salesroom,  is  a  large,  well-arranged  room,  containing  2  steam-hammers, 
forges,  and  various  machiner)-.  I''ourteeii  men  are  employed,  the  mechan- 
ics receiving  .$4  i)er  day  and  the  helpers  $2.25  per  da)-.  Mr.  UoiU.i;  is 
agent  fijr  TlloM.vs  Imrtii  &  Son,  Slieflield,  ICnghuul,  from  whom  begets 
his  steel.  About  150  tons  of  steel  is  on  hand  constantl)',  and  the  tools 
manufactured  annually  by  him  are  worth  about  $24,000.      Mr.    Doiil.i:,  a 


m.) 


't\ 


I  RUN". 


671 


iiati\-c  r.f  Indi.ma,  came  to  California  in    1S50,  and  immcdiatcl)'  after  liis 
aniv;'l,  commenced  workinf,^  at  his  trade,  to  which  he  has  since  been  faithful. 

John  Wrkiiit,  of  San  Francisco,  is  the  only  manufacturer  of  picks  for 
the  trade  on  f)ur  coast.  Mis  annual  sales  \ary  from  1,500  to  2,000  dozens 
annually,  includincf  picks  made  to  his  order  and  under  his  sujxirvision  in 
the  ICastern  States. 

Fire-arms. — .As  in  cutlery,  .so  in  fire-arms,  this  coast  can  not  compete 
with  the  ICastern  States  or  luigland  in  manufacturing  for  the  general 
market ;  and  our  local  production  has  been  limited  to  the  supply  of  .special 
and  exceptional  wants.  A  few  cannon  have  been  cast,  and  man)'  fme 
rifles  and  shot-guns  have  been  put  together  here — most  of  the  parts  having 
been  manufactured  in  the  ICast;  but  this  work  was  either  done  to  order  or 
the  weapons  were  of  patterns  which  could  not  be  matched  among  the  goods 
manufactured  elsewhere  for  the  trade. 

N.  Curry  &  Brother. — This  hou.se  \va.s  established  in  San  Francisco  in 
1S52  by  Cli.\RLi;s  CURRV,  who  then  moved  from  I'hiladelphia,  where  he 
had  been  engaged  in  the  same  business  since  1837.  He  opened  a  store  on 
Commercial  .Street,  and  afterwards  moved  to  the  corner  of  Commercial  and 
Battery,  where  he  remained  till  his  death  in  1863.  I'rom  the  profits  of  his 
business  and  of  judicious  investments  in  real  estate,  he  accumulated  a  hand- 
some fortune  which  he  left  to  his  brothers,  X.  and  JOM\  CrRRV,  who 
succeeded  him  and  compose  the  present  firm,  the  former  having  been  con- 
nected with  the  house  for  some  years  before.  They  moved  in  1S69  to  their 
present  situation,  i  13  .Sansome  Street,  which  they  subsequently  purchased. 
They  ha\e  a  large  importing  and  jobbing  business,  extending  to  all  points 
tributary  to  .San  l'"rancisco,  including  Mexico  and  the  Sandwich  Islands. 
The)-  are  the  Pacific  Coast  agents  for  the  Remingtoii  breech-loading  rifles, 
magazine  rifies  and  shot-guns,  for  the  celebrated  Greener  shot-guns,  manu- 
factured in  Birmingham,  England,  and  used  exl-nsively  by  sportsmc.i 
everywhere,  and  for  Sharp's  rilles;  and  thi\-  import  argcly  of  Colt's  revolv- 
ers and  breech-loailing  shot-guns,  the  Parker  bn.-cch-loading  guns,  the 
Kennedy  rifies,  and  the  cartridges  of  the  Union  Metallic  Cartridge  Com- 
pan\-,  Bridge|K)rt,  Conn.  Besides  their  specialties,  the  firm  deals  in  such 
cheaper  goods  as  the  trade  demands,  carrying  in  stock  everything  in  the 
line  of  sporting  goods,  except  fishing-tackle.  They  have  a  repair  shop, 
em])lo)ing  several  workmen,  and  manufactun'  fine  guns  and  rifies  to  order. 

A.  J.  Plate  &  Co.-- The  firm  of  A.  J.  Pl-VTli  &  Co.  dates  from  May, 
1850,  when  its  founder,  Mr.  A.  J.   Plate,  commenced  business  in  a  little 


\y  -I 


6y2 


MANUFACTUUnS. 


■I 


outdoor  stand  on  long  wharf  (now  Commercial  Street),  with  a  small  stock 
of  ammunition  and  sccond-hantl  pistols.  He  was  a  native  of  Westphalia, 
and  lia\'inL;  received  an  ordinary  business  (xlucation,  came  to  America  in 
iS^o.  With  2  brothers  he  cngai^ed  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture, 
building  up  a  flourishing  business.  Having,  howe\er.  been  visited  by  3 
disastrous  fires  in  the  space  of  3  j'ears,  the  last  of  which  swejjt  away  all 
his  property,  he  was  prepared  to  fall  an  eas)-  victim  to  the  great  Californian 
fever  of  1849.  Leaving  his  wife  and  infant  son  in  New  York,  he  arrived  in 
San  Francisco  in  the  fall  of  that  )car.  After  a  few  months  in  the  inines, 
where  he  met  with  moderatcl)'  good  fortune,  he  came  to  San  Francisco,  and 
commenced  business.  In  1851  he  opened  a  small  store  on  Lcide.sdoriT 
Street,  and  added  a  repair  shop  to  his  business.  In  1855  he  remo\cd  to 
Commercial  Street,  and  began  the  importing  anil  jobbing  of  fire-arms  and 
ammunition,  in  which  his  business  continued  to  increase  until,  in  1S66,  he 
was  able  to  purchase  and  occupj'  the  old  Knickerbocker  fire-engine  build- 
ing, at  510  Sacramento  Street,  which  he  occupied  until  his  death,  in  1878. 
Mr.  Pl..\Ti':  left  a  large  property  to  his  famil)',  his  2  sons,  II.  A.  and  A.  I". 
I'L.vri:,  succeeding  to  his  business,  in  which  the  former  had  been  a  partner 
since  1871.  Mr.  rL.\TK  was  among  the  first  to  import  arms  from  Furope 
direct  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  he  built  up  a  prosperous  trade  with  our 
entire  slope,  from  Mexico  northward.  The  firm  have  al.so  had  some  export 
trade  to  the  Pacific  islands,  witli  occasional  shipments  to  China  and  Japan. 
Some  years   before  ]\Ir.  Pl.v  Tl'.'s  death,  the   firm   had   reached  a    position 


aniontf  the  largest  deal 


in   fire-arms  west  of  St.   Louis.      In    18O5   Mr. 


Pl.VTI';  added  to  his  business  a  department  of  regalia  and  militar)- gonds 
(mentioned  in  the  chapter  including  that  subject),  which  was  carried  on  at 
325  Montgomciy  Street.  In  1880  the  firm  moved  to  their  present  quarters, 
Nos.  418  and  420  Market  .Street,  where  for  both  dcp.utments  of  tiieir  busi- 
ness, they  occup)'  3  stories  and  basement.  Besides  manufacturing  fine 
rilles  antl  guns  to  order,  the}-  do  a  general  jobbing  and  repairing  business, 
and  employ  a  number  of  hand.s  in  their  shops,  at  wages  ranging  from  $5  to 
$25  a  week. 

Among  the  houses  in  this  line  of  business  on  our  coast  ma)-  bo  men- 
tioned LiODM-;  &  Kakdinc,  Ci,.\iiK<UGi[  &  GoixiiKK,  and  C.  1).  Laud. 
of  San  Francisco;  and  II.  T.  HUDSON  and  Wm.  HlXK  &  So.\,  of  Portland. 

Safes. — The  only  manufacturer  of  safes  on  our  coast  is  JoN.\TII.\N 
Km  Ki.Dc.i:,  who  makes  from  20  to  30  aimually,  and  depends  mainly  for 
his  jjatronage  on  banks  and  wealthy  houses,  which  want  large  safes  of 
patterns  or  sizes  not  made  for  the  trade.  The  ordinary  safes,  from  ICastcrn 
factories,  can  be  sold  here  much  cheaper  than  those  made  in  San  Francisco. 


IKON. 


(>n 


Not  only  arc  waives  lower  there,  but  the  larger  market  enables  the  manu- 
facturers to  make  a  j^^reat  number  of  one  size  and  pattern,  and  they  can  cm- 
plu)-  more  machinery,  and  relatively  less  highly  skilled  labor  than  in  a  shop 
where  only  a  few  costly  safes  are  made,  each  different  in  size  and  pattern 
from  the  others.  There  is  no  probability  of  much  increase  in  the  manu- 
facture of  safes  on  our  coast  in  the  near  future. 

Looks.— No  locks  are  made  for  the  trade  on  this  coast,  but  there  are  a 
dozen  locksmiths  who  make  them  to  order;  and  some  of  the  work  done  is 
of  very  fine  quality.  JOX.VTII.XN  KlTTKI'UGE,  of  San  Francisco,  inakcs 
safe-locks.  After  the  construction  of  the  Taiace  Motkl  was  commenced, 
A.  M.  Ad.VM.S,  a  skillful  locksmith,  propo.scd  to  \V.  C.  R.M.STON  to  estab- 
lish a  lock  factory,  and  supply  the  Palace  with  locks  of  Pacific  manufacture. 
R.\l,srON  gave  the  help  required,  and  the  factory  was  established.  TllK 
Central  P.\cutc  Railroad,  The  Kimbali.  Carri.u;k  Comp.vxv,  and 
the  Xapa  Insane  Asylum  patronized  it;  but  the  general  public  purchased 
chcai)er  locks  brought  from  the  liast,  and  the  lock  factory  of  A.  M.  ADAMS 
&  Co.,  pro\ing  unprofitable,  was  closed. 

Pacific  Chain-works. —The  only  chain  factory  on  our  coast,  established 
in  1874,  is  kn(jwn  as  the  Pacific  Chain-works,  at  the  corner  of  Iowa  and  Yuba 
streets,  on  the  Potrero,  in  South  San  I'rancisco.  The  proprietor,  James  !•:. 
Gordon,  owns  the  land  and  buildings;  the  iron  rods  used  in  his  work 
are  made  specially  for  him  at  the  Pacific  Rolling-mill,  in  which  he  has  been 
a  .stockhokler  from  the  start;  anil  his  manufactured  products  arc  sold 
through  the  agency  of  THE  Gordon  Hardware  Company  at  _'50  and 
252  Market  Street,  which  succeeded  the  mercantile  business  established  by 
him  about  the  same  time,  and  noticed  in  another  part  of  this  work.  lie  makes 
crane,  cable,  dredging,  sugar-mill,  mine,  railwa>--car,  ship,  bridge,  log,  raft, 
coil,  back,  trace,  pole,  lock,  and  stay  chains,  plain  or  twisted;  but  his  enter- 
prise depends  largely  for  success  f)n  order  work  for  chains  of  special  sizes 
anil  sujjcrior  quality,  for  which  he  has  been  awarded  several  bronze  and 
silver  medals  at  the  exhibitions  of  the  San  Franci.sco  Mechanics'  Institute. 
Those  who  are  content  with  the  common  styles  and  cheap  qualities  of 
chain  .sent  to  our  coast  by  Eastern  factiiries,  some  of  them  made  in  the 
public  prison.s,  are  not  likely  to  patronize  the  more  carefully  selected  mate- 
rial and  the  more  costly  labor  of  the  Pacific  Chain-works.  Mr.  Gordon 
cmjiloys  from  St"  15  men  in  chain-making,  according  to  the  briskness  of 
the  season. 

Springs.— Though  mattress  springs  and  wire  mattresses  are  made  of  iron 
wire,  their  jjroduction  on  this  coast  is,  to  a  large  extent,  in  establishments 
8s 


6-4 


MANUl  ACrURICS. 


Mti 


engaged  in  the  sale  of  bedding  or  furniture,  and  therefore    mention  has 
been  made  of  them  in  the  cliaptcr  on  textile  fabrics  and  wool. 

The  wagon  and  carriage  springs  sold  annually  on  our  coast  are  worth  $200,- 
000,  and  wc  manufacture  a  little  more  tlian  one  seventh  of  the  supply,  the  re- 
mainder coming  from  the  Atlantic  Slope.  The  labor  is  a  large  part  of  the 
co.it  of  springs,  and  .so  long  as  workers  in  iron  get  from  10  to  25  per  cent,  more 
licre  in  wages  than  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent,  it  is  not  likely  that 
the  importation  of  steel  springs  can  be  much  reduced.  The  Eastern  springs 
are  sold  for  16  cents  and  the  Californian  ft)r  20  cents  a  pound;  and  the  local 
manufacture  depends  to  a  considerable  extent  on  articles  different  from 
those  imported,  as  prepared  for  the  general  market.  The  only  wagon 
spring  factory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  that  of  The  Betts 
Sl'RlNG  Company  in  San  Francisco,  located  at  No.  218  Fremont  Street, 
with  a  frontage  of  70  feet  and  a  depth  of  138  feet,  where  all  kinds  of  steel 
siblings,  from  the  locomotive  to  the  baby-carriage,  are  manufactured.  The 
factory  was  started  in  1868  by  WILLIAM  M.  Betts,  the  head  of  the  estab- 
lishment, and  a  practical  mechanic.  Eighteen  men  are  employed  at  wages 
averaging  $2.75  per  day.  They  import  their  steel  from  the  Eastern  .States, 
and  occasionally  from  Europe;  and  about  80  tons  were  worked  up  last 
)car.  A  heavy  item  of  expense,  which  puts  this  company  at  a  disadvan- 
tage compared  with  Eastern  factories,  is  the  price  of  anthracite  coal,  which 
is  imported  from  Pennsylvania  at  a  cost  of  $13  per  ton.  However,  the 
business  is  prospering  and  gradually  extending,  small  shipments  having 
been  made  to  China,  Japan,  and  Mexico. 


Agricultural  Implements.— The  agricultural  implements  purchased 
annually  on  our  coast  are  worth  about  $5,000,000,  of  which  amount  Cali- 
fornia takes  probably  five  .sevenths,  and  Oregon  and  Washington  a  fifth. 
Four  sevenths  of  the  supply  may  be  manufactured  here,  and  the  remainder 
brought  from  the  Atlantic  Slope.  California  purchases  annually  about 
1,000  headers,  worth  each  $350;  350  threshcr.s,  worth  from  $500  to  $1,200; 
1,500  gang-plows  (the  largest  with  8  plows),  worth  from  $75  to  $150; 
13,500  single  plows,  worth  from  $5  to  $25  ;  5,000  harrows,  worth  from  $10 
to  $50;  5,000  cultivators,  worth  from  $10  to  $100;  and  3,000  reapers,  worth 
from  $200  to  $300.  Among  the  articles  of  this  class  made  annually  on  our 
coast  are  100  headers,  1,000  gang-plow.s,  3,000  single-plows,  50  hay-presses, 
and  all  the  harrows  and  cultivators  used  here.  The  horse-rakes,  spreaders, 
seed-sowers,  derricks,  harrows,  cultivators,  and  self-feeders,  for  threshing- 
machines,  arc  bulky  in  proportion  to  weight,  and  are  generally  made  here. 

Many  of  these  machines  can  be  made  more  cheaply  in  the  East  than 
here.     The  labor,  which  is  a  large  item,  is  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  cheapei 


IRON. 


675 


there.  A  factory  thoro  usually  makes  only  2  or  3  kiiuls  of  implements, 
but  produces  them  in  great  numbers;  while  here  it  undertakes  to  manufac- 
ture 20  different  articles — but  a  small  number  of  each.  All  the  supplies 
needed  can  be  obtained  there  in  great  variet)'  and  abundance.  Castings  of 
common,  or  malleable  iron,  may  often  be  bought  from  foundries  which  pro- 
duce them  as  specialties.  Favorable  contracts  can  be  made  for  the  use  of 
the  patents  needed  in  many  of  the  implements.  The  oak  and  hickory  in- 
dispensable in  the  wood-work,  arc  necessarily  che.ipcr  there  than  here.  The 
])rice  of  every  material  and  of  every  class  of  labor  em])loyetl  in  the  factor)- 
is  dearer  here;  and,  as  a  con.sequence,  the  implement  produced  in  San 
I'rancisco  always  commands  a  higher  price  than  one  made  in  .St.  Louis  or 
Chicago. 

The  freight  from  the  Atlantic  Slope  has  a  large  influence  on  the  price  of 
our  agricultural  implements.  The  charge  b_\-  rail  is  $50  .'i  ton  by  the  car- 
load; on  sailing-vessels  it  is  $10,  but  the  voyage  is  long  and  uncertain,  and 
the  in.surancc  and  packing  cost  more  than  by  rail;  and  besides.  New  York 
is  not  the  place  where  the.se  articles  are  manufactured  e.vtensively.  About 
one  half  of  the  agricultural  implements  jjrought  to  our  coast  from  the  liast, 
come  by  way  of  Cape  Horn.  Most  of  the  implements  made  here  are  of  pat- 
terns not  much  used  on  the  Atlantic  .Slope,  or  our  mechanics  have  acquired 
a  si)ecial  skill  in  their  proiluction,  or  the  freight  makes  up  a  large  part  of 
their  cost.  The  railroad  charges  for  bringing  a  hay-press  weighing  a  ton 
and  a  half  across  the  continent  are  $75,  or  16  per  cent,  of  $450,  its  sale 
price.  The  construction  is  comparatively  simple,  and,  instead  of  taking  the 
high-priced  oak  for  the  wood-work,  the  cheaper  red  fir  may  be  substituted, 
and  it  is  strong  enough.  A  threshing-engine  weighs  4  tons;  a  threshing- 
machine  from  I'/i  to  2'/i  tons;  a  header  from  Ij4  to  l^  tons;  a  reaper 
half  a  ton  or  more;  a  gang-plow  of  average  size  600  pounds;  a  cultivator 
from  75  to  750  pounds;  a  harrow  from  75  to  300  pounds;  a  single-plow 
from  40  to  100  poimds. 

About  500  men  arc  regularly  employed  in  the  factories  of  agricultural 
implements  on  our  coast.  The  leading  establishments  are  The  Hknicia 
Agricultural  Works,  at  l?enicia,  to  be  mentioned  hereafter;  Jackson 
&  Truman,  M.  W.  Rice,  and  K.  Soulk,  in  San  JMancisco;  and  Matte- 
.SON  &  WiLLiAM.sox,  G.  LlssENDE.v,  Joiix  Caine,  and  H.  C.  Shaw,  in 
Stockton;  THE  CiHCO  I'LOW  Works,  at  Chico;  H.  D.  N.vsH  &  Co.,  at 
Sacramento;  J.  Rnrkuit,  who  n.akcs  straw-burning  engines,  at  San  Jose; 
and  J.  L.  IIE.VLI),  in  the  same  specialty,  near  Port  Costa. 

The  Jud.son  Horse-nail  Company,  of  which  ICohert  Jidson  is 
president,  contracts  with  the  State  of  California  for  the  manufacture,  in  the 


67G 


MAM  FA(    TLUKS. 


San  (JuciUiti  prison,  of  Victor  Mowing-Machines,  pulleys,  hangers,  coup- 
lings, collars,  hardware,  and  horse-nails,  employinj^  60  hands.  Several  of 
the  articles  turned  out,  includiiij^  the  mower  and  the  pulle>s,  arc  the  first  of 
their  respective  kinds  e\er  made  on  the  coast.  The  work  furnishes  em- 
ployment to  60  convicts.  With  the  exception  of  the  horse-nails,  which  are 
made  of  the  best  Norway  iron,  the  raw  materials  consumed  are  products  cjf 
our  slope. 

Benicia  Agricultural  Works.— I'm;  Hkmcia  AoKicui/iURAi.  Wokks 
is  the  name  of  an  incorporated  company,  which  has  one  of  the  lar^^est  fac- 
tories for  .is^ricultural  implements  in  the  United  .States,  occupyinj^  15  acres, 
inchRlin_Lr  the  jjroperty  lon^  held  h)-  the  I'acific  Mail  Steamship  Company 
at  Henicia,  with  a  wharf  O5  feet  wiile  and  600  loni^.  Althoujjh  the  incor- 
jKiration  and  the  establishment  at  IVnicia  are  recent,  the  company  are  in 
one  sen.se  old,  for  they  [ws.sess  the  knowletl^e,  experience,  skill,  anil  credit 
of  their  i^rcdeccssor,  TllK  S\vi:i-;i'.staui;  Fi.ow  Comi-a.nv,  established  and 
maintaineil  b)-  ]5.\Ki;u  &  llAMILIDX  at  .San  I.eandro  for  many  jears. 
That  company  had  spent  many  j'ears  in  studying  the  wants  of  the  Pacific 
market,  and  h.id  found  that  on  account  of  high  wages,  the  dryness  of  the 
snnnners,  the  distance  of  man\'  farms  from  repairing-shops,  anil  the  serious 
loss  in  case  of  breakage,  the  farmers  of  California  ilemanded  \ery  superior 
implements;  and  it  was  in  the  manufacture  of  these  that  H.VKKK  &  ll.\.M- 
II,  ION  laid  the  scjiid  foundation  of  the  Ik'nicia  Agricultunil  Works.  I'he 
corporation  has  a  capital  of  .$500,000,  most  of  the  stock  being  contributed 
b}  j?.vki;K  iS:  II  A.MiliON,  anil  employs  200  men,  all  whites,  at  wages  rang- 
iiv;  from  $1  to  $5  ])er  da,\'.  They  have  a  sawmill  at  .Seattle,  where  thcj- 
manufacture  much  of  the  hard  wood  suitable  for  their  ])urpose,  obtainable 
in  Washington,  and  the  leniaindcr  of  their  hard  wood  they  bring  from  the 
Mississipjji  \'allcy.  Most  of  their  iron  comes  from  Clipper  Gap,  California, 
and  Oswego,  Oregon,  a  little  Scotch  being  mi.xed  in,  to  get  the  best  combi- 
nation of  toughness  and  harilness.  They  make  Hill's  Improved  Headers, 
the  I'.ureka  (iang-plows,  .Sweeiistake  Gang-plows  fnew  model),  I'.ureka 
Gangs,  I'ayne's  .Single  .Sulky  Flows,  Beauregard's  Cnannel  Iron  Harrow, 
wooil  harrows,  Caho<in  anil  Gem  scedsowers,  Gillis'  Horse  Powers,  road- 
scrapers,  iron-gear  spring  wagons,  scedsowers,  cultivators,  and  other  im|)le- 
mcnts.      !■'.  A.  IIll.l,  is  the  superintendent  of  their  works. 


Jackson  Sl  Truman. — Among  the  interesting  industrial  establishments 
of  the  Pacific  .Slope,  the  agricultural  works  of  JACKSO.V  &  TkU.MAN,  at 
()2^  Si.Nth  .Street,  .San  l'"rancisco,  deserves  special  mention.  It  owes  its 
foundation  and  success  mainl>'  to  the  inventive  genius  of  the  senior  partner, 


IRON. 


('77 


who,  finiliiiL;  lliat  tlic  threshing'  in.ichini  i>  used  lo  or  i  5  years  a^o  \v;is  not 
fully  adapted  to  the  wants  of  California,  set  his  wits  to  work  and  made  in- 
vention aftci'  in\ention,  until  the  expense  of  separatinfj  grain  from  straw 
and  cliaff  had  been  reduced  about  50  per  cent.  .Mo<t  of  the  impn\e- 
inents  orij^inatcd  w  ith  liim,  others  were  made  necessary  by  his  inventions. 
First  on  the  list  was  the  self  feeder  and  elevator,  which  sa\ed  the  labor  of 
•S  men  on  e\ery  large  thrcsiier.  The  ok!  system  of  hand-feiiliii;^  ix-quired 
16  men  to  pass  the  grain  from  the  stack  to  the  threshing-machine,  and  ga.'C 
them  opportunities  to  shirk,  so  that  either  the  siippl)-  to  the  machine  was 
in'-i.ilicient  uul  irregular,  or  the  labor  was  e.vtremel)-  hard  on  the  willing 
hands,  h'or  that  rca.son.  and  because  of  the  ;.^neat  iieat  in  the  threshing 
season,  it  was  difficuh  to  get  good  men  for  such  work.  Tiie  .self-feeiler 
enables  8  men  to  do  the  feeding,  and  imposes  a  regular  task  on  each,  so 
that  there  is  no  chance  to  shirk.  He  who  <  n  not  or  will  not  do  his  share 
is  rejected.  Hesides,  on  account  of  the  gu.iter  regularity  in  the  feed,  the 
ordinary  working  capacitj'  has  increased  25  per  ( <^nt.  The  number  of 
steam  threshing-machines  on  our  coast  is  variously  estimated  from  1,500 
to  3,000,  and  is  probably  tint  less  thati  2,000.  The  aM  ra;  lengtli  of  the 
threshing  s(msoi>  is  70  liays,  and  multiplying  that  number  b)-  2,000  and  8, 
we  have  a  total  saving  of  1,120,000  day's  work,  fir  at  $2  a  tla)-,  more  th.m 
$2,000,000. 

To  prepare  his  grain  for  the  feeder  and  elevator,  and  secure  the  regular- 
ity of  the  supply,  Mr  j  \i  K.sox  invented  an  improved  distributing  s])reader- 
distributcr,  which  last  .aves  tiie  labor  of  one  man.  His  spreader  was  intro- 
duced only  2  years  ago,  and  now  more  than  half  the  threshing-machines  in 
the  State  have  elevators  with  spreaders  attached.  Another  invention  of 
Mr.  Jackson's  is  a  portable  derrick  mounted  on  a  common  road-wagon, 
the  derrick  being  .so  made  that  it  can  be  conveniently  lowered  to  pass 
through  covered  bridges  or  under  trees.  With  the  derrick,  J.VCKSox's 
light-weight  horse-fork  is  used  to  carry  tiie  grain  from  the  stack  to  the 
derrick  floor,  where  it  pas.scs  to  the  elevator.  J.\CK.SO-\'s  fork  weighs  about 
40  pounds,  whereas  the  older  forks  weighed  70,  their  weight  being  a  gre.it 
objection  to  their  use.  The  implement  is  called  a  horse-fork,  but  it  w  ill 
soon  be  a  stcain-fork,  for  JacK-SON  &  Tkuman  ha\e  bouglit  a  patent  for  a 
spool  or  drum  which  will  be  driven  from  the  threshing-engine,  thus  saving 
the  labor  of  4  horses  and  one  man.  Mr.  JacK.SON  has  1 1  patents  in  ail  in 
threshing  machinery. 

In  consequence  of  the  introduction  of  his  inventions,  it  has  become 
profitable  to  use  larger  engines  and  threshing-machines,  to  make  the  stacks 
with  more  care,  to  employ  more  trustwoithy  men,  and  to  \YAy  higher 
wages;  for  men  engaged  iti  threshing  get  better  pay  now  than  they  did   iti 


:i  1 


6;S 


M.WllAc  TIKKS. 


1S70.  W'illiin  10  )Ciirs  the  .ivcraijjc  cost  of  tlircsliinj^  ;i  cental  of  wheat,  in 
California,  his  been  rciluccd  from  20  to  10  cents;  a  saving  of  $2,800,000  on 
the  cro|)  of  ulie.it  harvested  b\-  California  in  iS.Si.  Ihe  ;4reater  part  of 
that  saviiifj  is  the  result  of  HyuoX  Jac'KsoN'.s  in^'eiuiity. 

When  he  found  that  he  hiid  the  exclusive  rij^ht  to  manufacture  valu;ibic 
af(riciillurai  machinery,  Mr.  jACKSdN,  in  1872.  be^an  to  manufacture,  h.iv- 
inj^  his  work  done  by  contract  in  .Sacramento;  the  next  )ear  lie  established 
a  factor)- of  his  own  at  Woodland  ;  in  kSj.S  he  nioveil  to  .San  Francisco; 
and  in  iSSi  he  formed  a  p.utnership  with  1.  J.  Tui'MAN,  who  hail  been 
maua^^cr  for  Hakkr  &  Ha.MILIX>N  for  18  years.  The}-  have  invested  over 
$100,000  in  their  business,  em|)loy  65  men,  and  manufacture  vineyard  and 
iron  harrows,  hay.  hide.  hoi),  and  wool  presses,  hi^h  .and  low  derricks, 
threshing'  and  stationar)-  enijines,  horse-forks,  ste.im-tlerrick  fork-spools, 
and  self-feeders.  Their  steam-eni^ines  are  sui)i)iied  with  an  automatic 
governor  on  the  engine-shaft,  connected  directly  to  a  plain  slide-valve, 
which  is  balanced  by  a  very  durable  and  simple  device,  so  that  the  \alve 
will  last  as  long  as  an)-  portion  of  the  engine,  anil  never  leak  steam.  Thr 
entire  engine,  including  the  governor  and  valve,  was  designed  by  Mr. 
Jackson. 


H.  W.  Rioe. — The  engine  and  boiler  works  of  II.  W.  Rici:,  embracing 
the  Nos.  52  to  60  Hluxome  .Street.  ha\e  a  frontage  of  165  feet  by  120  feet 
deep,  anil  occupy  a  neat  2-story  buililingwhich  is  suitablj-  divided  into  a 
machine-shoj),  boiler-shop,  erecting-rooms,  paint-rooms,  forge-shops,  anil 
storage-rooms.  A  large  power  elevator  gives  commimication  to  the  upper 
floors,  where  arc  pattern-rooms,  drafting-room,  and  wood-shops.  ^Ir.  RlCli 
first  established  his  factory  in  Haywood  in  1873,  and  mined  to  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1876.  Hi.s  specialty  is  the  straw-burning  engine,  which  he  was  the 
first  to  make  a  success,  by  burning  the  worthless  straw  that  is  wasted  in  the 
har\cst-field.s,  making  it  .supply  the  fuel  for  generating  steam  in  field 
engines.  His  first  patent,  issued  January,  1874,  and  reissued  IVIarch,  1875, 
has  been  sust.iined  in  2  cases  before  the  United  .States  Circuit  Court,  where 
the  originalitj'  and  the  great  value  of  the  inventions  were  generally  recog- 
nized. The  straw-burning  engines  arc  now  in  common  use  in  California 
and  arc  rajjiilly  being  introduced  into  all  the  wheat-growing  districts  of  the 
Mississippi  basin.  He  h,as  now  270  engines  in  successful  use.  In  1881  he 
built  and  sold  45  engines,  anil  in  April,  1S82,  he  was  building  30,  and  had 
alread)'  contracted  for  the  sale  of  20.  He  also  manufactures  gang-])lows,  saw- 
mills, jack-screws,  marine  and  stationarj-  boilers,  etc.  He  is  comi)leting  the 
boiler  and  steam-drum  for  an  engine  of  500  horse-power  to  be  u.scd  in 
.S|'1;kkn's  enlarired  flour-mill  at  Stockton. 


IKi>N. 


Cyjij 


Windmillj. —  TIr-  lack  of  rain,  dining'  tlic  smninci',  rciukrs  some  arti- 
ficial supply  of  water  ncccssarv  on  many  portions  of  the  Pacific  Coast, 
and  the  [jievailin;,'  breeze,  (iurint,'  tlie  same  season,  makes  the  \\i,i(linlll  the 
cheapest  jjouer. 

Most  of  the  lar^'e  towns  in  California,  aiiil  'especially  those  situated  in 
the  ai^'ricultural  districts,  have  one  or  more  small  factories,  wiiicii  sup|)ly 
the  local  demand.  .Stocktcjn  has  4  such  estaljlishments,  uhile  .San  I'ran- 
cisco  has  S,  some  of  which  manufacture  very  little.  .Stockton  is  sometimes 
called  the  "Cit)-  of  Windmills."  'A'ithin  a  ratlius  of  a  few  iuindred  yards 
of  the  Yosemite  Hotel,  at  Stockton,  one  may  count  more  windmills  than 
arc  to  be  seen,  in  the  .same  arc,i,  elsewhere  in  the  State.  The  windmill  fans, 
in  u.sc  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  varj'  from  G  to  60  feet  in  diameter  of  wheel. 
Their  cost  ranjjes  from  $75  to  $2,000,  a\-craj.(in^  $200  or  $250. 

Orcf^on  pine  and  rcdwooil  arc  the  principal  materials  used  for  tiie  wood- 
work. The  oblique  vanes  or  fan.s,  radiating  from  the  shaft,  are  made  of 
redwood,  which  bein;^  'is'it.  'I'l'l  'ess  liable  to  injury  from  rain  or  sun  than 
other  timber,  is  well  adapted  to  the  purpose.  Ore^'on  ])ine  is  preferred  for 
the  arm-braces,  on  account  of  its  extreme  touj^hness.  The  iron  castings 
and  brass  bearings  arc,  for  the  most  part,  obtained  at  the  San  Francisco 
foundries. 

Althoutjh  there  is  abundance  of  material  to  be  obtained  in  California,  at 
a  reasonable  cost,  Kastcrn  manufacturers  often  contrive  to  .sell  their  mills  at 
cheaper  rates  than  those  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  waj^^es  of  opera- 
tives, in  all  parts  of  California,  are  $5  a  day,  and  this  his^h  rate,  which  is  at 
least  20  per  cent,  above  the  Eastern  price  of  labor,  may  prcjbably  account 
for  the  matter.  The  Eastern  mill  is  less  carefully  made,  and  the  wood  is 
often  not  thoroughly  .seasoned,  a  defect  which  tells  very  quickly  in  the  dry 
climate  of  California. 

Many  of  our  factories  liave  some  peculiar  methods  of  their  own  in  the 
process  of  manufacture,  and  a  large  number  of  patents  have  been  issued 
for  various  inventions.  Most  of  the  windmills  made  of  late  years  are  sclf- 
regulating,  will  adapt  them.sclvcs  to  a  light  or  strong  breeze,  and  will 
stop  revolving  in  a  gale.  Man)-  improvements  have  been  made  since 
WlIJ  I.\M  I.  T'i'SiiN  erected  at  Henicia,  in  1849,  the  fir.it  mill  ever  built  in 
California. 


i 


i^'%iB 


Elevators. — The  manufacture  and  use  of  house  elevators  on  our  coast 
are  limited,  with  few  exceptions,  to  .San  I'"rancisco,  the  only  city  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  large  enough  to  make  a  considerable  demand  for  them. 
Ail  the  different  kinds  of  machines  commonly  in  use,  from  a  dumb-waiter 
to  a  hotel  passenger  elevator,  are   manufactured.     Some  very  handsome 


6.So 


MAXriArTT'KKS. 


•i\' 


jjassuns^cr  crtrs,  fitted  « itii  doincLl  s!vyli.i;'hts  of  L^roiinci  i^la.ss,  vo'itJlatcd  hy 
means  of  br>;i/.c  wire  scrtx-ns,  and  finished  with  paneled  ,uid  inlaitl  woo-,!, 
have  been  iikkIc.  I'oi-  many  (jf  tlicsc  elevators,  automatic  doiirs  are  pro- 
vided, wliich  are  lockctl  and  unlucketl  bv  the  ajjuard  or  downward  motion 
of  the  ears;  thus  avoicHn^f  all  danger  nf  their  beiny  (ipen  exce;)t  at  thj 
nmment  when  tile  ear  arri\es.  By  the  use  of  elevators  the  objection  to 
reiitniL;  rooms  nn  the  u])|)er  lloors  of  hotels,  office  buildin^js,  etc.,  is  entirely 
ol)\  iated  ;  and  the  top  floor  is  often  more  desirable  than  the  lower  ones,  on 
acc<iunt  I'f  its  seclusion  and  (|uict.  I'or  sidewalk  hoists,  usctl  in  raisintj 
hea\y  fifn-.ids  irom  the  basement,  wire  ropes  are  rapidly  tal'ciiiy  tin'  place  of 
chains,  in  the  use  of  chain  hoists  any  sudden  jar  is  apt  to  break  a  link, 
and  w  iien  thi;-  occurs,  the  life  of  the  operator  is  endangered,  antl  the  goods 
ow  t!ie  iilatfonii  are  dainagetl.  The  wire  rof>e.  which  is  elastic  and  yicld- 
jiig,  ih  now  |)retiinTed  on  account  of  its  greater  safety.  Hoists,  worked  b}' 
llund  power,  nan:  used  where  steam  aiul  hydiauldc  power  can  not  be  ob- 
tamuii.  Thty  iuie  furnishetl  with  a  clutch  f  )r  holding  the  loail  at  any 
pmmi  (i>f  its  aiecaator  descent. 

.^eam,  elcOBitiiiy,  hydraulic  power,  and  hand  power  are  all  used  for 
wcinking- hoisK-auni: elevators.  A  small  one,  used  at  the  Baldwin  Hotel,  for 
raiHimg  paekas^s  irom  the  office  to  the  different  floors,  is  run  by  eleetricit)-. 
Hysaraaiiiic  eks-aBors  have  the  advantage  of  great  simplicity  and  safety, 
GoinbaBBnll  xvitii  flmocsthmcss  in  running  and  lieerlom  from  smoke,  heat,  and 
iKi>ise.  A  ijsressiiiKct  of  40  pounds  to  the  scjuare  inch  is  usually  sufficient,  and 
can  bir  ( ilatzLisKjd  nm  iimosll  cswes  by  turning  on  the  water  from  the  city  mains. 
VV'heiie  this  jBre.siHJiBc  doefc  not  cxi.st,  or  is  insufficient,  a  tank  or  receiver  is 
used  mTst±i  a  capucitj-  of  lsdo  to  2,000  gallon.s.  .Air  is  pumped  in  up  to  a 
pressHire  of  .So  pwunds,  atmrii  the  tank  is  then  half  filled  with  water,  by  which 
means  tht:  air  jjuessare  t*.  doubled,  and.  remaining  as  a  constant  head  on 
tim  water,  furajtilies  jwwcmor  hoisting  purposes.  In  buildings  whore  there 
is  shafting  con\'cniently  sanaatcd,  leather  belting  is  often  used  for  the  trans- 
mission of  power. 

The  lumber  required  for  tlie  making  of  hoists  and  elevators  comes  jjrin- 
cipally  from  I'uget  Sound,  except  that  which  is  used  for  the  cages,  which 
are  commonly  made  of  I'^astern  ash.  The  wire  rope,  iron,  and  other  mate- 
rials used  are  mainly  of  home  production.  Orders  are  occasionally  received 
by  San  I'ranci  ;co  manut'ailurers  from  Portlantl,  Oregon,  and  from  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  but  their  amount  is  not  very  considerable.  The  few 
machines  imported  from  abroad  consist  almost  entirely  of  costly  passenger 
ele\ators,  required  for  fnst-class  hotels,  and  for  a  few  other  buildings.  Those 
used  at  the  (Irand  Hotel,  the  Nevada  J^lock,  and  at  A.  B.  McCrkkky's 
building,  on  Tine  Street,  were  made  in  .San    I'rancisco.      The  (1  rand    Hotel 


IKON. 


r.si 


elevator  lias  been  in  operation  tor  over  5  years,  riiniiin;^  17  hours,  ami 
makin;^  about  500  ir;;)  \cry  ilaj'  in  the  year,  in  I'aslcrn  cities,  \\  lure 
hotels,  factories,  ami  Inisiness  jjuiUlini^s  arc  ric(|ucnlly  7,  S.  .uul  c\cii 
10  stories  lii^h,  ele\ators  are  used  nuicli  more  I'xtensivelj'  than  in  San 
I'rancisco,  where  .5  or  4  stories  arc  the  usual  limit.  The  number  inadi-  in 
the  latter  eit\-  does  not  averat^e  more  than  So  to  icxj  a  year,  and  ihcir  \,ili\c 
does  not  exceetl  $100,000.  The  deinand  is  necessarily  limiteil,  and  tlcpcnds 
mainly  on  tlx:;  number  of  lar^e  buililins^s  that  may  be  in  course  of  election. 
At  times  the  orders  received  in  a  single  \i..i'!;  ■.ill  exceed  those  for  sc\er.d 
prexious  months;  then  will  follow  another  d,  '.'  interval,  during'  which  there 
is  little  or  no  business.  A  San  I'"rancfsc(.  ,n  has  now  on  hand  an  order 
for  2  passenger,  4  freight,  ami  3  sidewalk  elevators,  all  for  the  use  of  a 
single  building  now  in  course  of  erection.  Their  cost,  when  complete,  in- 
cluding machinery  and  boilers,  will  amount  to  $30,000. 

The  uncertainty  and  fluctuation  in  the  dema'nd  cause  much  of  the  work- 
to  be  let  out  to  contractors,  and  verj'  few  mechanics  find  Sicad)-  employ- 
ment in  this  department  the  )'ear  round.  In  busy  times  there  ma\-  be 
30  or  40  men  engaged,  and  in  dull  times  not  more  than  a  d07.cn.  ()nl\- 
first-class  mechanics  arc  employed,  and  their  wages  are  from  $3  to  $4  ,1 
day.  Most  of  the  elevators  in  California,  ,uul  man>'  of  those  in  luistern 
cities,  arc  made  under  |)atcnts  for  hydnuilic  elevators  granted  to  I'llil.ll' 
IIlNKLli,  of  San  Francisco.  New  \'ork,  I'hiladelpliia,  Boston,  St.  Louis, 
Cincinnati,  Rochester,  and  Detroit  all  pay  a  royaltv  to  him. 


I 


George  H.  Sanborn's  Sons.  —  A  consitlerable  portion  of  the  book-- 
binders'  and  printers'  machinery  used  on  this  coast  comes  from  the  estab- 
lishment of  GiajKiiK  H.  S.VNUORN's  Sox.s,  25  Heekman  Street,  \ew 
York,  and  152  and  154  Monroe  Street,  Chicago.  The  firm  have  a  large 
factory  on  the  Mystic  River  in  Connecticut.  The  Sanborn  machines  are 
noted  for  their  easy,  quick,  and  smooth  running.  Their  embossing  i)ress, 
number  10,  possesses  the  requisite  size  and  strength  for  all  regular  work  in 
binderies;  number  12,  a  stronger  and  more  powerful  maciiine,  is  suited  for 
large  surfaces,  and  ;'or  the  hardest  kinds  of  boards,  sucli  as  the  embossing 
of  quarto  and  folio  bibles;  their  double-elephant  embossing  and  compress- 
ing machine,  number  13,  is  the  most  massive  and  powerful  machine  ever 
introduced,  and  is  used  for  gilding  large  surfaces  on  card-board,  or  an)-  \er)' 
thin,  solid  substance,  or  for  mashing  or  book-pressing  for  large  books. 
Their  patent  roller-backing  machine  is  largely  used  in  binderies  where 
edition  work  is  done,  and  is  the  only  machine  of  the  kind  in  use.  S.W- 
liORN's  Sons  have  been  established  since  1852.  First-class  medals  were 
86 


r;.| 


■ 

p^ 

1 

~ 

Cj^l 


M  AMI  ACTIKICS. 


awarded  to  them  at  the  London  and  I'aris  exhibitions,  at  the  Centennial 
I'xliihitiuii  in  I'iiiladcl[>hia,  and  at  oilier  jjlaces  in  different  parts  of  the 
world,  where  their  machines  luivc  been  exliibiteil. 

Kolling-mills.— Our  slope  has  2  .  illincj-mills;  one  at  San  I'rancisco  be- 
l.)n},n'n;^r  to  liiK  r.\(  iin  R()|.i.i\(;-mii,l  Company,  with  a  present  capacity 
of  30,000  tons  a  }ear.  and  another  at  Sacramento  connected  with  the  rail- 
roatl  shops — the  latter  de])endin_i:;  for  its  raw  m.itcrial  on  old  rails  and  scrap- 
iron.  Till:".  rAClKiC  Koi.i,lNi;-Mii.i.  COMI'WV  was  ori^anizcd  May  10,  1866, 
the  orii,nnal  corporators  bcinj,' WM.  Ai.xoRD,  John  Bknslky,  D.  O.  Mll.LS, 
B.  r.  liUlNKK,  and  A.  Mavwaku.  They  complied  with  the  conditions  of  an 
act  of  the  let;islature,  passed  in  April  of  the  same  year,  granting  a  tract  of 
submerged  land  in  front  of  Potrcro  Point,  the  conditions  being  that  they 
should  pay  the  price  to  be  fixed  by  the  Tide  Land  Commissioners,  at  not 
more  than  $300  an  acre  for  the  land,  and  should  also  erect  a  rolling-mill. 
This  tract,  with  some  upland  pre\  iously  purchased,  gave  sufficient  ground 
for  their  works,  tlie  construction  of  wliich  was  commenced  without  delay. 
In  Jul)-,  1.S68,  the  buildings,  whar\es,  and  machinery  were  all  complete,  and 
in  that  month  the  first  bar  of  iron  was  rolled.  The  capacity  was  then  3,000 
tons  a  )ear. 

The  works  are  divided  into  several  dei^artments,  each  having  its  special  line 
of  production.  In  the  first  are  made  bar,  rod,  and  angle  iron,  Lbeams,  and 
'1"  ami  channel  iron.  Iron  ami  -'eel  rails  are  rolled  in  the  second.  In  the 
third  are  tlie  puddle-mill  and  fmiiaces  for  converting  jiig  and  cast-iron  into 
wrought-iron.  The  fourth  de[)artment  conl.iins  furnaces  and  steam-ham- 
mers for  locomoti\e,  marine,  and  engine  forgings  of  all  kinds.  The  fifth  is 
the  smith-shop,  for  the  manufacture  of  irons  required  in  britlge,  ship,  and 
car  work.  The  sixth  is  the  factory  for  holts,  nuts,  railroad  and  ship  spikes, 
track-nails,  washers,  etc.  In  the  se\enth,  all  kinds  of  coil-chains  arc  man- 
ufactured. Besides  these  separate  departments  for  the  jiroiluction  of  iron- 
work, there  ar  ;  a  repair-shop,  a  l)ox-factor_\-,  and  a  pattern-shop. 

The  machiner)-  of  the  rolling-mill  is  driven  by  Oengines,  .'xertiiig  650  horse- 
power and  driving  5  separate  trains  of  rolls.  I'jghteen  reverbator)-  furnaces 
are  in  use,  capable  of  heating  130  tons  of  iron  in  a  day.  The  heat  gener- 
;ited  !)}•  the  furnaces  is  utilized,  not  only  for  the  m.anipulation  of  the  iron, 
but  also  for  furnishing  steam  40  boilers  being  heated  by  this  means.  A 
\  ast  sa\  ing  in  fuel  is  thus  effecteil.  Two  sleam-hannneis,  with  a  crushing 
power  of  150  and  J40  tons,  res])ectively,  are  used  for  making  large  wrought 
shafts.  There  are  also  3  steam-hammers  of  gieat  poxver  in  the  blacksmith- 
sho|).  There  are  6  machines  for  cutting  railroad  spikes  from  the  hot  iron,  and 
each  spike  machine  can  make  75  spikes  per  mimite;  and  7,500  bolts  can  be 


F 

m 


m  '1 


IKO\. 


r>S;! 


made  in  a  d;iv.  I'ivo  machines,  fed  with  hot  iron  bars,  turn  out  fmisjieil 
.square  and  hexaijiin  nuts.  .Vn  immense  plain  disi<  saw,  which  makes  ;,,cxx) 
revolutions  per  minute,  is  used  for  euttini;  cold  iron  of  an_\-  tiiicj^iicss,  such 
as  beams,  bars,  pillars  for  building's,  etc.,  at  any  required  lentjth.  A  lari^e 
quantity  of  new  machinery,  ordcreil  from  the  I'.ast.  will  soon  increase  tiie 
capacit)' of  the  mills  ami  introduce  the  latest  impro\cments.  Scra|)-iron 
is  received  from  all  soiuces.  in  addition  to  the  local  suppl)',  many  coun- 
tries that  have  commerci.il  relations  with  .San  i'"r,incisco,  contribute  their 
quota.  Bituminous  coal,  from  Australia,  to  the  extent  of  about  i  5,000  tons 
a  j'ear,  is  consinned  at  the  Pacific  RollinL,r-mills.  (las  furnaces  have  recently 
been  erected  for  the  manufacture  of  coal-ijas,  to  be  used  instead  of  coal; 
and  it  is  claimed  that  they  effect  a  savinc;  of  2^  per  cent,  in  fuel,  and  of  50 
per  cent,  in  the  waste  of  iron.  Tiie  mill  runs  day  and  nijj;ht.  i'rom  4,50 
to  450  men  are  employed  usually  in  the  tlifferent  shifts.  The  rates  of 
wayes  are  25  per  cent,  higher  than  those  prevailing  in  the  I'.astt'rn  States. 
Common  laborers  recei\e  from  .$1.75  to  $2  per  da\' ;  piiddlers,  rollers,  and 
mill-men  are  paid  by  the  ton,  and  make  about  $4  per  day;  and  those  in 
charge  of  a  gang  of  men  receive  $<S  per  ilay. 

The  officers  of  the  Pacific  Rolling-mill  Compaii)'  are  Wm.  .Vln'oKD, 
President,  L.  H.  Ukxchlkv,  General  Manager,  P.MKRK  NoiU.K,  Sui)erin- 
tcndent,  and  Cll.VRl.lCS  M.  Kekni:v,  Secretai)-.  (Jf  Mr.  ALVORr),  .some 
account  has  been  gi\-en  in  the  chapter  on  Ranking.  Mr.  Bexc'HLEV  came 
to  Cal.fornia  in  i85oand  has  been  in  the  iron  business  since  1852.  He 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Pacific  Oil  and   Lead-works. 


lil* 


.  I'l 


i 


t  v' 


Rolling-mill  Products  —When  the  Pacific  Rolling-mills  began  work, 
the)'  made  onl\'  bar-iron,  but  soon  afterwartls  undertook  the  maiuifaclure 
of  railroad-iron.  Later  they  erected  puddling-furnaces,  which  enabled 
them  to  make  use  of  pig-iron.  The_\'  tlo  not  make  sheet-iron,  as  the  limited 
demand  for  it  would  not  justity  the  oulla\'  for  tiie  necessary  machinery, 
which  is  \er)'  expensive.  At  present  the}'  manufacture  railroad-iron  of  all 
sizes  and  shapes:  wrought-iron  shafts,  for  mills  ,ind  steamships;  Lbeams 
and  girders,  for  house-building  and  bridges;  rod-iron  of  all  sizes,  from  a 
(piarter  of  an  inch  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  both  round  and  sijuare;  and 
strap  and  Hat  iron  up  to  '.2  inches  widi.  The}-  also  make  chains  of 
various  sizes,  and  all  kinds  of  screw.s,  bolts,  and  nuts.  The  manufactme 
of  tiiese  articles  amounts  to  7,000  tons  a  year,  exclusive  of  railroad- 
iron.  Iron  bridges  are  made,  of  many  sizes  and  patterns.  Among 
those  lecently  manufacture]  arc  one  of  260  feet  span  for  Oregon,  _'  of 
160  feet  each  for  the  same  .Stale,  and  one  of  uSo  feet  for  Oroville,  L'ali- 


'( 


M 


M  i- 


684 


MAMIAC  TURI.S. 


foinia.  Shafts  for  steamships  arc  made  in  all  sizes,  a  90-foot  shaft,  in  4 
len;4ths  with  couplings,  liavini;  been  made  recciith'  for  the  steamship  JA'.iv'fC. 
iron  lails  for  street-car  lines  in  San  I'rancisco,  and  for  several  interior  rail- 
roatl  lines,  have  for  years  past  been  made  at  the  i'acific  Rollin;.;-mills,  but 
steel  rails  were  not  produced  till  May,  1S81,  when  the  first  experiment  was 
made,  and  with  such  success  that  they  will  hereafter  be  manufactured  as  a 
part  of  the  regular  business  of  the  factory.  The  demand  for  these  articles 
is  \er)'  large,  and  has  so  far  been  supplied  eiitirely  from  abroad.  The  fish- 
plates, bolts,  spikes,  etc.,  were  mainly  produced  at  the  mills;  over  30,000 
bo.xes  of  spikes,  each  hex  containini,'  100  pounds,  having  been  made  for 
a  single  company  in  one  year.  All  tiie  boxes  and  wood-work  used  at  the 
mills  are  made  on  the  premises  in  a  separate  building,  which  includes  a 
carpenter-shop  and  pattern-loft. 


I  .ua.-i»a>i.  .afcmigiaty^.-'' 


'i 


OTIllCR    MlCIAl-S. 


685 


■Hi 


CHAPTER  XXXV.— OTHER  METALS. 

Various  Metals. — The  prcviou.s  chapter  treats  of  manufactures  in  whiclt 
iron  is  the  chief  material;  .and  now  \vc  come  to  those  articles  in  which  a 
similar  place  is  occupied  by  other  metals.  These  make  up  a  comprehen- 
sive class,  and  include  jewelry,  silverware,  f^old-leaf,  gilt,  plated,  galvanized, 
and  japanned  ware,  refined  lead,  lead  sheet  and  pipe,  shot,  tinware,  copper- 
ware,  and  so  forth.  The  gross  annual  production  of  our  coast  in  these 
articles  has  in  some  years  amounted  to  $ 1 4,ooo,ocxj,  a  large  part  of  that 
amount  consisting  of  the  gold,  silver,  and  lead  obtained  by  refining  base 
bullion,  the  yield  of  which  varies  greatly  from  year  to  year.  Leaving  that 
out  of  consideration,  the  production  amounts  to  $4,000,000,  and  gives  em- 
ployment to  1,500  persons. 

Brass  Foundries. — In  the  manufacture  of  bras.4  and  bronze  the  foundries 
of  our  coast  have  made  great  |jrogress,  and  have  reached  a  state  of  develop- 
ment which  will  comiiarc  favorably  with  like  work  done  in  the  older  States 
and  Europe.  For  example,  in  one  establishment  alone  may  be  found  the 
following  metals,  all  of  home  manufacture  and  of  first  quality:  the  golden- 
yellow  brass,  called  prince's  metal,  2  parts  copper  and  one  part  zinc;  bronze 
for  gun-making,  machinery  castings,  and  statues,  96  to  108  parts  copper 
and  II  parts  tin;  and  bell-bronze,  36  parts  copper  and  11  tin;  also  bell- 
bronze  with  extra  zinc  to  produce  greater  shrillness  of  tone,  and  other 
kinds  with  silver  or  lead  added  to  soften  the  tone;  likewi.sc  a  brass  .some- 
what ductile  and  malleable,  produced  by  combining  less  than  10  ounces  of 
zinc  with  16  ounces  of  copper,  or  made  crystalline,  hard,  and  brri'lc  by  ad- 
ditional zinc.  As  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  old  brass  is  used  by  melting 
and  recasting.  Antimony  and  bismuth  arc  also  used.  The  mixing  of  the 
different  metals  is  done  in  furnaces,  and  the  alloy  is  cast  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  iron.  The  princii)al  foundries  of  the  coast  are  located  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  copper  used  in  our  fouiulrics  is  partly  old  scr.ip-copper,  worth 
18  to  20  cents  per  pound,  and  i)artly  from  Lake  Superior,  worth  here  32 
cents  per  pound;  zinc,  irioslly  from  Missouri,  costs  4  cents  per  pound  here; 
block-tin,  from  Australia,  worth  iS  cents  per  pound,  l;indcd  in  .San  Fran- 
cisco, but  formerly  from  Hanka  Straits  SettlcmcTits,  ;i  superior  acticle,  and 
higher  priced;  lead,  5  cents;  and  aniimon)    16  cents  per  pound.     ( )ld  liiass 


t    U 


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:   I 


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i 


r     i! 


iw 


086 


MANUKAl  URI-.S. 


is  worth  from  lo  to  14  cents  per  ])oiiml.  The  ])rice  of  brass  castintfs  i)cr 
pound  al  the  present  lime  is  ^55  cents  for  j^ood  niachiiier)-  wor!^,  2S  cents  for 
second-class  ditto;  for  ship-worj.;  25  cents,  and  for  fnii^hers'  work,  from  60 
cents  to  $1  ;  a\era,L;e  [jrice  on  all  work  done,  about  40  cents.  It  is  esti- 
mated tliat  .v50o  jiounds  of  brass  castings  are  made  iiaii\-  on  the  coast,  500 
])ounds,  or  one  sexenlh,  beini,'  done  in  (^re^^on;  annual  product  for  the 
coast,  560  tons,  worth  $441,000.  Materials  used,  in  tons,  copper  341,  tin 
1 15,  zinc  71,  lead  25,  antimony  8.  Bells  are  worth  from  40  to  50  cents  per 
pound,  according  to  size  and  composition.  Steel  bells  arc  worth  25  to  30 
cents  per  pound,  and  arc  mostly  imported.  Some  brass-work  is  still  im- 
ported, but  it  is  mainly  articles  known  as  finishers'  work.  Wages  com- 
pare with  the  East  as  follows:  moldcrs,  here,  $3  to  $3.50,  there,  $1.50  to 
$2;  machinists,  here,  $2.50  to  $3.50,  there,  $1.50  to  $2.50;  blacksmiths, 
here,  $3  to  $4,  there,  $2  to  $2.50;  laborers,  here,  $2,  there,  $1  ;  boys,  here, 
first  year,  $3  per  week,  there,  nothinij;  here,  second  year,  $4,  there,  $3. 
Hours  of  labor,  10  in  summer  and  9  in  winter.  Hands  are  generally  cm- 
jiloj-cd  throughout  the  year,  except  the  laborers,  who  are  taken  on  and 
sent  off  as  the  business  ma)'  recjuirc.  The  articles  usuall)'  manufactured  in 
our  foundries  are  pumps,  bells,  gongs,  water-gates,  gas-gates,  fire,  dock,  and 
garden  hydrants,  gas-valves,  steam-gauges,  and  whi.stles,  and  man)-  other 
articles.  The  crucibles  in  use  here  arc  ncarl)-  all  imported,  worth  about 
$20,000  fcjr  a  year's  supply;  and  as  an  abundance  of  jjlumbago  is  found  in 
Columbia,  Tuolumne  Count)',  California,  and  in  Mexico,  it  is  suggested 
that  it  would  pay  to  establish  a  manufactory  on  the  coast.  In  1880  there 
were  in  San  Francisco  8  foundries,  employing  from  I  So  to  200  hand.s,  and 
producing  $190,000  worth  of  goods. 

The  leading  brass  foundries  of  the  coast  are  those  of  W.  T.  G.VRR.VTT, 
\Vi;i:i)  &  KiNGWhLL,  GRi:;i:MiKR(;  &  Co.,  and  Olssex  &  13Kx\.\i:r  in  San 
Francisco,  and  JOSEPH   Sl'Ii.\'l  r  in  Victoria. 

Garratt'a  Brass  Foundry. — The  brass  and  bell  foundr)-,  and  machine 
anil  Indraulic  works  of  W.  T.  CiARR.M'l',  had  their  beginning  in  San  I'ran- 
cisco  in  1850,  and  now  occupy  the  premises  on  the  corner  of  Xatoma  and 
I'Vemont  streets,  the  foundr)'  being  in  the  rear.  I'or)'ears  this  was  the  only 
house  where  brass-founding  was  done  with  similar  mechanical  labor  on 
our  coast.  The  business  took  a  definite  shape  in  1853,  and  has  con- 
tinued to  increase  until  now  these  works  are  among  the  most  important 
of  the  kinil  in  the  United  States  for  the  variet)'  of  their  products.  The 
articles  made  b)-  them  include  bells,  hydrants,  \alves,  faucets,  and  mis- 
cellaneous castings,  from  the  smallest  lo  the  largest  size,  in  brass,  Babbitt 
metal,  and    other    allov's.       In    iron,   and   general    machine   business,  the)' 


ul  III.U     Ml    I. M.S. 


6S; 


m.'.kc-  ^Kilx-\al\cs,  .saftj-valvos,  riri-lijdraiUs,  water  ami  j,'as  gates,  and 
cast-iron  littin;4s  for  large  pipes.  TIk-)'  also  iarr\-  a  large  stock"  of  iron- 
pipe,  and  nial!eal)le  iron  fittings,  governors,  hand  port.ible-hlmv  ers,  hlast- 
blouers  for  smithies  antl  foinulries,  and  steam-traps.  One  nf  their  spec- 
ialties is  Ci.VRU.vn's  jackhead,  or  miner's  sinking-jniinp;  its  lightness, 
durabilit)',  and  the  ease  with  which  the  \alves  can  be  replaced,  ni.ike 
it  one  of  the  best  pumps  in  use  for  sinking.  Muddy  and  gritl\'  waters  tlo 
not  obstruct  its  action.  .Mr.  ("i.\Ki<.\  rr  manufactures  the  1  lnokin' steam 
pump,  a  Californian  in\ention  wliich  has  received  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Mechanics'  Institute,  and  has  come  out  successful  whene\er  it  has  been  in 
competition.  It  is  specially  valuable  for  mining  and  irrigation,  and  boiler 
feed,  and  is  the  best  stcam-pumji  for  general  use  on  our  coast.  Mr.  Ci.\]<- 
KXy\'  has  the  exclusive  right  to  manufacture  it  west  of  the  Rock\-  Mount- 
ains. The  largest  and  best  bells  on  the  coast  were  cast  in  these  works.  It 
is  saiti  that  a  greater  \aricty  of  work  is  done  here  than  in  an_\'  other  estab- 
lishment in  the  Unitetl  States.  y\lmost  e\erything  needed  in  connection 
with  ])ipes  for  the  conxeyance  of  water,  ^leam,  gas,  ,ind  air  is  manfactured. 
The  place  is  a  hi\e  of  industr)-.  Man)'  of  Mr.  (1  AKU.\  i  r's  best  workmen 
learned  their  trade  as  apprentices  in  his  foundr)'  and  shops.  His  products 
find  a  market  in  /Vustralia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  and  Japan,  as  well 
as  on  our  coast. 

William  T.  Garratt  is  a  native  of  Connecticut.  While  he  was  still  a 
child  his  father  emigrated  to  the  West;  and  he  grew  to  manhood  in  Cin- 
cinnati. When  ^o  years  of  age  he  started  for  California  antl  arrixed  in  the 
spring  of  1850.  For  a  short  time  he  worked  in  the  gold  mines  at  Big 
Deer  Creek,  now  known  as  Nevada  City;  he  then  came  to  San  Francisco, 
and  entering  the  foundry  of  G.  W.  .SlIULTZ,  was  admitted  into  partnership 
in  September,  I1S50,  after  a  month's  trial.  On  the  dissolution  of  the  firm. 
Mr.  SllULTZ  retiring  in  1851,  Mr.  GaRUATT  continued  the  busines.s. 
In  the  conflagration  of  that  j-ear  his  buildings  were  burned  to  the  grountl. 
He  again  opened  business  on  Halleck  Street,  and  was  a  second  time 
burned  out.  In  1866  he  started  once  more  near  the  corner  of  M.irket  and 
First  streets,  and  after  a  prosperous  career  of  4  years  his  foundr)'  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  for  the  third  time,  caused  by  the  burning  of  the  Mechanics' 
Mill.  His  loss  on  this  occasion  was  very  hc.iv}'.  Nothing  daimted,  he 
shortly  afterwards  commenced  tf)  build  up  the  establishment  which  he  now 
occu[)ics.  Mr.  GaRR.VI'T  has,  ;it  times,  held  large  interests  in  mines,  rail- 
roads, and  steamboats;  anil  several  steamers  now  running  in  the  Ha)' of 
San  I'"r;incisco  .ire  named  after  members  of  his  famil)-.  I'"or  more  than  20 
)ears  he  has  been   an   active  member  oi'  the  Odd    l'"ellows'   and   Masonic 


;  :li| 


I 

I  i 

*  1 


iii 


b'i 


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I 


W  ! 


688 


MAMIACTUKKS. 


societies,  aiul  is  also  picsiilcnt  (if  Till.  TiiKUrn )UI.\I.  I'loNlJ.Us.  In  poli- 
tics he  is  a  Republican,  ami  heluccii  1870  and  1874,  icprcscnted  the  city 
aiul  C(iiint\-  nf  San  l^'rancisco,  as  Scnalor  in  the  State  Lei^islaturc. 

liead-works. — The  inanufacluie  of  lead  into  the  various  articles  usually 
IJidiluced  from  that  metal  was  begun  in  San  Francisco  in  [S65,  and  the 
cnterjirise,  successful  from  th'-  first,  now  supplies  the  entire  consumption  of 
the  coast.  The  ])roilucts  of  the  industr}-,  including  sheet  and  bar  lead,  lead 
wire,  jiipe,  and  sash,  shot,  bullets,  sheets  antl  ])ipe  of  block-tin  (tin  ailoj-ed 
with  a  small  pro[)ortion  of  antimony),  Habbitt  metal,  solder,  bar-lead,  and 
bar-tin,  amount  to  about  5,. ,00  tons  per  annum,  valuetl  at  $825,000.  Em- 
ployment is  furnislu'd  to  150  hands,  wlio-ie  wages  a\erage  $2.50  jicr  day  of 
10  hours.  Of  the  raw  materials  consumed,  lead  and  antimony  arc  ,pro- 
iluced  here  in  abundant  (|U,intity.  Tin,  of  which  about  5  tons  are  worked 
up  monthly,  comes  from  I'jigland  and  Australia;  and  graphite,  used  to 
gloss  shot,  etc.,  is  also  imported.  About  50  tons  of  lead  pipe  are  shipped 
to  Hritish  Columbia,  and  small  shipments  .ire  made  to  .Mexico  and  the  ila- 
waiian  Islands.  The  principal  establishments  are  Till';  .Si;l1!\'  .SMi;i.TI.\(r 
.\M)  I.K.M)  C'liMi'.wv,  I'KKXriss  SiJ.BV  .superintendent,  whose  works 
comprise  a  3-stor\'  brick  building  70  b)-  80  feet,  and  a  shot-tower  200 
feet  high,  and  the  I'acific  Metal  Works,  established  in  1876  by  the  jires- 
ent  pro])rietors,  Mom^ow  &  SlKONi;,  who,  in  addition  to  the  manuf;icture 
of  ISabbitt  metal,  solder,  bar-lead,  and  bar-tin,  are  the  onl}'  house  that  pro- 
duces fruit-canners'  solder,  cut   in   pieces  resembling  a  tlrop,  b)-  a  machine. 

Plumbing. —I'iunibing  and  gas-fitting  establishments  ha\e  sprung  up  in 
every  town  of  n'lportance  on  our  coast,  indicating  a  readiness  on  the  part  of 
the  people  to  :\\;i\\  themselves  of  the  household  and  sanitar)'  comeniences 
of  the  ilay.  .About  200  shops,  great  and  small,  are  now  open,  the  least 
of  which  tloes  something  in  the  w.iv  of  manufacturing.  Capital  amount- 
ing to  $500,000  is  in\-ested,  and  .4.50  hands  are  employed,  including  25 
api)rentices.  Mechanics'  wages  average  $3  per  day  of  10  hours,  and  the 
annual  business  is  valued  at  $1,500,000,  including  imports  from  the  States 
cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  as  follows:  chandeliers  and  fi.xtures,  $450,- 
000;  miscellaneous  hardwaie,  sheet-iron,  tin,  zinc,  etc.,  ^  75,000;  plumbers' 
bi'ass-work  antl  gas-pipe,  $50,000  each;  in  all,  $725,000.  Lead-pij)e  is  sup- 
])lied  by  home  m.inufacture,  as  is  also  consitlerable  of  the  brass-work. 
I'lxports,  principall)-  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  Mexico,  amount  in  \alue 
to  $10,000.  .\s  to  the  location  of  the  sho[)s,  se\en  eighths  of  them  are  in 
California — .San  I'nuicisco  ha\  ing  125;  Oregon  has  8;  L'tah  and  Xe\ada,  3 
each;  ;uid  Washington  and  .Arizona,  each  one.  The  most  extensive  plumb- 
ing work  on  the  coast  i'   that   iii  the  I'al.ice   Hotel,  San  I'"iancisco,  compris- 


■;.  ■! 


iitiii;k  mktai.s. 


6S9 


in;4,  in  part,  500  closets,  4,000  basins,  and  a  complicated  heatin;^  apparatns, 
the  whole  costiiij^f  $350,000.  Tilt  first  jilumbinf,'  lione  on  the  coast  was  hy 
J.  K.  1'kIiiK,  wlio  o|)ened  a  shop  in  .San  I'lancisco  in  iS,^,,  ,uul  upon  the 
introiluction  of  ^as,  addeti  ^'as-fittinj^  to  his  hnsiness.  Anion^--  the  whole- 
sale de.ilers  and  importers  of  j;as-fi.\tures  are  A.  I".  NA  i:  &  Co.,  Mc  N  ai.i.n 
&  II.WVKINS,  D.wiD  Ursii,  TlioM.vs  l).\v,  and  I).  I..\ss\vi:i,i.,  all  of  San 
I'rancisco. 

Tinware. — Tinware,  as  manufactured  on  this  coast,  is  of  2  ^^cneral 
cla.s.ses:  that  made  in  .sections,  afterwards  joined  by  soldering',  and  the 
variety  termed  "pressed,"  the  latter  compiisini^  articles  stamped  from  single 
sheets.  The  manufacture  of  wares  from  sheet-iron,  beinuj  carried  on  in 
connection  with  the  tinsmith's  business  almost  exclusivel)",  is  included  in  the 
total  amounts  gi\-en.  The  annual  consumption  of  these  goods  is  \alued  at 
more  than  $1,500,000,  of  which  about  two  ihirils  .are  the  product  of  our 
home  works;  the  remainder  being  imported  from  tlie  I'lastern  States,  antl 
consisting  chielly  of  pressed  ware.  There  are  about  125  establisiimcnts 
engaged  in  this  industry  exclusive  of  rejiair-shops;  the  capital  iiu'estcd 
amounts  to  ,$500,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  550  haiuls,  of  whom 
more  tlian  one  half  are  white  mechanics;  100  are  apprentices,  and  100  are 
Chinese.  It  is  estimated  that  in  addition  to  those  ahead)'  mentioned,  lOO 
Chinese  are  engaged  in  small  shops  of  their  own,  or  working  for  proprie- 
tors of  their  own  race  in  San  I'rancisco  and  some  of  the  larger  town.s. 
Their  products,  consisting  mostly  of  the  more  common  articles  of  tinware, 
arc  valued  at  $70,000  per  annum,  and  are  sold  in  the  small  towns  of  the 
slope.  The  average  wages  paid  are:  to  white  men,  $2.50  per  day  of  lO 
hours;  to  apprentices,  from  50  cents  to  $1.50  per  day,  according  to  experi- 
ence and  ability;  and  to  Chinese,  who  arc  mostly  employed  on  piece-work, 
from  $1  to  $1.50  per  day.  The  tin-plate,  of  which  750  tons  were  con- 
■sumed  in  1881,  is  imported  from  Australia,  and  costs  about  23  cents  per 
pound.  Common  sheet-iron  comes  from  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  tlic  better 
qualities  from  Sweden  and  Russia.  The  importation  of  tin  during  1881 
was  more  than  double  that  of  any  previous  year,  the  increa.sed  demand 
coming  from  fruit  and  fish  canneries.  This  branch  of  the  business  alone 
employs  I  50  men,  one  half  of  v.  nom  are  Chinese.  A  considerable  quantity 
of  tin-plate  is  al'so  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of  cans  for  lard,  spices, 
and  milk.  With  the  excepti(5n  of  the  fish-packers,  who  make  their  cans  at 
their  stations,  about  one  half  the  tinware  of  the  coast  is  the  product  of  San 
Francisco  factories;  one  house  in  the  city  turning  out  o\er  100  dozen  of 
milk-cans  annually,  which  are  sold  -it  wholes.ile  for  $[6  per  dozen. 

The  mining  of  1849  created  a  demand  for  tin  and  sheet-iron  ware,  and 


1 


fiQO 


MANTIACTfUKS. 


ii 


In 


piiccs  were  \ery  lii,L;h;  a  sheet-iron  pan  for  washinfj  gold  costinfj  the  miner 
iin  ounce  of  j^'old.  In  1858  Sacramento,  ou-inij  to  her  _L;eoi;raphical  posi- 
tion, furnislicd  the  miners  witli  most  of  tlieir  siijipiies.  At  that  time  that 
city  contained  14  shops,  and  Marys\ille  had  2,  the  id  establishments  iMn- 
plriying  o\er  1 00  hands  antl  havin^j  $2Cxd,ooo  iinested  in  the  business. 
I  lu'ir  i^'oods  reailily  sold  at  prices  100  jier  cent,  in  advance  of  the  highest 
I'.astern  rates  of  the  time.  .San  Francisco  did  not  manufacture  the  wares 
under  consideration  to  an>-  extent  until  1S60,  when  the  mining  rlemand 
had  begun  to  gi\e  place  to  that  of  the  ilairymen. 

Among  the  factories  of  the  coast  arc  those  of  GkoR{;K  II.  Tav  &  Co., 
established  in  San  I'rancisco  in  1848,  and  now  the  largest  on  the  coast;  H. 
C.  Au.sTiM  J.  I)i;  La  M(int.\\va;  IIouiRodK,  Mi;krili,  &  Stetson, 
antl  W.  W.  .MoNTACiUK  ct  Co.,  all  of  San  I'rancisco;  Jamks  Dai.zkll 
and  U.  Di:  La  Moxtanva,  Oakland;  D.  WlCl.MAXX,  at  Sacramento;  JoilN 
J.u:kso.\'  and  II(j\vari)  Mo(;an,  of  Stockton;  M.  W.  CiilLt)S,  at  Los 
Angeles;  i\Ill,ro\  CamI'IJKI.I,,  at  San  Jose;  and  Goi.DSMlTlI  &  LoE\Vi;\- 
I!I:r(;  and  I).  Colic  &  Co.,  at  Portland. 

Coppersmithing. — There  are  13  establishments  of  this  class  on  the  coast, 
9  of  which  are  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  each  in  Sacramento,  Vallcjo,  and 
Portland,  Oregon.  Capital  lo  the  amount  of  $80,000  is  iinested  in  tlie  in- 
ilustr)-,  and  50  smiths  are  employed,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging  $3.50 
])er  day  of  10  hours.  The  value  of  the  copper  used  annually  is  $100,000, 
it  being  Lake  .Su])erior  ore,  rolled  in  New  England  mills;  and  the  work 
done  here  amounts  to  $120,000  more,  making  $220,000  as  the  total  \aluc 
of  the  production.  Imports  of  finished  work  amount  to  $25,000,  and  con- 
siderable work  is  exported  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  use  on  sugar  plan- 
tations there.  The  business  includes  copper- work  for  steam-vessels,  sugar 
refineries,  breweries  and  distilleries,  mines,  artificial  ice  and  soda  water  fac- 
tories, and  for  house  and  miscellaneous  work.  The  first  to  engage  in  the 
industry  was  Josi.l'K  M.VCKKN,  who  opened  an  establishment  in  .San  I'Van- 
cisco  about  1852.  The  principal  coppersmithing  establishments  on  our 
coast  are  those  of  Gi:oRGii  A.  Trii'p,  Charles  W.  Smuii,  Jr.,  San'ders 
&  Co.,  \Va(;\kr  &  Toon,  Joiix  G.  Ils,  A.  S.  lREn\[.E  &  Co.,  Little 
&  LawsoX,  Si.meox  IMistre,  ami  P.  Perev,  of  San  l'"rancisco,  and 
William  IIi;\L\  in  Portland. 

Galvanized  Iron. — Galvanized  iron  is  iron  covered  with  a  metallic  coat- 
ing lor  the  purpose  of  irreventing  oxidation.  In  the  ordinary  method,  the 
surface  of  the  iron  being  thoroughly  cleaned  b)-  friction,  with  the  aid  of 
diluted  aciil,  the  mass  is  plunged  into  a  bath  cf)mpo.se(.l  of  melted  zinc,  to 
which  small  quantities  of  mercury  and  soda  or  potash  have  been  added. 


OTIII  U   MI  r\i  s. 


691 


No  shcct-i  iir  iitlur  lari^c  boilicn  of  iron  arc  thus  treated  (ni  this  coast,  the 
local  hulustrj-  l)ciiiL;  CDiiniicil  to  CDwriiii;  small  artieUs,  ,1-,  talis,  buckets, 
spikes,  bolts  for  shiii-liuildiii^,  luiop-iron,  and  Iron-wire.  The  iron  so 
coated  annually  is  valued  at  abinit  $10,000  before  tre.itinent,  and  its  value 
is  increased  from  20  to  jO  per  cent,  by  the  process.  Tin-  ca|)ital  invested 
in  the  industr)',  which  is  carried  on  in  coiniecliim  with  japantiini;  and  man- 
ufacturinj,'  small  articles,  amounts  to  $50,000,  and  employment  is  ^i\en  to 
20  men  and  5  boys;  who  are  paid  .an  avera^je  of  $^.50  per  <la\-  for  the 
men  and  $5  |)cr  week-  for  the  boys.  A  day's  work  is  10  hi>urs,  and  the 
working  .season  extends  throui^hout  the  year,  the  market  bein^^  slij^ditly 
duller  durinj^  the  winter  months  than  at  other  times.  The  work  done  is 
principally  for  wholesale  dealers  in  San  I'rancisco.  Larj^e  |)ieees,  jncludinL; 
.sheets,  pi]je,  etc.,  are  supplied  to  us  chielly  by  Pittsburg;  which  cit_\-  bein^ 
a  larjre  iron  center  and  commancn'n^  a  chea])  supplj-  of  zinc,  is  enabled  to 
manufacture  on  a  scale  a^'ainst  which  our  coast  is  unable  to  compete  either 
in  quantit)'  or  prite.  The  jirincipal  establishment  is  that  of  JoilN  I,i:k  ik 
Co.  at  San  I'rancisco.  Thej-  employ  15  men  and  5  bojs,  and  tmn  out 
50  tons  of  galvanized  iron  yearly,  most  of  which  is  manufactured  into 
various  articles  on  the  [jreniises. 

Dcpenilin^f  upon  gah'anized  iron  for  its  sup[)lj-  of  raw  material  is  the 
manufacture  fif  cornices,  and  other  architectural  ornaments,  roofniLj,  etc. 
At  least  600  tons  of  coatetl  .sheet-iron  are  consumed  in  this  industry 
yearly.  Capital  amountint,'  to  $100,000  is  invested,  and  150  men  and  boj's 
employed,  the  ■'"oriner  receivinf,^  $:;,  and  the  latter  $1  per  daj'  of  10  hoin"s. 
The  sheet-iron  costs  from  iS  cents  to  12  cents  per  pound,  accordint,'  to  qual- 
ity, and  the  finished  cornice  is  sold  at  from  $5  to  $12  per  foot,  dependin<j 
upon  the  architect's  design.  The  busy  season  is  from  May  to  December. 
The  principal  establishments  are  tho.sc  of  CoXLix  &  RonERis  and 
Joseph  F.  I-'orderek,  in  San  iMancisco;  and  IIexter  &j\I.\n,  at  Portland. 

Japanning. — Japanning,  as  done  on  the  coast,  consists  in  applying  var- 
nish to  tinned  or  ])lain  sheet-iron  ware,  and  drying  in  a  heated  o\en. 
Ordinary  articles,  as  the  cheaper  kinds  of  tinware,  receive  a  single  coat,  but 
the  better  class  of  goods  are  treated  se\eral  times;  each  coat  being 
heated,  antl  when  liardened,  polished  by  hand  with  powder,  I'-urthcr  orna- 
mentation is  adiled,  in  the  form  of  gilding,  or  ]jainting  with  bright  colors. 
The  annual  production  of  these  wares  amounts  to  about  $30,000,  anil  tht- 
imports  of  Eastern  manufacture  to  as  much  more. 

As  the  industr\-  is  su])plementary  to  and  mostl>'  carried  on  in  connection 
with  manufacturing,  the  adtlitional  capital  required  is  small,  probabl_\-  not 
exceeding  $10,000.     A  few  men  and  bo)-s  are  employed,  the  former  being 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  I45M 

(716)172-4503 


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692 


MANUFACTURES. 


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jiaid  $3  a  da)',  and  the  latter  earning  from  $5  to  $8  per  week.  The  busi- 
ness is  ])niicipally  in  the  hands  of  J  NO.  Lkk  iS:  Co.,  Gi.okck  T.W  &  Co. 
(wlio  arc  referred  to,  tlie  former  in  the  .section  on  ^ahanizinj^,  and  the 
latter  in  that  on  tinware),  and  R.  SllOKT,  all  of  San  h'rancisco. 

Metallic  Signs. — Metallic  .signs  made  of  brass  or  zinc  are  sold  on  the 
coast  to  tlie  annual  value  of  about  $iO,CXX).  The  letters  are  stamped  into 
the  sheet  of  metal,  and  the  spaces  thus  made  are  filled  with  paint,  usually 
black".  The  ca]iital  invested  in  the  mdustrj-  amounts  to  $15,000,  and  em- 
ployment is  gi\en  to  about  10  men,  who  are  ])aid  an  a\era^'e  of  $2.50  per 
da\-. 

Mathematical  Instruments. — Mathematical  and  nautical  instruments 
have  been  manufactured  on  the  coast  since  1S49,  although  the  business  at 
first  was  small,  and  liinited  almost  entirelj-  to  the  rejjair  of  chronometers 
and  other  nautical  instruments.  A  few  years  later  a  demand  s|)raiig  up  for 
surveyors'  outfits,  assay  balances,  bullicMi  scales,  and  other  appliances, 
until  at  present,  the  annual  sales  of  the  class  of  articles  under  considera- 
tion amount  to  about  $jo,000,  and  the  repairing  ti)  ."^7,000  more.  The  jirod- 
uct  includes  surveyors'  instruments,  as  transits,  levels,  odometerjt — the 
latter  for  measuring  distances  traveled  b)-  a  wheel  ;  nautical  instruments, 
including  sextants,  compasses,  and  mercurial  barometers  ;no  aneroids  are 
made  here);  a  few  telescopes,  the  len.ses  for  which  are  ground  in  the  Mast- 
em  .States,  hj'iirometers  and  otlier  gauges,  thermometers  of  the  \arious  kinds 
in  common  use,  drawing  instruments,  assayers'  balances,  and  bullion  scales. 
The  brass  worked  up  yearly  is  valued  at  $2,000;  silver,  to  the  value  of 
$J50,  is  rolled  into  thin  strips  for  graduations;  and  selected  wood,  to  t'-e 
\alue  of  $250,  is  made  into  bo.ves,  tripods,  etc. 

As  compared  with  tl\p  Eastern  States,  the  works  here  are  very  small,  not 
more  than  6  men  being  employed  in  the  largest,  and  not  more  than  $50,000 
capital  iiivested  in  the  aggregate;  while  a  single  maker  in  Troy,  New  N'ork, 
emi)lo)s  200  hands.  Prices  here  arc  about  1  5  per  cent,  higher  tlian  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  but  the  risk  and  exjjense  of  transportation  of  the  more 
ilelicate  instruments  arc  so  great  that  consumers  prefer  to  bu)'  here. 
Indeed,  more  instruments  wcrc^  called  for  last  year  tlian  were  turned  out. 
A^  to  the  quality  of  their  work,  makers  claim  it  to  be  as  reliable  as  any 
made  elsewhere.  Lenses  for  telescopes  and  microscopes  are  imported  in  a 
finished  state.  The  manufacture  of  spe  tacle  lenses  has  been  begiui  at  San 
I'rancisco,  and  although  the  business  is  .still  in  its  infanc)-,  enough  has  been 
done  to  promise  success  in  the  undertaking.  The  glass  comes  from  I'.ng- 
land  in  .squares  a  little  larger  than  a  finished  eye-glass,  about  one  fourth  of 
;m   inch  in   thickness,  and  is  ground  on   revolving  stones  to  the  re(|uircd 


^1 


OTIII.R    MKTALS. 


Cn)\ 


shape,  atid  polished.  The  principal  linusc  is  that  of  BertkI.INC  S:  Watuv. 
The  first-named  member  of  the  firm  is  the  inventor  of  an  optometer— an 
instrument  by  means  of  which  lenses  are  suited  to  the  c)-e.  In  addition  to 
the  proprietors  themselves,  2  workmen  arc  employed.  Tiic  pioneer  instru- 
ment-maker on  the  coast  is  TlIO.MA.s  Tl.NNKNT.  Other  makers  arc 
William  Sciimolz,  John  Roach,  and  Carl  Rahsskopif,  all  of  San 
I'rancisco. 


Telegraphic  and  Eleotrioal  Instruments.— TiiK  California  Elec- 
trical Works  were  incorporated  in  San  I'Vancisco  in  June,  1877,  with  a 
capital  of  $600,000.  MoNROK  Grkenwood  is  president  and  PAUL  Si:iLi;R 
superintendent.  The  company  acquired  by  purcha.se  the  business  of  Till 
Electrical  Constru:tion  and  Maintenance  Company  (of  which 
Georc.L  S.  LadI)  was  the  president)  and  also  that  of  TlIE  Calieorma 
Electrical  Power  Comi-ann,  and  is  now  the  only  establishment  of  the 
kind  west  of  the  Mi.ssouri  River.  The  works  and  offices  arc  located  at  No. 
35  Market  Street,  San  Francisco,  and  the  factory  now  produces  instru- 
ments and  apparatus  to  the  value  of  $50,000  or  $75,000  a  year,  furnishin;^ 
employment  at  full  rates  of  wages  to  at  least  25  or  30  persons,  and,  in  busy 
seasons,  to  double  that  number. 

Among  the  articles  manufactured  arc  telegraphic. instruments,  batteries, 
and  supplies,  electric  light  generators  and  lamps,  telephones  and  magnetic 
bells,  electric  fire-alarms  for  cities  and  villages,  district  telegraph-boxes, 
burglar-alarms,  electric  annunciators  for  hotels  and  residences,  electric 
clocks,  submarine  cables,  and  fine  brass  and  model  work.  The  company 
also  deals  largely  in  wire  and  telegraph-poles  and  insulators,  and  under- 
takes contracts  for  the  construction  of  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  fire- 
alarm  and  electric  light  .systems,  district  telegraphs,  etc.  Connected  with 
this  establishment  arc  the  largest  electro-depositing  works  on  the  I'acific 
Coast,  where  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  nickel  plating  arc  executed.  An  im- 
portant feature  of  this  department  is  the  plating,  with  silver,  of  copper 
battery  plates,  for  use  in  gold  quartz-mill.s.  One  ounce  of  silver  is  laiil  on 
each  square  foot  of  surface,  and  the  copper  plate  is  thus  protected  from  the 
rapid  destruction  which  unplatcd  copper  surfaces  undergo  when  exposed  to 
the  action  of  quicksilver  in  the  process  of  amalgamation. 

Clocks,  etc. — The  only  clock  factory  on  our  coast  is  that  of  HERMANN 
Wenzel,  who  makes  pneumatic  clocks  under  his  patent  for  keeping  a 
number  of  clock-faces  in  exact  time  with  one  regulating  set  of  clockwork. 
The  ])osscssion  of  the  patent  and  residence  of  the  inventor  here,  counter- 
balance the  disadvantages  of  high  labor  and  lack  of  extensive  machinery. 


6r)4 


MANUl'ACTURES. 


?<-'■ 


A  watch  and  clock  manufactory  was  established  at  San  Francisco  in 
1874,  the  machinery  and  about  70  workmen  beint,'  brought  from  Chicajjo 
■'\fter  a  ftw  months  the  works  were  moved  to  West  Berkeley,  and  after  run- 
nintj  there  a  short  time  the  machinery  was  taken  down,  and  the  enterprise 
abamloned. 

Watch-cases  arc   made   in    San    Francisco   by  CROCK    &    MARCIIANIJ, 

Al.KXAXJJER    FALCO,  P.  A.  GlANNIXI,  F.  SMITH,  and  WOLI  r''   &    LOZE. 

Gilding. — The  art  of  the  gilder  and  plater  is  a  branch  of  industry 
scarcely  more  than  in  its  infancy  on  the  coast;  not  that  artisans  are  want- 
ing, but  rather  that  the  demanil  for  such  wares  is  fully  supplied  by  outside 
mr.iufacture.  Gilding  is  the  covering  of  articles  with  a  thin  sheet  of  gold. 
Plating  is  a  similar  operation  with  silver  or  nickel.  Gilding  and  plating 
arc  both  done  with  the  aid  of  electricity.  The  value  of  the  annual  pro- 
duction is  about  $70,000,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  which  is  in  the 
material  used.  The  manufactured  articles  comprise  amalgamating  plates, 
plumbers'  goods,  and  electric  apparatus,  the  remaining  work  being  mostly 
replating  old  articles. 

The  business  gives  employment  to  20  men,  2  boys,  and  2  girls — the  latter 
as  polishers.  The  adults  are  paid  an  average  of  $3  per  day;  the  minors 
from  $5  to  ,S  per  weelc.  A  day's  work  is  10  liours,  and  the  season  lasts 
throughout  the  year.  The  industry  is  not  sufficiently  extended  to  admit  of 
comparison  with  the  large  Iv'istern  cstablishment.s.  Besides  gilding  and 
plating,  the  metal  nickel  is  used  to  some  extent  as  a  preventive  of  oxida- 
tion and  for  ornamentation.  \ickel-coating  is  carried  on  in  the  same 
.shops  with  gilding  and  plating,  and  is  a  branch  of  the  business.  The  value 
of  the  work  done  on  the  coast  annually  is  about  $10,000.  The  nickel  used 
is  from  New  Jersey,  and  weighs  ,ibout  400  pounds  in  the  aggregate,  one 
fourth  of  which  is  in  the  metallic  form,  the  remainder  being  salt.s.  The 
nickel  on  the  various  articles  brought  from  the  Eastern  States  will  prob- 
ably increase  the  consumption  to  $15,000. 

The  principal  gilding  and  plating  establishments  on  the  coast  (all  in  San 
Francisco)  are  tho.se  of  TllK  Calikornia  ELECTRICAL  WORK.S,  E.  G. 
Di;nm,st()N,  whose  chief  product  is  battery  plate,  and  JoilN  Mautell, 
who  plated  small  articles  by  hand  as  early  as  1857.  There  may  besides  be 
a  dozen  small  shops,  most  of  them  having  no  workman  save  the  proprietor. 
One  man  has  almost  constant  employment  gilding  watch-cases  for  pawn- 
brokers and  auction  stores.  The  value  of  the  importations  of  plated  ware 
is  about  $500,000  per  annum.  This  ware  is  from  the  Eastern  States,  which 
have  not  only  stopped  foreign  importations,  but  are  now  exporting  to  every 
state  in  Europe. 


=1    V 


■^- 


OTHER   METALS. 


Cg$ 


Gold-beating. — The  gold-beater  draws  out  gold  into  thin  sheets  by  ham- 
mering. For  this  purpose  it  is  necessary,  in  the  first  place,  that  the  gold  be 
freed  from  any  alloy  that  would  render  it  hard  and  brittle.  It  is  then 
melted  with  a  little  borax,  and  cast  into  ingots  weighing  about  2  ounces. 
When  cold  the  ingot  is  hammered  out  on  a  steel  anvil  until  its  thickness  is 
not  more  than  one  si.xth  of  an  inch,  being  annealed  at  intervals  to  prevent 
cracking.  It  is  then  passed  between  powerful  polished  rollers  until  a  ribbon 
is  formed,  so  thin  that  a  square  inch  will  weigh  only  6^j  grains,  Vjcing  fre- 
quently annealed  as  before.  The  ribbon  thus  formed  is  cut  into  pieces  one 
inch  .square,  and  the  squares  piled  one  on  another  in  packages  of  loo  or  more, 
with  a  piece  of  thin  calfskin  between  each  square.  The  pieces  of  skin  are 
4  times  the  size  of  those  of  metal,  the  latter  arc  placed  in  the  center  of  the 
former,  and  se'vral  layers  of  skin  are  put  under  the  bottom  of  the  pile,  and 
also  over  its  top.  The  package  is  then  placed  on  a  block  of  marble  held 
in  a  strong  wooden  frame,  and  struck  with  a  heavy  hammer  until  the  gold 
is  spread  over  the  skins,  when  the  sheets  of  metal  are  removed,  each  cut 
into  4  equal  parts  and  packed  again  between  thinner  skins.  The  second 
package  is  beaten  with  a  lighter  hammer  until  the  gold  is  spread  out  as 
before,  when  the  leaves  are  again  taken  out,  cut,  repacked,  and  hammered 
a  third  time.  Each  leaf  is  now  trimmed  to  a  size  of  from  3  to  3^  inches 
square,  and  placed  in  a  book  made  of  soft  paper,  chalked  to  prevent  stick- 
ing. During  the  operat'on,  the  area  of  an  original  square  has  been  in- 
creased nearly  200  times,  and  the  hammered  ingot — 6  of  which  were 
required  to  make  an  inch  in  thickness — has  been  so  thinned  that  it  will 
take  more  than  280,000  leaves  to  fill  the  same  space.  A  book  contains  25 
leaves  of  gold,  and  20  books  are  called  a  pack,  which  latter  is  sold  at  from 
$6.50  to  $8.  The  entire  annual  consumption  of  gold-leaf  on  the  coast  is 
valued  at  $106,000,  not  more  than  one  tenth  of  which  is  manufactured  here, 
the  remamder  coming  from  the  Eastern  States,  principally  from  New 
York  and  Philadelphia.  The  industry  furnishes  employment  to  8  work- 
men, who  are  paid  an  average  of  $2.50  for  10  hours'  work.  The  output  is 
all  consumed  at  home,  none  being  exported.  The  first  gold-leaf  manufac- 
tory on  the  coast  was  established  at  San  Francisco  in  1853,  and  although 
other  gold-beaters  have  opened  workshops  from  tir  to  time,  this  factory 
has  alone  survived,  and  after  passing  through  several  hands  is  now  owned 
by  James  Newman. 

Jewelry. — The  manufacture  of  jewelry  on  this  coast  is  principally  car- 
ried on  in  San  Francisco,  where  there  arc  about  14  establishments,  great 
and  small,  employing  245  hands  and  producing  to  the  annual  value  of 
$425,000.     The  workmen — classified  as  lapidaries,  jewelers,  engravers,  dia- 


ChjG 


MAMl-.UTLUKS. 


1  5«f 


inontl- setters,  machinists,  and  tool-makers — receive  from  $2  to  $6  a  day. 
The  annual  importations  arc  worth  about  $1,600,000,  and  of  the  total  sales 
($2,000,000;  in  San  I""rancisco,  one  half  is  at  wholesale.  The  exports 
amount  to  about  $50,000,  being  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mexico, 
and  Central  and  South  America.  Gold  and  siher,  obtained  from  f>ur  re- 
fineries, or  by  melting  coin  or  other  articles,  are  consumed  to  the  value  of 
$400,000.  The  gold-bearing  rock  of  the  coast  is  much  used  in  the  industry, 
and  the  articles  made  arc  ornamental  as  well  as  peculiar  t(j  the  slope.  The 
interior  coating  of  the  shell  of  the  abalone,  a  moUusk  found  along  our 
coast,  which,  when  cleaned,  becomes  highly  iridescent,  is  employed  in  con- 
siderable (juantity;  and  tortoise-shell  is  also  worked.  American  jewelry, 
generall)',  is  noted  for  tastefulncss  and  lightness  of  design;  and  that  turned 
out  on  the  Pacific  Coast  compares  favorably  with  the  products  of  the  At- 
lantic States.  The  jewelry  worn  by  the  miners  of  1S49  consisted  chiefly 
of  scarf-pins  having  nugget  heads,  and  rings  hammered  and  filed  from  a 
solid  piece  of  metal.  Among  the  first  to  engage  in  the  business  here  was 
the  firm  of  H.xuuKTl'  &  SllKUVVooD,  who  exhibited  gold-quartz  work  at 
the  World's  Fair  in  New  York  in  1S53. 

All  the  large  establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  jewelry  on 
our  coast  arc  in  San  I-Vancisco,  and  among  them  are  GlCOUGK  C.  SllKKViv 
&  Co.,  The  Calii-orni.v  Jkwklkv  Comi'anv,  A.  Anuricws,  Koeiilmu 
&   RlTTr.R,  and  D.  \V.  Laikd. 

Silverware  is  made  by  1 1  hou.ses  in  San  F'rancisco,  although  most  <if 
them  are  working  on  a  small  scale.  The  annual  .sales  amount  in  value  to 
$150,000,  of  which  at  least  one  half  is  iii.ported.  About  40,000  ounces  of 
silver  are  worked  up  here  annually,  being  mostly  bars  from  the  Nevada 
mines,  together  with  old  coin  bought  of  brokers,  and  old  silverware.  The 
industry  furnishes  employment  to  75  hands,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging 
$3  per  day  of  10  hours.  The  largest  piece  of  plate  ever  made  on  the  coast  is 
a  punch-bowl  and  .salver,  weighing  460  ounces.  The  demand  for  silver- 
ware does  not  increase  with  the  growth  of  the  slope,  and  dealers  give  as  a 
reason  for  the  comparative  smallness  of  their  sales,  the  yearly  improve- 
ment in  plated  ware,  both  an  regards  richness  of  design  and  artistic  finish. 

The  heaviest  manufacturing  house  is  that  of  .SciIULZ  &  Fisciu;i<, .which 
has  been  in  existence  since  1868.  W.  K.  Vandekslri'.  also  ha.s  an  cst.ib- 
lishment,  and  most  of  the  large  jewelry  manufacturers  turn  out  silverware. 

San  I'rancisco  has  10  establishments  (and  there  are  none  elsewhere  on 
the  coast)  engaged  in  lapidary  work,  cutting,  engraving,  ]>olishing,  and 
mounting  precious  stones.  Tlie  aggregate  value  of  their  work,  leaving  out 
the  cost  of  the  gems,  is  $100,000  annually.  The  workmen  earn  from  $2.50 
to  $10  per  day  for  a  day  of  10  hours.      The  principal  lapidaries  are  GEuKGli 


OTHEK    MKTALS. 


697 


C.  SlIRKVK  &  Co.,  D.  W.  I.AIKI),  R.  BOSQ  &  Co.,  J.  N.  Bretonnf.l,  Julks 
Lank,  and  Kukhlkk  &  Ritter.  all  of  .San  Franci.sco.  Josi:i-V\  &  Park, 
of  Salt  Lake  City,  have  for  .several  years  mounted  mo.ss  a^^ite  and  other 
native  stones,  which  find  ready  sale  amony  tourists. 

George  C.  Shreve  &.  Co. — In  the  manufacture  of  a  lar^c  variety  of  fine 
jewelry,  GKOUdE  C  SlIKKVK  &  Co.,  San  I-Vancisco,  have  no  cc[ual  in  the 
United  States,  except  one  firm  in  New  York  City.  Many  ICastern  houses 
manufacture  more  extensively,  but  limit  themselves  to  cheaper  work,  or 
to  a  single  article.  Thus  one  house  may  make  nothinjr  but  bracelets, 
another  nothinjf  but  rings,  a  third  nothing  but  brooches,  and  so  on.  Hcsides 
making  all  these  things,  SlIRKVK  &  Co.  enamel,  engrave,  set  diamonds  anil 
other  gems,  do  lapidarj'  work,  inlay  metals,  .set  clois.sonnd  work  and  bronze 
from  Japan  in  pieces  adapted  to  American  taste,  and  manufacture  all 
classes  of  fine  jewelry.  Gold-quartz  jewelry,  in  the  production  of  which 
San  Francisco  has  a  monopoly,  is  one  of  the  specialties  of  the  house,  and 
is  used  in  sleeve-button.s,  pins,  ear-rings,  lockets,  bracelets,  match-boxes, 
cigarette-cases,  and  other  ornament.s.  The  black-quartz  comes  from  Cala- 
veras Count)-,  the  white-quartz  is  mostly  from  Grass  Valley.  Their  chief 
specialty,  however,  is  the  inl.'iying  of  metals,  in  which  they  have  surpassed 
all  competition.  They  import  largely,  and  it  is  their  rule  to  import  every- 
thing that  they  can  purchase  in  the  East  of  quality  good  enough  for  their 
customers,  and  to  limit  their  manufacture  to  articles  finer  than  anything 
they  can  buy  cl.sewhere.  This  policy  compels  them  to  employ  the  highest 
artistic  talent  and  mechanical  skill ;  and  their  success  is  indicated  bj'  the 
originality  and  taste  of  the  design,  and  the  excellence  in  the  workmanship 
of  the  fine  jewelry  to  be  seen  in  their  show-cases  at  1 10  Montgomery 
Street.  It  may  be  assumed  that  whatever  th?ic  is  most  attractive  is  the 
product  of  their  own  factory.  The  knowledge  of  a  connoisseur  in  jewelry 
is  needed  to  appreciate  the  merit  of  much  of  their  work.  They  employ  73 
men  in  their  factory.  The  firm  was  established  in  1852,  and  consists  of 
Georce  C.  Shreve,  George  Bonnv,  and  A.  J.  Lewis. 

Nast,  Oreenzweig  &.  Co.— The  firm  of  Nast,  Greenzweig  &  Co. 
originated  in  New  York  City,  but,  induced  by  the  promise  of  future 
prosperity  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  business  was  transferred  to  San 
Francisco  about  10  years  .igo.  Since  this  ch.ingc  it  has  kept  pace  with  the 
rapid  growth  and  ilevelopment  of  the  city;  and  although  of  modest  dimen- 
sions at  first,  now  ranks  as  one  of  the  prominent  business  establishments  of 
our  slope.  By  capacity  and  knowledge  of  business,  it  has  achieved  a  success 
unsurpas.sed  by  any  competitor  in  this  line  Appreciating  the  geographical 
advantages  of  San  Francisco,  the  management  soon  comprehended  that  it 
S8 


Cg^ 


MANUKACTIJRES. 


was  destined  to  become  the  natural  base  f)f  supply  for  the  western  coast, 
and  lost  no  time  in  placing  experienced  a<;ents  throughout  the  Pacific 
States  and  Territories,  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  Australia.  Jewelrj-  of  American  manufacture  is,  it  is  claimed, 
superior  to  European  production;  and  this  firm  has  not  neglected  effi)rts 
to  convince  our  Mexican  neighbors  that  the  time-honored  prestige  of  the 
Old  World  in  their  markets,  is  destined  soon  to  become  a  thing  of  the  past. 
The  firm  is  located  in  a  modern  buikling,  533  Market  Street,  wlicre  it  oc- 
cupies 3  floors,  each  40  by  160  feet,  as  salesroom,  factory  (including  lapi- 
dary works),  and  shipping  department.  The  house  has  issued  an  elabo- 
rately illustrated  catalogue  printed  in  both  ICnglish  and  Spanish  (for  the 
trade  only),  being  the  first  issued  by  anj-  jewelry  establishment  on  the  coast. 
Nast,  GuiiKXZWElG  &  Co.  liave  a  capacity  to  supply  all  articles  in  the  line 
of  jewelry,  watches,  and  artistic  diamond-work.  The  firm  has  a  branch 
establishment  in  New  York  at  176  Hroadway. 

ScilULZ  &  FlSCIlKR  began  the  manufacture  of  silverware  in  San  Fran- 
ci.sco  in  1868,  and  have  occupied  a  prominent  position  as  workers  in  the 
precious  metals  since  that  time.  Their  line  includes  spoons,  forks,  and 
table  silverware  in  general,  as  well  as  presentation  pic'  's  rccjuiring  elabo- 
rate and  skillful  workmanship.  Among  the  productions  of  this  house,  a 
handsomelj'  orn.amcntcd  epergnc,  27  inches  high,  and  costing  $1,200,  is 
worthy  of  mention  as  being  the  largest  piece  of  its  kind  made  on  the 
I'acific  Coast.  The  firm  also  import  plated  silverware -and  fine  table  cut- 
lery. Their  salesroom,  in  which  their  work  is  displayed,  together  with  the 
office,  occupies  the  second  story  of  513  Market  Street;  their  shop,  fitted 
witli  machinery  driven  by  steam,  being  in  the  rear  and  extending  through 
the  block  to  Stevenson  Street.     Employment  is  given  to  22  hands. 


'f     3-. 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


699 


CHAPTER  XXXVI.— MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


Tobacco. — Ever  since  California  was  numbered  amon;^  ihc  States,  exper- 
iments have  been  made  in  the  raising  of  tobacco,  but  there  was  no  extensive 
cultivation  until  1871,  when  J.  D.  CULP  discovered  a  method  by  which  he 
claimed  that  the  rank  properties  of  hoinc-raised  tobacco  could  be  removed. 
This  gentleman  succeeded  in  interesting  .several  capitalists,  and  a  company 
was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  raising  and  curing  tobacco  and  manufacturing 
cigars.  Business  was  conducted  on  a  very  large  .scale.  A  factory  and  ware- 
houses were  erected  at  Gilroy.  Every  effort  was  made  to  bring  the  goods 
into  favor,  but  without  success,  and  the  company  disincorporated  after  suf- 
fering severe  loss. 

In  1 88 1  there  were  not  more  than  100  acres  of  tobacco  under  cultivation 
in  the  entire  State  of  California.  The  question  as  to  the  real  value  of  this 
tobacco,  or  whether  it  has  any  value  when  not  cured  by  some  special 
process,  is  a  matter  yet  undecided  among  cigar  manufacturers.  A  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  crop  is  shipped  to  New  York,  where  it  sells  at 
wholesale  for  about  25  cents  a  pound.  The  advantage  that  would  accrue 
to  this  State  from  the  cultivation  and  manufacture  of  tobacco  may  be  esti- 
mated from  the  fact,  that  the  imports  of  manufactured  tobacco  for  1881 
exceeded  3,000  tons,  and  amounted  in  value  to  nearly  $2,750,000. 

The  tobacco  factory  of  JONES  &  BraNDENSTEIN,  started  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  January,  1882,  is  the  only  establishment  of  the  kind  on  our  coast. 
The  firm  manufacture  navy  plug,  twist,  coils,  and  light  pressed  tobacco, 
in  all  styles  and  sizes,  from  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina  leaf. 
No  seed  tobacco  is  used.  Within  2  months  after  commencing  work,  the 
production  was  at  the  rate  of  nearly  70,000  pounds  a  month,  worth,  at  an 
average  of  55  cents  a  pound,  the  sum  of  $38,500.  When  in  full  working 
order  it  is  expected  that  the  establishment  will  produce  about  150,000 
pounds  a  month,  and  that  the  amount  of  sales  will  be  little  short  of  $1,000,- 
000  a  year.  The  factory  contains  4  floors,  and  is  equipped  with  all  the 
modern  appliances  and  machinery.  When  brought  from  the  warehouse, 
the  tob.i-^co  is  taken  to  the  second  floor,  where  the  stem  is  stripped  from  the 
leaf.  It  is  then  sorted  into  different  grades,  and  taken  to  the  top  floor, 
where  it  is  dipped  in  a  solution  of  sugar  and  liquorice,  and  afterwards 
steamed  at  a  temperature  of  160°     It  is  next  put  up  in  bulk,  and  again 


70C 


MAN!  TACTIKES. 


II 


3'! 


sweated  in  a  temperature  of  80".  These  operations  arc  executed  uti  tlie 
thiril  slur)'.  The  final  ])rocesses  are  performed  011  the  first  fl<ior,  and  eon- 
sist  of  puttin,ij  tlie  tobacco  throujjh  a  machine  to  ^i\e  it  tlie  proper  size, 
binding  it  in  \vrap])ers,  and  pressini,'  it.  The  manufacture  is  now  com- 
jileled.  The  j^oods  are  packxd  in  i3o\es,  and  are  ready  for  sliipment. 
ICmployment  is  ^iven,  in  all  the  departments,  to  J50  operatives,  and  before 
l<jn<;,  this  number  will  be  consitlcrably  increased.  There  arc  46  skilled 
operatives — colored  men  brou[;ht  specialU'  from  the  ICastern  States — who 
make  from  $10  to  $Jo  a  week;  anil  about  125  white  women  and  {;irls,  and 
So  boys,  who,  with  very  little  experience,  earn  from  $3.50  to  $7.  All  work 
b\-  the  piece.  Amonj;  the  einployees  arc  several  little  girls  between  10  and 
12  years  of  age,  whose  earnings  are  about  $4  a  week.  There  is  not  a 
Chinamen  to  be  seen  on  the  prcmi.ses. 

Cigars. — In  the  making  of  cigars,  as  in  many  other  branches  of  industry, 
California  has  undertaken  to  work  on  a  large  scale.  Tlie  United  States, 
with  a  jKipulation  of  50,000,000,  manufacture  about  2,000,000,000  of  cigars 
a  )ear,  or  40  per  capita.  California,  with  a  population  of  865,000  paid 
dut\-,  in  1 88 1,  on  more  than  150,000,000,  or  about  174  cigars  for  each 
member  of  her  population.  In  this  instance,  at  least,  it  can  not  be  said  that 
the  ])coplc  of  the  Pacific  Coast  are  slow  to  patronize  home  manufactures, 
for  they  consumed  about  98  per  cent,  of  all  that  were  made;  and  imports 
for  18S1  amounted  only  to  2,500  ca.ses.  Allowing  an  average  of  8,oco 
cigars  to  the  case,  it  will  be  seen  that  less  than  1 2  per  cent,  of  the  gross 
consumjition  came  from  abroad. 

It  is  probable  that  the  entire  number  of  cigars  manufactured  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  during  1881,  was  not  less  than  165,000,000,  an  increase  of 
about  35,000,000  over  the  quantity  made  in  any  previous  year.  Estimat- 
ing the  wholesale  price  of  these  goods  at  an  average  <3f  $35  per  1,000,  their 
aggregate  value  would  be  $5,600,000,  of  which  amount  $2,128,000,  or  38 
per  cent.,  may  be  set  down  as  the  cost  of  material ;  $1,848,000,  or  ^],  per 
cent.,  as  the  cost  of  labor,  and  the  remaining  29  per  cent,  for  duty,  rent, 
profit,  and  miscellaneous  expenses.  The  number  of  cigars  made  at  the 
larger  factories  owned  by  white  persons  in  San  Francisco  (according  to  the 
statistics  of  the  Internal  Revenue  office)  i.s,  in  .some  instances,  40,000  a 
year  to  each  operative,  and  docs  not  average  less  than  30,000;  at  the  latter 
rate,  5,500  operatives  would  make  all  the  cigars  that  are  now  manufactured 
on  this  ccjast. 

The  larger  factories  in  California  are  all  located  in  San  Francisco,  and 
may  be  classed  under  3  different  heads:  First, .those  belonging  to  firms  that 
employ  Chinese  cigar-makers,  at  regular  wages,  under  a  white  foreman ; 


MIS(  r.l.l.AM-.IH  S    MAMTAcTfUrS. 


7or 


sccokI,  tliosf  tli.it  furnish  toliacco  to  a  ('hincsc  contractor,  to  be  mainif.ic 
liiivd  into  ci^'ar'^,  and  rcliirncd  at  a  fixctl  price. per  i.cxx);  and  third,  tlicsc 
wliicli  are  contniUed  entirely  by  Chinamen,  and  worked  on  the  ("hinesc 
system.  There  are  numberless  small  factories  where  none  but  Chinanvn 
are  emplo\-ed.  Man)-  of  them  are  conducted  on  the  cooperative  s\steni, 
am"  one  or  more  of  the  number  are  em[)lo)'ed  to  attend  to  the  oiitsiile  busi- 
ncs.s,  and  to  effect  purcha.ses  and  sales.  There  are  also  30  or  40  retail 
dealers  who  cm])loy  2  or  3  white  cij^ar-makxrs  on  their  premises,  usiny  the 
front-room  as  a  store,  and  the  back-room  for  nianufacturin;^  purpf)scs. 

Cost  of  Mnnufaoture. — In  the  fall  of  18S1,  the  price  paid  in  .San  Fran- 
cisco for  manufacturing^  seed  and  Havana  mokl-made  cij^ars,  5  inches  in 
length,  was  $6  per  i,ooo,  against  $S  in  New  York.  For  hand-made  cigars, 
the  price  in  San  FrancisctJ  was  $8  to  .$10  |)cr  100,  while  the  usual  rate  in 
New  \'ork  ranges  from  $10  to  $13,  and  for  choice  Ilavanas  cis  much  as  $20 
per  1,000  is  paid  for  making.  The  prices  paid  for  packing  arc  the  same  in 
New  York  as  in  San  Francisco.  In  the  former  citj',  large  (luantities  of 
cigars  are  made  in  tenement-houses,  and  the  operative  is  usually  assisted  by 
members  of  his  family.  The  rates  paid  in  such  cases  are  the  same  as  those 
already  quoted. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  table  that  the  cost  of  labf)r  in  New  York  is, 
in  the  ca.se  of  mold-made  cigars,  about  33  per  cent,  higher,  and  in  that  of 
hand-made  goods  (not  taking  into  account  the  price  of  $20  per  i.oco  paid 
for  manufacturing  the  choicest  grailes  of  Havanas),  about  28  per  cent, 
higher  than  in  .San  Francisco.  Shiiimcnts  of  Californian  cigars  to  the 
I'-astern  States  are  already  being  made  to  the  extent  of  nearly  1,000  cases 
a  year,  and  consist  mainly  of  cheap  grades,  worth  about  $1 50  or  $160  a  case. 
If  overland  freights  .should  ever  be  reduced  to  a  Hw  point,  or  if  tobacco  of 
suitable  quality  can  be  raised  on  Californian  soil,  k  is  probable  that  in  time 
we  shall  be  able  to  compete  largely  with  I'.astcrn  cigar-makers  on  their  own 
ground.  Should  our  manufacturers  be  able  to  establi..,h  their  goods  in  favor 
with  Fa.stern  consumers,  the  field  for  their  enterprise  is  unlimited.  l'"sti- 
mating  the  retail  price  at  an  average  of  5  cents  apiece,  the  people  of  the 
United  States  expend  at  least  $100,000,000  a  year  for  this  single  item. 

Increase  in  Consumption. — The  great  increase  in  the  volume  of  Cali- 
fornian ijroduction,  for  1881,  is  no  doubt  due,  in  part,  to  the  opening  up  of 
fresh  territory  throtsgh  the  completion  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad, 
and  to  the  |)ersistent  energy  displayed  by  San  Franci.sco  merchants  in 
securing  this  new  field  for  their  enterprise.  Between  1877  and  1880,  the 
number  of  cigars  made  in   San  \<"rancisco   increa.sed  from   108,000,000  to 


u. 


702 


MANUFACTURES. 


112,000,000,  .n  difference  of  less  than  4  per  cent.,  while  the  pain  in   iSSi 
(fniin  1  iJ,ooo,ooo  to  \xC\joo.ooo),  exceeded  30  per  cent. 

The  incrc.'isc  in  the  import;iliiin  of  leaf  tobacco  Wu.s  still  more  remark- 
alilc,  aniountinfj,  for  i.S.Si,  to  near!)-  2,(')Oo  tons,  a^.iinst  1,700  tons  for  18S0, 
a  ^;aiii  of  53  per  cent,  in  a  sin^rle  j'ear.  I'"astern-niaile  ci},'ars  were  im- 
ported ill  S.'in  I''ranci.scn,  thirinj;  18. <i,  to  the  amount  of  2,523  cases,  and  to 
the  v.iliie  of  about  $900,000.  Iinports  for  iS.So  were  2,570  cases;  for  1S79, 
2,494 eases;  for  1.S7S,  2,354  cases;  and  for  I1S77,  1,789  cases.  A  case  usually 
contains  10,000  ci^'ar.s.  The  consumption  of  cijjars  of  Cuban  tobacco, 
niiule  principal!)'  in  New  I'o.'k,  is  ilecreasin^  \'ear  by  year,  as  improvement 
is  const.mtl)'  beinj,'  made  in  articles  of  domestic  manufacture.  I'.astern 
shipments  mciudc  a  much  lar^M'  pcrcenta^'c  of  inferior  f,'rades  than  was  the 
case  in  former  \-ears.  It  is  not  like!)'  that  imported  articles  will  ever  be 
dr,\en  (juite  out  of  the  market  for  there  are  many  smokers  in  .S.in  I'ran- 
cisco  who  would  not,  knowi'i^;iy,  pl.ace  a  domestic  ci{(ar  between  their  lips. 
The  indications  are.  however,  th.it  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  the  volume 
of  exports  will  lar^^dy  exceetl  the  tiu.intity  of  imported  j;oods.  The  duty 
on  foreign  cij^ars  is  virtually  prohibitive,  wliile  that  on  leaf  tobacco  is 
almost  nomin;d.  A  few  cases  of  foreign  cigars,  consisting  mainly  f)f 
Manila  cheroots,  arc  occasi(jnally  shipped  to  this  coast,  but  the  quantity  is 
inconsiderable. 


M;i' 


Cigar  Factories.— At  the  close  of  1881  the  Internal  Revenue  office  re- 
]X)rteil  251  cigar  factories  in  operation  in  California,  of  which  2l()  wore 
located  in  San  l-Vancisco,  8  each  in  Oaklaiul  and  Los  Angeles,  5  at  San 
Jose',  2  each  at  Alameda,  .Stockton,  and  Redwood  City,  and  one  each  at 
lierkelcy,  Santa  Cruz,  San  Mateo,  Santa  Harbara,  Ilaywards,  Sonora,  Sa- 
linas, and  San  Felipe.  The  amount  received  from  the  sale  of  cigar  ;uu!  ciga- 
rette stamps  for  the  12  months  ending  February  28,  1882,  was  reported 
at  $919,461.90.  The  revenue  law  requires  tiiat  each  manufacturer  should 
file  a  bond  of  $500  for  his  factory  and  $100  for  each  person  employed 
therein. 

Among  the  largest  factories  in  San  Fr;mcisco  arc  those  of  LiKHi'-.s  Hrds. 
&  Co.,  W.  Lkwis  &  Co.,  and  the  New  York  Cigar  Company,  each  mak- 
ing over  6,000,000;  I.  S.  ROSENHAUM  &  CO.,  G.  CoilN  &  Co.,  JoiIN  S. 
I?(l\VMAN  &  Co.,  F.  GOSI.INSKV  &  Co.,  F.NGKLHUKCIIT,  l"ox  it  Co.,  the 
American  Manufacturing  Company,  the  I'Ispanola  Coinpan)',  ami  the 
Jhiena  Comi)an\-,  that  make  from  2,000,000104,000,000;  RoscoK  &  Co., 
J.  W.  SciiAiCKiKK  &  Co.,  J.  D.  Cui.i'  &  Co.,  M.  \Vi:ktiii;imi:r  & 
BkOTHEU,  Mavki.scii  Bugs.  &  Co.,  and  the  Arlina,  Chicago,  Colino, 
Colombo,  Comstock,  and   Cubana  companies,  each  of  whom  manufactures 


MIS(i;i,l,.\Xi;utS    MANCIACTURKS. 


703 


from  1,000,000  to  2,000,000.  At  the  jiliovc  cstahlishincnts  the  number  of 
o|K.Tativc";  varies  from  50  to  350;  and  the  number  of  cifjars  mad'-  Lv  each 
workin.in  ranj,fcs  from  JO,ooo  to  35,000  a  year,  averaLn'ni^  about  30,000. 

Tlie  lar},'cr  factorie.s  in  San  I"raiicisco  are  usual!)-  3-stor)'  bu  ldinf,'s,  and 
some  of  them  li.i  '^  also  a  cellar,  which  is  used  for  storage  :\nu  cleansing' 
tobacco.  Some  ol  ihcm  cmp!f)y  250  to  350  operatives,  and  procl;ice  froM 
5,000,000  to  ;  000,000  cigars  a  year.  In  the  process  of  manufacturinij 
cigars  of  l,  tap  (in  ility,  the  1im\cs  are  first  separated  into  3  grades,  termed 
fillers,  biixiors,  and  wrappers.  The  smallest  leaves  are  u.scd  for  fillers,  m;-- 
diuip-sized  ones  (or  hinders,  anil  the  largest  for  wrappers.  The  tob.icco  is 
then  handed  "vci  10  the  strii)pers,  who  wet  the  lea\es,  open  them  out,  ami 
strip  off  the  stems.  i\ftcr  being  dried,  they  are  delivered  to  the  cigar- 
makers,  A'ho  work  at  tables  resemblirg  double  desks,  ICach  operative  is 
supplied  with  a  molding-board,  a  measuring-board,  a  knife,  and  a  pot  of 
paste.  The  -vorkman  first  makes  up  a  bundle  of  fillers;  then  euvlop; 
each  one  in  :i  bituler,  and  cuts,  fnun  the;  leaves  used  for  wrappers,  portions 
to  correspond  with  the  exact  shape  of  the  article  he  is  making.  After  it 
has  been  neatly  enfokleil  in  its  coxering,  the  ends  arc  trimmed,  the  cover- 
ing fastened  with  paste,  anil  the  cigar  is  made. 

Most  o[)erativcs  work  by  the  piece,  receiving  so  much  per  1,000,  and 
each  one  has  a  certain  number  assigned  to  him.  This  number  is  stampe  I 
on  muslin  bands  which  ;ire  tied  around  each  bundle  of  50;  so  that,  at  the 
end  of  the  week,  it  can  be  ascertained  in  a  moment  how  many  cigars  the 
workmen  has  made  The  bundles  arc  then  ready  for  the  .seasoning-room, 
where  they  lie  until  ready  for  packing.  Much  depends  on  the  careful 
a.ssortmcnt  of  the  grades  and  colors;  anrl  the  packing-room  is  usually  the 
largest  and  best-lighted  apartment  in  the  factory.  In  December,  1881, 
the  cheapest  grades  of  goods  made  up  in  the  Chinese  factories  were  worth, 
at  wholesale,  $14  to  $17.50  per  1,000;  Connecticut  leaf  cigars  were  quoted 
at  $25  to  $30;  seed  and  Havana,  4  to  5  inches,  $40  to  $60;  fine  grades  of 
clear  Havana,  4  to  5  inches,  sold  for  $75  to  $125;  and  the  very  choicest 
liavanas  could  not  be  purcha.sed  for  less  than  $200  per  1,000. 

Cigar  Operatives.— Of  the  5,500  operatives  engaged  in  cigar-making  on 
the  Pacific  Coast,  at  least  4,500  are  Chinamen.  The  number  employed  during 
a  portion  of  the  year,  is  no  doubt,  considerably  larger;  and  5,500  is  stated  as 
the  avenge,  not  as  the  gross  number.  Chinamen  first  began  to  make  cigars 
in  San  F  snci.sco  in  1857.  They  soon  learned  the  busines.s,  and,  by  work- 
ing at  considerably  lower  rates  than  white  men,  while  making  an  equally 
good  article,  they  quickly  obtained  the  bulk  of  the  trade,  and  have  now 
almost  suix;rsedcd  all  other  labor.     In  1876,  the  white  oper.itives  organized 


704 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  "C"i;^,-ir-mal<cr.s'  Association  of  the  Pacific  Coast."  Their  object  was  to 
improve  the  comiition  of  their  craftsmen,  and,  if  possible,  to  drive  Moni^o- 
iian  labor  out  of  the  field.  Several  manufacturers  were  induced  by  political, 
or  other  motives,  to  discharge  their  Chinamen ;  but  when  they  applied  to 
the  Association  to  supply  tlicm  with  white  help,  their  apjilication  was  in 
\  ain.  White  cigar-makers  were  not  to  be  had  in  suflicicnt  number,  at  rates 
that  manufacturers  could  afford  to  pay.  They  attempted,  therefore,  again 
to  have  recourse  to  the  aid  of  Chinamen;  but  found  that  many  of  them 
had  started  in  business  for  themselves,  and  were  already  entering  into 
active  competition  with  their  former  employers.  Eastern  cigar-makers 
were  iniluced  by  the  Association  t<i  settle  in  San  Francisco,  and,  for  a  time, 
found  ready  occupation  ;  but  manufacturers  could  not  long  afford  to  pay 
them  their  price  of  $12  per  1,000,  while  Chinamen  were  doing  similar  work 
at  $S  per  r,ooo.  The  members  f)f  the  Association  adopted  a  label,  which 
was  placed  on  eveiy  box  of  cigars  made  by  white  labor,  but  did  not  find 
tliat  the  label  had  much  inlluence  on  the  .sale  of  their  goods.  Just  when 
the  anti-Chinese  agitation  was  at  its  heiglit,  New  York  manufacturers 
.seized  the  opportunit}-,  and  flooded  the  market  with  cheap  I'.astcrn  goods, 
ni.adc,  of  course,  by  white  labor.  Prices  fell  to  a  ruinous  point,  and  the 
members  of  the  Association  found  themselves  in  an  evil  case.  At  present, 
abiAit  400  of  them  arc  settled  in  Oregon,  Washington,  and  other  portions 
of  the  coast,  where  they  work  in  clubs  of  from  2  to  6  persons;  and,  by  sell- 
ing their  goods  at  retail,  or  dircctlj-  to  store-keepers,  usually  for  cash,  and 
thus  avoiding  ri.sk  and  the  expense  of  commission,  manage  to  compete 
with  San  l'"rancisco  houses,  The  white  cigar-makers  still  remaining  in  San 
I'Vancisco  are  informed  whenever  there  is  a  good  opening  *"or  them  on  other 
portions  of  the  coast.  In  1880,  for  instance,  under  the  advice  of  the  As.so- 
ciation,  a  [larty  of  6  settled  in  Hritish  Columbia,  where  there  is  no  tax  on 
tobacco,  but  where  imported  cigars  are  subject  to  dut)-.  With  this  advan- 
tage in  their  favor,  they  soon  established  a  thriving  trade,  and  alread\'  fur- 
nish em])lo>meiU  to  a  considerable  number  of  extra  hands  at  \€ry  good 
rates  of  uagcs. 

There  are  now  not  more  than  150  white  men  engaged  in  cigar-making  in 
San  I''rancisco,  against  nearly  4.500  Chinamen.  A  few  girls  are  employed 
at  some  of  the  factories,  but  their  earnings  are  .so  .small  tliat  they  seldom 
remain  long  at  such  occupation.  They  must  be  very  expert  to  make  $7  a 
week,  and  their  average  earnings  arc  probabI_\-  less  tiian  $5.  Tlie  entir* 
number  of  female  operati\es  engaged  in  making  cigars  and  cigarettes  is 
not  mcjre  than  160.  Cigarette-makers  ^arn  a  little  more  than  cigar-makers, 
but  the  serxices  of  women  are  in  such  demand  for  better-paid  descri[)tions 
of  labor  that,  as  a  rule,  the)'  avoid  either  of  those  (jccupation.s. 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


705 


Pipes  — There  is  one  store  in  San  Francisco  at  which  pipes  are  made, 
both  wooden  and  meerschaum,  but  the  quantity  is  so  small  that  it  furnishes 
employment  only  to  a  single  person.  The  proprietor  of  another  store  im- 
ports $1,500  to  $2,000  worth  a  year  of  meerschaum,  amber,  and  cherry- 
wood,  from  which  he  makes  a  few  pipes ;  but  his  .sales  are,  as  yet,  so  small, 
that  he  can  make  up  all  the  goods  him.self,  or  at  least  docs  not  feel  ju.sti- 
ficd  in  employing  any  assistance. 

Acids. — The  discovery  of  the  precious  metals  on  the  coast  created  a 
demand  for  the  acids  commonly  used  in  refining,  and  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  works  for  their  manufacture.  The  principal  products  of  these 
works  are  nitric,  muriatic,  and  sulphuric  acids;  but  sulphates  of  copper 
and  of  iron  are  made,  sulphur  is  refined,  and  the  pigment  known  as  Prus- 
sian blue  is  also  produced  to  some  extent.  We  have  5  factories,  turning 
out  either  some  or  all  the  articles  mentioned,  2  of  which  are  located  in  San 
Franci.sco;  one  each  in  West  Berkeley  and  on  Point  Pinole,  California;  and 
one  at  Dayton,  Nevada.  The  annual  production  is  about  12,000  tons  of 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  1 50  tons  of  muriatic  acid,  300  tons  of  sulphate 
of  copper,  200  tons  of  sulphate  of  iron,  and  a  less  quantity  of  prussian 
blue  ;  the  total  value  being  $1,200,000.  Capital  amounting  to  $450,000  is 
invested  in  the  industry,  and  more  than  100  hands  are  employed,  who 
receive  $2.50  a  day  on  the  average,  a  day's  work  being  10  hours,  and  the 
busy  .season  extending  from  April  to  December,  inclusive.  The  wages 
paid  here  are  20  per  cent,  higher  than  the  rates  paid  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Nitric  acid  of  63°  to  66"  purity  sells  at  present  for  about  1 1  ^2  cents  per 
pound.  The  commercial  article  of  38"  was  furnished,  in  1881,  by  contract 
to  the  United  States  branch  mint  at  San  Franci.sco,  in  quantities  sufficient 
to  .supply  its  consumption  of  from  4,000  to  5,000  pounds  a  day,  at  from 
5.)^  cents  to  C  cents  a  pound.  This  is  less  by  about  2^^  cents  a  pound 
than  the  acid  was  furnished  for  in  the  years  1879  and  1880,  and  is  the  lowest 
price  at  which  it  has  yet  been  .sold.  The  reduction  is  due  to  competition 
between  manufacturers,  and  the  rates  leave  but  a  small  margin  to  the  pro- 
ducer. Sulphuric  acid  is  .sold  for  3^2  cents  a  pound,  and  muriatic  for  4',2 
cents.  All  the  acids  mentioned  are  heavy;  the  specific  gravity  of  sulphuric 
being  nearly  double  that  of  water.  Sulphate  of  copper,  known  as  blue- 
stone,  sells  for  8^3  cents  per  pound.  Sulphate  of  iron,  called  green  vitriol 
or  copperas,  for  2  cents  a  pound.  Prussian  blue,  in  a  solid  form,  brings 
from  25  to  35  cents  a  pound;  as  a  .solution,  20  cents.  These  are  wholesale 
prices,  and  are  from  "^^  of  a  cent  to  113  cents  a  pound  less,  for  the  acids, 
than  small  quantities  are  sold  for,  and  proportionately  lower  for  the  other 
articles.     W^ith  the  exception  of  prussian  blue,  which  is  imported  occasion- 


70fi 


MANUFACTURES. 


ally  in  comparatively  small  quantities  for  speculative  purposes,  the  local 
market  is  supplictl  by  local  productions. 

Nitric  and  sulphuric  acids  arc  largely  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  explosive  compound,  nitro-glyccrine ;  in  fact,  2  of  the  factories  dispose 
of  the  greater  part  (jf  their  product  in  that  manner.  Sulphuric  is  used  in 
the  works  where  it  is  made  in  producing  sulphates;  in  chemical  works 
generally,  and  by  soda-water  makers  throughout  the  slope.  Muriatic,  with 
sulphuric,  is  employed  in  candle-making;  and  alone,  in  soldering  and  assay- 
ing. Nitric  acid  is  made  from  the  nitrate  of  soda  and  sulphuric  acid. 
Sulphuric,  from  .sulphur  and  nitrate  of  .soda;  and  muriatic,  from  common 
salt  and  sulphuric  acid.  The  nitrate  of  .soda  used  on  the  coast  is  from 
I'eru,  and  costs,  duty  paid,  2),-^  cents  a  pound  in  San  Francisco.  Sulphur 
is  obtained  from  Nevada,  and  is,  besides,  imported  from  Sicily  and  Japan. 
Manufacturers  consider  the  home  product  equal  to  the  foreign  for  their 
uses,  but  the  suppl)-  is  uncertain,  and  at  times  the  market  is  bare.  They 
are  obliged,  therefore,  as  a  matter  of  .self-protection,  to  procure  a  portion  of 
their  stock  from  abroad.  Sulphur  costs,  usually,  ?  cents  a  pound.  Of  the 
sulphate  of  copper  produced,  fully  three  fourths  is  consumed  in  the  amal- 
gamating pans  of  silver-reduction  works,  and  most  of  the  rcmainilcr  by 
farmers  in  soaking  seed-wheat.  It  is  made  by  roasting  and  grinding 
copper  ore,  and  adding  sulphuric  acid,  after  which  the  mixture  is  placed  in 
pans  and  left  to  crystallize.  Most  of  the  solid  material  now  used  for  this 
purpose  is  that  known  as  cement  copper,  and  comes  from  .Spenceville, 
Nevada  County,  California,  costing,  when  pure,  \6  cents  a  pound. 

The  oldest  factory  now  in  existence  on  the  coast  is  that  of  JUDSON  & 
SlllcrAKl),  established  at  San  I'rancisco  in  1854,  and  now  located  near 
West  Berkeley.  Tho  works  were  at  first  established  to  supply  the  United 
States  branch  mint  at  San  Francisco  with  parting  acids,  but  since  their 
removal,  the  muriatic  acid  produced  has  been  used  in  a  candle  factory 
under  the  same  ownership.  Until  the  present  year,  the  firm  have  also  con- 
sumed their  product  of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids  in  the  manufacture  of 
high  explosives;  but  recent  improvements  have  enabled  them  to  increase 
their  output,  and  again  contract  to  supply  the  Government  establishment 
mentioned.  Twenty-five  men  are  employed,  and  the  annual  product  is 
worth  about  $250,000. 

The  acid-factory  connected  with  the  Vulcan  Powder-works,  at  Pinole 
Point,  began  operations  in  i88i,and  is  now  turning  out  1,200  gallons  of 
sulphuric,  and  15,000  pounds  of  nitric  acids  per  day,  all  of  which  are  con- 
sumed in  the  manufacture  of  high  explosives.  The  .San  I'rancisco  factories 
are  the  California  Chemical-works,  owned  by  Joll.N  RliVNOl.DS,  who  makes 
acids,  sulphates  of  copper  and  of  iron,  and  prussian  blue  in  .solution,  em- 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANLIACTURES. 


707 


ploying  20  men ;  and  the  Golden  City  Chcmical-woiks,  S.  M.  Van  VVyck, 
superintendent,  producing  the  same  vjlass  of  articles,  and  employing  30 
hands. 

An  acid  factory  erected  in  Carson  City,  Nevada,  to  supply  the  mint  in 
that  place  with  acids  after  running  17  years  was  burned  down  in  1880,  anil 
has  not  been  rebuilt.  The  Carson  mint  is  now  supplied  with  acids  by  the 
Dayton  Mill  and  Mining  Company,  who  have  an  acid  factory  in  Uayton. 

Explosives. — Explosives,  as  made  on  our  coast,  are  of  2  main  classes: 
one  of  ordinary  black  powder,  and  the  other  of  the  various  high-grade  ex- 
plosives. The  classes  differ  widely  both  as  to  their  composition  and  effi- 
ciency, the  first  named  being  a  mechanical  mixture,  and  its  combustion 
gradual ;  whilst  the  last  mentioned  are  chemical  combinations,  and  their 
action  instantaneous  and  very  violent.  High-grade  explosives,  variously 
called  Giant,  Vulcan,  Hercules,  and  by  similar  terms  indicative  of  strength, 
are  made  on  the  same  general  principle.  Glycerine  is  combined  with 
nitric  acid,  and  ?,n  absorbent,  as  magnesia  or  silicious  earth,  added.  The 
mi.xture  is  molded  in  cylindrical  forms  a  little  larger  than  an  ordinary  can- 
dle, which  are  cut  into  suitable  lengths  when  used.  The  charge  is  exploded 
by  means  of  a  cap  containing  fulminating  powder.  The  annual  consump- 
tion on  the  coast,  of  the  high  explosives,  is  about  1,500  tons,  and  of  black 
powder  more  than  2,000  tons.  Of  the  l.ist,  2,500  tons  are  made  in  Cali- 
fornia ;  1 50  tons,  chiefly  sporting  powder,  are  imported  from  the  Atlantic 
States;  and  500  tons  are  exported  to  Mexico,  British  Columbia,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  Central  America — three  fourths  of  the  shipments 
being  to  Mexico.  Perhaps  500  tons  of  nitro-glycerine  powder  arc  ex- 
ported. The  value  of  the  high  explosives  consumed  annually  on  our  coast 
is  about  $1,500,000,  taking  the  average  price  at  50  cents  per  pound,  a  low 
estimate.  Of  the  black  powder,  the  value  of  the  home  production  is 
$850,000,  and  that  of  the  imported  $150,000.  In  addition  to  the  Eastern 
powder  received  here  in  packages,  we  import  about  20  tons  fixed,  loaded 
in  the  metallic  cartridges  used  in  breech-loading  arms.  Capital  amounting 
to  $j,ooo,ooo  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  furnished  to  300 
hands,  whose  wages  range  from  $1.25  to  $3  per  day  of  10  hours.  The  de- 
mand follows  to  some  extent  the  mining  season.  Of  the  raw  materials, 
glycerine  is  partly  a  home  production  and  partly  imported  from  the  East- 
ern States  and  from  Europe.  The  great  demand  for  this  article  has  caused 
it  to  advance  in  price  50  per  cent,  since  1879,  the  present  rates  being  32 
cents  per  pound.  The  Jicids  and  charcoal  are  made  here,  several  of  the 
nitro-glycerine  works  making  their  own  acids;  nnd  of  the  nitrates,  that  of 
potiish  comes  from  Calcutta,  and  costs,  duty  paiJ,  12^  cents  per  pound;  and 


7o8 


MANUFACTURES. 


that  of  sodn,  from  Peru,  costs  2^-4  cents  per  pound.  Sulphur  i.s  found  in 
Nevada,  but  the  market  being  irregularly  supplied  from  that  source,  it  is  at 
times  imported  from  Sicily  and  Japan,  costing  about  2  cents  per  pound. 
The  first  of  the  nitro-glyccnnc  explosives  to  come  into  extensive  use  in 
mining,  dynamite  (callctl  also  giant  powder),  was  made  in  California  soon 
after  its  invention  by  NoBEL,  but  did  not  begin  to  attract  general  attention 
until  1 87 1.  The  miners  in  those  towns  where  they  were  organized  in 
unions  for  the  maintenance  of  their  wages,  as  at  Grass  Valley  and  Virginia 
City,  determined  to  resist  its  introduction.  Their  pretext  was  that  the 
fumes  from  its  c.xplo.sion  were  unwholesome;  the  real  rca.sons  were  that  the 
dynamite  needed  a  smaller  drill  hole,  and  its  use  implied  that  one  man 
C(iuld  do  the  drilling,  whereas  2  were  necessary  for  black  powder.  Not  only 
would  the  single  hand-drill,  with  dynamite,  do  as  much  work  as  a  double 
hand-drill,  with  black  powder,  but  the  drifts  for  one  man  would  not  be  so 
largo  ,.,  fo'  2.  The  miners  feared,  therefore,  that  the  introduction  of  the 
dj-namite  x.ould  throw  half  of  them  out  of  employment,  and  then  reduce 
the  wages  of  the  remainder.  The  mine-owners,  on  the  other  hand,  deter- 
mined that  they  must  have  the  dynamite.  There  was  no  difificulty  in  find- 
ing men  willing  to  work  with  it,  but  they  were  threatened  with  all  those 
outrages  to  which  men  are  exposed  whenever  they  violate  trade-union  rules. 
The  most  serious  troubles  occurred  at  Grass  Valley,  where  several  independ- 
ent miners,  who  used  the  dynamite,  were  cruelly  beaten,  and  one  was  shot, 
though  not  mortally  wounded.  Threats  were  made  that  the  buildings  of 
the  mines  where  the  dynamite  was  used,  .should  be  burned,  and  the  local 
company  of  the  National  Guard  Militia  was  ordered  under  arms  so  as  to  be 
prepared  for  emergencies.  In  smaller  towns,  where  there  were  not  enough 
miners  to  maintain  a  combination,  the  dynamite  was  received  with  .so  much 
favor,  and  the  newspaper  press  was  so  emphatic  in  recommending  it  for 
general  use,  that  the  miners  at  Grass  Valley  and  Virginia  City  became 
ashamed  of  their  opposition,  and  gradually  accepted  the  single  hand-drill 
and  its  explosive.  Now  there  is  no  open  objection  to  them  anywhere. 
The  greater  efficiency  of  the  drill,  with  the  help  of  dynamite,  has  increased 
the  demand  for  miners'  labor,  and  there  has  been  no  reduction  in  wages. 
The  success  of  the  giant  powder  here  led  to  its  introduction  In  other  coun- 
tries. At  present,  exclusive  of  Mexico,  little  black  powder  is  u.sed  on  the 
coast  for  mining  purpo.ses.  The  imports  from  the  Eastern  States  arc  not  a 
third  of  the  exports  from  San  Francisco,  and  are  confined  to  the  finer 
gr.-ides,  the  use  of  which  is  chiefly  a  matter  of  individual  fancy.  Dr.  J.  H. 
WurrriER,  of  Utah  Territory,  is  credited  with  making  blasting  powder 
there  in  1857,  which,  it  is  believed,  was  the  first  e.xplosi\'c  made  on  the 
coast.     In   1870  there  were  3  factories  on  the  slope,  employing  75  hands, 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


70:> 


and  having  about  $75,000  capital.  The  powder  manufacturers  of  the  coa.st 
not  mentioned  in  other  paragraphs  arc:  The  Vulcan  Powder  Co.M- 
PANV,  whose  works  are  at  San  Pablo,  and  THE  ToNITE  PoWDEK  Com- 
pany, whose  factory  is  at  Stcge,  RALPH  L.  SHAINWALD  being  the  secretary 
of  both;  The  Glvnt  Powder  Companv,  having  works  at  West  Berke- 
ley, and  an  agency  managed  by  Bandmann,  Nielson  &  Co.;  The  Cali- 
KOKNL\  ViGORiT  PoWDER  COMPANY,  located  at  California  City,  the 
secretary  being  W.  H.  Lent;  The  Safety  Nitro  Powder  Company, 
whose  works  arc  located  at  Point  Pinole,  and  whose  agents  are  Flint, 
PEAnoDY  &  Co.;  The  Granite  (formerly  Hardy)  Powder  Company, 
established  at  Vallejo,  whose  agents  are  R.  D.  HUME  &  Co.;  The  Safety 
Powder  Company,  C.  F.  Rosecrans,  secretary;  and  The  Thunder 
Powder  Company,  Charles  De  Lacy,  manager.  These  factories  all 
produce  high-grade  explosives. 

The  California  Powder-works.— The  California  Powder-works, 
the  only  manufacturers  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  militarj',  sporting,  and  blast- 
ing powders,  were  incorporated  in  the  )*ear  1861,  with  a  capital  of  $100,- 
000.  They  soon  discovered  the  inadequacy  of  that  capital,  and  by  voluntary 
as.sessments,  and  investment  of  profits,  have  since  increased  it  to  the  present 
figure  of  $1,500,000,  which  is  not  more  than  enough  to  carry  on  the  im- 
mense business  they  have  created.  Before  the  establishment  of  these 
works,  the  development  of  our  mines  was  retarded,  and  public  unprove- 
ments  were  discouraged,  by  the  cost  of  powder,  which  was  imported  from 
the  East,  and  doled  out  at  high  prices;  and  at  that  time,  the  civil  war  hav- 
ing begun  with  demand  from  the  Government  for  all  the  powder  the 
Eastern  mills  could  manufacture,  but  for  these  works,  the  completion 
of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  would  have  been  long  deferred.  The 
buildings  of  the  company,  pronounced  by  officers  of  the  U.  S.  ordnance 
to  be  the  most  complete  in  America,  are  situated  near  the  city  of  Santa 
Cruz.  They  occupy  both  banks  of  the  San  Lorenzo  River  for  a  rnilci 
and  comprise  21  powder- mi  ll.s,  10  shops,  and  6  magazines  and  stores, 
besides  other  necessary  buildings,  and  dwellings  for  all  the  employees. 
These  form  a  village  which,  nestled  in  the  valley,  constitutes  the  most  beau- 
tiful view  from  the  South  Pacific  Coast  Railroad,  famous  for  its  picturesque 
route.  This  site  was  determined  by  the  abundant  power  of  the  river,  the 
proximity  of  suitable  timber,  the  easy  access  to  the  sea,  with  which  they 
are  connected  by  rail,  and  the  advantages  of  an  adjacent  town.  Ships 
discharge  cargoes  of  niter  at  the  company's  wharf,  and  load  there  with 
powder  for  e.vport. 

The  ordinary  force  employed  (all  whites)  is  45  men,  at  $1.75  to  $3.50  per 


7IO 


MANUTACTURKS. 


..ii 


! 


day,  and  15  boys  (from  16  to  21  years  of  age),  at  $1  to  ^1.50  per  day,  the 
whole  cost  of  personal  services  being  $140  to  $150  per  day.  This  force  is 
sufficient  to  turn  out  15,000  pounds  of  blasting  powder  daily,  besides  the 
military  powder  required  for  the  Pacific  department,  and  most  of  the 
sporting  powder  consumed  on  this  coast,  from  Alaska  to  Mexico.  This 
statement,  however,  does  not  indicate  the  ultimate  capacity  of  the  work.s, 
which  are  built  in  duplicate  to  avoid  detention  by  explosions.  They  can 
produce,  if  pushed,  30,000  pounds  of  blasting  powder  daily,  and  the  huge 
railway  works  in  course  of  construction  will  probably  demand  this  latter 
quantity  in   1882. 

Some  years  after  the  establishment  of  the  works  at  Santa  Cruz,  dyna- 
mite was  invented,  and  quickly  became  the  favorite  explosive  for  deep  min- 
ing and  tunneling  in  hard  rock.  To  meet  this  new  departure  in  art.  The 
California  Powder-work.s  instituted  the  manufacture  of  Hercules 
Powder,  which  consists  of  nitro-glycerine  absorbed  in  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, and  constructed  at  Point  Pinole,  upon  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo,  immense 
works  for  its  fabrication.  These  comprise,  besides  the  Hercules  works 
proper,  works  for  the  manufacture?  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids,  built  upon 
an  imprecedented  .scale,  with  all  the  improvements  known  to  science  up  to 
the  year  1 88 1.  From  Pinole,  Hercules  Powder  goes  to  every  State  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  to  British  Columbia,  and  to  Mexico,  commending  itself 
everywhere  for  strength,  and  especially  for  safety.  The  great  success  of 
TiiK  Calikorxia  Po\vdi:r-\vorks  is  due,  after  the  excellence  of  their 
powders,  to  the  integrity  and  liberality  of  the  management,  which  has 
met  with  cordial  favor.  Their  large  capital  enables  them  to  aid  enter- 
prise with  judicious  credit,  and  .so,  with  profit  to  thcm.selves,  help  to 
develop  the  country.  They  have  maintained  dividends  without  interrup- 
tion since  May,  1869.  Their  Board  of  Directors,  in  1882,  is  composed  of 
N.  G.  Kittle,  president;  G.  T.  Lawton,  vice-president;  J.  B.  Haggin, 
N.  LUNING,  J.  O.  Earl;  and  Bernard  Peyton,  superintendent,  ex  officio 
director.  Their  secretary  is  JoilN  F.  LoHSE,  who  has  filled  that  office  ever 
since  the  organization  of  the  company. 


Blasting  Fuse,  as  made  on  the  coast,  is  small,  flexible  tubing  filled  with 
powder.  The  cylinder  consists  of  from  2  to  4  layers,  the  innermost  being 
of  jute  yarn,  the  others  of  cotton,  hemp,  or  other  fiber.  Each  layer  is 
covered  with  a  varnish,  and  the  whole  thus  rendered  waterproof.  When 
the  innermost  layer  has  but  one  covering,  it  is  known  as  single  taped ;  2 
layers  arc  termed  double  taped,  and  .so  on.  The  powder  used  is  manufac- 
tured for  the  purpose  by  The  Calikornia  PoWDKR-WORKS;  the  ingredients 
arc  the  same  as  those  composing  ordinary  gunpowder,  but  so  proportioned 


;r 


.J  ' 


M I SC K I , I.A N i:0 1 ; S    MA N I' K At  T U R ES. 


'\  I 


as  to  burn  rapidly  without  exploding'.  The  fuse  k-nown  as  doubled  taped 
is  most  used.  The  industry  -jives  employment  to  about  40  hands,  and  its 
products  amply  supply  the  demands  of  the  coast.  The  jute  yarn  used 
comes  from  Dundee;  the  cloth  is  from  New  York.  There  arc  3  factories 
on  the  coast,  all  located  in  California:  TllK  CaLIFORN'IA  FUSli-WORKS,  at 
San  Francisco,  established  1.S66;  ToY,  BlCKl'ORD  &  Co.,  at  East  Oakland, 
established  1867;  and  Thk  Eagle  Fuse-WORKS,  at  Felton,  established 
1868.  The  products  of  these  factories  are  sold  by  their  afjents,  THE  CAL- 
IFORNIA Fu.sE  Association,  in  San  Francisco.  The  large  consumption  of 
the  products  of  these  factories  throughout  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories, 
and  Montana,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Mexico,  is  evidence  of  their 
good  quality. 

Fireworks. — The  manufacture  of  fireworks  for  display  has  a  place 
among  the  industries  of  the  coa.st.  Two  classes  of  these  combustibles  arc 
made:  hand  pieces,  comprising  crackers,  candles,  rocket.s,  etc.;  and  fixed 
pieces,  which  are  combinations,  including  .some  or  all  of  the  first  class,  in 
many  cases  of  considerable  size,  and  having  very  ingenious  mechanical 
arrangements.  The  annual  con.sumption  of  fireworks  on  that  portion  of  the 
coast  north  of  Mexico  amounts  in  value  to  about  $75,000;  the  3  factories 
here  producing  to  the  aggregate  value  of  $45,000,  and  the  Chinese  in  San 
Francisco  making  some  of  the  cheaper  kinds.  The  importation  of  fire-crack- 
ers reached  in  past  years  the  value  of  $15,000;  but  the  restriction  placed 
upon  their  use  in  some  of  the  larger  cities  has  materially  curtailed  the  de- 
mand, and  the  receipts  during  1881  were  less  than  the  exports  by  150 
packages.  The  duty  of  $1  per  box  of  40  small  packs,  that  retail  at  10 
cents  each,  is  more  than  the  original  cost  of  the  crackers  in  China.  Capital 
to  the  amount  of  $40,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  is 
furnished  to  about  20  hands,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging  $2.50  per  day 
of  ro  hours.  Fireworks  were  made  in  San  Francisco  in  1852,  and  firms 
not  now  in  existence  were  established  there  in  1861  and  in  1868.  The  first 
public  display  of  fireworks  in  Oregon  was  at  Portland  on  the  evening  of 
July  4,  i860,  and  the  pieces  were  made  in  that  city.  The  oldest  and 
largest  pyrotechnic-works  on  the  coast  arc  those  of  STEELE,  Elder  & 
Co.,  established  at  San  F'ranci.sco  in  1853.  The  remaining  factory,  in  Cali- 
fornia, is  that  of  Alfred  B.  Eckstein,  also  in  San  Francisco.  In  Port- 
land, Oregon,  GEORGE  HUUIIES  has  an  establishment,  and  supplies  that 
portion  of  the  coast. 

Matches. — The  annual  consumption  of  matches  on  the  coast,  excluding 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  amounts  to  about  460,000  gross.  Importa- 
tion.s,  chiefly  of  the  different  varieties  generally  known  as  parlor  matches, 


712 


MANUFACTURES. 


I        • 


amount  to  10,000  gross,  and  exports  to  nearly  60,000  gross.  Of  the  latter, 
one  third  arc  shipped  to  China,  the  remainder  being  distributed  from 
Siberia  to  the  islands  of  the  South  Pacific.  Of  the  entire  production, 
amounting  to  500,000  gros.s,  it  is  believed  one  fifth  arc  made  and  used  or 
sold  by  the  Chinese  secretly,  and  the  revenue  tax  avoided.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  matches  made  here  are  those  known  as  "block,"  that  is,  split 
from  a  block  of  wood.  A  gross  being  144  blocks  of  100  matches  each,  and 
estimating  the  population  north  of  Mexico  to  be  1,500,000,  it  follows  that 
more  than  12  matches  per  day  are  used  to  the  individual.  Capital  amount- 
ing to  $50,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  is  furnished  to 
100  hands  by  regular  makers,  and  probably  to  25  more  by  irresponsible 
dealers.  Of  the  workmen,  fully  one  half  are  Chinese,  and  the  wages  paid 
range  from  50  cents  to  $2  per  day.  Taking  the  price  at  $1.85  per  gross,  a 
low  average,  the  value  of  the  annual  production  is  $925,000. 

The  wood  used  is  the  Port  Orford  cedar.  It  is  soft,  straight,  and  fine- 
grained, and  when  properly  .seasoned,  burns  well.  The  sulphur  is  either 
that  refined  in  New  York,  or  English  roU-brimstonc.  Coast  sulphur  was 
used  until  the  market  cea.sed  to  supply  a  quality  fine  enough  for  the 
requirements  of  the  industry,  the  production  being  absorbed  in  other  man- 
ufactures in  a  more  crude  form.  Phosphorus  has  always  been  imported, 
principally  from  England.  In  manufacturing,  the  blocks  are  cut  to  the 
proper  size,  and  either  coated  at  one  end  with  glue  or  compressed  by 
machinery;  the  object  being  to  cause  the  matches  to  adhere  at  their  un- 
dipped ends.  Dijjping  in  sulphur  and  pointing  with  phosphorus  complete 
the  operation.  About  four  fifths  of  the  output  are  from  the  San  I'ranci.sco 
factories,  the  remaining  establishments  being  small  and  their  markets  local. 
The  industry  dates  from  at  least  1857,  when  there  were  factories  in  San 
P'rancisco. 

I'actories  have  been  established  at  different  times  in  several  of  the  larger 
Californian  towns,  but  with  the  exception  of  Sacramento,  where  there  are 
2  supplying  a  local  demand,  most  of  them  were  short-lived,  and  unable  to 
compete  with  the  metropolitan  establishments.  Salt  Lake  City  has  a  fac- 
tory, and  there  is  one  at  Mazatlan.  The  largest  works  on  the  coast  arc 
those  of  Nkwbauek  &  Co.,  established  in  San  Francisco  in  1862,  and 
known  as  the  Metropolitan  Match  Factory.  There  are  7  establishments  in 
the  city  in  addition  to  the  one  already  mentioned,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  Empire  P'actory,  owned  by  B.  Bendell  &  Co.;  the  Eureka  P'actory, 
owned  by  IIoEEN  &  C(J. ;  and  the  Golden  Gate  Factory,  Levi  Davis, 
proprietor.  TlLTON  &  VVORTMAN  have  a  factory  at  Chico,  and  WILLIAM 
Bond  has  works  at  Portland. 


MISCELLAXi;( )IS   MANUl' ACTURES. 


713 


Linseed  Oil. — Our  coast  consumes  annually  about  1,500,000  gallons  of 
linseed  oil,  all  of  Pacific  production.  The  raw  material  is  obtained  chiefly 
from  fields  of  flax  cultivated  exclusively  for  the  seed  in  California  and 
Orej^on,  but  the  supply  of  the  material  from  these  sources  being  insufficient, 
the  mills  obtain  cargoes  occasionally  fnjm  Hindostan.  The  seed  yields 
from  20  to  25  per  cent,  of  oil,  and  the  cak'c  Icf  in  the  press  is  used  for 
feeding  cattle,  being  rich  in  fattening  qualities.  Most  of  the  oil  is  taUen  by 
the  painters,  some  of  it  by  varnish  manufacturers,  and  it  is  applied  to  a 
great  variety  of  purposes.  The  wholesale  price  is  from  55  to  60  cents  a 
gallon. 

Thk  P.\CIFIC  Oil  and  Lkao  Works  were  opened  in  1S66  at  San 
Francisco,  and  are  the  oldest  establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  coast. 
Besides  linseed-oil  manufacture,  quantities  of  oil  are  expressed  from  the 
castor  bean,  mustard,  and  cobre  at  these  works.  The  machinery  used  is 
perfect  in  every  particular,  and  large  numbers  of  employees  arc  engaged  in 
the  different  processes  of  oil  manufacture. 

A  linseed-oil  mill  was  built  near  Oregon  City  in  1868,  but  was  closed  in 
1878;  and  now  the  only  mill  of  the  kind  on  the  coast  north  of  San  I'ran- 
cisco  is  that  of  G.  VV.  GRAY  &  SONS,  at  Salem.  Upholstering  tow  is  made 
from  flax  fiber  at  the  same  establishment.  A  linseed-oil  mill  was  started  in 
Utah  in  18C1,  under  the  management  of  a  prominent  Mormon  priest,  but 
the  local  demand  was  insufficient  to  make  a  profitable  market,  and  the  en- 
terprise was  abandoned. 

Paints. — As  the  people  of  our  coast  erect  a  great  number  of  wooden 
buildings  every  year,  and  generally  paint  them  externally  as  well  as  inter- 
nally, wc  consume  paints,  paint-oils,  and  varnishes  to  the  value  of  $1,400,000 
annually.  This  includes  3,500  tons  of  white  lead,  worth  about  $600,000  at 
wholesale,  and  nearly  as  much  of  other  pigments.  The  white  lead,  lin- 
seed oil,  and  most  of  the  varnish,  are  made  here;  and  here  the  colors  are 
ground  in  oil ;  but  we  produce  no  pigment  save  white  lead.  Various  de- 
posits of  umber,  sienna,  ocher,  and  other  earth)'  paints  have  been  found, 
but  the  factories  erected  to  prepare  them  for  the  market  have  proved  un- 
profitable, and  have  been  abandoned.  The  processes  u.scd  here  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  lead,  oil,  and  varnish  have  no  novel  feature.  The  methotl  of 
grinding  with  oil  is  the  same  with  white  lead  as  with  other  pigments,  among 
which  those  most  extensively  used  in  house-painting  arc  ocher,  umber, 
Venetian  red,  and  lampblack.  The  painters  add  4  gallons  of  oil  to  100 
pounds '  of  ground  white  lead,  and  8  gallons  to  the  same  weight  of  other 
pigments,  to  fit  them  for  use.  Putty  is  made  by  mixing  whiting  with  lin- 
seed oil,  the  combination  being  one  that  becomes  hard  by  long  exposure  to 
90 


;>4 


MA\rr.\(iii;i:s. 


''V 


\M'I 


the  atmosplicrc.  Tlic  consumption  of  putt\'  on  niir  coast  amounts  to  150 
tons,  wnrtli  $9,000.  One  of  the  forms  of  |)aints  most  c\tciisi\cl\-  used  on 
ourco.ist  is  ilic  rul)bcr-|)aint,  of  which  80,000  },'al  Ions  arc  consumed  annual!)-. 
It  contains  some  India  rubber,  and  is  con.sidcred  an  excellent  protection  for 
wood  exposed  to  mucli  moisture.  Another  kind  of  |)aint,  mixed  witli  solu- 
ble ^dass,  is  known  as  the  Avorill  paint,  and  is  also  useil  extensively,  the 
consumption  sometimes  running  up  to  500  tons  a  month. 

The  Pioneer  White  Lead  and  Color  Works  of  WlirniLK,  I"ii,I.i;k  &  Co.,  in 
San  l'rancisc(\  the  onl)-  establishment  that  makes  white  lead  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  consist  of  2  massive  brick  buildinj^s  connected  by  a  bridge,  and  were 
erected  in  1875.  They  cover  an  area  of  rjround  275  by  137  feet,  and  extend 
from  Fremont  to  Heale,  between  Howard  and  I'olsom  streets.  That  por- 
tion of  the  factory  facing  Rcale  Strc<  t  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  white 
and  red  lead.  Files  of  pig-lead  are  on  hand  awaiting  the  melting  process. 
The  metal  must  be  jiure,  and  especiallj-  free  from  iron  and  silver,  the  pres- 
ence of  which  would  tend  to  give  the  pigment  a  dingy  and  tawny  hue. 
The  melted  lead  runs  from  a  furnace  upon  an  endless  band  of  iron  mold.s. 
In  the.sc  the  lead  assumes  the  form  of  thin  disks,  6  inches  in  diameter 
and  pierced  with  holes  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  size.  When  cool, 
the.sc  disks  are  put  into  earthenware  pots  with  strong  acetic  acid,  but 
in  such  a  position  that  the  acid  does  not  come  in  direct  contact  with 
the  metal.  These  pots  arc  imbedded  in  tanbark,  in  tiers,  and  each  suc- 
ceeding tier  is  covered  with  boards  until  a  stack  is  built  up  25  feet  in 
height.  The  fermentation  of  the  tan  creates  a  double  reaction,  cau.scd  by 
the  heat  generated,  and  the  acid  becoming  volatilized,  changes  the  lead  into 
an  acetate.  The  acetate  again  undergoes  a  change  by  a  combination  with 
the  carbonic  acid  gas  evolved  by  the  tan,  and  thus  becomes  a  carbonate  of 
lead.  Three  months  elapse  before  the  material  is  ready  for  further  work- 
ing, but,  owing  to  the  number  of  stack.s,  .scarcely  a  day  passes  that  one  is 
not  emptied.  The  carbonate,  when  ready,  is  passed  over  elevators  to  a 
crushing  and  grinding-mill,  where  it  is  mixed  with  water ;  a  steam-pump 
conveys  the  fluid  mass  to  the  topmost  floor  of  the  factory,  where  it  pas.ses 
into  tanks  for  the  purpose  of  being  precipitated;  the  residue  from  the  last 
tank  is  conveyed  to  copper  drying-pans  heated  by  steam. 

The  pigment  is  pulverized  in  its  dry  condition,  then  ground  3  times  over 
i  1  different  mills,  to  .secure  a  complete  and  uniform  mixture  with  the  linseed 
oil  into  the  best  kind  of  ground  white  lead  ready  for  the  u.se  of  the  painter. 
The  works  have  a  capacity  to  produce  20  tons  of  ground  lead  in  24  hours, 
and  sometimes  run  day  and  night.  Besides  these  extensive  departments  for 
the  manufacture  of  the  white  lead  and  for  grinding  it  in  oil,  there  are  others 
for  maknig  red  lead  and  litharge  in  furnaces;  for  grinding  colors  gener- 


MISCT.M.ANKnrs    M Wrr'ACTrRKS. 


715 


ally  in  oil;  for  in.nkinL;  nibbcr  jjaiiit  and  putt)-,  and  for  the  iiianufactiirc  of 
the  acetic  acid  required  in  their  bu;iiness.  They  ^ivc  cmplojTncnt  to  150 
men.  Tlieir  establishment  deserves  credit  for  several  improvements  in  the 
methods  of  manuf.icturiny  white  lead,  of  a  character  designed  to  ])rotect 
the  health  of  the  operatives. 

A  white  load  factory,  to  make  the  pigment  by  a  new  process,  was  opened 
in  Visitation  Valley,  5  miles  south  of  the  business  part  of  .San  I'rancisco, 
in  iSj2,  but  the  process  was  ,1  failure,  and  the  enterprise  was  .abandoned. 

The  Pacific  Rubber- I'aint-works,  also  the  property  of  Will  r  TIKR,  i"lI.I,i;K 
&  Co.,  arc  managed  .separately.  The  rubber,  imported  from  Hrazil,  is  mi.vcd 
with  the  other  materials  under  a  patent  process.  The  ostablishment  |)ro- 
duccs  a  sufficient  quantity  of  rubber-paint  to  supply  the  entire  demand  of 
the  coa.'.t. 

TllK  Califdrni.V  P.MNT  Companv  makes  all  the  Avcrill  mixed  paint 
consumed  on  the  coast.  The  pigments  arc  ground  under  a  secret  process, 
with  oil  and  soluble  glas.s,  the  latter  giving  a  hard,  glo.ssy  surface,  con- 
sidered excellent  for  resisting  the  effects  of  heat  and  rain.  Hesides  making 
the  Averill  paint,  this  compan)-  grind  about  250  tons  of  pigments  in  oil,  and 
make  1 50  tons  of  putty.  San  Francisco  has  all  the  paint  factories  of  our 
coast. 

Vamiah. — Of  varnish  which  is  made  by  melting  or  dissolving  copal  gum 
in  hot  linseed  oil,  our  coast  consumes  about  8o,ocxd  gallons,  worth  $150,000, 
annually;  and  makes  ■  XX3,  the  remaining  20,000  gallons  being  mostly  the 
finest  qualities  of  coach  and  carriage  varnish  imported  from  England,  and 
worth  from  $4  to  $5  a  gallon.  More  than  half  of  the  total  amount  con- 
sumed consists  of  furniture  varnish.  The  only  varnish  factories  on  our 
coast  are  in  San  Franci.sco,  and  the  principal  establishments  are  those  of 
HUETER  Brothers  &  Co.,  the  oldest  in  date,  founded  in  1857,  producing 
50,000  gallons  of  various  qualities  annually;  N.  C.  Walton,  Sr.,  who 
makes  4,000  gallons  of  black  varnish ;  W.  H.  WoRDEN,  who  makes  furni- 
ture varnish;  and  the  recently  opened  California  Varnish-works. 

Turpentine,  eto. — When  the  civil  war  broke  out  in  1861,  the  supplies  of 
turpentine  and  resin,  previously  received  on  our  coast,  were  suddenly  cut 
off;  and  it  was  found  that  none  were  to  be  had  from  other  sources  so 
cheaply  as  from  the  yellow  pine  trees  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  most 
accessible  forest  of  yellow  pine  was  in  Butte  County,  which  became  the 
seat  of  an  active  production.  The  pitch,  which  gathered  in  cuts  near  the 
roots  of  the  trees,  was  distilled,  to  separate  its  main  constituents,  the  vola- 
tile turpentine,  and  the  heavier  resin.  Both  were  made  in  large  quantity, 
and  of  excellent  quality. 


716 


MANUKACTfRES. 


%\ 


(il 


In  1863  the  Legislature  of  California  offered  premiums  of  $500  for  tiie 
first  1,000  t;aiions  of  turpentine  maile  in  tlic  State;  $^00  for  the  first  100 
barrels  of  resin;  and  $150  for  tile  first  100  ixirrels  of  pitch.  Tlie  first  and 
second  of  these  premiums  were  awardeil,  the  next  j'ear,  to  J.  W.  jACciIt- 
soN,  wiu)  uitii  a  partner  had  a  still  with  a  capacity  to  make  100  {gallons  of 
turpentine  daily,  in  Marysville.  The  averaj,'e  season's  jield  is  3  gallons  to 
each  tree  (crude),  or  25  barrels  of  turpentine  to  1,000  trees. 

In  1864  350,000  pounds  of  crude  pitch  were  collected  in  Uuttc  and  Sierra 
counties,  from  which  3  distilleries  made  7,250  gallons  of  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine and  1,150  barrels  of  resin,  averaging  350  pounds.  One  companj-  in 
that  )'ear  tapped  more  than  20,000  trees.  In  Hutte  Counts-,  for  the  2 
years  ending  in  1866,  1,200  barrels  of  turpentine,  1,800  barrels  of  pitch,  and 
7,200  cases  of  resin  were  made.  The  industr)'  remained  active  for  4  or  5 
years,  but  suddenly  declined  in  consequence  of  North  Carolina's  coming 
into  the  market  again  after  the  close  of  the  war,  and  since  then  the  produc- 
tion of  our  coast  has  been  insignificant.  In  1872  a  turpentine  and  resin 
factory  was  put  in  opc.vition  in  San  Diego,  Cal.,  the  i)itch  for  which  was 
obtained  from  trees  in  the  vicinity;  its  product,  however,  supi)lied  a  local 
demand  onl)-,  and  was  not  known  in  the  San  Francisco  market. 

The  Californian  pitch  gatherers  cut  into  all  the  coniferous  trees  in  their 
districts,  including  the  nut-pine.  One  of  the  distillers,  who  concealed  his 
business  and  whose  name  is  not  on  record,  found  that  the  pitch  from  this 
tree  would  not  make  turpentine;  and  he  had  much  trouble  in  getting  any- 
thing from  it  by  the  still,  but  finally  he  obtained  a  liquid  entirely  different 
from  turpentine  in  specific  gravity,  odor,  and  in  some  of  its  qualities.  He 
called  it  erasine,  and  sold  it  as  a  detergent,  for  taking  grease  out  of  clothes. 
Druggists,  who  sold  it,  advertised  it  under  new  titles,  as  if  they  had  person- 
ally discovered  it  and  had  the  only  stock  to  be  found  anywhere. 

Ik'fore  kerosene  came  into  common  u.sc,  camphenc  supplied  a  brilliant 
light  for  those  people  who  were  willing  to  take  the  risks  attached  to  its  high 
inflammability.  It  is  redistilled  or  refined  turpentine,  the  second  distilla- 
tion clearing  the  fluid  of  the  pitchy  material  carried  over  in  the  first  treat- 
ment. Considerable  quantities  of  camphene  were  made  in  San  Francisco, 
from  North  Carolina  turpentine,  before  i860,  but  very  little  within  the  last 
1 5  years,  so  little  that  but  for  its  former  prominence  it  would  not  deserve 
mention. 


!t: 


\^ 


Perfumery. — The  perfumes  and  toilet  articles  consumed  annually  on  our 
coast  are  valued  at  over  $350,000;  of  which,  not  exceeding  one  fifth  (in- 
cluding the  various  colognes  and  other  waters  manufactured  by  druggists 
in  all  the  larger  towns),  is  produced  here.     The  importations  are  the  prod- 


'!;    ii 


MISCELI.ANF.Oi;s   MANTI  \(  TfKF.S. 


/I/ 


nets  of  both  Eastern  and  forciijn  makers,  many  of  the  finer  articles  bcin^ 
I'rencli  or  German.  The  ca[)it;il  investcil  in  this  l)rancii  of  iniiu;try  amounts 
to  $15,000,  antl  cmplo)-ment  is  ^;ivcn  to  15  persons,  chiefly  l)o)s  and  ^,'iils, 
who  earn  from  $3  to  $0  per  woek,  working'  10  liours  per  day.  'I'iie  articles 
turned  out  comprise  the  various  odors  known  as  handkerchief  extracts  anil 
bouquets,  hair-oil,  pomatums,  cosmetics,  powders,  ;ind  similar  toilet  prepa- 
ration.s.  The  prices  of  the  different  sorts  of  perfumes  vary  according'  to 
the  cheapness  of  th."  raw  materials  and  quantity  of  odoriferous  matter  con- 
tained in  them.  Cf  the  raw  material  consumed,  the  s])irits,  tallows,  lard, 
oils,  \\a.\,  and  som";  other  articles  of  minor  importance,  are  produced  at 
liome;  but  the  extracts  used  in  makin^f  the  various  perfumes  are  from 
flow<Ts  growvi  m  many  lands.  The  manufacture  of  these  articles  is  con- 
fined to  San  I'Vanci.sco,  and  their  consumption  to  the  slope  north  of 
Mexico.  The  principal  establishment  is  that  of  I'liCK  &  C.M..MA.\N,  doin^; 
business  under  the  title  of  the  Franco-American  Perfumery  Company. 
Other  makers  arc  CoWAN  &  Co.  and  A.  LuDERS. 

Cocoanut  Oil. — The  annual  consumption  of  cocoa  oil  on  our  coast 
amounts  to  90,000  (gallons,  nearly  all  made,  in  or  near  San  Franci.sco,  from 
cobre,  the  dried  pulp  of  the  cocoanut.  This  material  is  collected  by  the 
natives  of  the  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  and  sold  at  prices  rangin;^  from 
i^  to  3  cents  a  pound.  Under  pressure  it  yields  about  60  per  cent,  of  oil, 
valuable  for  soap  and  cosmetics.  The  recent  prices  have  been  50  and  55 
cents  a  gallon,  though  a  few  years  since  it  sold  readily  for  70  or  75  cents. 
The  cake  left  after  the  oil  has  been  pressed  out  is  -used,  like  the  cake  of 
flaxseed,  for  feeding  cattle.  The  only  mill  of  which  cocoa  oil  is  the  exclu- 
sive production  is  that  of  A.  Crawkoru  &  Co.,  at  Alameda.  They  em- 
ploy 3  -schooners  in  bringing  the  raw  material  from  the  tropical  islands  in 
the  Pacific.     The  Pacific  Oil  and  Lead  Works  also  press  cobre. 

Whale  Oil  Refining. — About  400,000  gallons  of  whale  and  fish  oil  arc 
consumed  annually  on  our  coast,  mostly  for  lubricating  purposes,  and  some 
of  it  is  prepared  for  use  by  refining,  a  process  in  which  one  small  estab- 
lishment in  San  Francisco  is  occupied  part  of  the  year,  lying  idle  the 
remainder  of  the  time.  Before  the  days  of  kerosene,  while  the  oils  of  the 
common  and  sperm  whales  were  used  in  nearly  all  the  lamps,  3  or  4  large 
refineries  were  busy  constantly. 

Soap. — The  annual  consumption  of  soap  on  the  Pacific  Coast  north  oi 
Mexico  has  been  steadily  increasing,  until  it  now  amounts  to  about  20,000 
tons  of  2,000  pounds,  or  more  than  25  pounds  to  each  individual.  Imports 
amount  to  about  1,000  tons,  and  exports  to  300,  leaving  the  production  at 


•i8 


MANUFACTURES. 


M  ^ 


least  iQ.cxx)  tons,  worth,  at  $200  per  ton,  $3,800,  xxD.  Most  of  the  soap  im- 
porti.'d  consists  of  castilc  soap  from  I'rancc,  and  toilet  soap  from  the 
Atlantic  States.  ICxport.;  are  i^rincipally  to  Japan,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
British  Columbia,  and  China,  in  the  order  named,  and  shipments  are  also 
rcLjularly  made  to  Siberia,  Mexico,  and  Tahiti.  But  little  of  our  soap 
reaches  the  Australian  market,  owinsj  to  high  import  duties.  Manufacturers 
look  for  a  steady  increase  in  the  number  and  value  of  foreign  orders,  partic- 
ularly from  China  and  Japan.  Capital  amounting  to  nearly  $1,000,000  is 
invested  in  the  enterprise,  and  employment  furnished  to  600  hands,  who 
arc  paid  from  50  cents  per  day — for  minors,  engaged  in  packing  and  similar 
work — to  $3,  for  expert  workmen,  a  day's  work  being  10  hours.  Of  the 
entire  business  of  the  coast,  the  21  factories  in  San  Francisco,  or  having 
their  business  headquarters  there,  represent  75  per  cent,  of  the  capital,  em- 
ploy three  fourths  of  the  hands,  and  turn  out  the  same  proportion  of  the 
jjroducts.  The  raw  materials  u.sed  in  the  industry  include  animal  and 
vegetable  oils,  alkalies,  resin,  meal  of  maize,  coloring  matter,  and  perfumes. 
The  animal  fat  most  largely  consumed  is  tallow,  although  fish  oils  are  cm- 
ployed  in  making  certain  coarse  varieties.  The  supply  of  tallow  on  our 
coast  is  ample  for  a  largely  increased  busines.s,  a  considerable  quantity 
being  exported  annually;  it  sells  in  average  years  for  ^}4  cents  per  pound 
for  crude,  and  7  cents  for  refined.  Of  the  vegetable  oils,  olive,  cocoanut, 
and  iialin  are  chieflj-  employed  ;  the  first  named  being  u.sed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  castilc  soap.  Only  the  inferior  qualities  of  olive  oil  are  taken  for 
the  purpose,  the  best  being  reserved  for  table  use.  The  imported  I'Vcnch 
castile  .soap  is  of  several  qualities,  the  pcorcst  of  which  contains  sonpstone, 
or  (jther  like  substances;  and  this  variation  in  quality,  no  doubt,  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  duty — 35  per  cent,  mi  valorem,  and  one  cent  per 
pound.  The  dried  meat  of  the  cocoanut,  known  as  cobre,  is  shipped  to 
San  Francisco  from  Tahiti,  and  other  Pacific  islands,  and  from  it  is  pressed 
the  ordinary  cocoarmt  oil,  which  sells  for  about  60  cents  per  gallon.  Palm 
oil,  from  Africa,  is  used  in  making  toilet  soaps,  and  costs  here  8  cents  per 
pound.  Caustic  .soda  main!)-  supplies  the  alkali  required,  being  obtained 
for  the  greater  part  by  recrystallizing  the  deposits  found  in  Nevada, 
although  some  is  brought  here  fnjm  ICngland ;  it  is  sold  for  4  cents  per 
pound.  Russian  potash  is  also  made  use  of  in  the  manufacture  of  special 
brands.  Maize  meal  is  introduced  into  a  variety  of  .soap,  said  to  be  spe- 
cially adapted  to  washing  fine  flannels.  In  the  manufacture  of  .soap,  as  in 
other  industries,  machinery  has  been  largely  introduced;  lathes,  presses, 
saws,  planes,  cutters,  and  other  appliances  arc  to  be  found  in  all  our  large 
fact(jries,  and  some  manufacturers  print  their  own  labels  and  wrappers.  A 
deposit  of  mineral  soap  was  discovered  in  Nevada  in  1875,  near  the  junction 


-ilk. 


MISCELLANKOUS    MANL'lACTl'KES. 


;i9 


of  Smith  Creek  and  the  south  fork-  of  the  Little  Humboklt,  in  Elko  County 
It  is  said  to  be  good  for  toilet  purposes,  though  too  weak  for  other  uses 
In  1856,  a  company  was  formed,  in  San  I'rancisco,  by  some  Parisians,  lor 
the  manufacture  of  toilet  soaps  and  perfumery,  being  the  first  attempt  of 
the  kind  on  the  coast.  The  articles  jiroduced  were  of  a  good  ([ualit)-,  but 
the  demand  was  small,  and  the  enterprise  failed.  The  first  soap  factory  in 
California  to  manufacture  for  the  trade  was  established  at  San  Franci.'5Co  in 
1850,  on  the  corner  of  Green  and  Powell  streets,  by  J.  J.  Uercin.  A  small 
factory,  supplying  a  local  demand,  is  mentioned  as  being  operated  by  a  Mr. 
CarI'ENTKR,  in  Los  Angeles  in  1834.  The  largest  .soap  factory  on  the 
coast  is  that  of  TiiE  Standard  Soai'  Company,  whose  works  are  located 
at  VVcst  Berkeley,  California,  and  have  a  capacity  sufficient  for  the  produc- 
tion of  7,cxx3  tons  annually.  The  oldest  factory  now  in  existence  is  that 
known  as  the  Pioneer  Soap  Factory,  owned  by  James  H.  IIeilm.VN'n, 
established  in  Sacramento  in  1850,  and  removed  to  San  Trancisco  in  I1S5S. 
The  Columbia  Soap-works,  J.  BOLAN  &  Co.,  proprietors;  the  Alta  Soap 
Company,  Enuwer  &  Weintraub,  proprietors;  the  Union  Soap  Factory, 
Charles  A.  Petersen  &  Co.,  proprietors;  and  the  Champion  Soap 
Factory,  owned  by  TllOMAS  DoLAN,  arc  also  located  in  San  Francisco. 
Other  important  factories  are  tho.se  of  the  The  Royai,  Soai'  Company, 
and  The  CoNnncRCiAL  Soap  Co^^'ANY,  both  established  in  Alameda; 
V\'.  J.  Houston  &  Co.  being  the  .San  I'rancisco  agents  of  the  first,  and 
Dakin  &  LuiBKY,  of  the  last  mentioned.  The  Navy  Soap  Company  wa.s 
established  at  Oakland  in  1880,  to  manufacture  the  Nevada  mineral  deposit 
previously  mentioned;  its  San  Francisco  agent  is  Fr.vnk  U.  De  Pi;e. 
In  Sacramento,  the  Capital  Soap  Factory,  established  in  18C6,  is  owned  by 
WiTHlNGTON  &  Baglev,  who  make  washing- powders  as  well  as  soaps  of 
various  kinds ;  and  HoWELL  &  TusoN  are  proprietors  of  the  Chief  Soap  Fac- 
toiy.  There  are  other  soap  factories  of  minor  importance  in  California,  and 
also  in  most  of  the  divisions  north  of  Mexico,  including  British  Columbia. 

Oregon  Standard  Soap.— The  Standard  Soap  Co>h\\xy  (R.  iRvrxr. 
&  Co.),  of  Portland,  Oregon,  established  in  that  citj'  by  R.  Irvinu;  in  1868, 
is  the  second  hou.se  of  importance  on  the  coast  in  its  line  of  business.  The 
manufacture  is  carried  on  almo.st  entirely  by  steam-power,  but  5  hands  be- 
ing employed.  About  15  varieties  of  soap  are  turned  out,  besides  consid- 
erable quantities  of  glue  and  curled  hair;  the  market  being  Oregon  and  the 
neighboring  territories  of  Washington  and  Idaho.  The  ofifice  and  factory 
are  located  at  the  corner  of  Eleventh  and  F  streets. 

Pendray  &  Co.— Thp;  Hrhish  CoLL>HiiA  Soap-works  were  estab- 
lished at  Victoria,  B.  C,  their  present  location,  by  VV.  J.  JEEKREK  and  J.  VV, 


730 


MANUFACTURES. 


I'KXDRAY  in  1878;  the  business  beincj  carried  on  under  the  firm  name  of 
I'KXDKAV  &  Co.  Tiic  works,  situated  on  James  Bay  and  Humboldt  Street, 
consist  of  the  factory  proper,  a  2-story  building  covering  an  area  of  40  by 
60  feet,  and  a  warehouse  of  one  story,  28  by  60  feet  in  extent ;  the  2  build- 
ini^s  being  connected  by  a  tramway.  The  plant  includs  4  kettles,  the 
largest  having  a  capacity  of  1,400  gallons,  together  with  a  steam  digcstor 
and  the  usual  modern  appliances  found  in  a  first-class  establishment.  The 
furnaces  arc  so  arranged  as  to  consume  the  gases  generated  in  the  different 
proccs.scs,  thus  avoiding  the  dissemination  of  disagreeable  odors.  The 
products  of  the  works  comprise  10  varieties  of  soap,  ranging  from  the 
coarsest  grade  for  Indian  use,  to  a  highly  perfumed  toilet  article,  and  also 
sal  soda  in  quantities  sufficient  to  supply  the  trade.  A  market  is  found 
throughout  British  Columbia. 

Candles. — For  certain  purposes,  chief  among  which  is  underground  min- 
ing, no  satisfactory  substitute  has  yet  been  found  for  the  candle,  and  by 
far  the  greater  part  of  the  manufacture  on  our  coast  is  now  sold  for  use  be- 
neath the  earth's  surface.  Both  dipped  and  molded  candles  are  produced 
on  the  coast,  although  the  output  of  the  former  is  limited  to  a  small  c[uan- 
tity  made  of  wax,  which  substance  can  not  be  cast,  because  it  adheres  to 
the  molds,  and  also  shrinks  in  cooling.  The  materials  commonly  eni- 
ploj-ed  arc  tallow  of  beef  and  mutton,  cocoanut  oil,  and  sometimes  palm 
oil,  though  in  much  less  quantity.  The  annual  consumption  of  candles  on 
the  coast,  .so  far  as  ascertainable,  is  about  210,000  boxes  of  20  pounds  each, 
or  2,100  tons,  being  nearly  7  candles  to  each  inhabitant,  including  Alasl.a, 
Pacific  Canada,  and  Pacific  Mexico.  This  quantity  is  below  that  actually 
cf)nsumcd,  as  .several  mines  in  Nevada  and  Utah  receive  their  candles 
directly  from  the  Eastern  States,  and  consequently  no  record  of  the  v.xight 
reaches  San  Francisco. 

The  San  I'^rancisco  manufacturers,  the  only  ones  on  the  coast,  produce 
135,000  bo.xcs,  equal  to  1,350  tons,  annually;  imports  from  the  Atlantic 
Stales  amount  to  98,000  boxes,  or  980  tons;  and  exports,  which  arc  mostly 
to  Mexico,  the  Ilavvaiian  Islands,  and  British  Columbia  (the  first  named 
receiving  three  fourths  of  the  entire  shii)ments)  amount  to  20,000 
boxes,  or  200  tons.  Ordinary  candles  are  sold  in  San  l*'rancisco  at 
from  9  to  20  cents  per  poinid,  the  price  usuall)-  varjing  according  to 
weight,  whicli  is  from  9  to  14  ounces  for  each  set  of  6  candles.  fak- 
ing the  average  price  at  12  cents,  the  value  of  the  annual  consumption 
is  o\'cr  $500,000;  th.it  o(  the  home  production  $325,000;  that  of  the 
importation  $235,000;  and  that  of  the  exports  $50,000.  Capital  to  the 
amount  of  $150,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  furnished 


MISCELLANKOUS    MAXUI  ACTURES. 


721 


to  150  hands,  wliosc  wac^cs  ran_^e  from  $1  to  $3  per  day  of  10  hours,  avcr- 
aj^ing  $2.  Mold  cindlcs,  as  implied  by  the  name,  arc  cast  in  molds,  a 
number  of  which  arc  f^roujicd,  and  wicks  being  strctchca  through  their 
centers,  melted  fat  is  allowed  to  run  in.  In  dipping  candles,  the  wicks 
having  been  warmed,  are  suspended  over  a  basin  of  melted  wax,  the  wax  is 
poured  over  them  until  the  desired  size  is  produced,  and  the  candle  is  made 
round  by  rolling.  Of  the  raw  materials,  tallow  is  supplied  by  the  coast, 
and  costs  In  ordinarj'  years  about  5^^  cents  per  pound  for  crude  and  y^-^ 
cents  for  refined.  Palm  oil  comes  from  Africa,  where  it  is  made  by  boiling 
the  nuts  of  several  species  of  palms  in  water,  and  costs  here  8  cents  per 
pound.  Cocoanut  oil  is  pressed,  in  San  Francisco,  from  the  dried  meat  of 
cocoanuts  shipped  from  several  of  the  South  Sea  islands,  and  costs  about 
60  cents  per  gallon.  Since  1878  tlie  shipments  of  candles  to  the  coast  from 
the  Eastern  State.i  have  decreased  50  per  cent.  During  the  time  of  the 
extensive  working  of  the  Comstock  lode  in  Nevada,  the  consumption  of 
candles  thee  was  immen.sc,  several  mines  using  from  6  to  8  tons  each  per 
month.  The  annual  shipments  from  the  Eastern  States  from  1875  to  1878 
amounted  to  over  5,ocx)  tons.  Candle-works  were  established  in  Sacra- 
mento and  in  San  Francisco  in  1854,  the  factor)'  in  the  latter  city  being  de- 
stroyed by  fire  2  years  later.  Eastern-made  candles  cost  at  that  time  46 
cents  per  pound.  In  1871  the  San  Francisco  candle-makers  obtained  most 
of  their  tallow  from  Australia.  Hesides  the  factory  already  mentioned,  one 
was  burned  in  San  Francisco  in  1873.  The  import  duties  on  foreign  can- 
dles are  from  2^,4  to  8  cents  per  pound,  according  to  quality.  Candles 
arc  much  improved  by  age,  and  should  be  stored  for  some  time  before 
being  used.  As  the  candles  consumed  by  the  general  Government  on  the 
Pacific  Slope  are  from  our  factories,  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  in  quality 
they  are  equal  to  the  products  of  Eastern  works.  The  principal  factories 
arc  those  of  The  San  Francisco  Candle  Company,  Egbert  Jud.son, 
president,  established  in  1867,  burned  in  1876,  and  rebuilt  immediately 
afterwards,  now  employing  about  50  hands;  and  the  Mission  Soap  and 
Candle  Works,  Max  Morgentiiau,  proprietor,  established  in  1872;  which 
works  were  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  steam-boiler  in  1881,  and  have 
been  since  rebuilt.     Forty  hands  arc  employed. 


Staroh.— The  annual  consumption  of  starch  on  the  coast  amounts  to 
about  1,300  tons  of  2,000  pounds,  of  which  quantity,  not  to  exceed  100  tons 
valued  at  $16,000,  are  produced  here,  the  supply  coming  from  the  States 
cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Exports  amount  to  75  tons,  being  chiefly 
to  Mexico,  British  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  China.  The  man- 
ufacture in  California  employs  only  6  men.  In  1855  a  factory  in  Contra 
9« 


;!^ 


722 


MANUFACTURES. 


Costa  County,  C.ilifornia,  turned  out  about  20  tons  per  month  for  a  short 
time.  In  1857  an  establishment  at  San  Francisco  made  a  few  tons.  In 
1870  a  company  was  incorporated  at  San  Francisco,  having  a  capital  stock 
of  $150,000,  which,  for  a  time,  supplied  various  hotels  and  laundries;  but 
di\idends  were  (c\v,  and  the  business  was  abandoned.  In  the  same  year  a 
factor)-  was  established  in  Santa  Clara  County,  which  produced  80  tons  of 
wheat  starch  in  4  months,  employing  20  men ;  but  the  works  proving  un- 
profitable, were  closed.  The  cause  of  these  misadventures  was  inability  to 
compete  with  Kastern  manufacturers,  whose  products  can  be  sold  here  at 
from  one  and  one  half  to  2  cents  per  pound  less  than  similar  articles  can 
be  sold  by  producers  on  our  coast.  Most  of  the  Eastern  starch  is  made 
from  white  corn,  which  can  be  bought  at  times  for  less  than  50  cents  per 
bushel  of  56  pounds.  Very  little  of  this  grain  is  grown  on  the  coast,  and 
the  yellow  variety  does  not  j'ield  good  starch.  When,  costs  here  about 
$1.50  per  cental,  which  is  $12  per  ton  more  than  Eastern  rates  for  white 
coi  n.  From  1  .^^^  to  2  tons  of  grain  are  required  to  produce  a  ton  of  starch. 
Some  wheat  starch  is  al.so  shipped  from  the  Eastern  States,  but  being  made 
from  f.ommon  flour,  it  is  inferior  in  quality.  The  only  factory  on  the  coast 
is  that  of  J.  Evi:i<lJixr,  &  Co.,  established  in  1H54,  with  works  now  located 
in  Berkelev. 


Soda. — The  refining  and  otherwise  treating  the  crude  forms  of  this  salt  may 
be  classed  among  those  industries  that  have  obtained  a  permanent  foothold 
on  our  coast..  The  various  products  of  the  industry  are  known  as  sal  soda 
(impure  carbonate),  bicarbonate,  soda  crystals,  and  washing-powder.  The 
annual  consumption  of  soda,  in  its  various  form.s,  is  about  4,500  ton.s, 
amounting  in  value  at  average  ]5rices  to  $275,000.  Capital  amounting  to 
$50,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  about  20  hands  are  employed,  of 
whom  one  half  work  during  the  .season  only,  which  lasts  through  the  dry 
months,  in  gathering  the  deposits  and  attending  upon  the  vat.s.  The  wages 
paid  average  $2.50  a  day  of  10  hours.  Of  the  entire  consumption,  70  per 
cent,  is  imported  from  England,  and  1,000  tons  are  produced  at  home. 
About  three  fourths  of  the  importations  are  soda  ash,  a  portion  only  of 
which  is  worked  over  here,  the  greater  part  being  used  in  glass,  soap,  and 
other  works;  and  of  the  remaining  imports,  nine  tenths  arc  caustic — used 
for  bleaching,  etc.,  and  one  tenth  is  bicarbonate,  chiefly  consumed  in  the 
manufacture  of  baking-powtler.s.  Extensive  natural  deposits  of  soda  occur 
in  Mexico,  California,  and  Nevada,  but  those  in  the  last  named  State 
are  the  only  ones  worked.  They  arc  found  in  Churchill  County,  25 
miles  south-east  from  VVadsworth,  and  consist  of  strata,  probably  the 
result  of  years  of  evaporation,  cand    originally    covered  an  oval  basin  of 


ih  '■ 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


■^3 


about  i6  acres,  75  feet  below  the  level  of  the  surrounding  ground,  which  is 
a  desert.  The  deposit  is  several  feet  thick,  with  some  sand  blown  in 
between  the  layers,  and  as  three  fourths  of  it  have  already  been  dug  out, 
its  entire  removal  is  but  a  matter  of  a  short  time.  It  is  freed  from  impuri- 
ties, and  mostly  shipped  to  San  Francisco  in  sacks,  a  small  quantity  being 
used  in  Nevada  in  milling  ores  of  silver.  The  freight  is  $iy  a  ton,  and  it 
sells  for  about  $60.  Near  this  "soda  lake,"  as  it  is  called,  is  an  arc-'-.  ..f 
perhaps  an  acre,  within  the  limits  of  which  numerous  springs  bubble  up, 
the  water  holding  in  solution  almost  pure  carbonate  of  soda,  the  other 
matter  amounting  to  not  more  than  5  per  cent.  This  water  is  pumped  into 
shallow  vats,  partially  evaporated  by  .solar  heat,  and  when  its  temperature 
is  lowered  by  cool  nights,  soda  is  formed.  So  much  depends  on  the  cool- 
ing, that  a  sea.son  during  which  little  ice  is  formed  proves  a  poor  soda 
season.  This  .soda  is  shipped  to  San  Francisco  in  boxes,  where  it  is  con- 
verted into  other  varieties  of  the  salt,  one  •  of  which,  the  bicarbonate,  is 
rapidly  taking  the  place  of  the  English  production.  The  only  establish- 
ment now  on  the  coast  is  that  of  Joiix   IIORSTMAN. 

Cream  of  Tartar. — During  the  fermentation  of  grape-juice,  a  deposit  is 
formed,  dark  or  light  colored,  as  the  wine  is  red  or  white,  and  after  purifi- 
cation is  known  chemically  as  bitartrate  of  potassa.  It  received  the  name 
cream  of  tartar,  because  a  portion  of  the  crystalline  formation  floats  on 
the  surface  of  the  solution,  as  cream  floats  on  milk.  The  crude  article  is 
chiefly  used  as  a  flux  in  assaying  ores;  the  refined  product  is  employed  in 
medicine,  but  the  most  of  it  is  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of  yeast- 
powders.  The  annual  consumption  of  cream  of  tartar  on  our  coast  is 
about  100,000  pounds,  amounting,  at  40  cents  per  pound,  to  $40,000,  of 
which  quantity  at  least  three  fourths  is  refined  from  imported  French  argol, 
the  wine-cellars  of  California  furnishing  the  raw  material  for  the  remainder. 
Capital  to  the  amount  of  $15,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employ- 
ment is  given  to  10  men.  In  iSGo,  Emilk  V^\cnT  manufactured  about  1,000 
pounds  of  cream  of  tartar,  at  Los  Angeles,  from  crude  material  obtained 
from  vineyardists  in  that  vicinity,  and  this  was  the  first  production  of  the 
article  on  our  coast.  M.-iny  wine-makers  do  not  save  their  argol,  consider- 
ing the  quantity  too  small  to  repay  them,  while  others  allow  it  to  remain  in 
the  casks,  thinking  the  wine  improved  thereby;  but  as  agents  have  been  sent 
through  the  wine  districts  to  buy  up  the  supply,  it  is  probable  more  will  be 
saved  hereafter.  The  principal  refinery  is  that  of  D.  Cardaire  &  Co., 
in  San  Francisco.  A.  Bertandias  establi.shed  works  at  Napa  in  1880,  for 
collecting  argol,  and  ships  about  5  tons  annually  to  San  Francisco  for  re- 
fining. 


724 


MANUFACTURES. 


Borax. — The  production  of  this  salt  on  the  coast  is  at  present  limited  to 
the  States  of  Nevada  and  California,  the  first  named  furnishing  1,250  tons, 
and  the  last  mentioned,  650  tons  of  2,240  pounds,  in  all,  1,900  tons  per 
year.  Of  this  quantity,  1,250  tons  arc  shipped  from  San  Francisco  to 
New  York;  475  tons  to  England;  10  tons  to  various  Pacific  ports;  and 
about  75  tons  are  consumed  on  the  slope,  between  Mexico  and  British 
Columbia.  In  addition  to  the  production  given,  100  tons  of  borate  of 
lime  were  shipped,  in  1881,  from  Nevada,  and  50  tons  from  San  Francisco 
to  England.  Capital  amounting  to  $150,000  is  invested  in  the  industry, 
and  125  men  employed,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging  $2  per  day  of  10 
hours,  the  working  season  lasting  from  6  to  8  months,  depending  upon 
the  absence  of  rains.  The  value  of  the  production,  at  10  cents  per  pound, 
is  about  $450,000.  The  receipts  at  San  Francisco  for  1881  were  about  80 
tons  more  than  those  for  the  previous  year.  The  principal  sources  of  sup- 
ply in  Nevada  are  Teal's  Marsh  and  Virginia  or  Rhode's  Salt  Marsh, 
situated  about  14  miles  north-west  of  Columbu.s.  In  California  a  deposit 
is  found  in  San  Bernardino  County.  Borates  of  lime  and  soda  occur  in 
several  other  counties  in  Nevada.  The  .soda  deposits  have  been  success- 
fully worked,  but  the  price  has  fallen  to  so  low  a  figure  (from  33  cents  to  10 
cents,  delivered  at  railroad),  owing  to  the  importation  of  boric  acid  from 
England  duty  free,  that  little  profit  remains  to  the  producer.  In  1856  Dr. 
J.  A.  VKATt:!!,  whilst  analyzing  the  water  of  certain  springs  in  Tehama 
County,  California,  found  crystals  of  bora.x  remaining  from  the  evapora- 
tion of  several  gallons  of  the  fluid.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  first  known 
on  the  coast,  or  in  the  United  States.  In  con.sequencc  of  this  discovery  he 
examined  other  waters,  and  found  boric  acid  in  many  of  them.  Borax 
Lake  yielded  about  250  tons,  annually,  for  a  few  years.  Although  the 
present  yield  of  the  coast  is  far  in  excess  of  its  consumption,  it  is  by  no 
means  sufficient  to  supply  the  country  at  large,  a  large  quantity  being  im- 
ported into  the  Atlantic  States  from  England.  The  San  Francisco  agents 
are  WlLLIAM   T.  COLIiM.VN   &   CO. 

Cigarettes. — At  most  of  the  cigarette  factories,  tobacco  is  cut  up  for  the 
use  of  persons  addicted  to  chewing  or  pipe-smoking,  or  for  cigarette  smok- 
ers who  prefer  to  roll  their  own  cigarettes.  The  quantity  sold  in  San 
Francisco  alone  is  probably  not  short  of  80,000,000  a  year,  and,  until  1882, 
about  seven  eighths  of  them  were  imported. 

A  small  number  of  Chinamen  are  engaged  at  this  industry,  but  there  are 
several  factf)ries  in  which  only  white  labor  is  employed.  Young  boys 
and  girls  make  low,  fixed  wages  by  sorting  and  stripping  the  tobacco. 
The  cigarette-makers,  who  are  usually  adults,  receive  6$  to  75  cents  per 


HI 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


725 


1,000.  If  very  expert,  they  can  make  as  many  as  5  a  minute,  or  3,000  a 
day,  and  earn  $10  or  $1 1  a  week;  but  their  average  earnings  do  not  exceed 
$8  or  $9.  The  packing  and  stamping  arc  done  by  girls,  who  make  about 
$6  a  week  by  packing  and  $3.50  to  $4  by  stamping.  Cigarettes  of  good 
quality  are  made  of  what  is  often  called  Turkish,  but  is  usually,  in  fact, 
Virginia  tobacco.  Real  Turkish  tobacco  is  worth  $5  to  $10  a  pound;  and 
is,  of  course,  beyond  the  means  of  most  smokers.  Havana  tobacco  is  also 
used  for  fillings.  The  wrappers  are  of  paper  of  various  colors,  or  of  corn- 
husks.  The  ends  of  the  paper  are  turned  up  with  a  small  instrument 
resembling  a  steel-pen,  which  is  attached  to  the  finger  of  the  operative. 

The  materials  used  in  the  process  of  manufacture  are  nearly  all  imported. 
Most  of  the  tobacco  comes  from  the  Southern  States,  and  most  of  the 
papers  from  France. 

CbarooQ.!. — San  Francisco  consumes  annually  about  3,600  tons  of  char- 
coal (120,000  sacks  of  60  pounds  each),  worth  $65,000  at  the  present  price 
of  $17  a  ton.  The  bulk  of  the  supply  comes  from  Sonoma  County,  and 
the  producers  are  70  or  80  Italians,  who  work  in  little  partnerships,  num- 
bering from  3  to  5  men.  Each  firm  leases  a  piece  of  land  containing  some 
oak  timber,  under  a  contract  requiring  the  payment  of  a  fixed  rent,  a  fur- 
ther payment  of  a  few  cents,  not  more  than  5  on  each  sack  of  charcoal 
made,  and  sometimes  a  clearing  of  the  land,  so  as  to  be  fit  for  tillage.  The 
lessees  sell  some  of  the  wood  as  cordwood  for  fuel,  and  make  the  best  of  it 
into  charcoal.  If  they  earn  $450  each  in  the  year,  they  think  they  have 
done  well.  The  evergreen  oak  is  preferred  for  charcoal,  but  the  deciduous 
oak  is  also  taken ;  and  a  little  willow  is  burned  for  special  uses.  Some  of 
the  farmers  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  who  have  oak  timber  on  their  land, 
devote  their  time,  not  required  for  agricultural  labor,  to  charcoal-burning; 
and  hire  field  laborers  at  $25  or  $30  a  month,  with  board,  to  assist  them. 

For  the  purpo.se  of  making  charcoal,  the  wood,  cut  in  lengt'.is  of  about  4 
feet,  is  piled  up  sometimes  to  a  height  of  30  feet,  then  covered  with  a  layer 
of  brush,  and  this  again  with  wet  .soil,  which  last  prevents  the  outer  air 
•from  penetrating  during  the  burning  process.  The  burners  must  be  con- 
stantly on  the  watch  to  prevent  the  fire  either  from  dying  or  from  burning 
too  fiercely.  In  the  first  case,  they  open  the  pile  for  a  few  minutes;  in  the 
latter,  they  throw  on  more  soil.  The  piles  or  kilns,  as  they  call  them,  are 
of  different  sizes,  sometimes  producing  as  much  as  1,000  sacks,  or  30  tons 
of  charcoal,  and  take  from  15  to  22  days  to  burn.  The  slower  the  process, 
the  better  the  charcoal.  The  San  Francisco  Mint  consumes  about  900  sacks 
monthly,  and  the  canneries  about  250  tons  yearly.  The  consumption  of 
late  years  has  decreased.     In   1878  as  much  as   150,000  sacks  were  con- 


4 

III 


726 


MANUFACTURES. 


II  '':' 


m  ! 


I  •»(■ 


sumed.  Tinsmiths,  who  in  former  years  used  charcoal  exclusively,  have 
rcccntl)-  adopted  a  heater,  which  Ijurns  oil.  The  charcoal  made  by  the 
Italian  companies  is  sent  b\-  them  to  this  city,  and  sold  in  large  lots  by  the 
sack,  and  not  by  weight,  to  dealers,  who,  in  their  turn,  retail  it  to  their  cus- 
tomers. In  Nevada  enormous  quantities  of  charcoal  are  u.sed  by  min- 
ing companies  in  smelting  their  low-grade  ores.  About  2,000  men,  most 
of  them  Italian.s,  are  emploj-ed  in  the  production.  The  price  paid  by  mine- 
invners  to  the  charcoal-burners  is  from  28  to  30  cents  a  bushel. 

Bone  Charcoal,  eto. — Hone  charcoal,  bone  phosphate,  bone  ash,  bone 
meal,  meat  manure,  and  ncat's-foot  oil,  although  put  to  widely  different  uses, 
are  usually  manufactured  at  the  same  establishments,  for  the  reason  that  the 
raw  material  is  obtained  from  a  comtnon  .source  of  supply — the  large 
slaughter-houses  of  important  commercial  towns. 

This  coast  produces  annually  about  1,200  tons  of  charcoal,  2cJo  of  bone 
ash,  800  of  bone  meal,  and  1,000  of  meat  manure,  and  6,000  gallons  of 
neat's-foot  oil.  The  coal,  ash,  and  most  of  the  oil  are  consumed  at  home; 
the  meal  and  manure  exported  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  as  arc  a 
few  barrels  of  the  oil,  though  the  latter  is  the  only  one  of  the.se  articles 
mentioned  in  the  usual  list  of  imports.  Thirty  hands  are  employed.  The 
capita'  invested  in  the  industry  is  about  $100,000.  The  coal  sells  for  $60  a 
ton;  the  ash  for  $75  ;  the  meal  for  $25  ;  the  meat  manure  for  $40;  and  the 
oil  for  So  cents  a  gallon.  Animal  charcoal  is  made  from  bones,  which  arc 
cleaned  and  charred  in  a  covered  cylindrical  iron  vessel  holding  about  200 
pounds,  and  kept  at  a  red  heat  for  8  hours,  when  the  pot  is  withdrawn  and 
placed  aside  to  cool.  The  coal  is  chiefly  used  as  a  decolorizer  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  sugar  and  of  other  articles  requiring  purification  of  this  nature. 
From  the  dust  unavoidabl}'  accumulated  in  grinding  bones,  phosphate  has 
been  made ;  it  is  largely  u.sed  as  a  manure  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  as 
high  rates  of  freight  prevent  its  shipment,  and  there  is  no  home  demand,  it 
is  at  present  thrown  away.  Bone  ash  is  made  by  burning  bones  in  an 
open  furnace  until  they  become  friable  and  easily  reduced  to  a  coarse  pow- 
der; it  is  supplied  to  the  mints,  assay  offices,  and  metallurgical  works, 
where  it  is  used  for  making  cupels.  Bone  meal  is  made  by  first  steaming 
the  bones  to  remove  the  gelatine,  and  afterwards  crushing  them.  Meat 
manure  is  prepared  from  the  refu.sc  organic  matter  of  slaughter-houses,  be- 
ing first  dried  by  centrifugal  action,  afterwards  by  steam-heaters,  and  then 
ground  and  mixed  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  to  fix  the 
ammonia  contained  in  it,  which  is  its  most  important  constituent.  Neat's- 
foot  oil  is  prepared  from  the  feet  and  intestines  of  cattle,  and  is  principally 
used  for  dressing  leather;   the  quality  of  that  produced  on  the  coast  is  not 


i 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


/-/ 


excelled  by  the  best  Eastern  article,  but  the  quantity  made  is  limited  by 
the  supply  of  the  raw  material,  which,  in  fact,  is  the  case  with  all  the  pro- 
ductions mentioned.  There  arc  at  present  2  factories  in  San  I'rancisco — 
the  only  ones  on  the  coast — those  of  N.  OlILANDT  &  Co.  and  A.  Has.S. 
The  manufacturers  complain  that  our  agriculturists  are  indifferent  to  the 
necessity  of  supplying  the  land  with  the  material  required  to  keep  the  soil 
in  good  condition. 

Inks,  Blacking,  and  Mucilage. — These  articles,  aside  from  printing-ink, 
which  is  mentioned  in  the  chapter  on  paper,  printing,  etc.,  are  mostly  manu- 
factured at  the  same  establishments.  Two  varieties  of  ink  are  produced — 
writing-fluid,  and  that  used  by  workers  in  leather.  The  first-named 
variety  includes  all  black,  colored,  copying,  and  stencil  inks;  the  last,  that 
used  by  shoe  and  harness  makers.  Mucilage  differs  only  in  strength;  and 
blacking  is  cither  solid  or  liquid.  The  aggregate  value  of  the  annual  con- 
sumption of  these  articles  on  our  coast  is  about  $80,000,  of  which  one 
fourth  is  imported.  Capital  amounting  to  $30,000  is  invested  in  the  in- 
dustry, and  employment  furnished  to  15  hands,  one  half  of  whom  arc 
minors  engaged  in  putting  up  the  mixtures.  Exports  amount  to  500  cases, 
and  arc  principally  to  Briti.sh  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  Mexico. 
Of  the  raw  materials,  such  articles  as  sulphate  of  iron  and  prussian  blue 
arc  obtained  from  our  chemical  works,  while  galls,  gums,  etc.,  are  imported 
from  Europe.  The  prices  range  from  a  few  cents  per  package,  for  the  com- 
mon inks  or  blackings,  to  $8  per  gallon  for  stencil  ink,  the  high  price  of 
the  latter  being  due  to  the  costliness  of  its  principal  ingredient,  nitrate  of 
silver. 

The  largest  establishment  on  the  coast  is  the  Pacific  Ink  Factory, 
James  J.  Knowlton,  manager,  the  works  of  which  occupy  premises  52 
feet  by  137  feet.  Henrv  Lake  and  A.  Patek,  each  manufacture  black- 
ings and  dressings,  all  being  located  in  San  Francisco. 

Carbon  Bisulphide. — Bisulphide  of  carbon,  a  heavy  liquid  vaporizing 
rapidly  upon  exposure  to  atmospheric  influence,  depends  for  its  commer- 
cial value  on  the  poisonous  effects  of  its  vapor,  particularly  as  affecting  the 
lower  forms  of  animal  life.  About  800  pounds  per  day  are  manufactured 
here  during  a  portion  of  the  year,  most  of  which  is  .sold  to  the  agricultur- 
ists of  the  coast,  and  employed  by  them  in  destroying  ground-squirrels, 
gophers,  and  the  phylloxera.  Several  shipments  have  also  been  made  to 
the  Eastern  States.  Capital  amounting  to  $8,000  is  invested  in  the  in- 
dustry, and  6  men  are  employed,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging  $2.50  per 
day.  Until  1880,  the  price  of  this  agent  (from  50  cents  to  $1  a  pound)^ 
placed  it  beyond  the  farmer's  reach;  but  the  invention  of  a  cheaper  pro- 


728 


MANUFACTURES. 


rfV  { 


a:  I  ■  ^ 


cess  of  manufacture  about  that  time  so  reduced  its  cost  that  it  is  now  sold 
in  large  quantities  at  8  cents  a  pound.  To  destroy  the  rodcnt.s,  a  small 
portion  is  placed  in  each  hole,  and  the  opening  sealed;  the  vapor,  heavier 
than  air,  sinks  to  the  bottom,  and  a  single  inhalation  kills  the  animal.  A 
pound  is  enough  for  from  25  to  30  holes.  The  fluid  is  too  strong  in  its 
natural  state  for  use  in  vineyards,  and  when  employed  to  destroy  the 
ph>'llo.\era,  potash  or  soda  is  addca,  and  the  mixture  diluted  with  water  in 
the  proportion  of  ^7}^  gallons  of  the  latter  to  a  pound  of  the  mi.xture  for 
each  1 5  vines,  planted  8  feet  by  8  feet  apart.  This  quantity  proved  suffi- 
cient to  penetrate  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  3  feet,  and  to  spread  over  the  sur- 
face between  the  vines.  The  ground  must  be  in  a  condition  to  allow  the 
solution  to  penetrate  quickly,  and  it  should  bo  used  at  that  season  of  the 
year  when  vegetation  is  least  active.  The  officers  of  the  California  State 
Viticultural  Commission  place  its  cost  for  a  vineyard  at  $20  per  acre, 
equivalent  to  the  value  of  one  ton  of  grapes.  Of  the  raw  material  con- 
sumed in  this  industry,  the  carbon  is  obtained  from  specially  prepared 
willow  charcoal,  and  the  sulphur  comes  from  Sicily  and  Japan  in  the  form 
of  brimstone,  costing  2^3  cents  per  pound.  The  only  factory  in  the 
United  States  is  that  of  Jonx   II.  WlIKELER,  at  Berkeley. 

Axle  Grease. — This  lubricant,  as  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  a  mi.xture 
of  resinous  and  oily  substances,  and  its  annual  consumption  amounts  to 
200  tons,  valued  at  $45,000.  The  San  Francisco  factories,  the  only  ones  on 
the  slope,  produce  about  1 50  tons  yearly,  and  50  tons  arc  imported  from  the 
Atlantic  States.  E.xports  amount  to' 2  5  tons  per  annum,  being  chiefly  to 
Mexico,  British  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  Australia.  Capital 
amounting  to  $45,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  10  hands  arc  em- 
ployed, who  arc  paid  $2.50  per  day  of  10  hours.  Of  the  raw  materials, 
resin  is  received  from  North  Carolina  via  New  York,  at  a  cost  of  about 
$3.50  per  barrel  of  280  pounds;  and  the  oils  are  partly  imported  and 
partly  produced  here.  The  only  factories  on  our  coast  are  in  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  the  oldest  and  largest  factory,  that  of  L.\.MBERT  &  GREENE,  was 
established  in  1852;  the  other,  owned  by  VV.  H.  WoRDEN,  was  started  in 
1873- 

Brooms. — Brooms  are  manufactured  on  the  coast  by  about  50  establish- 
ments, who  have  capital  invested  amounting  to  $125,000;  employ  300  per- 
sons, one  half  of  whom  are  Chinese ;  and  produce  annually  60,000  dozens 
of  brooms  of  all  kinds,  worth  nearly  $250,000.  The  whites  receive  from 
$10  to  $15  per  week,  and  the  Chinese  earn  about  $9 — all  working  10  hours 
per  day.  The  exports  amount  to  2,500  dozens  yearly,  and  are  chiefly  to 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and  Central   America. 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


729 


Wholesale  prices  ranc;c  from  $1.50  per  dozen  for  whisks,  to  $5.50  for  the 
best  house-brooms.  The  raw  material,  broom-corn,  is  yrown  in  Butte, 
Colusa,  Sutter,  and  Yuba  counties,  California;  in  Washington,  and  also  in 
Utah,  principally  in  Weber  County.  The  average  yield  is  about  4  tons  to 
the  acre,  and  the  price  ranges  from  $40  to  $175  per  ton.  The  cxport.s  of 
broom-corn  average  about  250  tons  per  annum,  and  arc  chiefly  to  Australia 
and  New  Zealand,  the  first  named  receiving  by  far  the  greater  portion  of 
the  shipments.  The  total  product  of  the  coast  will  not  exceed  800  tons. 
The  lands  on  which  broom-corn  has  been  grown  in  California  lie  along  the 
Sacramento  River  and  its  tributaries,  and  are  liable  to  annual  flooding,  to 
the  detriment  of  the  crops,  which  arc  commonly  raised  by  Chinese,  who 
hire  the  land.  Usually  the  stalk  of  this  corn  is  thicker  and  the  brush 
shorter  than  that  grown  in  the  States  ea.st  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
first  peculiarity  is  an  advantage,  in  that  it  admits  of  a  firmer  attachment  to 
the  handle ;  the  second  is  a  fault  that  is  overcome  by  laying  the  Eastern 
product  over  the  home  growth  in  making  the  broom.  The  importations,  at 
no  time  large,  vary  with  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  native  yield. 

A  ton  of  broom-corn  will  make  from  100  to  125  dozens  of  brooms. 
Broom-handles  are  made  of  Port  Orford  cedar  and  of  Californian  pine.  In 
addition  to  the  home  consumption  of  handles,  12,000  are  annually  exported, 
chiefly  to  Australia.  They  arc  made  in  San  Francisco,  from  which  base 
most  country  dealers  obtain  their  supplies.  The  culture  of  broom-corn  be- 
gan near  Sacramento  in  185 1,  and  brooms  were  made  in  that  city  the  year 
following;  the  manufacturer  starting  with  a  capital  of  $50.  In  1858 his  sales 
were  3,500  dozens,  and  he  employed  9  workmen.  About  this  time  125  tons 
of  corn  were  shipped  to  New  York  and  Boston.  Several  interior  towns  in 
California  not  only  manufactured  for  their  own  consumption,  but  shipped 
their  surplus  to  San  Francisco;  which  city  did  not  lead  in  the  industry 
until  after  1866.  Eastern  brooms  have  been  worked  over  in  San  Francisco 
and  sold  as  home-made,  the  latter  being  in  greater  demand. 

Chinese  were  employed  in  1870,  and,  soon  ma.stering  the  business,  opened 
establishments  which  in  some  degree  competed  with  white  producers,  not 
only  by  reason  of  lower  prices,  but  because,  as  already  mentioned,  a  por- 
tion of  the  corn  crop  is  grown  by  Chinese,  and  they  sell  to  their  coun- 
trymen in  preference  to  others.  Of  the  40  factories  in  California,  fully  one 
half  are  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  remainder  distributed  throughout  the 
State.  Among  the  leading  broom  manufacturers  of  California  are  COLE 
&  Kenny,  L.  Van  Laak,  Thomas  Ward,  Tho.mas  Golden,  Harri.son 
&  Dickson,  and  Ah  Chow,  in  San  Francisco;  Billingsley  &  Co., 
Brice  Powell,  and  W.  F.  Le  Favor,  in  Sacramento;  and  Armes  & 
92 


730 


MANUFACTURES. 


Dai.LAM,  in  San  Ouentin ;  the  salesrooms  of  tlic  last  mentioned  being  in 
San  I'Vancisco. 

Orcjjon  has  2  broom  factories — that  of  the  Zan  Huotiiers  in  Portlanil,  and 
the  works  of  J.W.  GUAYSON  &  Co.  in  Salem.  These  establishments  supply 
most  of  Oregon  and  a  portion  of  Washington,  the  corn  being  obtained  from 
California  and  Washington,  and  usually  costing  $100  per  ton.  Washington 
has  2  establishments — that  of  WOODUUI'I''  &  Van  El'fs  at  Olympia,  and 
the  factory  of  IIan'COCK  &  WRIGHT  in  Walla  Walla.  Utah  has  4  estab- 
lishments; 2  of  which  are  in  Ogden,  and  one  each  at  Bountiful  and  Spring 
City.  A  market  is  found  in  Idaho,  Montana,  and  Wyoming,  aside  from 
the  home  consumption. 

Brushes. — Brushes  of  the  coarser  grades  only  have  been  manufactured 
as  yet  to  any  extent  on  this  coast,  although  efforts  to  introduce  a  better 
class  of  goods  have  been  made,  and  are  meeting  with  grailual  success. 
The  obstacle  to  the  increa.se  of  pnuluction  is  that  the  large  Eastern  fac- 
tories can  sell  more  cheaply,  and  with  a  single  day's  work  can  supply  our 
demands  for  a  year.  Usually  the  brushes  made  here  are  turned  out  to  fill 
special  orders.  The  annual  consumption  amounts  in  value  to  $240,000; 
only  one  sixth  of  which  is  home  production,  the  remainder  being  the  prod- 
uct of  the  States  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Of  the  importations,  that 
of  feather-dusters,  amounts  to  $50,000;  the  remainder  including  all  varie- 
ties, from  shoe  to  toilet.  The  capital  invested  in  the  industry  here  amounts 
to  $30,000,  and  the  business  gives  employment  to  about  40  hands,  who  earn 
from  $1  to  $5  a  day,  according  to  skill.  Trom  75  to  100  cases  arc  ex- 
ported, principally  tc  the  Hawaiian  Island.s,  British  Columbia,  Central 
America,  and  Mc;cici).  The  raw  material  annually  consumed  is  valued  at 
$12,000,  and  cons'vcs  ;f  bristles,  soaproot  fiber,  tampico,  twine,  tacks,  and 
wood  for  backs.  1  jc  mestic  bristles  arc  generally  short,  and  cost  from  10 
to  50  cents  a  pound,  the  annual  supply  seldom  exceeding  $3,000  in  value. 
The  finest  imported  bristles  come  from  Siberia,  other  portions  of  Rus- 
sia and  North  Germany,  and  .sell  for  $8  per  pound;  and  together  with 
twine  and  tacks  from  the  Eastern  States,  cost  about  $2,000  a  year.  The 
soaproot  fiber  is  claimed  to  be  the  best  substitute  for  bristles  yet  dis- 
covered, being  highly  elastic,  unaffected  by  water,  and  making  fine  and 
ser\iccable  brushes  for  general  household  uses.  It  has  already  been  men- 
tioned under  the  head  of  Upholstery.  Tampico  grows  in  the  Mexican 
•State  of  that  name,  and  yields  a  stiff  and  lasting  fiber,  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  scrubbing  and  other  coarse  brushes. 

The  first  brushes  made  on  our  slope  were  turned  out  at  Salt  Lake  City 
from  domestic  material  by  GILBERT  CleMENT.S  in   1853.      Three  years 


MISCELI-ANEOUS    MANUFACTURES. 


73' 


later,  an  establishment  was  opened  in  San  Francisco  by  Nr.WMAN  Uroth- 
EUS,  and  one  in  Sacramento  by  JoilN  W'oi.l'.  In  i<S66aSan  I'rancisco 
manufacturer  exhibited  several  varieties  at  the  fair  of  the  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tute in  that  city.  The  industry  is  as  yet  in  the  hands  of  white  workmen, 
the  Chinese  not  having  obtained  a  foothold.  Amonfj  the  brush  manufac- 
turers of  our  coast  are  Fic.ER  nuoiilERs,  R.  V\^  SnirsoN,  and  J.  Una,  of 
San  Francisco;  1).  Metzger,  of  Portland;  T.  C.  JONE.s,  and  C.  L.  WlllTE, 
of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Artifioial  Limbs,  Trusses,  etc. — The  consumption  of  artificial  limbs, 
trusses,  and  similar  surgical  appliances,  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  amounts 
in  value  to  about  $25,000  per  annum,  one  half  of  which  is  paid  for  im- 
ported articles.  The  artificial  limbs  used  are  of  2  general  varieties, 
known  respectively  as  wooden  and  cork.  In  the  m.inufacture  of  the  first 
named,  the  material  used  is  the  wood  of  the  willow,  or  that  of  the  buckeye. 
Three  varieties  of  cork  are  employed ;  Spanish,  Peruvian,  and  Chinese. 
Spani.sh  cork  is  too  well  known  to  require  description  here ;  that  from  Peru 
would  be  taken  for  the  ordinary  article  at  a  hasty  glance,  but  closer  inspec- 
tion shows  it  to  be  much  finer  and  softer,  and  far  more  elastic.  Chinese 
eork,  the  most  delicate  growth  of  all,  is  smooth,  has  a  light-gray  color,  and 
in  general  appearance  resembles  dried  pith.  The  number  of  artificial  li:  ibs 
sold  on  the  coast  annually  will  not  exceed  50,  with  prices  ranging  from  $50 
to  $  1 50  each. 

Trusses  are  made  partly  of  steel  and  partly  of  the  different  kinds  of  cork 
mentioned,  the  metal  being  imported  from  Europe.  Under  the  term  "sur- 
gical appliances,"  are  included  all  mechanical  devices  worn  on  the  person 
for  the  purpose  of  treating  physical  deformity,  or  for  supporting,  or 
strengthening  weak  parts  of  the  human  frame.  But  few  of  these  are 
made,  except  as  specially  ordered,  for  the  rca.son  th^t  2  cases  are  rarely 
found  requiring  precisely  the  same  treatment.  Capital  amounting  to  $25,- 
000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  about  i  5  workmen  are  employed,  who 
are  paid  from  $2.50  to  $5  per  day  of  to  hours,  according  to  proficiency. 
The  principal  manufacturers  on  our  coast  are  William  Heeman,  Menzo 
Spring,  August  Koeiiler,  and  J.  H.  A.  Folker.s  &  Brother,  in  San 
Francisco;  G.  A.  Stephen.SON,  in  Sacramento;  and  ROBERT  REED,  in 
Oakland. 

Oakum. — For  a  number  of  years  after  the  gold  discovery,  it  was  the  cus- 
tom, among  Eastern  and  British  ship-ovners,  to  dispatch  to  this  coast  ves- 
sels which  were  unscaworthy,  for  such  a  voyage  as  that  around  the  Morn. 
Some  of  them  were  condemned  and  broken  up,  on  arriving  in  San  Fran- 
cisco hatbor.     Indeed,  many  of  them  were  sent  here  with  no  expectation 


732 


MANUFACTURES. 


'■  iSV; 


m^^ 


that  thcj'  \\'ould  ever  make  another  voyage.  The  high  rates  of  wages  and 
the  difficulty  in  obtaining  a  crew  and  a  return  cargo,  also  caused  numbers  of 
shijis  to  be  dismantled  and  beached ;  and  their  subsequent  use  as  storehouses, 
saved  vast  quantities  of  valuable  merchandise  from  the  great  conflagrations 
to  which  San  Francisco  was  subject,  in  the  early  days  of  her  history. 

The  old  rope  obtained  from  the  dismantling  of  vessels  and  the  renewal 
of  worn-out  cordage,  was  either  dumped  into  the  bay  or  shipped  among 
other  odds  and  ends  to  the  New  York  and  "Boston  markets.  Until  1870, 
or  thereabouts,  one  could  buy  up  all  the  material  needed  at  a  cent  a  pound, 
while  the  price  of  oakum  averaged  28  cents  a  pound  by  the  bale.  It  was 
not  until  1870  that  an  oakum  factory  in  San  Franci.sco,  the  first  and  only 
one  on  our  coast,  was  established  by  SAMUEL  WEEKS. 

Oakum  is  made  at  the  rate  of  6,000  to  7,000  bales  (50  p'unds  each)  a 
year,  and  to  the  value  of  $30,000  or  $35,000.  The  cost  of  the  cordage  ab- 
sorbs more  than  35  per  cent,  of  the  sum  received  from  the  sale.  Not  more 
than  25  operatives  arc  employed.  The  wages  of  white  men  are  $2  to 
$2.50,  of  white  boys  $1,  and  of  Chinamen  75  cents  to  $1  a  day.  The  price 
of  material  averages  3 '<  to  4  cents  a  pound,  and  of  oakum  about  $5  a  bale, 
or  10  cents  a  pound.  The  supply  of  old  rope  is  insuffic  ;nt  to  meet  the  de- 
mands of  the  factory,  and  a  considerable  quantity  is  imported  from  Liver^ 
pool.  With  prices  at  present  rates,  it  would  be  impossible  to  ertiploy  other 
than  cheap  labor.  The  experiment  has  been  tried  of  .substituting  the 
.services  of  white  boys  for  those  of  Chinamen;  but  it  was  found  that  they 
could  not  be  relied  on  for  steady  and  continuous  labor.  A  few  boys,  how- 
ever, arc  still  emplo)'cd. 

The  entile  consumption  of  oakum  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  at  the  rate  of 
7,000  to  8,000  bales,  and  more  than  75  per  cent  of  it  is  made  at  the  factory 
in  San  Francisco.  Imports  consist  almost  entirely  of  goods  manufactured 
at  the  Government  factory  in  Brooklyn,  New  York  State,  and  shipped 
thence  to  the  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard.  WEEKS  &  Co.  also  furnish  300 
bales  a  j-ear  for  use  at  this  naval  station. 

Fishing-tackle. — This  section  treats  of  the  smaller  implements  used 
in  hand  fishing,  the  larger  appliances,  as  nets,  etc.,  being  mentioned  else- 
where. The  value  of  the  annual  consumption  on  the  coast  of  articles 
of  the  class  under  consideration  is  estimated  to  be  about  $40,000,  of  which 
not  a  tenth  part  is  manufactured  here,  and  the  little  produced  is  mostly 
made  up  of  small  lots  of  what  is  termed  tied-work,  such  as  flies,  leaders, 
and  hooks  having  gut  attached,  all  made  to  fill  special  orders. 

Felting. — The  principal  uses  to  which  felting  is  applied  on  this  coast  are 
for  boiler  coverings,  roofing,  and  sheathing.     All  these  descriptions  are  im- 


vmn  r|| 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


733 


ported  from  England.  When  used  for  roofing,  it  is  covered,  after  being 
laid  down,  with  a  heavy  coating  of  asphaltum.  Imports  of  this  description 
have  fallen  off  considerably  of  late  years ;  but  there  is  yet  a  heavy  stock 
on  hand,  and  shipments  of  .several  hundred  frames  were  made  during  iSSi 
to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mexico,  British  Columbia,  and  other  foreign  des- 
tinations. F.  N.  Neuval  and  W.  T.  Somervell  are  the  owners  of  an  as- 
phaltum mine  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  and  from  it  obtain  material  to 
cover  roof  felting,  in  which  they  do  a  considerable  business. 

Gas-'works. — The  annual  consumption  of  gas  on  our  slope  is  about  S50,- 
000,000  feet,  four  fifths  of  which  are  produced  and  used. by  California,  the 
city  of  San  Francisco  alone  burning  300,000,000  feet.  Capital  amounting 
to  $17,000,000  is  invested  in  works,  mains,  and  material,  and  employment 
is  given  to  650  men,  who  arc  paid  on  an  average  $2.50  per  day  of  10  hours. 
A  ton  of  2,240  pounds  of  coal  equal  in  quality  to  good  English  canncl,  will 
yield  10,000  feet  of  gas,  4  to  6  hours  being  required  for  its  production. 
English  coal  costs  here  about  $10  per  ton.  Gas  made  from  petroleum  is 
now  used  in  many  country  residences  in  California;  several  of  the  smaller 
towns  are  thus  lighted,  and  works  are  being  constructed  in  some  of  the 
larger  cities,  including  San  Francisco,  where  2  of  the  principal  hotels  have 
manufactured  their  own  gas  from  petroleum  for  about  a  year. 

Gas  was  first  made  in  San  Francisco  by  a  company  in  1853,  when  the 
price  for  a  short  time  was  6  cents  per  foot  to  private  consumers  and  32 
cents  per  lamp  per  night  to  the  city.  T'.c  few  lamps  erected  at  that  time 
were  on  Montgomery  Street.  In  1856  13^^  miles  of  pipe  had  been  laid, 
and  the  price  had  fallen  to  $12.50  per  1,000  feet.  In  1857  it  was  $8;  in 
1862,  $6;  in  1869,  $5.75;  and  in  1880,  $3.  In  the  smaller  towns  $5  or 
more  are  still  charged.  The  price  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  is  $1.25  per 
1,000  feet.  The  largest  establishment  on  the  coast  is  that  of  TitE  San 
Francisco  Gas  Light  Comi  any  incorporated  in  1852  with  a  capital  of 
$2,000,000,  which  has  since  been  increased  to  $10,000,000.  The  first  works 
of  the  company,  having  a  capacity  of  70,000  feet  per  diem,  were  completed 
and  the  .streets  of  the  city  lighted  with  gas  on  February  1 1,  1854.  In  1881 
about  300,000,000  feet  were  produced,  and  400  men  employed.  TllE  Ci:n- 
tral  Gas  Light  Company,  incorporated  in  .San  Francisco  in  1881,  with 
a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  has  built  works  with  a  capacity  of  500,000  feet  a 
day,  laid  1 2  miles  of  pipe,  and  is  now  constructing  additional  works,  includ- 
ing a  wh;trf  for  the  reception  of  its  raw  material.  This  company  manufac- 
tures its  gas  from  petroleum,  TiiE  OAKLAND  Gas  Light  Company 
first  lighted  its  street-lamps  in  January,  1867.  Gas-works  have  recently 
been  built  at  Berkeley. 


734 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  Capital  Gas  Company,  of  Sacramento,  cstabiishc>1  in  1875, 
produces  about  30,000,000  feet  of  gas  annually.  The  city  was  first 
lighted  with  gas  in  1855.  The  San  Josd  Gas-works  were  established  in 
i860,  and  at  present  include  a  factory  for  the  manufacture  of  gat  from  pe- 
troleum. The  yearly  production  of  gas  amounts  to  1 2,000,000  feet.  The 
Santa  Rosa  Gas-works  were  established  in  1876,  the  present  ^nnor;  being 
John  A.  Paxton  and  others.  Stockton  has  13  miles  of  niri-  i^i'l,  cm- 
ploys  8  men,  and  produces  about  10,000,000  feet  of  jci^  »•  1  Los 
Angeles  County  manufactures  about  4,000,000  feet  annua  :  .  V  a»ie,o  has 
gas-works  and  6  miles  of  mains.  Nevada  City  and  Grass  \  alley  cac'.i  have 
gas-works;  those  in  the  last  named  having  been  constructed  in  1862. 
Napa  City  and  Marysville  have  gas-works,  and  there  arc  small  establish- 
ments elsewhere  in  the  State.  In  addition  to  the  amount  gi\.jn  as  the 
product  of  the  State,  probably  15,000,000  feet  are  made  yearly  by  private 
parties  for  their  own  consumption. 

In  1 861,  before  the  town  of  Virginia,  Nevada,  was  2  years  old,  works 
were  erected  and  gas  made  from  the  pitch-pine  that  abounded  in  the  vicin- 
ity. In  1863  coal-gas  works  were  built  and  io,oco  feet  of  pipe  laid.  TllE 
Euui'.K.v  G.\s  Co.MPANV  was  incorporated  at  Eureka  in  1873.  Petroleum 
gas-works  were  built  at  Reno  in  1876  and  one  mile  of  pipe  laid.  The 
Portland  Gas-works,  at  Portland,  Oregon,  have  5  miles  of  mains  laid.  At 
Salcm,  first  lighted  by  gas  in  1870,  there  are  works  with  3  miles  of  pipe. 
Seattle,  in  Washington  Territory,  has  a  gas  company,  incoiporated  in  1873. 
The  Salt  Lake  City  Gas-works  were  established  in  1872,  and  arc  parrl 
owned  by  the  city.  Victoria  is  also  lighted  with  gas.  In  18G9  TIov  j., 
&  Lakriag.V  obtained  a  privilege  for  20  years,  and  built  gas-works  at 
Mazatlan,  Sinaloa. 


liilt 


APPENDIX. 


Acknovrledgments. — Although  the  name  of  only  one  person  as  author 
appears  on  the  title-page,  a  dozen  others  have  been  employed  in  collecting 
information  and  preparing  it  for  the  press;  and  among  these,  Alfred 
Bates  and  E.  P.  Newkirk  have  rendered  the  most  ser\'icc. 

The  scope  of  the  book  is  so  comprehensive  and  the  mass  of  material 
collected  for  it  so  great  that  doubtless  mistakes  have  been  made  in  deciding 
what  should  be  accepted  or  excluded,  leaving  room  for  improvement  in  the 
subsequent  editions  through  which  it  is  expected  the  book  will  go  in  suc- 
cessive years. 

The  chapter  on  the  improvements  of  the  rivers  and  harbors  of  our  coast 
is  from  the  pen  of  a  gentleman  thoroughly  familar  with  the  subject. 

H.  F.  Page. — The  bill  for  the  first  appropriation  for  the  construction  of 
an  artificial  harbor  in  San  Antonio  Creek  was  introduced  into  Congress  and 
pushed  to  final  passage  by  H.  F.  Page;  and  the  people  of  Oakland  showed 
their  appreciation  of  his  services  by  securing  his  nomination  and  election 
for  4  succeeding  terms,  in  the  course  of  which  he  has  obtained  the  appro- 
priations for  continuing  the  work. 

Sources  of  Information. — The  readers  may  desire  to  know  where  to 
look  for  fuller  or  later  information  than  is  here  given.  Of  these  sources  the 
most  important  is  the  daily  press,  which  is  an  invaluable  record  of  the  his- 
torical progress,  and  of  the  commercial  and  industrial  condition  of  the  slope. 
The  daily  newspapers  of  San  Francisco,  besides  their  full  reports  of  passing 
events  in  their  ordinary  issues,  generally  publish  in  January,  comprehensive 
statistical  summaries  of  the  commercial  and  industrial  business  of  the  city 
for  the  preceding  year,  and  these  figures  include  much  of  all  that  is  done  in 
the  State.  Similar  summaries  for  their  respective  localities  have  been  pub- 
lished by  the  Sacramento  Record-Union^  the  Oakland  Times,  the  Los 
Angeles  Express  and  Herald,  the  Stockton  Independent,  and  the  Sonoma 
Democrat,  in  California;  the  Oregonian  and  Journal  of  Commerce,  of  Port- 
land, and  the  Astorian  in  Oregon,  Post-Intelligcnccr  in  Seattle,  and  the 
Tribune,  in  Salt  Lake  City.     Those  are  all  dailies  which  devote  themselves 


736 


APPENDIX. 


to  general  news;  and  some  periodicals  devoted  to  special  departments  are 
excellent.  The  annual  reviews  of  the  Commercial  Herald  and  Journal  of 
Commerce,  of  San  Trancisco,  should  not  be  overlooked. 

The  San  Jose  Mercury,  the  Virginia  City  Enterprise,  the  Olympia  Tran- 
!•■■■  V  and  Standard,  the  Tacoma  Ledger,  the  Victoria  Colonist  and  Standard, 
ither  journals  which  publish  much  interesting  information  about  the 
1'  >urces  and  business  of  their  surrounding  districts.  The  San  Francisco 
Rural  Press  and  Riverside  Press  are  noted  as  agricultural  publications, 
and  the  San  Francisco  Mining  Press  contains  much  information  about  the 
mining  of  our  slope. 

Of  general  information  in  reference  to  California  something  may  be  found 
in  The  Resources  of  California  {a.  volume  of  440  pages,  7th  edition,  1S79)  by 
John  S.  IIittell,  Bancroft's  Pacific  Coast  Guide  Book  1882,  300  pages,  and 
Tlic  Resources  of  Cilifornia,  a  monthly  paper  devoted  to  the  dissemination 
of  information  about  California,  and  published  by  J.  P.  H.  WeN'TWORTII. 
A.  W.  Preston,  Secretary  of  the  Immigration  Association  of  California,  10 
California  Street,  San  FrancLsco,  will  give  information  to  persons  desirous 
of  settling  in  the  State.  Mrs.  A.  II.  H.  STUART,  of  Olympia,  president  of 
the  Washington  Immigration  Society,  will  answer  for  that  territory;  and  J. 
E.  SllEPllARD,  at  504  Battery  Street,  is  commissioner  of  the  Oregon  State 
Koard  of  Immigration  in  San  Francisco.  He  gives  pamphlets  and  maps 
relating  to  Oregon  to  applicants,  and  furnishes  certificates  to  men  with 
families  entitling  them  to  passage  from  Portland  up  the  river  at  reduced 
rates.  One  of  the  most  comprehensive  books  on  Oregon  is  All  Over  Oregon 
and  Washington,  by  Mrs.  I\  I".  Victor.  Among  those  who  have  written  welt 
about  the  business  of  Oregon  are  WM.  Reiu  and  A.  J.  DuKOUR.  Elwood 
Evans,  of  Olympia,  is  a  recognized  authority  in  reference  to  the  r'isources 
and  progress  of  Washington.  The  Attractions  of  Utah,  by  O.  J .  I  lOLLlSTER, 
published  by  the  Utah  Board  of  Trade,  is  an  excellent  pamphlet,  and 
several  briefer  essays  by  others  have  been  issued  by  the  same  body.  The 
Resources  of  Ariaoua,  by  PATRICK  Hamilton,  published  by  order  of  the 
legislature  in  1881,  is  the  best  treatise  on  that  territory.  The  Guide  lo 
British  Columbia,  published  in  1877,  a  volume  of  400  pages,  is  the  latest 
book  on  that  province.  The  books  which  contain  information  about  parts 
of  our  slope  number  hundreds,  if  not  thousands.  A  list  of  the  histories  of 
the  counties  of  California,  and  of  the  pamphlets  about  the  business  resources 
and  attractions  of  different  cities  and  towns,  including  Oakland,  Los  Angeles, 
Vallejo,  Stockton,  San  Diego,  Montcrc)',  Santa  Cruz,  and  San  Jose,  would 
fill  pages. 

y\ll  the  leading  towns  of  our  slope  have  their  directories,  many  of  which, 
besides  their  list  of  residents,  contain  comprehensive  articles  on  the  re- 


I 


APPENDIX. 


737 


sources,  industry,  traffic,  and  history  of  their  respective  neighborhoods. 
The  scries  of  San  Francisco  directories,  compiled  annually  for  more  than  20 
years  by  H.  G.  Langley,  is  a  valuable  record  of  general  information.  Other 
directories  deserving  of  special  mention  and  commendation  are  the  Pacific 
Coast  Directory,  lox  1880-81,  published  by  L.  M.  McKenney  &  Co.;  the 
Directory  of  Sacramento,  Amador,  El  Dorado,  Placer,  and  Yolo  Counties,  for 
1879-80,  published  by  L.  M.  McKenney  ;  the  Oregon  State  Directory,  pub- 
lished by  J.  K.  Gill  &  Co.;  the  Directory  of  the  City  of  San  Jost',  for  1878, 
published  by  COTTLE  &  Wright  ;  and  the  Arizona  Business  Directory,  com- 
piled and  published  by  VV.  C.  DiSTURNELL. 

Relative  Space. — San  Francisco  occupies  a  large  part  of  the  space  in 
this  book  for  the  reasons  that  she  has  a  preponderant  share  in  the  manu- 
facturing industry  and  wholesale  commercial  business  of  the  slope,  and 
that  our  facilities  for  collecting  information  and  verifying  it  up  to  the  date 
of  publication  have  been  far  better  in  the  metropolis  than  in  other  cities, 
even  those  only  a  few  hours  distant.  It  was  part  of  the  plan  of  the  work 
to  give  an  equal  space  to  every  division  of  the  coast  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  its  business,  and  if  we  have  fallen  short  of  that  purpose  it  was 
because  of  circumstances,  which  if  not  appreciated  in  detail  will  be  under- 
stood, as  to  their  general  character,  by  experienced  business  men.  We  are 
fully  convinced  that  extensive  districts  on  our  slope  arc  to  make  more  rela- 
tive progress  in  the  next  20  years  than  San  Franci.sco,  and  that  her  pros- 
perity and  growth  are  and  will  be  in  a  considerable  degree  dependent  on 
those  of  the  slope  from  Mexico  to  Alaska. 

Supplementary  Material. — Some  of  the  material  prepared  for  this 
work  could  not,  for  various  reasons,  be  inserted  in  the  chapters  for  which  it 
was  intended,  and  is  therefore  put  into  the  appendix. 

Gomstook  Mines. — The  accompanying  engraving  gives  a  vertical  section 
of  the  Comstock  lode  as  seen  in  the  imagination  from  the  east,  looking 
westward.  The  scale  is  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  i.ooo  feet.  The  lightest 
spots  represent  the  large  bodies  of  rich  ore;  the  darkest  portions  indicate 
what  arc  supposed  to  be  barren  strips  of  the  vein.  The  white  lines  running 
down  from  the  surface  are  the  shafts  and  inclines;  the  white  marks  at  the 
bottom  arc  the  limits  of  the  different  mines,  which  are  numbered  consecu- 
tively from  the  Utah  at  the  north  to  the  Belcher  at  the  south,  and  then 
there  is  a  skip  (a  portion  of  the  vein  being  doubtful)  to  the  Alta.  These 
mines,  the  length  of  which  is  given  in  Chapter  XVII.,  are  the  following: 
I,  Utah;  2,  Sierra  Nevada;  3,  Union;  4,  Mexican;  5,  Ophir;  6,  California; 
7,  Consolidated  Virginia;  8,  Best  &  Belcher;  9,  Gould  &  Curry;  10,  Savage; 
93 


APl'l'.NDIX. 


liU 


1 1,  Male  &  Noicross;  12,  Chollar;  13,  Bullion;  14,  Exchequer;  15,  Alpha; 
16,  Imperial;  17,  Yellow  Jacket;  18,  Kcntuck;  19,  Crown  Point;  20,  Bel- 
cher; 21,  Alta. 


St  30    19  iS  ly    16  15  14   13        12       II    10    9    8    7     6    5    4    3  a  I 

VERTICAL  SKCTION  OF  THK  COMSTOCK  LODE. 

Mining  Tables. — The  following  tables  give  the  number  of  tons  of  ore 
reduced,  the  average  yield  of  the  ton,  the  gross  yield,  and  the  dividends 
for  each  fiscal  year  of  some  of  the  most  notable  gold  and  silver  mines  on 
our  coast.  The  number  of  the  year  indicates  the  end  of  the  company's 
fiscal  year,  which  usually  closes  on  the  anniversary  of  the  company's  organi- 
zation. Thus  the  yield  of  the  Imperial  Mine  credited  to  1869,  is  for  the 
company's  fi-scul  year  ending  May  31,  1869. 

The  figures  for  the  Consolidated  Virginia,  California,  Sierra  Nevada, 
r  Ichcr,  Empire,  Raymond  &  Ely,  Eureka  Consolidated,  and  Black  Bear, 
arc  for  calendar  years ;  those  for  the  others  for  fiscal  jxars,  which  arc  in  Jan- 
uary for  the  Bodie  Consolidated;  in  February  for  the  Standard  Consolidated 
and  Hale  &  Norcross;  in  March  for  the  ChoUar-Potosi ;  in  May  for  the 
Crown  Point  and  Imperial;  in  June  for  Justice;  in  July  for  the  Savage  and 
the  Yellow  Jacket;  in  November  for  the  Gould  &  Curry  and  the  Kcntuck; 
and  in  December  for  the  Ophir. 


Consolidated  Virginia. 

Year. 

Tons. 

Average  Yieic 

.    Gross  Yield. 

Dividends. 

1873 
1874 

•    ir,297 
89,784 

$57  00 
56  00 

$645,582 
4,981,484 

$2,592,000 

0 

1875 

161,160 

93  00 

i''',7i7,394 

11,448,000 

1876 

145,500 

114  00 

16,657,649 

12,960,000 

1877 

143,200 

96  00 

13,738,000 

8,640,000 

1878 

123,625 

65  00 

7,996.753 

5,400,000 

1879 

60,227 

41  20 

2.481,358 

1,350,000 

1880 

•*•••• 

1,75^536 

540,000 

1881 

6,816 

21  13 

144,143 

Totals 

..741,609 

$65,118,959 

$42,930,000 

California 

1876 

127,540 

$105  07 

$13,400,841 

$8,640,000 

1877 

213,683 

8849 

18,924,850 

14,040,000 

1878 

138,785 

7889 

10,949,078 

7,020,000 

1879 

64,044 

40  24 

2,576,972 

1,620,000 

1880 

38.359 
6,175 

23  21 

19  77 

890,515 
122,107 

I88I 

Totals 

..588,586 

$46,864,363 

$3'>32o,ooo 

Ophir-  . 


Year. 

1860-1870 
1871-1875 

187s 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 


Tons. 
109,166 

39-334 
51.428 
67,738 

8,946 

441 

19-175 

6,540 


Totals 302,768 


Gould  &  Curry  . 


i860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 


Totals 318,747 


Savage . . 


, .  1863-July  I,  1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 


APPENDIX.  739 

Average  Yield.  Gross  Yield.  Dividends. 

$4800  $5,210,000  $1,394,000 

30  00  1,100,000           

35  33  1,817,187    

34  35  2,340,848    

20  44  182,834    

40,000    

66  87  1,283,246    

32  23  214,605  100,000 

$12,189,780  $1,494,000 

$15660  $22,005    

147  40  44,220    

99  80  842,539    

8007  3,902,913  !f!.-i68,8oo 

72  18  4,798,125  1.440,000 

4402  2,026,173  618,000 

2800  1,690,952  252,000 

2473  707,594    

4  73  65,538    

18  37  285,945  ........ 

28  03  666,252  48,000 

26  21  91-645    

II  91  34-217    

4761  $15,178,118  $3,826,800 

$44  35  $3-600,709  $800,000 

44  14  1,303,852          

41  97  2,9i..<,i64  1,120,000 

40  84  3,506,082  1,560,000 

34  87  1-950,550  728,000 

20  06  283,841    

2143  827,234    

18  70  905,800    

1329  447-952    


140 

300 

8,442 

48,745 
66,477 
66,022 
60,417 
28,583 
13,835 
15-563 
23-767 
3-496 

2,956 


8i,t83 

30,653 
70,721 

87,342 
69-257 
13-747 
38,949 
48,393 
33-709 


Totals.... 459-036    $3429  $15-703-279   $4-460,000 


HA1.E&  NORCROSS. 


1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 


28,636 

25-333 
16,536 
45,441 
64,974 
49-625 
40,417 
31,733 

12,575 


■$47  32 
34  14 
2389 

27  13 
25  13 
1738 
16  28 
18  70 
18  00 


$1,355-220 
864,998 
395.146 
1,232,929 
1,632,844 
862,701 
657-950 
593-599 
226,846 


$350,000 
440,000 

192,000 

536,000 

80,000 


Totals. 


.313,270    $2497   $7,822,233   $1,598,000 


740 


APPENDIX. 


Chollar-Potosi  . .. 


s 


'  r  s 


i  "•' 


Year. 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 


Tons. 

57,799 
7o.,3,3i 
46,867 

5C.636 
?3,775 
35,93° 


Average  Yield.    Gross  Yield. 


Totals 

Sierra  Nevada. 


1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1873 

1873 
1874 
1879 
1880 
1881 


Totals 

Crown  Point. 


1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 


2,890 

18,000 

i9,'6s 

18,698 

18,380 

20,731 

13,636 

3,143 

3,238 

6,077 

■  123,702 

1,064 

3,766 

18,259 

34,75° 
25,964 
25,833 
21,087 
80,567 
137,180 

130,937 

175,960 

130,182 

3,125 


Totals . 
Kentuck.  . , 


.1865, 


1666 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1873 


20,058 

15,835 
31,390 
27,876 
18,103 
9,183 
9,438 


$25  73 
24  >4 
23  70 
2486 

41  30 
26  17 


$1,348,323 
1,905,421 
1,185,141 
1,522,277 
3,459,423 
940,119 


Dividends. 
$70,000 
350,000 
42,000 

1,946,637 
252,000 


■351,338     $2500   $10,360,704   $2,650,637 


$789 

8  66 

II  44 

7  92 

7  39 

637 

S  OS 

5° 

41 

32 


$3601 
35  60 
37  73 
35  91 
33  35 
32  73 
22  39 
43  48 
47  05 
5096 

31  46 
18  68 

IS  70 


$22,832 
155,880 
220,287 
148,064 
135,728 
132,056 
68,861 
190,054 

132,391 
182,310 


$45,000 
37,500 
20,000 


$1,318,483    $102,500 

$36,572    

134,080 

700,565 

1,265,155 

873,998 

851,559 
472,121 

3,503,633 
6,441,975 
7,417,115 
5,511,97s 
2,432,441' 
48,696 


$78,000 

372,000 

48,000 

360,000 

1,260,000 
2,180,000 
5,300,000 
2,300,000 


708,636    $3600   $29,729,785  $11,898,000 


$44  00 
4386 
4003 
2888 
20  50 

15  25 
13  21 


$852,803 
721,844 

1,259,718 
804,732 
371,198 
140,069 
126,711 


Totals 131,883        $3242        $4,272-,o75 


BoDiE  Consolidated. 1 879,  1880      5,778      $137  38 
1880,  1881      5,647  76  59 

Totals 1 1,425 


$793,716 
432,486 


$257,000 

335,000 

450,000 

170,000 

40,000 


$1,252,000 
400,000 


$1,226,  202    $400,000 


APPENDIX. 


741 


Imperial. 


Year. 

i860- I 864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 


Tons.         Average  Yield. 


28,237 
35.182 
40,878 
41.234 
45.172 


$30  26 
29  97 
25  93 
21  75 
13  35 


Totals 189,724 


Yellow  Jacket 1864 

1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1868, 1869 


49.013 
55.°°6 
84.340 
34.718 


$3306 
32  51 
31  73 
19  5° 


Totals.... 223,677 


Empire 1860-1864 

186s 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 


16,000 
17.995 
11.779 
10,724 


$30  28 
21  86 
21  92 
20  00 


Totals 56,498 

Justice 187S  7.297 

1876  30.729 

1877  110,292 


$23  00 
30  00 
15  00 


Gross  Yield. 

$640,369 

854.630 

1,019.27s 

1,060,054 

897,108 

603,146 

$5,074,584 

$1,500,000 
1,528,790 
1,695,228 

2,677,447 

682,003 

2,500,000 

$10,583,468 

$1,043,720 
508,192 
414.139 
294.583 
218,703 
150,000 


Dividends. 
$67,500 
220,000 
240,000 
396,000 
120,000 
24,000 

$1,067,500 
$330,000 

600,000 

90,000 

720,000 

$1,740,000 

$288,000 

120,000 

32,400 

49,200 


$2,629,337  $489,600 

$16,865  

856,591  

2,062,921  


Totals 148,318  $23  00       $2,936,377 


Raymond  &  Ely 1871 

1872 

1873 
1874 
187s 


10,574 

$131  00 

28,626 

125  00 

37,500 

56  00 

Totals 

Eureka  Consolidated.. 


1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 


12,592 
89,292 

18,847 

32,170 

25,692 

22,831 

49,894 

16,800 

43.H1 

83.473 

68,334 

34,262 

30,929 


5  76 


$3000 
36  00 
63  00 
56  00 
29  00 
36  00 
40  00 
40  00 


5500 


$906,219 
3,693,936 
2,372,430 

78,793 
$7,051,378 

$556,276 

1,159,509 
1,624,282 
1,287,406 
1,425,206 
602,829 
1,724,066 

4.367,705 
3,112,670 

1.650.925 
1,720,318 


$615,000 
2,070,000 


$2,685,000 

$275,000 


200,000 
175,000 
350,000 

600,000 

1,800,000 

1,100,000 

380,000 

300,000 


Totals 426,363 


$19,230,692   $5,180,000 


!    ;it 


i 


I      II 


Standard  Consolidateu 


APPENDIX. 


Year. 
1879 
1880 
1881 


Tons. 
26,608 
59.406 
63.512 


Avcr.igc  Yield.  Gross  Yield.  Dividends. 

$54  94  $1,461,825  $550,000 

33  35  1,981,247  950,000 

32  81  2,084,550  975,000 


Totals 149,526 


Belcher. 


1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 


18,468 

83.195 
156,000 
166,739 
124,140 
13'. 328 


$64  93 
57  63 
69  69 
5488 
27  26 
2r,  23 


$5,527,622  $2,475,000 


$1,199,134 

4.794.659 
10,779,171 

9.150.533 
3.383.874 
2,920,461 


$2,184,000 

6,760,000 

t;. 304,000 

312,000 

416,000 


Totals 678,534    $47  57   $32,227,868  $14,976,000 


BuLWER  Consolidated. 

1879,  1880         2,850 

1880,  i88i  7,432 

Totals 10,282 


Black  Bear. 


.1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
18S0 
i88i 


1,578 

11.933 
11,126 
16,000 
12,792 
18,698 
20,278 
16,054 
13.762 
9.5  n 


$97  37 
10  86 


$23  49 
16  29 

1843 

14  73 

21  73 

12  II 

697 

9  21 

940 

936 


$277,517 
80,711 

$358,228 

$37,080 

193.942 
205,312 
235,106 
273,526 
223,830 
141,430 

147,937 

129,467 

89,051 


Totals. 


•131.732        $1265        $1,676,684      $832,147 


Notes. — Several  mines  represented  in  the  tables  show  no  returns  for 
a  number  of  years  past.  The  Gould  &  Curry,  and  also  the  Savage,  have 
yielded  nothing  of  note  since  1873,  nor  the  Hale  &  Norcross  since  1874; 
the  Chollar-Potosi  has  produced  but  little  since  1872,  and  the  Kentuck  re- 
ports nothing  for  the  same  period.  The  Empire  appears  to  have  produced 
nothing  since  1869.  The  Belcher  has  done  but  little  since  1876,  and  Crown 
Point  ceased  producing  in  1876.  The  Raymond  &  Ely  is  reported  as  pro- 
ducing nothing  since  1875. 

The  table  of  the  Yellow  Jacket  Mine  is  made  up  from  the  official  report 
of  Clarence  King,  but  differs  materially  from  that  of  the"  secretary  of  the 
company,  who  says  that  the  gross  yield  is  but  $7,143,721,  instead  of  $io,- 
583,448,  and  that  the  dividends  are  $2,184,000,  instead  of  $1,740,000,  as 
reported  by  King.  He  also  says  that  a  dividend  of  $2.50  per  share  was 
declared  in  1871. 


iMut 


API'KNDIX. 


743 


The  profits  of  the  Justice  Mine  in  1875,  1876,  and  1877,  are  reported  to 
have  been  $161,062  75. 

The  period  marked  1868,  1869,  under  the  iiead  of  Yellow  Jacket,  means 
the  term  of  18  months  from  July  i,  1868,  to  December  31,  1869. 

The  Meadow  Valley  Mine,  from  1869  to  1871  inclusive,  yielded  $1,671,- 
965,  gross,  and  declared  dividends  to  the  amount  of  $330,000;  in  1872,  the 
gross  yield  was  $1,628,408,  out  of  which  were  paid  $690,000  in  dividends; 
total  yield  from  1869  to  1872,  $3,299,873 — dividends,  $1,020,000. 

The  Northern  Belle  Mine  has  been  a  dividend-paying  mine  for  more  than 
S  years.  The  report  for  i88i  shows  28,706  tons  of  ore  crushed,  with  a  gross 
yield  of  $1,293,700,  averaging  $45  07  per  ton.  This  mine  paid  a  dividend 
for  188 1  of  $362,500. 

The  Ontario  Mine,  Parley's  Park,  Utah,  yielded  in  1877,  gross,  $1,726,480; 
in  1878,  $1,455,051;  in  1879,  $1,359,181;  in  1880,  $1,813,636;  in  1881,  $791,- 
605;  total  yield,  $7,145,955. 

The  Black  Bear  Mine  produced  in  the  10  years  reported,  $60,000  worth 
of  tailings,  which  sum  is  to  be  added  to  the  total  yield,  $1,676,681,  in  the 
table,  making  a  grand  total  of  $1,736,684.  No  figures  are  given  of  the 
yearly  dividends,  but  the  total,  $832,147,  shows  a  yearly  average  of  $83,214 

The  Milton  Gravel  Mining  and  Water  Company,  Nevada  County,  Cali- 
fornia, has  received  a  total  of  $2,748,083  from  their  mines  and  the  sale  of 
water,  with  a  profit  of  $1,014,886;  have  declared  dividends  amounting  to 
$561,284,  and  redeemed  $150,000  of  the  bonds  out  of  the  $300,000  issued. 

The. North  Bloomfield  Gravel  Mining  and  Water  Company,  Nevada 
County,  California,  from  1866  to  1874,  received,  as  gross  yield  from  their 
mines  and  the  sales  of  water,  $218,073,  profit  $2,232;  for  1875,  $83,070, 
profit  $22,072;  for  1876,  $200,366,  profit  $98,476;  for  1877,  $291,125,  profit 
$148,172;  for  1878,  $311,276,  profit  $140,635;  for  1879  and  1880,  $287,424, 
profit  $122,928;  for  :  J.,  $241,446,  profit  $121,792.  Total  gross  yield, 
$1,965,050;  total  prcn'.-',  ''"^40,665.  The  dividends  during  this  period  aggre- 
gated $506,250,  and  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $150,000  were  redeemed  out 
of  the  $500,000  issued.  From  stock  owned  by  this  company  in  the  Milton 
Mining  and  Water  Company  there  was  an  income  during  this  period  of 
$272,629,  which  is  to  be  added  to  $840,665,  the  amount  of  profits  above 
named,  making  a  true  total  of  $1,1 13,294  as  the  profits  of  the  North  Bloom- 
field  Company  from  iiJ66  to  1881. 


Commercial  Policy. — The  American  portion  of  our  slope  has  much  to 
gain  and  little  to  lose  by  a  liberal  commercial  policy.  A  high  protective 
tariff  takes  $10  from  the  consumers  in  California  and  adjacent  States  for  $1 
given  to  the  producers;  and  there  is  no  probability  that  the  benefits  of  such 


744 


APPENDIX. 


legislation  wciulcl  equal  the  bunlcns  within  50  years.  Lacking  coal,  cotton, 
hard-wood,  and  cheap  labor,  we  shall  have  to  devote  most  of  our  ener- 
gies to  the  production  of  raw  materials,  which  require  and  receive  little 
protection,  'vhile  \vc  must  purchase  manufactured  products  at  prices  doubled 
by  a  heavy  tariff. 

If  protection  is  demanded  by  the  more  populous  portions  of  the  Repub- 
lic, they  should  at  least  permit  the  Pacific  States  to  obtain  such  reciprocity 
treaties  as  will  develop  the  resources  of  the  countries  bordering  on  the 
North  Pacific,  and  cultivate  those  amicable  feelings  which  may  lead  in  time 
to  more  intimate  political  relations.  The  interests  of  the  United  States 
demand  that  British  Columbia,  if  not  the  entire  Canadian  Dominion, 
should  be  induced  by  justice,  kindnes.s,  and  industrial,  comme  1,  and  polit- 
ical harmonies,  to  enter  the  American  Union.  There  is  gi  cd  of  reci- 
procity on  our  coast  with  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and  America. 
We  have  no  desire  to  defend  all  the  features  or  influences  of  the  present 
Hawaiian  reciprocity  treaty;  but  the  main  objects  of  the  documents  arc 
commendable,  and  some  of  its  effects  have  been  highly  satisfactory. 

The  annual  imports  of  the  seaports  on  the  North  Atlantic  amount  to 
about  $4,000,000,000,  and  are  sources  of  vast  profits  and  savings  to  all  the 
countries  which  participate  in  that  vast  and  unparalleled  traffic.  The 
American  portion  of  our  coast,  having  the  largest  and  most  active  foreign 
commerce  on  the  North  Pacific,  has  a  duty  as  well  as  an  interest  in  striving 
to  build  up  a  commerce  relatively  as  active  on  our  ocean.  Generous  in- 
ternational policy  is  one  of  the  chief  aids  to  commercial  and  industrial 
success. 


Havraiian  Traffic. — The  total  exports  of  the  Hawaiian  Kingdom  for 
1 88 1  were  $6,715,000;  the  total  imports  $4,548,000.  Of  the  exports,  $6,- 
407,000  worth,  consisting  entirely  of  raw  produce,  were  shipped  to  San 
Francisco.  Of  the  imports,  $3,396,000,  or  75  per  cent,  of  the  gross  amount, 
were  American  goods,  and  $2,640,000,  or  58  per  cent.,  were  goods  shipped 
from  San  Francisco. 

The  Hawaiian  Islands  consume  largely  of  our  produce,  and  purchase 
more  of  our  manufactured  goods  than  any  foreign  country  in  the  world ; 
nor  are  these  goods  restricted  to  machinery  and  implements  for  use  on  the 
sugar  plantations.  Besides  2,200  packages  of  machinery,  5,000  packages 
of  iron  pipe  (for  irrigation  purposes),  380  cases  of  agricultural  implements, 
and  2,200  packages  of  castings,  nearly  all  of  which  were,  no  doubt,  in- 
tended for  the  plantations,  exports  from  San  Francis-^u,  in  1881,  included 
2,400  packages  of  furniture,  630  rolls  of  leather,  i;6oo  cases  of  boots  and 
shoes,  360  cases  of  saddlery,  1,500,000  bricks,  1,800,000  feet  of  lumber,  12,- 


APPrNDIX, 


745 


250,000  shingles,  17,000  sacks  of  potatoes,  1,000  tons  of  oats,  1,400  tons  of 
barley,  2,200  tons  of  flour,  190  tons  of  refined  su{;ar,  and  larffc  quantities  of 
canned  fisli,  fruit,  meats,  and  other  provisions.  Of  the  gross  vakie  of 
exports  from  California  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  lcS8i,  amounting  to 
$2,640,000,  more  than  $1,500,000  consisted  of  Pacific  Coast  manufactures. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  discrimination  in  favor  of  the  Hawaiian  King- 
dom is  an  unfair  one;  that  if  it  is  desirable  to  admit  sugar  from  that  quarter 
free  of  duty,  it  is  also  desirable  to  import  free  sugar  from  the  I'hilippine 
Islands,  Central  America,  Mexico,  and  other  sources  of  supply.  There  is 
little  ilciubt  that  such  a  course  would  be  of  benefit  to  our  coast,  if  treaties 
could  '  negotiated  with  those  countries,  similar  to  the  one  now  existing 
with  the  Hawaiian  Island.s,  allowing  the  free  admission  of  American  pro- 
duce and  manufactures.  Mexico  and  Central  America  took  from  us,  in 
1 88 1,  $3,200,000  worth  of  merchandise,  including  a  large  proportion  of 
manufactured  good.s,  and  if  either  of  those  countries  could  find  here  a 
better  outlet  for  their  own  raw  materials,  they  would  certainly  purchase 
more  freely  of  Pacific  Coast  produce  and  manufactures. 

Nine  tenths  of  the  Hawaiian  plantations  arc  worked  by  American  cap- 
ital; nearly  all  the  best  sugar-lands  arc  owned  or  leased  by  Americans; 
nearly  all  the  ships  and  machinery,  required  to  handle  the  crop,  were  built 
with  American  money.  The  commercial  relations  of  the  United  States 
with  the  Hawaiian  Kingdom  arc  not  unlike  those  of  England  with  Aus- 
tralia and  Canada,  both  of  which  countries,  though  developed  with  the  aid 
of  English  capital,  and  nominally  a  part  of  the  British  dominions,  arc 
virtually  free  from  British  rule.  It  would  be  almost  as  reasonable  for  Eng- 
land to  impose  a  tariff  on  Australian  wool  or  Canadian  lumber,  as  it  would 
be  for  the  United  States  to  restore  the  duty  on  Hawaiian  sugar. 

San  Francisco  does  not  expect  to  compete  with  Eastern  refineries  on 
their  own  ground,  but  to  supply  those  points  for  which  she  is  the  natural 
distributing  center.  She  already  meets  almost  the  entire  demand  of  the 
Pacific  States  and  Territories,  and  during  1 88 1  shipped  abroad  $326,000 
worth  of  refined  sugar,  including  $150,000  worth  to  British  Columbia,  $68,- 
000  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  $20,000  to  Japan,  $15,000  to  Tahiti, 
$14,000  to  Mexico,  $8,000  to  South  America,  and  $5  1,000  to  other  countries 
with  which  our  metropolis  has  commercial  relations.  In  doing  .so,  we  of 
course  competed  to  a  small  extent  with  Eastern  refineries;  but  if  they  can 
send  their  sugar  to  California  at  the  rate  of  nearly  $7,000,000  worth  a  year 
and  make  a  profit  by  doing  so,  after  paying  more  than  $1,000,000  in  freight 
to  the  railroad  companies,  they  have  surely  no  great  reason  to  complain  that 
our  San  Francisco  refineries  ship  to  foreign  countries  at  the  rate  of  $326,- 
000  a  year. 
94 


746 


APPENDIX. 


i  .>; 


^1 


An  Australian  Complaint. — The  Australasians  complaiii  that  the 
American  (X)stal  department  has  insulted  and  wrontjed  them  by  levying 
high  charges  on  the  British  closed  mail-bags  crossing  the  American  terri- 
tory, between  England  and  y\ustralia,  for  the  jjurpose  of  making  a  profit  on 
the  transaction.  RoiiERT  J.  CUKKWITON,  resident  agent  of  New  Zealand 
in  San  Francisco,  said  in  an  official  ccnmunication  dated  iVugust  1 8,  1879: 
"If  this  unreasonable  impost  he  continuously  levied,  the  Pacific  mail 
service  will  be  discontinued,  and  the  American  llag  will  disappear,  except 
casually,  from  the  .South  Pacific."  In  the  same  document  he  asserted  that 
he  had  the  authority  of  A.  \.  TOWNK,  superintendent  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  for  stating  tiiat  the  railroads  did  not  get  one  per  cent,  of 
the  amount  rharge  by  the  government  for  transporting  the  British  closed 
mails  across  the  continent,  and  therefore  they  were  not  to  be  held_rcspon- 
.sible  for  ilie  extortion.  He  says  further:  "ft  is  unreasonable  to  e.xpect 
foreign  communities  to  tax  themselves  continuously  [by  steamship  subsi- 
dies) to  preserve  trading  intercourse  with  a  country  which  *  *  sends 
its  mails  tens  of  thousands  of  miles  at  their  cost,  and  makes  a  large  profit 
upon  liieir  mail  freight  across  its  territor)-." 

Flour  by  Rail. — Exports  of  flour  b)-  the  overland  route  are  likely  to  Ixj 
larger  in  proportion  to  the  \olumc  of  production  than  those  of  wheat:  as 
floLM'  is  more  liable  to  injury  from  a  sea  voyage,  and,  being  a  more  valuable 
commodity,  can  better  bear  the  expense  of  freight.  Moderate  shipments 
have  already  been  made  to  New  Orleans ;  and,  though  exporters  do  not 
look  to  England  for  an>'  great  increase  in  business,  they  will,  no  doubt, 
avail  themselves  of  the  overland  route  to  ship  flour  to  England  whenever 
quotations  reach  a  high  figure. 

The  cost  of  shipping  wheat  from  San  Francisco  to  Ouecnstown  or  Liver- 
pool averages  about  $15  a  ton,  against  .f>3.75  from  New  York  and  $7 
from  Chicago.  In  1880  the  wheat  crop  of  California  exceeded  1,600,000 
tons,  and  was  larger  than  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union.  If  the  future 
ratio  of  increase  should  keep  pace  with  the  past,  California  will  i)roduce  in 
1890  about  3,250,000  tons,  anil  the  quantity  required  for  home  consump- 
tion will  probably  not  excecil  750,000  tons,  leaving  2,500,000  tons  for 
export.  Nor  is  there  any  rea.son  to  apprehend  that  such  an  increase  of 
production  would  be  attended  with  any  .serious  decrease  in  value.  When 
the  total  crop  of  California  amounted  only  to  250,000  tons,  it  brought  only 
$1  a  ton  more  than  in  1880 — the  year  of  the  greatest  yield — when  the 
production  w.is  nearly  7  times  as  great. 

Increase  of  Manufactures. — One  of  the  principal  reasons  for  the  falling 

olf  in  iiur  treasure  exports  is   the  increase  in  the  volume  of  our  manufac- 


APPENDIX, 


747 


tures.     The  gross  value  of  Pacific  Coiist  manufactures  for  r88i  can  not  be 
estimated  at  less  than  $130,000,000,  and  probably  reached  a  much  hii^her 
fiLjurc.     Of  this  amount,  at  least  $28,000,000  represents  the  second  value 
that  labor  adds  t(j  about  $67,000,000  worth  of  raw  produce,  and  $35,000,- 
000  the  miscellaneous  expenses  and  interest  on  capital.     If  all  the  wool, 
hides,  and  other  raw  materials  produced  on  this  coast  were  manufactured 
here  into  finished  goods,  instead  of  being  sent  abroad  and  coming  back  to 
us  in  forms  adapted  for  ultimate  consumption,  after  receiving  double,  and 
even  quadruple  value,  the  volume  of  our  home  manufactures  would  reacli 
at  least  double  its  present  amount.     There  is  on  this  coast  abundance  of 
labor  and  capital ;  and  within  the  last  year  especially,  our  manufactures 
have  made  remarkable  progress.     What  is  now  most  needed  is  to  find  for 
them  a  better  outlet.     In  the  sparsely  populated  regions  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  there  is  not  demand  enough  for  them  even  at  the  present  rate  of 
production ;  and  it  is  probable  that  they  will  increase  in  amount  more  than 
in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  population.     The  natural  outlet  for  them  is 
not  only  in  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories, but  in  British  Columbia,  Mexico, 
Central  and  South  America,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  China,  Japan,  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  and  other  countries  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.     British 
Columbia  and  the  western  slope  of  Mexico,  separated  from  the  Eastern 
States  by  a  long  stretch  of  almost  uninhabited  country,  both  consume 
largely  of  our  manufactures.     British  Columbia  taxes  our  commodities  but 
lightly,  while  her  own  produce  is  subject  to  a  heavy  duty  when  shipped  to 
American  ports.      Several  of  the  Australian  colonics  admit  our  produce 
duty-free,  while  paying  us  heavy  toll  on  their  wool,  coal,  and  other  articles 
exported  to  this  country. 

Oregon's  Traffic. — Oregon  imports  from  England  iron  and  steel  rails, 
gla.ss,  liquors,  tin,  and  some  other  articles ;  from  British  Columbia,  hides, 
oil,  ai.i  wool;  from  Australia,  coal;  from  China,  general  mcrchandi.se ;  and 
fron-'  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  sugar,  molasses,  and  rice.  The  total  impo.'ts 
of  Portland  for  1881  directly  from  foreign  sources,  were  $639,000,  against 
$486,000  in  1880,  the  difference  being  largely  due  to  the  importation  from 
England  of  steel  rails,  required  for  railroads  in  course  of  construction. 
Hong-Kong  also  shipped  $134,000  worth  of  goods  to  Portland  in  1881, 
against  $84,000  in  1880,  the  increase  being  caused  by  the  large  number  of 
Chinamen  employed  on  the  railroads.  The  voyage  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  to  the  principal  ports  of  China  is  shorter  than  from  the  Golden 
Gate;  and  when  direct  railroad  communication  is  opened  between. Oregon 
and  the  liastern  States,  it  is  possible  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
trade  between  China  and  the  United  States  will  be  diverted  to  Portland. 


ill 


M 


748 


APPENDIX. 


:l' 


Besides  supplying  large  quantities  of  raw  produce  and  manufactures  to 
Washington  Territory  and  Idaho,  Portland  shipped  by  steamer  to  San 
Francisco  in  1881,  nearly  135,000  tons  of  wheat,  flour,  cattle,  fish,  wool,  and 
other  commodities;  and  considerable  quantities  of  coal  and  lumber  were 
shipped  from  other  ports  in  Orgon  to  various  jioints  on  the  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

Dry  Wines. — Tastes  do  not  agree  in  regard  to  the  merits  of  the  wines 
made  from  the  various  grapes  and  in  the  different  districts.  As  the  best 
for  a  light  white  wine,  Riesling  would  probably  obtain  more  votes  than  any 
other.  The  delicacy  of  its  perfume,  the  richness  of  its  flavor,  the  beauty  and 
peculiar  brightness  of  its  color  when  it  has  reached  maturity  after  several 
years  of  tender  care,  are  its  iireemincnt  merits.  The  Golden  Chasselas  has 
similar,  yet  different  excellences;  and  the  best  samples  of  it  made  in  Cali- 
fornia compare  favorably  with  the  fine  Gutedel  brands  of  the  Rhine.  The 
Berger  is  a  vcrj-  valuable  grape,  rich  in  precious  qualities,  especially  service- 
able, in  the  judgment  of  some  experienced  wine-makers,  when  mi.xed  in 
the  press  with  other  varieties.  The  Blaue  Elben,  German  Muscatel,  Gren- 
ache,  Sauvignon  Vcrte,  Chalossc,  and  Carignanc  each  have  peculiar  and 
valuable  tiualities. 

Of  the  dr)-  wines  of  California,  not  more  than  one  third  has  been  red, 
but  the  latter  color  is  gaining  in  favor,  though  as  the  grapes  must  be  fer- 
mented with  the  skins,  there  is  more  cxjicnse  in  making  it.  Pinot,  Char- 
bonncau,  Grenache,  Wataro,  and  Black  Malvoisie  are  prized  next  to 
Zinfandel,  which  is  in  some  important  points  unsurpassed,  and  is  now  the 
leading  favorite.  Malvoisie  is  rich  in  flavor  and  body,  but  capricious  as  to 
soil,  difficult  to  hantlle,  and,  in  srmie  respects,  still  subject  to  experiment, 
and  by  many  more  prized  for  mixing  than  for  separate  use. 

The  Californian  wines  are  sometimes  named  from  the  grape  which  gives, 
or  is  supposed  to  give,  their  flavor.  There  is  no  difficulty  in  finding  pure 
Zinfandel,  Goklen  Chasselas,  Gutedel,  or  Riesling  in  the  San  Franci.sco 
market;  the  other  varieties  are  usually  mixed.  Most  of  the  brands  are 
those  of  the  wine  merchant;  in  a  few  ca.scs,  the  wines  are  prepared  for  the 
market  at  the  vineyards,  and  can  be  obtainetl  in  the  bottle  under  the  label 
of  the  grape-grower. 

Sweet  Wines.— The  dry  wines  arc  those  in  which  the  sugar  has  all  been 
changed  into  spirit  by  fermentation;  sweet  wines  are  those  which  retain 
part  of  their  sugar.  The  dry  wines  have  usually  from  lo  to  14  per  cent,  of 
alcohol;  the  sweet  wines  from  14  to  20  percent.  When  grape  juice  has 
sugar  enough  to  make  more  than  1 5  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  complete  fermen- 


1 


APPENDIX. 


749 


tation  becomes  slow  and  difficult;  and  with  1 8  percent,  of  alcohol,  which 
can  be  obtained  by  adding  brandy,  further  change  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances is  arrested.  As  the  fully  ripe  grapes  will,  of  the  sweet  varieties, 
■yield  at  least  12  per  cent,  of  spirit,  and  often  14,  an  addition  of  4  or  6  per 
cent,  of  spirit  before  fermentation  has  been  completed,  will  convert  them 
into  sweet  wines.  To  this  class  belong  the  Califomian  ports  and  sherries, 
which  arc  good  imitations  of  the  genuine  European  beverages  of  the  same 
name,  and  in  some  cases,  superior  in  quality.  They  arc  usually  made  by 
adding  from  C  to  12  percent,  of  brandy  about  4  weeks  after  the  commence- 
ment of  fermentation;  or  a  smaller  proportion  of  spirit  is  added  if  the 
grapes  were  allowed  to  become  partially  dry  on  the  vines  before  they  were 
sent  to  the  press.  The  Mission  grape,  in  the  .southern  part  of  California,  is 
well  suited  in  sweetness,  flavor,  and  color  for  the  production  of  wine  of  the 
port  class. 

The  climate  of  California  allows  all  varieties  of  wine  grapes  to  ripen 
thoroughly  before  frost,  and  usually  before  heavy  rains,  which  is  as  injuri- 
ous as  fn-  L  to  the  mature  berries,  causing  them  to  burst.  Complete  ma- 
turity under  a  clear  summer  sky  secures  to  the  grape  a  large  proportion  of 
sui'fir;  and  the  wine  made  from  it,  like  that  made  in  Spain,  is  richer  than 
t-  -n'-s  of  Germany  and  Northern  France,  in  spirit.  The  proportion  of 
alcM  11   the  lighter  wines  of  California  ranges  from  10  to  14  percent.; 

and,  in  man)' districts,  it  is  difficult  aflci  lie  i  rop  has  ripened,  to  obt.uii  less 
than  12  per  11  .a.  This  cxceptii'iial  strength  in  spirit  has  made  it  difficult 
to  ferment  the  wine  |)r<)|)erly,  anr  has  also  tended  to  divert  attention  from 
the  development  of  ihe  more  delicitc  flavors,  which  are  the  results  of  thor- 
ough fermentation,  and  are  more  readi!'    <>bser\ed  in  the  lighter  wine.s. 

Angelica,  generally  classed  .uriong  tiie  wines  though  it  has  some  of  the 
qualities  of  a  cordial,  is  ma<ie  by  adding  18  per  cent,  of  brandy  to  unfer- 
mented  grape  juice,  or  from  10  to  15  per  cent,  to  grape  juice  partially  fer- 
mented. 

Of  the  wines  .shipiied  to  the  l''.astirn  States,  45  per  cent,  is  light  red,  35 
light  white,  and  the  remainiiv     '^^       isists  of  port,  sherry,  and  angelica. 

The    comparison   of  the   _,  if    the  grapes   with    that  of   the    wine 

indicates  a  great  waste,  which  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  poor  quality  of 
much  of  the  Califomian  wine.  Of  course  bad  repute  and  low  prices 
followed  poor  quality,  and  the  industry  suffered.  The  wine  interests  of 
California  have  encountered  many  serious  obstacles.  The  early  vineyards 
were  planted  in  rich,  moist  soils,  where  cultivation  was  easy,  and  the  grape 
crop  large,  but  the  wine  was  strong  and  coarse.  The  vincyardists  were 
poor,  or  relatively  poor,  and  would  not  spend  the  money  required  to  make 
a  clean  and  delicate  wine. 


3 


7SO 


APPENDIX. 


Photography. — California  has  lonfj  been  noted  for  the  beauty  of  many 
of  her  photographs.  Of  course,  here  as  elsewhere,  much  poor  work  is 
turned  out,  but  an  exceptionally  large  proportion  of  the  portraits  have  been 
sharp  and  well  modeled,  after  the  subjects  had  been  posed  so  as  to  show 
the  features  and  expression  in  the  best  light.  The  skill  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco photographers  became  a  matter  of  national  reputation,  and  it  fre- 
quently happened  that  one  of  the  first  things  that  the  stranger  did  after 
arriving  in  the  Pacific  metropolis  from  New  York  or  Europe,  was  to  have 
his  picture  taken.  In  land-scapc  the  work  was  equally  good,  and  received 
additional  interest  from  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  the  scenery.  In  photo- 
graphing animals  in  rapid  motion,  MUYBKIDGK  made  inventions  of  world- 
wide interest.  Something  of  the  excellence  of  the  Califomian  photograph.s 
is  to  be  attributed  to  the  climate,  but  more  to  the  taste  and  ambition  of  the 
men  who  have  taken  leading  places  in  the  business. 

I.  W.  Taber. — Among  the  San  Francisco  photographers,  I.  W.  TabeR  is 
noted  for  the  merit  of  his  work.  His  parlors,  at  No.  8  Montgomery  Street, 
contain  numerous  excellent  productions  of  his  artistic  skill,  including  the 
likenesses  of  prominent  residents  of  our  coast  and  distinguished  visitors,  as 
well  as  a  very  comprehensive  collection  of  landscape  views  in  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  Japan,  Utah,  the  Yosemite  Valley,  San  Francisco,  at  the  Big 
Trees,  and  the  Geysers,  and  along  the  lines  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
and  the  Columbia  River.  Mr.  Taber  came  to  California  in  1849,  ami  hav- 
ing spent  10  years  on  our  coast  as  sailor,  miner,  and  farmer,  went  back  to 
his  native  State,  Massachusetts.  yXfter  devoting  srtmc  years  to  photog- 
raphy, he  returned  to  San  Francisco  in  1864,  and  entered  the  house  of 
Bradley  &  Rulokson,  with  whom  he  spent  7  years;  afterwards  he  was 
a  .short  time  with  MoR.SE;  and  then  opened  his  own  gallery,  which  now 
ranks  among  the  fir^i  in  the  United  States. 

J.  R.  Hodson. — One  of  the  most  extensive  and  complete  photographic 
establishments  on  this  coast  is  that  of  J.  R.  lIoD.SON,  at  521  J  Street,  Sac- 
ramento City.  The  situation  in  the  capital  of  California  has  given  the 
proprietor  opportunities  to  take  pictures  of  the  political  celebrities  of  the 
State,  and  he  has  a  large  collection  of  them  as  well  as  of  other  notabilities. 
In  one  .sense  he  may  be  called  the  Court  Photographer  of  California,  and 
the  merit  of  his  work  makes  him  \\nrth}'  of  his  ])osition.  The  legislature 
of  1881  (srdered  some  of  his  ])ictui  ^  to  be  hung  up  in  the  State  Capitol. 
Mr.  MoDsoN  is  the  inventor  of  a  metluul  of  engraving  in  the  film  of  the 
negative  so  as  to  reinosi-nt  lace  or  '  nibmidery. 

A.  H.  Lighthall. — One  of  tlv  notable  iiwcntors  of  .San  Francisco  is  A. 
H.    Licil  rUAl-L,    though    his    most  valuable   invention — the   atmospheric 


m  ? 


n 


APPENDIX. 


751 


pressure  and  vacuum  air-brake  used  on  all  well-managed  railroads — was 
made  while  his  home  was  in  his  native  State  of  New  York.  Since  becom- 
ing a  resident  of  California,  he  has  invented  a  combined  header  and 
thresher,  which  has  been  used  for  .several  years,  and  has  given  such  .satis- 
faction that  a  company  has  been  organized,  with  a  capital  of  $300,000,  to 
manufacture  the  LiGilTHALL  Harvesters,  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Silver  streets,  San  Francisco.  Arrangements  are  also  being  made  to  man- 
ufacture them  in  Chicago  and  in  Canada  and  Australia,  the  inventor  having 
obtained  patents  in  the  leading  British  Colonies.  Mr.  LiGHTllALL  is  also 
the  inventor  of  a  mining  pump,  and  his  father  invented  the  LiGHTHALL 
Marine  Condenser. 

Thomas  Hildreth.— Mention  has  been  made  in  Chapter  XIV.  of  DUN- 
riiv"  &  Hildreth,  who  were  prominent  among  the  cattle  dealers  of  our 
coast  from  1855  till  1881.  In  the  latter  year  the  firm  dissolved.  TllOMAS 
Hildreth,  having  .sold  out  to  his  partner  his  interest  in  the  cattle  and 
cattle  farms,  devoted  .such  attention  as  he  was  disposed  to  give  to  business 
to  the  management  of  his  rancho  of  17,000  acres  in  Fresno  County.  This 
large  estate  is  entirely  inclo.scd  with  fence,  and  much  of  it  is  under  culti- 
vation. He  resides  at  San  Jose,  where  his  children  are  receiving  their 
education.  Mr.  Hii.DRETH,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  Missouri,  until  he  arrived  in  California  in  1849.  For  a  few  months  he 
was  a  miner,  and  then  went  to  Los  Angeles.  There  he  bought,  for  $25  a 
head,  a  drove  of  cattle,  which  he  sold  in  the  mines  for  $100  each.  In  1851 
he  went  to  Chihuahua  for  sheep,  of  which  he  lost  1 1,000  on  the  road  to  Cal- 
ifornia; and  in  1853  he  went  to  Missouri  for  cattle,  of  which  he  lost  one 
third,  and  for  sheep,  of  which  he  lost  one  third,  on  the  road  to  California. 
Such  experiences  were  costly  but  in.structive,  and  prepared  him  for  great 
and  continuous  success  in  later  years. 

Russ  House. — The  Russ  House,  one  of  the  large  and  well-managed 
hotels  of  San  Francisco,  has  300  rooms,  and  accommodations  for  400 
guests.  It  is  under  the  management  of  S.  H.  Sevmouk,  who  has  been 
its  landlord  for  17  years.  In  connection  with  his  hotel,  he  owns  a  boarding- 
stable,  which  occupies  the  lower  part  of  a  brick  building  4  stories  high, 
and  137  feet  in  front  by  52  deep.  Pecuniarily,  at  least,  Mr.  SEYMOUR  has 
been  the  most  successful  hotel-keeper  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  having  accumu- 
lated, it  is  said,  half  a  million  in  his  business,  in  which  he  has  been  en- 
gaged since  he  was  a  boy.  A  native  of  Germany,  he  came  to  America  at 
the  age  of  9,  and  began  to  support  himself  as  bell-boy  in  the  Planters' 
Hotel,  St.  Louis.  In  1853  he  came  to  California,  and  almost  immediately 
found  employment  in  the  American   Exchange,  then  the  leading  hotel  of 


ti 


it 

;)    I 

♦1 


752 


APrENIHX. 


San  Francisco.     After  a  lapse  of  7  years  he  became  its  landlord ;  and  in  4 
years  cleared  $100,000.     In   1865  he  became  proprietor  of  the  Russ  Mouse. 

Hotels  in  the  North. — Amon<j  the  prominent  hotels  on  the  northern 
part  of  our  coast,  each  the  leading  house  in  its  locality,  arc  the  Driard 
House,  in  Victoria;  the  Arlinp;ton  House,  in  Seattle;  the  Halstcad  House, 
in  NewTacoma;  the  North-western  Hotel,  Dayton,  \V.  T.;  and  the  Central 
Hotel,  at  Port  Townsciid. 

Leading  Business  Houses. — The  following  list  is  designed  to  include 
the  names  of  all  the  leading  mercantile  and  manufacturing  establishments 
of  our  slope,  and  if  any,  that  should  be  here,  arc  omitted,  the  cause  is  inad- 
vertence or  lack  of  complete  information.  The  general  rule  governing  the 
com])ilation  has  been  to  include  no  mercantile  houses  save  those  engaged 
in  wholesale  or  importing  business,  and  no  manufacturing  establishment 
unless  it  produces  for  "the  trade;"  but  some  deviations  from  the  main  prin- 
ciple necessarily  resulted  from  the  differences  in  the  nature  of  business. 
The  proprietors  of  Langli;v's  San  Francisco  Directory  ha\'e  kindly  per- 
mitted us  to  use  their  work  in  preparing  ours,  and  our  examination  of  it 
has  given  us  a  high  estimate  of  the  intelligent  labor  and  care  spent  in  its 
pii  '.nation.  We  have  also  had  occasion  to  refer  to  L.  M.  McKk.WEY's 
Pacific  Coast  Directory^  and  have  foimd  it  comprehensive  and  valuable. 

As  it  is  our  expectation  to  issue  subsequent  editions  of  Tlie  Commerce 
and  Industries,  wc  .shall  be  glad  to  receive  information  of  mistakes,  omis- 
sions, changes  in  old  business  houses,  and  the  foundation  of  new  ones. 

We  have  made  separate  headings  for  manufacturing  and  merchandising 
establishments,  marking  the  former  as  manufacturers,  leaving  it  to  be  under- 
stood that  if  the  heading  indicates  a  class  of  merchandise,  without  further 
remark,  then  all  the  houses  mentioned  under  it  are  dealers,  not  producers. 
Thus  the  heading  "Agricultural  Implements,  Manufacturers "  means  that 
all  the  houses  in  its  list  have  factories;  while  those  engaged  in  the  importa- 
tion and  sale  of  such  implements,  are  mentioned  under  the  simple  head  of 
"Agricultural  Implements."  In  other  words,  if  the  designation  "manufac- 
turers" is  not  expressed,  then  importing  or  wholesale  "dealers"  is  implied. 

The  abbreviation  A.  is  for  Arizona;  av.  for  Avenue;  \\.  C.  for  ]5ritish 
Columbia,  C.  for  California;  I.  for  Idaho;  Mcx.  for  Mexico;  I\Ifg.  for  IManu- 
facturing;  I'kg.  for  Packing;  Mon.  for  Montana;  N.  for  Nevada;  N.  M.  for 
New  Mexico;  O.  for  Oregon;  S.  I",  for  .San  I"rancisco;  st.  for  street;  W.  for 
Washington;  and  U.  for  Utah.  The  different  classes  of  production  and 
occupati(Jii  are  arranged  alphabetically,  except  that  Dry  Goods  appear  on 
page  787,  Salmon  Canneries  on  788,  and  Hotels  on  789. 


APPENDIX. 


733 


AfiTIICULTUUAL  nirLEJtENTS. 

Baiter  t  Hamilton Pmo  anil  Datla  nts. ,  3.  F.,  O 

li.;!; ;;•  I:  IlaraUon Sacramento,  C 

Eat:hcl  :cr.  Van  Gcl.kr  t  Co Sacramento,  0 

EilU.  Gso HanJosj,  O 

Da7k.,Gea  A OT  Maifet  at,  fJ.  r.,  C 

DjiT,  Vr.  .1 WaUv  V.'aUa,  W 

rr.:nk  Kroa 313  Mark,  t  fit.,  .'j.  T.,  O 

Friir.!iI!ro3..'.' I'ortland,  O 

I-rank  l;ro3 Lo3  An:;eles,  O 

Oibsontlk'Cics Osilcn,  U 

Gieso,  Henry Lo3 /Vnselea,  0 

(iran:ier»'  llualucsa  Asb'd 106  Davia  St,  S.  F.,  C 

nanua,F.  li LosAuselea,  O 

Hawley,  Mareua  C.  &  Co 301-9  Market  st. ,  S.  F„  C 

IIa«lcy,  Marcus  C.  .S  Co Sacramento,  0 

lIo\iuan,  Stanton  £i  Co Sacramento,  C 

Jonc-„W Walla  Walla,  ^y 

Kualip,  Eurrcll  &  Co Portlan.l,  O 

Linfort!!,  Rico  £i  Co 323  Marlalct.,  S.  r.,C 

Lone,  .'.o.  A S""  Lake  City,  U 

Meoro,  C.  t  M.  C Vy-alla  Walla,  W 

Iv-oirbtL-y,  Ilawthorno  t  Co V.'iJla  Walla,  W 

Kowl)Ury,II.vv.-;lionie&Co jU'oany,  O 

Ncwbnry,  Ilawtborn  j  li  Co Forllaua,  O 

03bom.',  D.  M.  tCo 33  Market  r,t.,  H.  V.,  C 

Cs'ionic.  1).  M.  ^;  Co 

Oabomo,  D.  I.I.  fi  Co 

Beymour,  fjablu  f;  Co •  - 

Stockton  A  jr.  V.'arolioiiBO 

White,  Barnard 


..I'lirtlanil,  O 
. .  San  Jo3c,  C 
..Portlanil,  O 
..Stockton,  C 
0;:den,  U 


AGIlICULTUnAL  IMPLEMEHTS-M.lNUF.vcrunK.-ts. 

AyovsJI.  iCo 258  Market  St.,  a  F.,i; 

Benida  Ajr.  Works "^'""■'.  *-' 

Ealicr  t  Hamilton Ptoo  i  Davia  Bta.,  S.  1.,  O 

Bakur  f;  ILimilton Sacramento,  O 

Bowca,t).D Stockton,  C 

Calnc.John Stockton,  C 

Condit,  J.  a  S;  Co SKickton,  c 

Corvallia  Plov.-  and  Asr.  llfg  Co Corralba,  O 

neabV.iA:,T.  Worta Port  Coita.  U 

J-Kkson  I-  Tmman.  ..Cor.  With  and  Eluxom-j  Bta.,  A  F.,  C 

Kleca,  John  .';  Co Sacramento,  C 

Li  'btliall  Harvester  Co.,  Cor.  FonrUi  and  Silver  8t3  ,  B.  !■.,  C 

Stockton,  C 

.  .200  Wa.«hin„tou  ct..  fi,  F.,  C 

Stockton,  C 

Stockton.  C 

Sacramento,  C 

PadUo  Alt.  V.-orka Stockton,  C 

Padlio -Vi;r.  Works S..Jeni,  O 

I'ntma.fiCo <Ul.any,  O 

l:ic'  nar\\'y  W CtiBluxomcst ,  S.  F.,  O 

Ban  Jos  J  A:,t.  Works 

Bhav.-,  II.  C 

Sonlj,  i; Cor.  Fourth  and  lityantcts.,  3.  F.,l 

BtoweM,  Jo!m StockUm,  (J 

Tbe  Cliico  Plow  Woika '•'liico,  C 

Ai:iCOMPKESSOi;S-M.vNi;F.VCTl)n!:u.s. 

Klchmond  Dii'.l and  Comim-a'r  Co. ,  27  Stevenron  Jit.,  S.  F..  C 
licynolda  i^  P.ix «  Fremont  st.,  H.  F..  C 

AQU.Vl'.IUM-MANUFAcrunEM. 

DUon  i  Ben jteiP S50  Market  st,  8.  F.,  C 

95 


L;s3:;ndeu,  (1.  f;  Co. . 

HcL-'Uaa,  Frank . 

Masters,  E.  J 

Mattcson  h  Williamson . 
Xasb,  11.  H.  ft  Co. 


..San  Jose.  C 
..Stockton,  (J 


ARCinTF.CTTr..\L0RXAMr,NTS-M.\NUF.\CTCr.r.R3. 

P.ici:ic  r.iuc  Ornamental  Factory. .  .853  Mis.aion  St.,  S.  !■'.,  (J 

Eakston,  II.  &  J 2Ca  Fremont  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

AT.TESIAN'  WELL  PIPE-M.lNUF.VCTUKEKa. 

Gla<ld!n3,  McDcan&Co 1130  .Market  i  *„  ."   (''.,0 

Pra:t,  Martin 123 Clay cL,  S.  F.  C 

Smith,  Franeij  ft  Co i:0  Bealo  St.,  B.  F.,  0 

ARTIFICIAL  ST0NE-M,VSOF,vCTUllEns. 
California  Artillcial Stono Pav'g Co.402  Mont^jV st,  S.  F.,  O 

Frear  Stone  Co 411  California  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Perlno,  W.  D 23  New  Montgomery  St.,  S.  F.,  0 

Eansonio,  E.  L 402  Moutyomery  at.,  B.  F.,  O 

AUTISTS'  MATERL^LS. 

Bancroft,  A  L.  i  .-o 721  Market  .'.t., 

Baas,  T.  J.  ft  Co 27  Bupont  at., 

Cohen,  Humnann 13  Uuliont  at., 

Currier,  Amos 103  Depout  at., 

Denny.  Edward  ft  Co 418  ilontgomery  at, 

Ilucter  Bros,  ft  Co. .  .8.  W.  Cor.  Second  ft  Market, 

LeCounS  Bros 117  Montgomery  at., 

MoiTis  ft  Kennedy 21  Pu.'.t  at., 

Sanliom,  Vail  ft  Co 837  .Market  at.. 

Snow  ft  Co U  Post  St.. 

Whlttlor,. Fuller  ft  Co. . .  .S.  W.  Cor.  Pino  ft  Front, 

AKTIFICIAL  LIMIW. 

Bcoman,  W 33  0Ta-.rcll  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Coo!:,  II.  N 435  M;irket  St.,  B.  F.,  O 

Jowett,  Jarvia 20  Merchanta' Eschange,  S.  F.,  O 

Siiring,  Mcnzo 9  Geary  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

AWXINGS-M.\NUF.\CTUlii:in. 
jVnderaou,  Charles  L BM  Howard  st, 


S.  V. 

C 

a.  V. 

0 

S.  P. 

0 

s.  p. 

0 

a.  F. 

c 

3.  F. 

0 

S.  F. 

0 

B.  r. 

0 

s.  r. 

.0 

B.  F 

.0 

3.  F 

■  0 

Burton,  V^.  II 153  Ne\?  .Mont:;omcry  at, 

Dctrick,  F..  ft  Co 1C8-1 12  Market  at, 

Ilauna.  .1.  ft  P.  W 303  310  DaviJ  st, 

McDonalil,  Joaoiib 703  Jlarkel  at, 

Jlehen,  Tholmia -103  Tehama, 

Nuviile  ft  Co 31-33  California  at., 

Uosslter,  James 101  California  at, 

Slmoatou.  T.  U 771  Misaion  at, 

yVXLI!  CKBA3E— M.VS0F.vc:TunDr.3. 

Foye  Bros 307  California  st. 

Holt,  Warren "17  Montjomnry  at, 

Lambert  ft  Green 143  Katoma  at, 

Wo-don,  W.  II 223  Sacramento  at, 

Yatos  ft  Co 113  Pront  at, 

BABBITT  MET^VL— MASUFACTUr.cns. 

Oarratt  Win.  T 118  Fremont  at, 

»Io:row  ft  Strong V-7  First  at., 

Painter  ft  Co 510  Clay  st, 

Belby  Smelthigaud  Loail  Co.  .410  Montgomery  at 
Weed  ft  ICingwcU 


P.,  O 
P.,  O 
F.,  O 
P.,  0 
P.,  O 
P.,  0 
F.,  C 
P.,  O 
P.,  C 

r.,c 

F.,  C 

r.,0 
p.,  0 
p.,  c 


P..0 

p.,  o 
p.,  o 
p.,  o 

123  First  st,  S,  P.,  O 


BAGS. 

Barbour  Bros Oil  Market  at., 

Coleman.  W.  T.  ft  Co.   Cor.  Market  and  Main   Is., 

Dalvln  ft  Lib'ey 223  Sacramento  at, 

Dctrick.  E.  ft  Co 103-12  Mark..t  at , 

Dl;k.son,  DeWolf  ft  Co 413  Batt-ry  at, 

Forbea  Uro.i 303  Cakfornia  at, 

Ilanna,  J.  ft  P.  X Mo  Davis  at, 

Hughes,  H.  ft  Co 302  California  at, 

ICittlo  ft  Co 202  California  Bt, 


F.,  (! 
I' ,  <■■ 
P.,  I! 
I':  O 
P.,  0 

v.,  O 
P.,  o 
F.,0 
P.,0 


I     I 


W't 


If; 


I  •■( 


754 


APPENDIX. 


Koshlnnil,  S.  &  Co 223  California  St.,  W.  V.,  C 

Mi'Ncar.  (1.  W iOCalitonilaBt.,  H.  V.,V 

Kmlhli  Co 31-33 OalltomiaHt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Oakl.in.l  Vmj  JIfg  Co 115  Uattury  St.,  li.  I'.,  C. 

Vliitf  &,  LlsiuU 318  Caliloriila  St.,  .S,  l'.,  (J 

BAGS— MANl'FAtTfl:nr..s. 

C'o.ik,  11.  W 40j  M.irkct  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

CooU,  A.  C 415  Market  St.,  H.  F..  (! 

Dotridt,  K.  f;  Co 108-12  Market  »t.,  8.  1'..  <; 

Ilaima,  J.  ii  P.  N 308-10  Davis  »t.,  8.  F..  C 

N.villo  &  Co 31-33  California  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Oakland  Juto  Mfg  Co Offlce.  113  Datteiy  »t.,  H.  F  .  (1 


nANKS. 

Agency  I'inm  County  Bank Tombstone,  A 

Ajcncy  Bank  of  California Virginia  t.'ity,  N 

Ald-'raon,  Thomas Placervillo,  C 

Andrews  L  llollenU'ck Auburn,  C 

Anslo-Califomiun  Hank S.  F.,  C 

Baker  t  Doycr WaUa  Walla.  W 

Baker,  J.  Ci.  t  Co Deer  Loil^u  City,  Mon 

BanSk  of  Aluibelm Anabcim,  C 

Bank  of  Arizona  Aijeney - Phoenix,  ,\ 

Bank  of  British  Columbia  Victoria.  B.  C 

Bonk  of  Britisti  ColumMa S.  F.,  C 

Bank  of  British  North  America 9.  F.,  C 

Bank  of  Britisti  Columbia New  Westminster,  C 

Bank  of  Britiall  Nortli  America Portland,  t) 

Bank  of  British  North  America Victoria,  B.  (J 

Bank  of  D.  A.  Bonder  &  Co Ilcno,  N 

Bank  of  Orcgoa  City Oresou  City.  O 

Bank  of  Virijiuia  City Viryhiia  City.  N 

Banies.  G.  A Olymi'ia,  W 

Beekman.  C.  C Jacksonville,  o 

Belloo  S  Co H.  F..  (^ 

Bender.  Chaj.  T Itcno,  N 

Bertonii  Oalllard K.  F..  C 

Blakj  f;  Co Prescott.  A 

Blauvclt.  W.  II Gold  Hill.  N 

Bodio  Bank Bodic.  C 

Boise  County  Bank Idaho  City.  I 

Borel.  AlfrcdiCo ».  F..  C 

Br:idiva;-.  II.  S BoonviUe,  C 

Br.  ..rly  John Lcwiston,  I 

Brown,  .T.  1'.  ii  Co Camptonville.  C 

Burekhuiter.  F.  t  Co Truckee.  C 

.  Buridiam,  .1,  II Foisora.  C 

Butte  County.  Bank  of Cbico,  (J 

California,  r,ank  of 8.  F.,  C 

California  Havings  and  Loan  Society 8.  F..  O 

California  'iavinss  Bank 8.icramento.  C 

Carson  City  Savings  Bank.*. Carson  City,  N 

Case,  I.  W ^Vstoria,  O 

Chico,  Bar.k  of Chico,  (J 

Citizens'  Bank Nevada  City,  C 

Clark,  W.  A Butte  City,  Mon 

Colusa  County  Bank Colusa,  C 

Conner,  Joliii Alliany,  O 

Commeieial  and  .Sttvin.^'8  Bank Son  Jose,  C 

Consolidated  Batik  of  San  Diego San  Diego.  C 

Commercial  Bank  of  Los  Angeles Los  Angeles.  0 

Cow.len,  M.  II Forest  Hill.  C 

Curlock,  A.  B Fort  .fonefl.  O 

Davis.  P.  &  Bro Anaheim.  C 

Decker  &  Jowett Marysvillc.  C 

Dcscrct  Bank Salt  Lake  City.  V 

Dcitor,  Ilortou Seattle,  W 


Diion,  Bank  of DlTon,  O 

Dominion  Governuient  Savings  Bank Vietoila,  B.  C 

Dnnolioe,  Kelly  i  Co 8.  P.,  C 

Donnell,  Clark  &  Lamblo Butto  City,  Mon 

Dooley,  J.  i;.  ti  Co Ogdin,  V 

I'.tonder.  II.  W liable  Creek.  O 

Fairebild,  J.  A  .San  Diego,  O 

Farmers'  National  Gold  Bank San  Jobo,  C 

Farmers  and  Merchants'  Bank Los  jVngelcs,  O 

Fanners  and  Meehunies'  Bunk IleablBburg,  O 

Farmers'  Savings'  Bank Lakeiiort,  O 

Farmers'  I:aiik  of  Wlieatland Wheatland.  O 

First  National  (Jold  Bank Santa  Barlianl,  0 

First  National  Bank  of  Alameda Alameda,  O 

First  National  Bank Portland,  O 

First  National  Bank Deer  Lodge  City.  Mon 

First  National  Bank Bolso  City,  I 

First  National  Gold  Bank Oakland,  O 

First  National  Gold  Bank I'ctaluma,  O 

First  National  Bank  of  Stockton Stockton,  O 

First  National  Bank Walla  Walla,  W 

First  Na:  :.mal  Gold  Bank S.  P.,  O 

Franco-.iVm.rlcan  Savings  Bank S.  F..  O 

Francis,  W.  W Portland,  D 

French  &  Co The  Dalles,  O 

French  Savings  and  Loan  Society 3.  F.,  O 

Freeman,  M.  P.  &  Co F.lko,  N 

Frisco  Banking  Co Frisco.  U 

Garosche,  Green  &  Co Victori.a,  B.  C 

Gcmiai  Savings  and  Loan  Society S,  F.,  0 

Gllroy,  Bank  of Gllroy,  O 

Goo«lraan,  James  II.  h  Co Napa.  O 

Gordon,  l.M.liCo San  Kafacl,  C 

Grlllin.  W.  K Piocho.  N 

Grangers' Bank  of  California S.  F.,  C 

Guthrie,  ,1.  W Corinno,  U 

Hamilton.  W.  B.  &  Co Conr.lUs.  O 

Harris  &  Khiuo Indopendcnco  O 

Ilarkncss  &  Co Ogden,  U 

Hau.ier,  S.  F.  &  Co Butto  City,  Mon 

Ilcaldsburj,  r.ank  of Ilcaldsburg,  O 

llclntwn.  Charles. Forest  City,  O 

lllbernia  Savings  and  Loon  Society 8.  F.,  O 

Ilollister,  Bank  of HoUlitcr,  O 

Ilopkln.'!,  Wra.  T a  P.,  C 

Ilovey  ti  Humphrey Eugene  City,  O 

Humboldt  C.)uiity  Bank Burcka,  O 

Irwin,  O San  Kafael,  C 

Jones,  T.  B Salt  Lute  City,  IT 

Kern  Valley,  Bank  of Bakerslleld,  O 

Ladd  t  'i'ilb.n Portlaml,  O 

Laild  &  Bush Salem.  O 

Lil  Porte.  Bank  of La  Porto.  O 

Lake.  Bank  of Lakcport,  O 

L-azanl  Frercs S.  !■'.,  0 

London  ami  .San  Francisco  Bank 3.  F.,  O 

Lomhm  Bank  of  Utah Salt  Like  City.  U 

Los  Angeles  County  Bank Los  Angeles,  0 

Lyon.  8.  M Portland,  O 

Mack,  a.  L Luinooru,  O 

Martinez.  L  ink  of .Mortlncz,  O 

Marjsi die  -'.ivings  Bank Marj-svllle.  O 

Marye,  Geo.  T.  &  -ion Virginia  City,  N 

JlcCormick  U  Co Salt  Luke  City.  U 

McCluru,  E.  L Dutch  Flat,  O 

MeLaliie.  Ijinchlln Volcano,  O 

MendoeUio,  Bank  of Mendocino  City,  C 

.Mcrcal  Hoeiuitj- Savings  Uank MorooU.  0 


•I 


APPENDIX. 


l^Icrccfl,  Hank  of. Mcrccil,  C 

Moy:r,  DauitI ij.  I'.,  O 

MJssor.hi  National  IJiuiU Mis^onla,  Mon 

MoJcHto  Ban!: Modesto,  C 

Mono  Comity  iJauk IJodie.  C 

Morjaii,  i:.  n 9.  I'..  fJ 

Munlock.  W.  fJ.  £;Co Willows,  C 

Kapa,  liank  nf , Xapa,  (! 

Kathan,  M Sua:uiviUD,  C 

XaUonal  vjolil  Hank .   Sacramento.  C 

JTaracovich,  C Aurora,  N 

Nevada  Kauk,  of  San  Fraiictaco H.  F.,  C 

Kcvmla  Lank,  of  Sail  Francisco  (Agen  v). Virginia  City,  N 

Nicliola,  W.  ;:  P DutcU  Flat,  O 

Pacific  Dank S.  F..  C 

ralmcr,  IT.  A Oakland,  C 

I'arrott,  John 3.  F.,  C 

Piixton  Iz  Curtis Austin,  N 

Paston  &  Co riwrcka,  X 

Paiton  L  Curti;i Belmont,  N 

Pctalurna  f^vi.;g3  Bank rytaluma,  O 

Piiaa  County  Bank Tucson,  A 

rcoi)lo3'  Havlujj  Dank Sacraintnto.  C 

PoK land  Savings  Dauk I'ortland,  O 

Oakland  Dank  of  ^avin^ Oaldand.  C 

Oregon  and  Washinjtoa  Mortaaje  and  Svga  Bk . Portland.  O 

Kuid,  \V Portland,  O 

Kiduout  &  Smith Maryavillc,  C 

Rideout,  Sniitli  t  Co Orovillo,  0 

Sacramento  Br.nk Sacramento,  G 

Sacramento  Siviu^u  Bank Sacramento,  C 

Bafford,  IIud:Jon  t  Co Tombstone,  A 

Bafford,  Iludaon  t  Co Tucson,  A 

Saliniw  City  Bank Salinas  City,  C 

Santa  Barbivra  County  Bank Santa  Darliara,  C 

Santa  Clara  County  Bank Santa  Clara,  C 

Santa  Cm;:  Bunk  of  Saving:*  and  Loans Santa  Crun,  C 

Banta  Cru;;  County,  Dank  of Santa  Crti7,  C 

San  Fi-ancisco  Saviuss  Union S.  F.,  C 

Ban  Joaiiuin  Valky  Dank Stockton,  C 

San  Josu  Savin:;^  Bank Han  Jonc.  C 

Ran  Joij,  Bank  of San  .loso.  C 

tiiXii  Lu!3  Obispo,  D;ink  of San  Luia  Ohlsiio,  O 

Santa  Dosa  Dunk Santa  Ko^a,  C 

Bather  £;  Co 3.  F.,  C 

Savings  and  Loan  Socitiy 3.  !■'.,  C 

Savin'js  Dank  of  Santu  Uosa Santa  Uosa,  O 

Scd!nmon.  II Downievllle,  O 

Security  Savingj  Bank S.  F.,  C 

SeeKy  i:  Dickforco Xapa,  C 

Bimondi,  vV  L SiUtrCify,  I 

Sneath.  II.  G S.  F.,  G 

Sononiu  County,  Dank  uf Piitaluma,  C 

Sonoma  Valley  .'Jank Sonoma,  C 

Stockton,  Bank  of Stockton,  C 

Stockton  fiavn):,-B  and  Loan  Society Stocklcn,  C 

Sni:)Un.  Dank  of Suiau*-.,  O 

HatToii  Co 0.  P.,0 

Tallant  &  Co S.  F.,  C 

Tehama  County.  Bank  uf ilcd  BInlF,  G 

The  Dank  of  Arizona Prescott,  A 

Tho  Btito  D.nik,  of  Piuclio Pioche,  N 

Ttiu  Ueno  Savln^ja  Bank Ucno,  N 

Tomaleis  Dahk  of Tomalcs,  C 

Tliomiison  ;;  Co b.  F.,  C 

To«nse:;d,  FreiL  U S.  F.,'C 

Ukiah,  Dauk  of I'kiali,  O 

Vuiou  National  Golil  Dauk Oakland,  C 


Union  SavinKdDank Oakland,  0 

VaUcJo.  Bank  of. N'uUo.'.j,  C 

Vallejo  Savin73  and  Commercial  Dank Vallcjo,  G 

Ventura,  Ba:ik  of San  Buenaventura,  G 

Virtue,  J.  W Baker  City,  O 

Visulia.  Bank  of ViH::!:a.  C 

Volhner,  John  P.  &  Co Lcwioton,  I 

Vosbnr-j.  J.  3 Tucaon,  A 

Zion's  Savinsa  Bank  and  Truat  Co Salt  Lake  C.ty.  U 

■\ValsworLh.  !■;.  II Yrcka,  C 

Walker  Bros  Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Watt,  Itohert S.  F.,  G 

WataonviUe,  Dank  of WutBOnville.  G 

Watson,  LaGransjo  &  Gibson H.  F.,  O 

Wellfl,  Fargo  &  Cob  Bank S.  F..  C 

Wells,  Fargo  i;  Co Salt  Lako  City,  V 

WcUj,  Fargo  &  Co S;lver  Beef,  U 

Wieraon,  Jewell  i  Co Placer\illc.  O 

Whitu  Piuj  County  Bank IJireka,  N 

Wo  odlaiid.  Bank  of Woodland,  O 

BiUinELS  AND  KEOS-MANUPACTUnEns. 

Mattullath  Mfg  Co Eighth  ut.,  ncarBrj-aut.  S.  P.,  0 

Neabitt,  J.  U  Bro 21  Dhutomc  ot.,  S.  F.,  0 

BASKET  MAlvEItS. 

ArmeaiDallam 230-2:^  Front  ct ,  S.  F.,  O 

Becker,  William rZ2  .Market  at.,  H.  l\.  O 

FiUmer,  J G33  Market  ht..  8.  F.,  G 

Gillett,  F.  J 2120  Jones  st.,  3.  F.,  O 

Ilennea,  Chria.  &Co 11)3  Market  at.,  S.  F..  0 

Lange,  J.  C.  U 12  Momgomcry  av..  S.  P.,  0 

Wakeflold  lUttan  Co C44  JIarket  St..  8.  F.,  O 

BlCBIt— M  AS  UFACTt;  RLIIS. 

Adolpl',  L Solcm,  O 

Mhnny  (F.  Ilagjman  &  Co.t 71  Everett  ot.,  H.  F.,  C 

Albion,  J.  IL  Buniell  is,  Bro.). . . .  Ninth  av.  and  G,  S.  P.,  C 

BuUangcr,  Ddward jUbany.  O 

Baur,  G.  A Austl.],  TI 

Bavaria  (P.  P.-ankjaholz) Uoatgom;,'ry  av..  3  F.,  G 

Beck  &  Koehn Santa  Cru^,  C 

Boca  Brewing  Co Boca,  0 

Bocmcr  ^;  Wirth Stockton,  G 

Bolinger,  W.  F lied  Blulf,  O 

Borchcra,  W.  F Sacramento.  G 

Broadway  (J;u;o'j  Adams) GG7  Broadway.  S.  P.,  O 

Buchm:iler  k  Wella Ojden,  U 

Buchk-r,  August The  Dalles,  O 

Bunster,  lion.  A Victoria,  B.  0 

California  (Shulte  &  Gcitner) 

. .  ScrpoTdUie  avenue  and  2Cth  st.,  S.  P.,  C 

Corion  V.  Ernst Bodie,  O 

Chicago  (TlenryAhomsiCo.l 1420  Pino  Bt,  H.V.,  C 

City  Brew<—/ Portland.  O 

f".-.  ish,  U The  DalIo3,  O 

Columbus  Drcr-ery Sacramento,  0 

Croissant,  Charles Chl;o,  0 

Deiuinger,  F VaUejo,  0 

Eaglo  BroH'ory  (Wni.  D.  Smith) 

Folsom  and  IGth  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Baglo  Brewery  (Geo.  Scbor^r) San  Jose.  C 

Bmi)ire  Drewery  (John  liarmldj 179  Jcaalc  st,  S.  F.,  0 

Enteriirisa  Brewery  illilk'brandt  &  Co.) 

201 J  Folsom  at.,  3.  P.,  0 

Eurel:a  Brewery  tSi:hwoitzcr  &  Bro.) 

235  First  St..  S.  P.,  O 

Europa  Brewery  (John  Christ) Nebraska  st.,  S.  F.,  O 


•| 


7S6 


APPENDIX. 


\^W 


rmnkcnburgET  «^  Davison Bodio.  C 

Franz,  Joliu CiTHAA  VulKy.  (' 

Froilcrick.jburi;  Rrcwery San  .lost',  O 

FrLdc'rickfibiipj  Brewery rortluuil,  <  > 

Gaml)rinu3  Brewery I'urtlainl.  ( ' 

Cfcnlcj,  Rich rortlau.l,  () 

CfuUlun  City  Brcwf.ry  (O.  llrvklf). .  .1431  I'aciflc  Ht..  S.  F..  C 

fioUlen  (iatc  Brewery  (C.  J.  B.  Slutzler) 

717  (irtjcnwkh  at..  H.  P.,  C 

UoU  Hill  Brt-wcjy CmiM  Hill.  N 

tiowcn,  <■ Victoria,  B.  O 

tluticwiller,  Hcury Oakland,  'J 

Hiibn,  Jiihii AfltoHa,  O 

Hiiri>cr,  JamtH Eujl4u*,  C 

IIamnau:i  Broa Stockton,  t  * 

Iluyt.-a  Valley  Brt-'wcry  (A.  Wahmuth  &  Co 

512  Orovoht,  H.  F.,  C 

UcvildBbuft;  Brewery , UealdHburg,  (' 

Hibcrnia  Brt^wery  (Matthew  Nunan). .  .Howard  st,  S.  F.,  C 

HumlKjldtBr^-weiy l833Mifl*ion  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Humboldt  Brewury Kast  I'urtlaiitl,  O 

Heuli  k  Co Lureka,  C 

Jacksca Brewery,  (W.  A.  FreUerlckU423 Misaiou  it , 8.  F..  C 

Kdfer,  CliaJ. Albany,  (> 

Ki-rth  &  Niculas .Sacrumeut<j,  C 

Kiiamr,  Lorcnz SacrameiiU>,  C 

Krunib,  Limia San  Juse,  C 

Lafayette  lirewcry.lOiroKaii&AiutcU)  725 OreeiiBt.  H.  F.,  i- 

Lan:,-cu  t  Co Virginia  City,  N 

I-,autli,  Fhil.. Los  Augelfs,  C 

MalUatodt,  D Los  Au«elt.-B.  C 

Mason's  Brewery  (John  MaAon). .  519  Chestnut  at.,  K.  F.,  C 

Melhom,  A Stuttle,  W.  T 

Milwaukee  (Luhnuan/c  Co.).... 012 rioTenthKtriL-t,  t?.  F.,  C 

Molfion  &  Sons Fortland,  <> 

Natioual  (tiluck  £:  Hansen).. Fulton  and  Wel*ter,  H.  F..  C 

Neiblin;^  &  Fux Hilver  Ueef,  V 

North  Beueh  Brewery,  Powell  and  Chestnut  etreet,  H.  F..  C 

Oakland  Brewiiy Oukland.  (_' 

OrLjon  City  Brewery Ore„'on  City,  O 

Bacitic  Brewery  (Fortmaii  &  Co.). .  271  Tehama  st..  .S.  F..  C 

PalT'itas,  C WatAinvillc,  C 

rfeiffer.  F Xajci,  C 

Bhiiadt'lphia  (John  WielanU). . .  .254  Second  Btreet,  S.  F.,  C 

Philadelphia  Breweo' Lor  ^Vugcles,  C 

Phttui.t  Brewiry  |T.  J.  Kirby),  Noe,  b.  18th  &.  19th,  S.  F.,  C 

Pioneer  Brewery  ( Heii-sler  i  Frederichs) 

203  Treat  avenuo,  8.  F.,  C 

Presidio  (.Sdineidi'rii\Vachter)...ir>2ti  Pacific  nve,  S.  F.,  C 
Kallroad  Brewery  (F.  Schuster). .  .425  Valencia  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Ka^t,  John .Itosebiug,  O 

]{othcnbu.s!i,  D Stockton,  t." 

}tunipf  &  Duukel Dayton,  W 

Kail  Francisco  Stock — Powell  and  Francisco  ats,,  S.  F.  C 

Saut.fc  (.'!ara  Brewerj' Santa  Clara,  C 

Santa  llo^\  Brewery Santa  Cosa,  t.' 

Schmith  L  Mendcs I-lureka,  N 

Shultz  &  Viet Jacksonville.  < ) 

Smith,  V.  liJ Vidiejo,  C 

Sorenacn  &  Peterson Modesto,  C 

South  San  Frautisjo Hth  at.  and  IUilroa«l  av.  S.  F.,  C 

Star  Brewcrj-  (iJoaeuerBros.),  Utliand  I'olsoniBtH,  S.  F..  C 

Staid.  John  H Walla  Walla,  W 

Swan  Brewerj 15th  and  Dolores  hts, ,  H.  F. ,  O 

Swi.-«i  Brewery 414  l)u]Kmb  at.,  S.  F.,  i; 

Union  Brewciy  (C.  Heaa) 62o  Clcmentitia  at.,  S.  F,  C 

UnitL-d  States  Brewery 

MciUlister  and  Fmnkliu  bU..  S.  F.,  O 


l*nito*l  States  Brewery Portland,  O 

Wag.-niT,  Hiinry fJalt  I>a!.ui  i'y,  U 

Wa^liington  Brewery....  Lombard  and  T.ijlor  ii^s.,  8.  F„  O 
Willowi  Bn'wery I'Jth  and  Mla^iion  atn.,  S.  V.,  0 

BUIOIiS-MANlIPACTl'UKIlH. 

Bonnet.  K.  &  Co 235  Montgomery,  S.  V.,  C 

])iivifl&  Lowell Mountain  Vitw,  0 

Fotmtaiu  Bros Sacramento,  <7 

Hunter  &  Sliacklefonl 310  Pine  wt.,  S.  J".,  ( '■ 

Lynch,  Peter Pacific  dtrctt  wharf,  S.  1'.,  ij 

Mallon,  I'atriek. .  ..N.  E.  cor.  Keaniy  and  Market.  H.  I',,  (! 

Patent  Brick  Co California  at,  H.  F.  0 

Pettraon,  T.  W San  Jo3e,  C 

Piptr,  Jerome  B 7  Clay  nt .  H.  F.,  O 

lU-'Uidlard  Brick  Co Pacific  street  wharf,  S.  F.,  C 

Byan,  John  C Saeranieuto,  0 

Tobin.  Thoa.  V Office.  335  Montgomery  at..  S,  F.,  C 

INUtlo  Brotfaen 234  Moutijomery  at..  S.  F,  C 

BR00M8-MANL'F.\iTlKEns. 

Annes  k  Dallam 230  and  232  Front  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

BiUingsley  k  Co Hacnunento,  O 

Bricc,  Powell Sacnimento,  U 

1  'ole  Si  Kcnuy 114  Sacramento  at.,  S.  F. ,  O 

CoiMWHi,  Benjamin 322  Bavia  6t.,  S.  1'.,  U 

Figer  Bros G15  Sacramento  at.,  H.  F.,  0 

( ;huiz,  Clu-istian C4i  Weal  Miaaion  at.,  S.  F,  O 

(Jolden.  Thomas 1(0  l.  by  at..  S.  F,  O 

Craywin.  J.  W.  k  Co Salem,  O 

Hancock  iiWrifht Walb  Walla,  W 

Harriflcn  &  Dickson 120  Sacramento  «t.,  K.  F,.  C 

Hemingway,  John Benial  Iliglits,  H.  F  ,  C 

HublHjrt,  W.  K - 1(>42  Minion  Kt..S.  F,  O 

Kuu7.e,  Otto  E 044i  Mission  at..  S.  F.,  U 

1-ikc  k  Warren 411  .Saenimentotit.,  S.  I'.,  C 

LeFuVfir,  W.  F Hiirmnieuto,  O 

LilHihcr.  iJeorge 411  Sacramento  at.,  .S.  F,  O 

I<o3  .iVngJiu  Broom  F'actory Los  Angelc^  (J 

Han  Franciaco  Bruttli  Factory.  .325  Sacramento  at..  S  F.  O 

Taylor,  John 325  Sar-HinL-utij  at,  H.  F.,  C 

Tobin.  Morria 150S  .      iJic  at..  S.  F.,  C 

1  'nn.%  Jacob ..157  New  Montgomery  at.,  S  F.,  0 

^'an  Liiak,  Lambert 17th  et.,  mar  Howartl,  S.  F.  O 

Warl.  Thomas 271>rummBt.,  S.  F..  O 

Wi-o'cner,  Henry lOliJ  Lombanl  et,  S.  F.,  0 

Woo(huff.!c  Van  Fppa Olympia.  W 

Zau  Brothers Portland,  O 

BUUSH-AUNtTACTUllSi.H. 

Colc&  Kenny 114  Hacmmento  St.,  S.  F,  0 

CunUin.  Thoraafl  C 413  4th  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Dyer  Bros 5  Taylor  at.  S.  F.,  0 

Figer  Bros CIS  Sacramento  et.,  H,  F.  (J 

Fonl.  John  K Moultrie,  near  Old  Hitkory  nt.,  f).  F  .  C 

.bines,  T.  C Halt  Lake  City,  U 

Kmize.  Otto  K Clti  Mission  at,  H.  F..  C 

Metzler,  B Portlai.d,  O 

o,  K.  Bruiih  Factory G4il  Mission  titrcet.  S.  F.  O 

Simi«on,  K.  W 325  Sacramento  at-.  S.  F.,  C 

l^nna,  Jacob 157  New  Mouttfomer>'  fct..  8.  F.,  C 

White,  C.  L Salt  Lake  City.  U 

bungs-Man  i-FAcTuiiEBs. 

(iracier,  Francis 211  Mis-slon  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Mixer.  CJeorgo  H.  (metallic) 51  Beale  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Swift,  James 221  Mission  at.,  S.  F,  O 

Wwu,  Ueiu? 720MhiuAst..  8.  F.,  0 


APPENDIX. 


757 


ar. 

V 

H.  r. 

V 

H.  I', 

ti 

fi.  p. 

0 

H.  !■'. 

0 

a.v. 

0 

s.  r 

c 

B.  F 

,c 

a.  I' 

.0 

F., 

C 

P., 

0 

P. 

0 

R 

C 

f. 

0 

F 

r 

r. 

a 

F. 

c 

F. 

c 

F. 

,  c 

F 

,0 

F 

,  0 

1' 

.  c 

F 

.  0 

BED  SPKIHas-MANurACTUunns. 

Blancharil,  Juica 710  Mluaa  fit., 

Calitorula  Spriuj  ilTi:  Co. . .  .147  Now  lluiitg'y  ot., 

CU.-'.!,  Tniumii  a.  &  Co 21  Xuw  Montgy  Bt„ 

Ilinclduy,  K 133  Now  Mouta'y  t>t., 

Kacbman,  AUoljih. 77  Nov  .Moats'y  Ht., 

I'aciflc  Hprinj  ii  Mattress  Co.  .23  New  .Molitg'y  Bt., 

HELL  FOUNDEUa. 

Garratt,  W.  T 140  Fromout  Bt., 

Orcculjcrj  £:  Co 205  Fremont  st, 

Weed  U  KlliiJwoU 12J  First  Bt, 

Ur.LLOWS  -JLUJl'FAcTUriuIia. 

California  liellowa  .Mfs  Co S2  Fremont  Bt,  B.  F.,  C 

McKiuno,  Ueury OW  Mkaion  Bt.,  1).  F.,  C 

BELTING. 

llaker  &  Ilamilton 13-M  Front  at.,  U.  F.,  O 

CiiroUm,  Cory  t  Co . .  .117  California  »t,  S.  F.,  C 

Cooli,  A.  O 415.MarlietBt.,  S. 

Cool!,  U.  N 403  Market  ot.,  H. 

I>e^'en,  L.  F 13  Fremont  Bt.,  H. 

tJoo  lyj  IT  Uubbcr  Co 577  Market  Bt,  K. 

,  Orcsory,  II.  1'.  i  Co 2-4  California  st,  :  ■. 

Gutta  I'erclia  Mfs  Co 511  Market  ct.  .S. 

Iloycr,  Herman 855-8C1  Bryant  Bt ,  n. 

Scllty,  Thomas  II.  6!  Co Ill)  California  Bt ,  S. 

Wbaitt'fl,  WnL  N 423  WaBhingtou  Bt,  S. 

BILLliVliD  TABLES-  MANUl'ACTURKns, 

Brunswiek,  J.  »L  t  Balko 055  Market  Bt,  S. 

J'iiigblut,  Aujust  ii  Co 10-16  GolJen  Gate  av.,  S. 

Liosoutehl,  Fhilli) M3  Market  at . ,  a, 

Meyer,  ,J.  U.  II 320  Kcaniy  Bt,  .S. 

Strahlc,  Jacoli  &  Co 533  Market  at,  S. 

BIRD  CAOES-M.iSUFArTUliKBa. 
Edwards,  Geo.  F.  .Bryant  liet  Fifth  and  Sixth  ali,  S.  F.,  (-! 

Fuhnuann,  AM 751  Miaaionat,  B.  F.,  0 

Grue-jhajen,  CU 063  Miaaion  »t.  .i.  P.,  O 

HalUdic,  A  a (5  California  Bt,  a.  F.,  C 

BRIDGE  BUn.DEE.S. 

Hallidie,  A.  S C  California  .st,  a.  F.  i' 

Paciiie  Bridge  Co 4  California  ht.,  a.  F.,  t  ■ 

8.  F.  Bridge  Co 10  California  at,  a.  F.,  C 

BLACKING— Manufacthkers. 

Oough,  John Potrero  av.,  S.  P.,  C 

Lake,  Henry 643  Tliird  Bt,  S.  F.,  C 

Patek,  A 413  Sixth  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Schwabacher,  Louin 017-621  Bruman  at,  H.  R.  C 

BLANK  BOOKS-MaxufAi  rtJiKia. 

Althof  &  BahlB 323  8a"ramento  Bt,  8.  p". .  C 

Bancroft,  A.  L.  i  Co 721  Market  Bt,  8.  P.,  C 

Banlius  &  Kimball 505  Clay  sf,  .S.  F.,  O 

Boaiiui,  Edward  Sc  Co 523  Clay  Bt,  a,  R,  O 

Buswell,  Alei.  &  Co 525  Clay  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Crocker.  U.  S.  4;  Co 215  Bnsh  Bt,  ,S.  F..  . ' 

Gralum,  J.  C.  &  Co Salt  Lake  City,  l' 

Foatcr,  F Sacramento,  <; 

BOILERS--MAXUl.'ACTl'r.Ell!i. 
Golden  State  &  Miners'  Iron  Works.. .237  First  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Hall,  James  V 214Bealeflt,  a.  I'.,  O 

Hi.ickley,  Siicars  &  Hayes 207  Fremont  «t,  8.  P..  C 

McAfee  &  Co 213  Spoar  Bt,  S.  P.,  € 

McCone,  Robert 403BealeBt,  8.  F.,  C 


Sloynihan  S  Aitkcn 311  Mission  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

I'rcseott,  .'icott  i:  Co. . .  N,  E.  Cor.  First  t  Jllralon,  S.  F.,  0 

rretorlou.sTronbrldue&Co Ill  First  st,  tl.  i'.,  0 

ForJand  Di.iljr  Works Portkiml,  O 

Rankin,  Bi.iytontCo 120  Fremont  :it,  li.  F.,a 

lUsdon  Iron  ii  Locomotive  Works 

8,  E.  Cor.  Bcaloand  Howard  sts.,  .^5.  F.,  O 

Roobufk.  Thomas  G 137  Beale  st ,  S,  F.,  O 

aoboljer  &  Sufrln 203  Fremont  at,  i*.  F.,  O 

Spratt  Joseph Victoria,  B.  O 

BOLTS— JLlNiPAcTunEtia. 

!  raciflo  noUing  Mills 202  Market  at,  8.  V  ,  O 

I   PhelpaMfjCo 13  Dramm  nt,  S  1,0 

I  Payne  Bros I33BealoBt,  8.  1  ,  O 

Booi;.-i. 

Bancroft  A.  L.  i  Co 721  Miu-kot  Bt,  8.  1'.,  U 

Billiiiga.  Ilarljourue  &  Co 3-5  Mont^'y  st ,  8.  P.,  <1 

Boacli,  C 107  Mont  ;'y  Bt, ,  8.  P.,  O 

BorUiaus,  F.  W.  t  D 213  Kcnrnj  tt.,  8.  I"..  0 

California  Bible  Society 7M  Market  st,  S,  F.,  0 

Cmmingham,  Cnrtias  &  AVclch 

aacraniuQto  and  Sansorac  sts.,  8.  P.,  c 

Denias,  J.  i;  Co 421)  Bush  al ,  B.  P.  C. 

Flo.jJ,  Michael 831  Market  nf,  S.  F,C 

Gill, . I.  K.  a  Co I'orlland,  O 

Golly,  J.  B.  iiCo 26  Geary  at.,  H.  I'.,  O 

Grcsoiro,  Sor.h  &  Co 0  Po.'it  s»,,  8.  F.,0 

llwlse,  JohnG.  &  Co 314  California  st,  8.  r.,0 

lIoiishto!»,  W.  A.  tC.  8 Sacramento,  O 

Mclveiclicr  £:  Thompson Portland.  O 

MeLhoai..t  Book  DelKjaitory li'Il  Market  St.,  a.  i'.,0 

Payot,  T'pham&Co 2ut  S:i!ir,omo  at.,  8.  !■'.,  0 

Shearer,  Frederick  E loi   '  liirket  :>t.,  S.  P.,  0 

Waldteufek  A S.m  Jose,  0 

LAW  BOOKS. 

Bancroft  A.  L.  i  Co 721  Market  Bt,  8.  P.,0 

Whitney,  Simmer  &  Co 013  CUiy  St.,  8.  P.,  0 

BOOK  BINDERS. 

Bancroft  A  L.  &  Co 721  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

nicfoi.  D.  SiCo 608Mout3omery6t,  8.  P.,  O 

Lear^-,  A.  J 404  Sausonie  at,  5.  P.,  O 

McTntyro,  John  B 423  Clay  st.  .8.  R,  O 

Mcston,  ,Iohn  J Portland,  O 

Phlllilis,  J.  8.  i  Co 50J  Clay  Bt.,  8.  R,  O 

Rankin,  Chas.  E 540  Clay  lit,  8.  F.,0 

aonnichsen,  Charles San  Joao,  0 

^Vhelan  &  Tracy 410  Sansorao  st,  S.  F.,  O 

BOOTa  AND  SHOES. 

Armstions,  Thomas  H 67  Storcnsou  st,  .S.  P.,  0 

Calm,  Nickelsbm-g  &  Co 31  Battjry  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Capen,  C«;o.  B.  &  Co Portland,  O 

Casey,  AL  Francis 125  Sansomc  st. ,  8.  P.,  O 

Chase,  R.  P.  &  Co 809  Market  Bt,  S.  R,  0 

Dolan.  James  W 414  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

llawlcy.  Charles  B 414  Market  st. ,  8.  F. .  O 

Hibbard.  Occ.  L.  i  Co Portland.  O 

Ilecht  Bros.  &  Co 25-27  Sansomc  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

llocht,  Martin  S:  Co Portland,  O 

Ilobart,  Wood  &  Co 15  Sansome  at.  8.  F.,  0 

Jones.  Orin  &  Co 703  JIarkct  st,  C 

Jory  Bros Cor.  Van  Ness  av.  and  Fell  st,  8.  p.,  0 

Kaufman,  Ilecht  &  Aken Portland,  O 

Kullman,  Salz  &  Co 106  Battery  st,  8.  R,  0 

Levinsky  Bros M6  Market  at,  8.  F,  0 


75R 


APPENDIX. 


■     id   !         -r 


l,ovy,  Dlamnnt  &  Co 107  Battery  nt.  0.  F., 

L.a  l^ali?/.lr:5,  I C2  i-tciuvrt  rt.,  fj.  V., 

Nohn.  l;.  1).  ;:  Co 71  litL-vtiinou  nt.,  fl.  F., 

Nohn,  U  F.  tl.'o lllJIarllot  St.,  a  F., 

Porter,  Klcsr.;n,:rr  t  d 117  to'.trry  lit.,  li.  F. , 

rrinjlo,  Cilhert lO'.S  Miltkot  ct.,  ii.  F., 

liohilo  DriM COD  JocksoQ  Dt.,  H.  F.. 

IIoBciiRtock,  H.  W.  A:  Co.  .Cor.  BauB<>mo  anil  Bush,  B.  F.. 

Itox'nthal.  Fudor  &  Co 13  Diittcry  r.t..  ^.  F., 

beilxTlich'a.  ^V  Sons 33  Secoul  ist.,  8.  F., 

Tim'll.  C.  &  1>.  II.  'iCo 1«  Clay  St.,  B.  P., 

T'nitwl  Workloifmcn'a  Boot  an.l  Hhoc  Co 

110  Marki t  ct. ,  S.  F, 

Wcntvortli,  I.  SI.  &  Co 40O  r.:ittcry  rt..  8.  F, 

■\Vlthrow  it  I'ondlcton US  Ninth  St.,  ».  F., 

UOOT.S  AND  snOES-MAXi'i'.MTunrna. 

Armstronj,  Tliomai  II 67-C9  Htevoniton  nt.,  H.  F., 

Beliaon;  B.»ot  cml  Ghoa  Co Vittfjrl.i,  IV 

UucUluijha::!  Ii  Ilucht 25-27  S.msorivj  nt,  S.  F.. 

C»'m,  Nickclsburj  i  Co 31  Cattery  nt,  !i.  V., 

Capcn,  Geo.  B.  t  Co... Portland, 

Cas-^y,  M.  Francis 123^.10201110  r.t,,  n.  1'., 

Chase.  Ii.  I".  ,';  Co 8oD  Market  Dt..  3.  P., 

Dj!an,  James  \V 411  Slarhct  St.,  H.  P., 

OlnirJ,  L-.^Jficr  ^;  Co 7J1  Market  tt.,  I'y.  F., 

Uawlcy,  Cliarlca  V 4U  Markit  ct,  S.  F., 

IIc-l!iorp,  W Victoria,  U. 

llil.'.'ar.l,  Geo.  h  ti  Co Portlaud, 

IloVait,  Wood  t  Co 15  Sansomo  ct.»,  ;l  F., 

Jones,  Orin  U  Co 76J  Marliet  r,t.,  8.  F., 

Jor>*  Eros 8.  W.  cor.  Van  Ncas  nv.  and  Fell  »t.,  8.  F., 

KuUmau,  .'iab  Ii  Co 100  Battery  ot,  8.  F., 

Lan  jeuberj  Eros Koscbur;;, 

Leaser  Bros 7,'l  Market  St.,  8.  V., 

Lcvinriliy  Bros 515  Marlxt  at.,  8.  F., 

Lo>T.  Diamant  &  Co 107  Battery  at.,  8.  F., 

Lindeabunra,  1 52fiteuart  ct,  8.  F., 

Nolan,  B.  D.  £;  Co 71  8tcvcn.son  St.,  8.  F. 

Nolan,  r.  P.  i  Co .111  :«arkct  st.,  8.  P., 

Portor,  Slc3sin:?!r  &  Co 117  Battery  r,t,  8.  P., 

Priii3lc,  C.ilbJrt 1015  .Market  oS.,  8.  P., 

Uohde  Bros 503  JaoKsoa  rt,  8.  P., 

Fajsenslock,  8  W.  t  Co 

Cor.  Sansome  and  Bush  sto.,  ,S.  F. 

Seib:rUch*8  Sons 32  .Second  at.,  8.  F. 

Terrill,  C.  4:  P.  11.  ii  Co 413  Clay  St.,  8.  F. 

United  Workinsmen's  Coot  and  8hoo  Co 

410  Market  at.,  8.  P. 

Wcntworth,  I.  M 40O  Battery  ot ,  .8.  F, 

Withrow  &.  PeniUeton 118  Ninth  St. ,  8.  F 


BOXES— MASliFACTlliEna. 


Astoria  Box  and  Lumber  Co Astort.^,  () 

Brown,  fi.  n Astoria,  O 

Harlow,  John Portland,  O 

Uobba,  I'omeroy  i.  Co 11  and  13  Beak  St.,  .8.  P.,  C 

Uumc,  O.  W /Vstoria,  O 

Morjuiro,  John  L.  .8.  \V.  cor.  Bryant  and  5th  sts.,  3.  P.,  C 

Meyers,  GilmsniiCo  0th  St.,  ii.-^ar  Harrison,  8.  P.,  C 

Nicliols  fw  Co 8acramcnto,  C 

San  Francisco  Bo.\  Factory 

Berry  St.,  bet.  3.1  aud  <th.  8.  F.,C 

Scheurcr  U  Coyiio Portland,  O 

TrJcHeo  Lumber  Co 321  Kins  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Voion  Bol  Factory 114  to  124  Siwar  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Union  Box  Factory Sacramento*  C 


W;'Btoa.  Cliarlos  W 301  Mission  »t.,  8.  P.,  0 

Woodbury,  Ojorjj  13. .  .B.rry  St.,  liet.  •Ith  aail  J.b,  U.  F.,  O 

BOXr.J,  CUSAn-M.VSUTACTURCIU. 

California  Cijar  Box  Co Bjrry  o'..,  ncsr  '.th,  B.  P..  O 

Hool) :r,  C.  A.  i;  O.  W 4th  and  (.'hann.  1  r.tB.,  8.  P.,  C 

Korbfl,  P.  t  Bro cor.  5th  and  B.-yant  sU.,  8.  F.,  V 

PliullM  !i  Miller 420  Sutler  at,  (1   I'.,  0 

l;ad;m,  Ludwii; 420  Kearny  st,  8  P.,  O 

\Vald»tein,  Abraham Berry  »t,  ncarClh,  8  F.,  O 

BOXFS.  JEWELBY-MANl-rACTIiniBS. 

Loebliaum.  A  II 134  Sutter  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Iluhi,  Antonio 203  Butter  »t,  S,  F    O 

BOXES,  PAPEK-MANiiF.vcTCn«M. 

Itocnicke,  Otto Portlantl,  O 

TUlebuul,  Charles 741  Mission  at,  8.  I'.,  O 

Wor.ilx)  I!ro.i 0 573  Market  St.,  H.  P.,  O 

V.'aiznian,  Max 530  Market  ct,  B.  F.,  O 

BOXES,  TIN'— MASt'FAI-TUllLns. 

Austin,  B.  C 400  Front  St.,  S.  r     "^ 

Ilollroo!!,  Jlerrlll  £  Sletaon,  223 and  233  Market  ct.,  8.  F.,  r 

Moalajue,  \i.  \V.  £  Co 110  to  113  Battery  ct.,  t).  P.,  O 

HAlt^T  l-ros 422  Katramcnto  at,  8.  F.,  0 

Tay,  Geo.  n.  &  Co 014  to  c:a  llattery  at,  8.  F  ,  O 

CRASS  FOUNDERa. 

Band,  Frank 023  Fulton  St.,  S.  F..  0 

Bell,  Joha  P.  &  Co 13  Fremont  ct.,  8.  P..  O 

F.n-les,  ■\Vllliam Utah  at,  near  Twtuty-fiiurth,  8.  P.,  0 

Oarratt,  W.T 1^8  Fremont  at,  8.  P..  0 

Oiovaulni  t  Co 417  Mission  ct.,  8.  I'.,  O 

(Ircenhcru  t  Co 505  Fremont  ct.,  8,  F.,  0 

Olsson  £  Bcnneracheidt Ill  First  ct.,  8.  F.  O 

Pretorious,  Trowbridaa  &  Lenuner. . .  .141  First  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Roylanco,  Joseph .45  Fremcnt  ct,  8.  P.,  O 

njiratt,  Joseiih Victoria,  B.  O 

Tay,  Geo.  11.  t  Co C14  BatUry  ct,  8,  P.,  0 

Was.itair,  T.  II Bond,  lir  8cvcutceulh  ct.  .').  P.,  O 

Weed  ii  Kinswoll 123  First  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

BUTCUEBS. 

Audrcws.  Oliver Fifth  ar.,  nrMst.,  8.  3.  P.,  O 

AnioldiCo Cor.  OilandVabaciasts.,  8.  F.,  O 

AKi:,'Ues.  E.  &Co 522-533  CUy St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Avy,  liuscuc 323  8.in3o:ne  s'...  8.  P.,  O 

B.-owu,  U.  W Fifth  uv.,  8.  1-.  0 

Brandonsteln  JI.  &  Co 223  Clay  ct,  8.  P.,  O 

Bonleuave,  .loscph Fifth  av... 8.  8.  P.,  O 

Connolly,  .Miciia.i Fourth  av.,  8.  8.  P.,  O 

Crum;nery  i;  Hail First  nv.,  8.  8.  P.,  O 

Donnelly,  Dunne  ii  Co 001  (Uliforniant,  H.  F.  O 

Dunpliy,  William 501  Kearny  t,t.,  8.  P.,  0 

Furcarto  ii  Gates Fiftll  av.,  8.  8.  P.,  O 

Gcrber  Bros Tenth  and  J  fits.,  Sacramento,  V 

Golden  fi  Mealey Fourteenth  av. ,  S.  8.  F. ,  O 

GradwohUi  EmiK-y 741-747  Mission  nt,  U.  F,  O 

lleiibron  Brat G03  J  at.,  8.acramento.  O 

Ilusson  «i  liokailo 533  Clay  at. ,  8.  P.,  O 

Hart.:,  L.  ami  J 5  C.ntro  JIark.'t,  8..  P.,  C 

Johasou.  J.  G Fourth  av,,  8.  S,  P.,  C 

James,  ,1.  (1 331  Kcaniy  at,  8.  F. ,  0 

Levcrone,  Win.  M FU^t  av.,  .8.  .S.  P.,  C 

Look  ii  .Moulton Fifth  av,  8.  S.  F.,  0 

Murphy  k  Uom 533  Kearny  St.,  8.  P.,  O 


m 


APPENDrX. 


75.) 


Muhri  K:M_;hjr nithuv..  H.  s   I'.,  C 

SloSat.  i;.  t  II 233  KcurnyBl.,  H.  1'.,  () 

M;U;r  i  Lui M3  Kgaray  u'..,  H.  1'. ,  (J 

MidluUaau.  Drown  4  Co 803  Front  «l..  1.  P.,  0 

Nokvuiaa  t  Co '. 'J  Cuntro  Market,  8,  V.,  C 

O.IjU,  M.  M fiacninii^nl...  i; 

Orojo  1  Stock  anil  l>utchorin^  Co.  .331  Muut^'y  Ht ,  .S.  I'.,  0 

roiliillaii  i;  Mallei Flttll  uv,,  M.  H.  F.,  C 

Poly,  IIoilbro.1  &  Co 333Kearuy«t.,  H,  1'..  c 

SlUerlKTj,  biiuon sa)  HiiiiBomo  at.,  H.  F.,  C 

Hcbumukur  Uros Fourth  uv.,  8.  H.  F.,  C 

Schcukcl,  P Fiftli  ov.,  S.  a  F.,  U 

Sylvester,  Joliii First  av.,  8.  S.  F.,  C 

Bhra-a.r,  A.  J Flratuv,,  8.  8.  F.,  C 

Bulls,  M 331  Keaniy  Bt,.  S.  8.  F,C 

SjUwulticr,  J.  &  Co 10  Cluy-at.  Jlarket,  8.  F..  C 

Bshack,  li.  &  Co 211  Foteom  ut.,  ».  F..  V 

Hohocnfolil,  J4i<»b 331  Koaniy  »t.,  8.  F.,  C 

8clu"line,  Nutluin 331  Ktaniy  bt.,  Hr  F. ,  i; 

Url,  Fellt 20  8.  F.  Market,  8.  F.,  (J 

Van  \'olkcul>uri{b  &  Co Victoria.  11  C 

Wa.-ner,  F.  0.  k  llro 1-5  8.  P.  Market,  8.  F.,  C 

Wajncr,  Charles  F 530  Kcaniyst.  8.  F.,  C 

Ziuiiuermauu,  8trolue&Co 113d  Market  nt.,  8.  F'.,  C 

CANNED  UOODa. 

Articles  Cannins  Co 11  Han  Franci'«co  Market 

llouuer  M.  &  Co Cor.  8l>ear  anil  Fulsoin  eta.,  8.  I-'.,  C 

Coil.',  lilicH  a  Co 3U  Wasliiuston  at.,  8.  F.,  U 

Cuttinj  I'ackina  Co 17-41  MaUi  st.,  8.  F.,  C 

Dompater  i  Keyt 202  Market  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

CiolUeu  Gate  Packing  Co 8an  Jose,  C 

GooOacro  &  Dooley Victoria,  11.  C 

James,  Pariaer  &  Co 608  Seventh  Bt.,  8.  F.,  C 

Kinj,  Morse  &  Co. ...Cor.  llroa*lwayan(lHanKonie.  H.  F.,  C 

Lusk  t  Co 530  Clay  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Merry,  FauU  t  Co  125-127  California  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

lied  Cross  Packing  Co 805t;auaolnest.,  8.  1<\,  C 

Sacramento  Itiver  Pkg  Co 318  F'roiit  at.,  8.  F'.,  C 

San  Joau  PVuit  Pk^-  Co 309  Sacrauiento  St.,  ,S.  I'.,  O 

Schauimel,  UeynoMs  &  Co 120  Froat  it.,  S.  F.,  C 

Soutlicrn  California  Fruit  Pkg  Co Loa  Angeles,  C 

Wiin^euheim,  Sol.  4  Co 118  Davis  at,  8.  F,  C 

Wilaou,  J.  Y.  S  Co 50S  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

CANNERIES  OF  PllUIT. 

Banner  Pkg  Co S.  F.,  C 

lllootl,  Jos.  A Carpentaria,  C 

DmOforU,  W.  D Froi.t  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Carter,  LP  Boise  City,  I 

Caiiitol  Canning'  Co.,  (J.  CarroUi Sacramento,  C 

Corvalli.i  Fruit  Pk',i  Co Corvailin.  O 

Coilo,  Elfclt  &  Co Washiniton  at.,  S.  !■.,  C 

Cutting  Pk;i  Co 17  Main  St.,  8.  1'.,  C 

Corville,  EmcrsoQ Sansomc  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Dawson,  J.  M.  Pkj  Co San  Jose,  C 

Demmick  k  ShcRleid Santa  Barbara,  C 

Pn.'3no  Fruit  Pkg  Co Fresno.  C 

Ga:t,  J.  B PhK'crvUlo,  C 

Goetjen,  N 1032  MoAlllsterat,  8.  F.,  C 

OolJen  Gatj  Pkg  Co .San  Jose,  C 

llantiiom,  J.  O.  &  Ca Portlau.l,  O 

Hamilton,  G.  M Loa  Angelej,  C 

llari).*-,  W.  S Lo3  Ansel  s,  0 

llurlburil  Canning  Co Ptaecrville,  C 

Hume,  Geo.  W 203  .Srcramonto  st,  .S.  F..  C 

Hume,  It.  D EUcnburg,  O 

Johnson  4  Sugdon Florin,  C 

Johnson,  B.  F.  4  Co Spring  Lake,  U 


ICIng,  -MnrKe  &  Co. ..  .Broadway  anil  Sansome  Bt3.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ld*  tijito.i  Fmit  Pjieking  Co ..Loa  (Jat-iH,  0 

Lovejuy.  Mrs.  A.  1, Portian-l.  <) 

Lilak,.!.  tiCii 534  Cloy  St.  S,  F  ,  I) 

LiiHk,  J.,  Camilug  Co Oakland,  tJ 

Marks,  I,.  U Placerville.  O 

.Moore,  K Petalunia,  C 

Mors*!  Fruit  Canning  Co ...  Chicn,  f) 

N*;weastlu  Fruit  Asaoclation >  ewcastle,  O 

lied  Cross  P.  K.  G Wans**!-.'.'  lit,  8.  l\,  (J 

San  Joae  Fruit  Pki.  (,'o Iaw  Gatos,  O 

.Shannon,  E 1^.  Portlat.d,  <J 

Hchanunel,  ileynolds  &  Co. 130  Front  st.,  8.  1,0 

Bouthcrn  California  Pkg.  Co Lo;i  All;icles,  O 

SlrafTord  Pks.  Co CUiy  at ,  8.  P.,  0 

Sn.'soTich4(-'o .HanioniuBt.,  8.  !•'.,  O 

ThoraiKwn,  G 1213  Broadway,  Oakland,  0 

Union  Mfg.  Co Loj  Anselea,  O 

Wanieiiheini,  iiol.  4Co.,DaviaandSacramentosts.,  8.  P.,  0 

Wallace.  Joseph Paattdena,  O 

Wear,  Geo.  W BakcrfJcHO 

Wooilworfli.  8.  F Newcastle.  O 

Wriulit,  W  II Coltim,  I! 

CAKPETS. 

Froilerieks,  Joseph  4  Co 049  Market  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

lleyneuiuim  II.  4  Co 5  Sonsome  at.,  8.  P..  O 

Locke  4  Laverson Hacnwnonto,  O 

liicher,  P.  E 209  Sanaome  st,,  ».  P.,  O 

Sloane,  W  t  J 523  Market  St.,  .1.  P.,  fl 

Walter,  I).  N.  4E.  4Co 1  Battery  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Walter  Bros Portland,  O 

C.MiUIAGE  MATEUIjVLS. 

Holt  Bros 27-20  Boalo  St..  S.T,  0 

Nortbruii,  E.  J.  4  Co P.jrtland.  O 

Wat.  rhouao  4  Lester 117-119  Market  st,  8.  F.,0 

WlUte  Bros 13-15  Main  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

CARHIAGE3. 

Brandcnstein  11.  4  Co 

Cor.  Mission  4  New  Moutgomory  sis.,  ,4.  F.,  O 

Eastman,  Tliomas  8. .  .40-40  Now  Montgomery  st.,  8.  P.,  0 

Galla,;hcr.  Bernard 222  Mission  at.,  8.  1".,  O 

Sanborn.  A  W 2lBeakMit.  8.  P.,  O 

WiUey.  O.  P.  4  Co 427  Montgomery  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

CAUI1IAOE8  AND  WAGONS-MANUF.vcTUnEns. 

Bemanl,  11.  M Sacnunento,  O 

Black,  II.  M.  4  Co 70  New  Montgomery  at..  8.  P.,  0 

Carvlil  Mfi- l.'o 7-9  Powell  St.,  ii.  1'.,  0 

City  Carriage  Factory San  Jose.  O 

Crittenden 4  McCuc 1317 -Market  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Dyer,L.  M Portland,  O 

Espcy,  WW Portland,  O 

Farren,  J.  W 21Boalest,8.  F.,0 

Folrom,  Albert 217  ElUa  St.,  H.  P.,  C 

Freeman,  Thomas Portland,  O 

Gallagher,  Ueniard 225  Mission  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Grave,  B.  4  Co 421  I'aciUost.,  8.  F.,0 

llatmau4  Nonnandin San  Jose,  0 

Henderson,  M.  P Stockton,  C 

Hill,  J.  F Sacramento.  0 

Hunt,  Cieo.  P Marysville,  C 

J>>Iinson  4  Uluo Sacramento,  C 

Kerr,  David 47BealeBt..  .'i.  P.,  C 

Kestler,  Slartin Sacramento,  O 

Larkins  4  Co 031  Howard  Bt. ,  'i.  P. ,  C 

Miller,  Wm.  P Stockton,  O 

O'Brien,  P.  J.  4  Sons. 329  Golden  Gate  av.,  S.  P.,  O 


760 


APPENDIX. 


; 'I'    ■ 


^JlJ' 


Pike  k  Yunng Sacmmcnto,  C 

PrinilL-  i;  Mca-UT i!^.:i  .lo  •.?.  ( ' 

I!.iis:'h,  Ch.-rl..! Marj-avilL',  C 

Ba!>c;-2 1;  Cat*.:-. MurjuviUo,  r 

Stitl,  l;./l)crt 113,Ii'.v!lont.,  s.  P.,  (' 

Boul^-,  KUj-jui; l-'ur.  Fuunh  Qiul  lii^'uut,  ti.  r.,  (' 

WattThouse  &  L'jstcr SacruDeuto,  C 

L;VLCR'it  LltillT.S— MAXLlMITtnEIlS. 

I;iaky.  A.  i:.  &L'o 323  I'mnt  ut..  .■<.  F.,  0 

Truwortliy,  Moaza,i Lrijuvunworth  St..  .S.  F.,  0 

CAXl)LF.S-.MAM'rACTunEr..s. 

Ilay  .Soap  uud  Camllo  \Vorl« UG  Front  at,  8.  F..  C 

Mission  Soajt  ouU  *-'aiuIie  Works 1C8  Duah  «t.,  ti.  1^,  L' 

San  Francisco  (Jantliu  (.*o 403  Front  St.,  8.  F.,  0 

CK.MEXT  PIPE— MAjroPAi-Tl-UEIUl 
Wellor  ii  riona S.icramento.  C 

CHAINS— JlAXUi-ACTrHLn.-i. 

Dixon  Lroa Cor.  lowa.au'.i  Yuljo  sta.,  .s.  i'.,  C 

Paciiic  Cliain  Wurlii 12  Front  tst,  ti.  I'.,  O 

Pu>Tio  IJro.( LJ3  liLaiciit.,  .S.  i'.,  C 

I'licliu  .MI,;  Co lJ<171>.uiiimBt,  pi.  !■'.,  C 

ClIAIHS— MAXUfAI^TCllKIlS. 

i'amioiiclic,  i'aul 131  Main  st,  a.  F.,  C 

Grcffj,  Cirarica 5a3  Bmmian  at.,  rt.  F.,  V 

llL'ywo<«l  IJru.i.  &  Co o3J..'iJ5Miaaion  at.,  ».  F.,  C 

luiliauaitoiJa  Cliair  .Mf?  Co. .  .lliU  Nww  Moa*  j  y  r.t.,  S.  1".,  C 
Nou;,'ar,.t,  Cliarlca 133  licalo  St.   H.  F.,  0 

ciIAilPAUXK— aiAATFAerruEua. 

Ilanuzttiy,  Arpad^  Co ...^SOW^aslungtou  at.,  H.  F.,  C 

l.vljniaii,  S.  i:Co UJ  Market  r.t.,  8.  F.,  C 

l.'HAiEDAiaSi:. 

AUitr,  U.  K.  LCo «»  Uattory  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

Cilenian,  Wm.  T.  ii  Co IIU  ilarltot  at,  S.  F.,  C 

(.'aafiia,  1'.  J.  i.Co 433  Doltory  St.,  S.  !•'.,  C 

Dlckion,  Do  Wolf  i  Cu U3  Uutte.-y  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

llellmaun  Bros.  &  Co 523  Front  at,  H.  F.,  C 

Montasuc,  W.  W.  iUo lUl-llS  llattorj- at.,  H.  i'.,  C 

JIiuTk.-,  Vii'torsCo lun Califoniia at,  8.  F.,  C 

Mu-iit-'oke,  Cliartea^Co .3M Hacnmiuiito  at,  8.  l'.,  C 

Iticliariiii  i;  Harrison 4Ul-l'.i.l  dauaoiuf  at.,  >S.  F.,  C 

Kutilliroii atiilimti'omLTyat.,  ti.  F..  C 

HaUfctiu.  A.  il.  C^i^o bli)  8aliaomu  at.,  .S.  F.,  C 

bclmnlcr,  II.  J^  Co C17-0U1  bausumo  at,  8.  F.,  C 

8tclnlla„fU,  V 403  Davtast.,  .S.  F,  C 

Visuier.  ..Vmi 433-431  liattcry  St..  8.  F.,  C 

Wola  i  lOicinliold aw  Battory  St.,  8.  V-.  C 

CUIAIiS. 

Boswan.  J.  .4.  ii  Co 213  Oattcry  at,  8.  F..  C 

Bnuiil.  ll.rman Jttl  Battoiyat,  H.  V..  c 

Bruno,  Auiuat 227  Clay  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Colm,  K.  <wCo ,£aiAant;,-omo.-y  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Cohn.  O.  SCO 233  Front  at,  8.  K,  C 

Culp,  J.  D.  4Co 10  Front  at,  8.  P.  c 

Curtia.  Dlion  &  Co SfJ  CUiyat.  8.  1',.  f 

DiezJilUiuon 416  Unttety  at ,  8  F,  C 

Drinkiiouao,  J.  A UattetTtmil  nacranitintoata.,  H.  F.,C 

Dvryur  ^  Cartm 513  Hacramento  at,  H.  F.,  C 

KnsklirMit  IVi«  k  (Jo. . 313  Front  at,  8.  V.,  V 

i:r  ital.rr.  I ;.  J;  (.'o Ml!  .Muiket  at.,  .S.  P.,  C 

Esbcrs,  iJaciunau,s:  Co.  .Caiiiomia  ami  lljitt«ry  ata.,  .S.  F.,  C 
Falkcnstcui^  Co., Cor.  tiamBmemoanii  Battery  ata., 8.  F.,  C 

Ooldtjorg^  i'optio 41U  hocraniuntost,  H.  F..  C 

(ioaliniky.  E.  &  Co 3W  Battery  at,  B.  F,  0 


Ounst,  M.  A.&CO 203KoamyBt, 

IIcyn'j:aana,  II ....20.1  f^il.foni^a^t.. 

Irvjiic,  Win.  ti lis  rourth  at, 

Kcr'.ia  ic  rip,uai 3t)3  .Sacr.iaiunto  i.t., 

KoUlljorj,  M.  P.  iCo ^  Battery  at, 

ivoaminsky  £i  Uroa 333  ,SanBonic  at, 

L>'wia,  8am  it  Co 24  ('allfomia  St., 

LiolicaBroa.  i*  Co U  Frciaontat., 

Lowia,  W.  k  ( 'n 30  California  at, 

'  .Mayriaeh  Bros.  &  Co 405  Battery  at, 

(  .Mu.lan,  J.  i  1' JOl  Moutg  i.-uory  a»  , 

I   Sleyor  Bros,  i  Co 412  Front  at. 

I   .Uichalitachko  Bros  X  Co 237  Kjaruyat. 

i   uppoiihoiiUL'r  ,^  Bro 20O  Front  at, 

I    i'otlak,  .VrnoliKtCo 208  Sacramento  at , 

xouunltauui,  1.  8.  kVu 322  Battery  lit, 

I  l^oaenaiiine.  M.  &  Bro iJO-1  Front  at, 

I  Uosentlial  :£  Frohmou ti27  Mont„'omery  at, 

.Saniieraon  ,*;  Hum 027  IVont  at, 

.'^chocnfelil,  .louaa. 423  Jackson  at, 

a^iaetler,  J.  W.  ii.Co 321 8acraintinto  at , 

83ebi;niianer,  L.  &  Co 222  Battery  at , 


8i:aifo,  Aifrail 

Wuillnan,  Peck-ii  Co 

Wt!rttieimer,  L.  and  K. . . 
W«rtheilUv-r.  XL  ii  Bro. . 
Tniita,  I.  K 


....301  Ciilliomiaat. 

133  .Market  at, 

303  Front  at, 

.^ii3  Front  St, 

.  J2ZI  Sacramento  at, 


Y-aal  ii  Co 023  Ma.'i;ut  at 

OIUAR&— MANUtACTUKEllS. 

.{\rmer,  M.  &  Co 300  8tiunuuunto  bt, 

Bairy,  David Cor.  Foliom  and  Nintli  ata. 

Bueker,  F.  W 70o  Davia  at 

Lugger  Broa 510  llayeaat, 

Biiukofsky  &  8t*jnib(!rg 310  Waiibingtoii  »t 

liowmuu.  .ioliu  .^.  ^  Co 213  Battery  at. 


8,  P., 

a.  F., 

8.  F. 

,s.  F. 
fs.  p. 
s,  p. 

8.  F. 

8.  P. 

8.  P. 

8.  P. 

8.  F. 

8.  F. 

S.  i'. 

H.  P. 

8.  !■•. 

a  F. 

8.  F. 

a  F. 

H.  F 

H,  i.-, 

8  P. 

.s.  P. 

.8.  F. 

8.  P. 

a.  P. 

8.  F. 
8.  F. 


Bi-anil,  llennau 

lirenier,  Joai'pUJ&Co. . 

Brunc,  Auifnat 

Uura,  Adolph 

l.'lauaaen,  Jotm 

Coiien,  I.  L.  &  Co 

Colin,  U.  &Co 

C-.h:o,  .Mai 

Curtia,  Dixon  &  Co 


301  Battory  at, 

.  .310  8aci-aluento  at, 

227  (.'kiy  6t, 

104  imimatat, 

1203  Iiaureiav., 

17  J  Uortlen  wt., 

232  Front  at., 

777  Markft  at. 

303  Clay  at. 


lliez  t  Itamou 416  Battery  at, 

Duenirald,  C.  F 13201  Howard  ht. 

Llilit/.,  llonry  F K«).S  Sixlli  at, 

KisoiilM-'rjj,  h.  .^  Bro.  .Cor.  Market  and  Prem't  eta., 

Engellwrt,  Peter  11 4  Fourth  at, 

Ka^elbreellt  Fox,^  Co 312  Front  at. 

Lu:.ceiiiann,  ilcrmami 2.'>1  Tliml  at , 

I'.rzsrabiT,  C.  Jc  Co 640  Market  at., 

i'.Ai>er,{,  Bachuiiui&Co..Cor.  Battery  and  Cal.  atji., 

Fakk.  Bcrnant. .421  Montgomery  at. 

I'alkenatein  &  Co Cor.  8ac'to  iin.i  Battory  ala,, 

l''imkh.-maer.  t.'tiriattan 610  Uctavia  at, 

Fraiikenlier;;  Broa 114  DnlKitit  at., 

I  tvnnd  .v  .Morgan 7(i3  ^  Bryant  at. , 

I'iictllander.  1,.  ,v  C'o Cor.  lat  ave  an<l  16tli  at. 

iia.luaiio,  Antonio S02  Montgomery  at 

(iareia,  .lose  A 413  .Sacramento  at, 

Uelil,  Louia 733iiearyat, 

lieli.n,  iludulph  11 315  Dana  at, 

ifoiilen^ou.  Ldward 443  Niutli  at. 

I  ioldiuan.  8iinou 740  llarriaon  at, 

1  ioaliuaky,  K.  Jc  Co 213  Battery  at . 

llolm  &.  Cohen  336  Cloy  at, 


8.  F. 

8.  F. 
8.  F. 
,.  a.  V 
8.  1\ 

8.  r. 

8.  1'. 
.S.  P. 
8.  P. 
.8.  F. 
8.  r. 
8.  F. 
8.  F. 
8.  P. 
8.  F. 
.S.  P. 
8.  P 
8.  P. 
8.  V. 
8.  P. 
8.  P. 
8.  F. 
8  F. 
,  8.  F 
8,  P, 
8,  1'. 
8.  F. 
8.  P. 
8.  F. 
8  I-,, 
8.  F 
8,  !■•. 
8.  F 
8  F. 
8.  F 
8,  P, 
8.  F. 
8.1'. 


m 


APPENDIX. 


761 


IIarri3  liros 512  Washinston  at.,  S.  V.,  C 

Ilastorlic;!.  B -2  rnr.r;h  =;.,  fi.  F.,  C 

U^luiutli,  V/m. ^J  Ja:I:30u  r.t.,  ii.  F.,  C 

John,  V,'i:i:ani Cor.  Post  ami  Diilionl  sto.,  B.  I'.,  0 

Kalmuk,  Jlo.-iti 40  Fourt!l  nt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Klopatoo'.:,  O.  (t  Co 2W  I'ronl  n;.,  ;1.  l'.,  O 

Kutncr  t  GoWstciu 427  Fro;;!  st,,  fl.  F.,  C 

Lcmko,  Joba 1013  Kurkut  i.t.,  S.  F.,  0 

Lou  tUanns 1247  Mlssloa  r.t.,  a.  F..  f! 

Lowia,  Sam  S  Co 2-1  California  st.,  H.  F.,  O 

LaB-i3,  W.  t  Co 30  Calitorniii  «t.,  3.  F,  C 

Liubcs  liros.  .'cCo 203  Sacraraouto  st.,  S.  F.,  C 

LioU  .r,  FrccloricU 1114  Piidfic  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

JIaira,  Aluiandcr Kl  Clay  st.,  it.  F.,  C 

MajTlsch  ilroa.  &  Co 405  IJattery  Gt..  S.  F.,  C 

Meyer,  Aaron 933i  FoUoni  St.,  H.  V.,  C 

Meyer,  Geor-^e 30  California  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Meyer  h  Dnliclstcin 281  First  r,t.,  ,S.  F.,  C 

Odenstoin  &  Co  305  Battery  st,  B.  F.,  C 

Ostcrloli,  Courail 21  Anthony  St.,  S.  F. ,  0 

Teraszo,  r, 1121  Diiiwnt  at.,  B.  1'.,  (.! 

I'clrie,  C.  (J 1407  Duiiont  3t.,  H.  F.,  O 

Pettinati,  Peter 1023  Kearny  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

riajeniann,  IL  &  Co :'0j  Sacramento  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Pope,  C.  C.  V 410  .Saeramonto  St.,  H.  F..  C 

Poiipe,  Cliarlca  L 303  Dattery  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

lUesjIJros 023  Clay  st„  a.  F..  C 

niuaUo,  T Kan  .lose,   ( •■ 

Roseubanm,  I.  S.  &  Co 322  California  at.,  S.  F. .  C 

P.oscuthal  U  Frohmau 027  Jlontsomcry  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Ilmrc,  William 903S  Iloivaril  St.,  a.  P.,  C 

8al)in,  Ferclinand 1027  Diilxmt  st,  a.  F.,  C 

Salamon,  .1.  &  Co 60fl  Battery  St.,  S,  F,.  C 

Sand.raon  &  Horn 327  Front  St.,  B.  F.,  O 

Schiller,  U 220  Turk  at,  a.  F.,  C 

Bchlaliorj,  V.bC 02J  Washinston  St.,  rt.  P.,  C 

Schmetzer,  Henry 1033  Fohmu  st.,  a.  P.,  C 

Schmidt,  Frank 420  Ktovensonat.,  S.  F.,  C 

Hoboejfeld.  .Iona.i 423  Jackaonst.,  S.  P.,  C 

Schwartz,  WillLam 01  Baeramentost.,  8.  P.,C 

Schweitzer.  W.  &  Co 20  Fourth  at.,  .1,  1'.,  C 

Sehucriu,  P. 3305  21th  st.,  B.  P.,  C 

Schaoffer,  J.  W.  &  Co.  .321  and  323  Sacramento  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Simla  i  Son 270)  MlB.5ion  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Sideraan,  Abo 032  Washington  at..  B.  P..  (-' 

Sldenmn,  Lachmau  &  Co 203  Pattery  at.,  B.  P..  C 

SlolKinliauer,  L.  &  Co 222  Dattery  St.,  B.  P.,  C 

aike.i,  P.  &  Co 115  Front .  I  ,  B.  I  ■  ,  ( ' 

Smith,  Wm.  N.  &  Co 140  Fifth  st,  B.  l--  ,C 

Stem'.  C.  S  W 703  Mission  at,  B.  P..  (' 

Timl!0,  ,T.  It  flBro 611  Sansome  «l..  .B.  F,,  (' 

Urban,  Huso 1023  Market  at.  B.  F.,  I' 

Watson,  Warren  M 302  Davis  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Woimer,Sliam 1307  PaciUo  at.,  S.  F,  C 

Wurthelmer,  t  ft  F. 30O-30C  Front  ■it.  a.  P.,  C 

Werthelmer,  It  t  Bro CIS  Front  at..  B.  P..  C 

White,  Isaac  K 221  Sacramento  at. .  B.  P. ,  0 

Wolf,  M .'iall  Third  at,  B.  p.,  C 

Wrede,  Wm 200  Washington  at..  S.  P'..  V 

Youne'.  AU*rt  II    <i07  Davis  St.,  8.  P.,  C 


Wheeler's  Carbon  lliaulphide. 
norstman,  .John 


.111  Lciilesdorn  at.,  a.  P.,  O 
.7C7-7r.J  r.ryant  st.,  ».  P.,  C 


(  UF.MIC/VL  WOIIKS. 


,  F.,C 


San  Francisco  Clu  mlcal  Worka 402  Front  at 

Reynoldn,  John 

Ban  Uruno  Iload.  near  Twenty-olgiilh  at.  8.  P.,  C 

OoUlen  City  Chemical  Worka,  303  Montgomory  at.,  8.  F.,  0 

Wrlsht  W.  H  850  Market  St.,  8.  P..  0 

96 


.S.  P. 

c 

a.  1'. 

c 

a.  p. 

c 

S.  F. 

0 

a.  F. 

0 

B.  P. 

0 

a.  p. 

0 

s.  p. 

0 

s.  p. 

.0 

a.  F. 

,0 

S.  P 

.0 

B.  F 

,c 

B.  P 

,  0 

a.  p 

,0 

a.  F 

.  c 

a.  p 

,  0 

CII0C0LATF.->UNUl'ACTtl!!:n3. 

r!hlrar<l-:lll  li  Bona 4-'!  Uattory  at.,  S.  F  ,  O 

Guitta.d,  F.  £i  Co 40j  aauaonie  at.,  B.  P.,  C 

CLDCKB. 

Ackerman  Pros 203  Sutter  at.. 

Ateclml.  Seller  ,t  (.'o 119  Dattery  at.. 

Davia  Dro.i 713  Market  at.. 

Day,  Thomas 122  Butter  St.. 

Piaenbers,  A 203  Kearny  at.. 

Hall,  A.  I.  &  Son 623  Market  at., 

I.awton,  O.  &  Co Oil  Market  at., 

Lundy.  T 7-0  Third  at. 

Xathan.  D.  &  Co 120  Sntt,  r  at., 

Pacille  Jcwclrs-  Co C  Dattery  St., 

Suth  Thoma3  Clock  Co 132  Sutter  St., 

Sp;noc.  A.  a.  &  Co K17  Market  St., 

Straus,  Kobuatamm  &  Co 

Cor.  Battery  and  Pine  sts., 

Bwain  11.  A.  kCo 112-114  Calironiia  st. 

Titcomb,  A.C.kCo 24  Post  st„ 

Wenzel.  Hermann 323  Kearny  St., 

CtOTHIXC. 

Alexander,  S.  O.  «t  Co 2  Battery  at..  S.  P.,  0 

Brown,  N.  ,1  Co 103  Dattery  st.,  S.  P..  O 

Brown  Dro.s.  £  Co 20  a,ansomo  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Damn,  J.  &  Co 9-11  Sansomo  St.,  rt.  P.,  O 

B.inncrErothcnt Cor.  Sutter  and  Sanaomu  sts.,  S.  V.,  0 

Dailser.  W.  C 13  S.inaomo  St..  S.  P..  O 

Colman  Bros Cor.  Sanaomo  and  Butter  sts..  a.  P.,  C 

I'.lfclt,  A.  D.  &  Co 110  Bansnme  at.,  H.  P..  O 

Fechhouner,  Goodldnd  &  Co 10  .Sansomo  at.,  B.  P..  O 

Frankonhdincr,  D Stockton.  O 

Goodyear  Rublier  Co 577  Market  at..  S.  P..  O 

Hyamo  Drothera 123  .Sansoraest..  8.  P..  O 

Hjinan.  M.  ii  Co 618  Market  at..  S.  F..  O 

Nenstadter  Drolhera. . .  .Cor.  Battery  and  Pine  at.,  S.  P..  O 

.SUnnlmrt,  W.  &  I.  &  Co SDatteiyat.,  H.  P..  O 

Slrauaa.  Levi  4l  Co 14  Dattery  at,  S.  V.,  O 

CLOTHrKO-MANUFAiTn:ni:n.s. 

Astoria  Clotbinj  Mty Astoria,  O 

Dad;;er,  W.  0 13  Sanaomo  st..  a.  I'.,  O 

Banner  Brothers Cor.  Sutter  and  Sanaomo  sta,,  B.  P.,  0 

D.Lum,  .1.  !:Co 3-11  Sanaomeat.,  S.  P..  0 

Drown  B.otbors  &  Co 2li  Bansome  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Drown,  N.  S;Co 103  lUtteryat.  .S,  P.,  O 

Cohnan  Brothers — Cor.  Sansorae  and  Sutter  sts.,  B.  F  ,  0 

Elkiw,  I„  &  Co Sacramento,  O 

Oreenebaum,  D.  &  O 1047  Market  at,  8.  F.,  0 

Hastinua.  C  c.  *  Co 

Cor.  Montgomery  and  Sutter  ata.,  8.  P.,  C 

Hyama  Dros 123  Sansome  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Ilnnan,  Jt.  i  Co 513  Market  st.  B.  P..  O 

J.acob3,  M.  &  Son 20  Sanaomo  St..  B.  P..  <; 

Laventbnl,  Rosalia 123  Sanaomo  at,  B.  1'.,  (1 

.Mathers  S  Co.  (suspenders) 35  Second  at..  .B.  P.  1) 

Nathan.  Pulvonnan  tiCo 23  Diittery  at..  B.  p..  O 

^■eu^tadter  Bros Cor.  Dattery  and  Pino  sta. .  B.  I'.,  C 

Sehafcr  k  Co 11  Monti-omery  st,  B.  1',,  C 

Slegel,  Simon 414  Sacramento  at,  B.  P..  0 

Stolnhart.  W.  S  I.  &  Co 3  Battery  at,  3.  P.,  O 

Straus  &  Levy 22  Sanaomo  st ,  8.  F  .  0 


762 


APPENDIX. 


Ui?    1 


COAL  OIL. 

AUyaoSWIiito 112 Front  nt,. .".,  I".,  C 

Colarjaa,  V/i:i.  T.&Co 121  r.l3.-k;t ct..  U.  v..  C 

Continental  Oil  aati  TraU3portat;on  Co 

133  Cai;tnml;v  ut.,  li.  I".,  C 

DlotJ,  A.  C.  &Co 0Fro:it3',,  fj.  F.,  C 

Loiv.  O.  Ailo!i)liu  &  Co 203  C-lli.'onila  r,t..  H.  F..  C 

YatC3  &  Co IW  Front  »t.,  H.  F..  C 

CODFISH. 

r.icharil.  :•.' S.  F.,  C 

LynJe/;  Iljiish 41C  Davi.i.st,  .S.  F.,  C 

JlcCollam,  T.  W.  i  Co 203  Clay  «t,  S.  F.,  C 

COFFEE. 

AujiT,  n.  i;.  tCo 40')  Battery  Rt.  a.  F.,  C 

Kothin,  Dallemaml  &  Co :^5  Front  St.,  H.  V.,  C 

Fro::iI>cr3cr,  Max 35  lluLtcry  ct.,  9.  F.,  C 

Cabrjni.  Kom-i  &  Co 123  California  Bt.,  fj.  V.,  C 

Carit,  J.  A 313Cai;forniaat,  H.  F..  C 

Coleman,  Wm.  T.  £  Co 121  Market  ut..  S.  F.,  C 

D.iupster  tl  Iloya 203  Market  B%r,  0.  F.,  C 

DcTjrs,  Kocrhncko  &  Co 30  Fremont  ct.,  fJ.  F.,  C 

Funkon-iteni,  C.  £:  Co 320  Bauiioniu  at.,  il.  P.,  C 

Iluaillcston,  Ilnj'a 522  luaimy  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Low,  C.  Ail(il;i!io  ,S  Co 203  California  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Mordll  &  Jo 204  California  st,  fi.  F..  O 

MontjaKoTo  .1.  CJ 213  Sacr»:neuto  St.,  Ji.  F.,  C 

Mouteale;,To  i  Co 230Califomla St.,  S.  F..  C 

Moore.  L  C 317  liattcry  St..  H.  P.,  0 

Parro'.t  i;  Co 303  California  »t.,  n.  P.,  C 

Scrl.it.  .'3:ni  &  Co 413  Commcrdal  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Tn!>3  J.  tCo 123  Calllomlact.,  S.  F.,  C 

Urrucla  t  Urlosto 203  Mariiet  St.,  li.  P.,  C 

ZaOik,  A.tiCo 33  Uattery  St..  S.  P.,  C 

COPFEF,  AND  .SPICE3-.M.VNur,\crCIlEIls. 

Ailchilorfor,  E.  t  Co 400  Sansomo  Kt..  9.  P.,  O 

lier:iar(l.  C.  £  Co 707  Hanaoniyst.,  M.  I'.,  C 

r.un-,  C.  C'.i  Co 13  Pino  St.,  a  P.,  C 

Botliin,  Dalloaanil  £  Co 30.5  Front  r.t..  B.  P.,  C 

Cb;>;)  f:  J^fsuii Cor.  Mission  and  Proiniint  r.t.v,  9.  !■'..  C 

rlo33:tt  Bro3 Portlanil,  O 

Caaonave,  P.  f;  Co 1.03  Au;;cles,  C 

Dn.Tley,  N Stte.-ainento,  O 

Pari.',  Tlionias Victoria,  11  C 

Polj.'r  li  Co 104-103  California  st,  H,  P.,  C 

tiuittanl,  E.  fc  Co 403  Sanwnio  si,  H.  P.,  O 

Cliirank'Ul  k  Bona 415  ,lai.k8on  r.t..  8.  P.,  C 

Gol.l:nan,  L. Bacramcnto,  C 

Ilotca.';  Co 412  Clayrt.,  S.  P.,  C 

Hunt  t  Uunlvias S.iu  .lojo,  C 

IleisJi,  Goorjo.. Sacmraento,  O 

Jones,  .1.  T.  £  Co. Portlanil,  O 

lCrenr.berjcr    Sacramento,  C 

Lo3  Anjelcs  9t?am  Coffeo  and  Siiieo  Mill:',  Lo3  An:;elc.\  ( : 

Mo-t.;aleiro,  ,1.  0 218  Sacramento  St.,  H.  P.,  C 

McOart'jy  Proa 121  Front  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Bchilllnj  A.  ,'i  Co 122  Davia  St.,  9.  P.,  C 

Vcnard,  O 025  Front  at.,  3.  P.,  C 

COFFINS— JlAJJUK.VCIlKl-.UH. 

<  ;r.  y,  N.  t  Co on  Sa:ramento  St.,  .S.  P.,  C 

Lo.kliart ,';  Porto.- 23  Illn.xomo  r,l.,  9.  I'.,  <,) 

Maisey,  Atklna GOl  Kacramento  ct ,  H.  P.,  C 

MoAuIIIIj  U  QirU 610  Eljhtll  St.,  9.  P.,  C 

Paeifle  Mfg  Co CSO  Sllnkinn  St.,  9  F  ,  C 


C0Ll..Vi:3— M.\NL'F.\CTi;Knii.S. 

Atkinson,  L.  .':  Co 20  (iuttirst.,  S.  P.,  O 

La-.rr.on,  Frank C03  JUrket  n',.,  .S.  P..  O 

New  York  and  Gan  Pmnclsco  Collar  Co 

0  liattery  St.,  B.  F.,a 

Seymour.  W.  H 120  K-.arny  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

Wempo  Bros 373  Market  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

C0MF0UTE?..S-.M.v.\l-rACIinEIl3. 

DuRose,  F.  F 23Be«ondst.,  S.  P.,  O 

CONFCCTIONERY-MANur.viTtr.Kns. 

Allsky  h  Ile-elo Portlanil.  O 

Anderson,  Wm Cildand,  C 

Ile'lin,  Louia 115  Sixth  at.,  ^  P.,  G 

Bl.'kel,  Fred Portland,  O 

Doynton,  .S.  9 OroiliL',  C 

B.-oadbout,  C.  W 1003  Market  iit.,  9.  P. ,  O 

Ueniera,  IIa:tor  L .1214  Market  St.,  H.  P.,  O 

Dema.tini,  L.  &  Co 211  Poatst.,  .1.  P.,  C 

Dex'-e^,  Fran!: 520  Washinston  St.,  9.  P.,  O 

Fink,  Henry 401  Moutjomorj'  ot,  9.  p.,  O 

Piiiher,  Henry Sacramento,  C 

Foater  &  Co ilSZS  Market  ct.,  9.  F,  O 

Gilbert,  Au.TOst 410  Hayca  ot,  9.  P.,  O 

Oriesscn,  Cliailea... PortLind.  o 

Haas,  Ueo.  &  Co 824  Market  et.,  9.  P.,  CJ 

ILlcker.  U 123  Third  St.,  9,  P.,  O 

IlirBchtold,  D 2)  Stevenson  ct.,  9,  P.,  C 

Lariit,  Arseno IXII  MoA!list«rut.,  .9.  P.,  0 

Masaon  Prercs 413Connnerclalt;t  ,9.  P.,  C 

.Maylield,  W.  J Portland,  O 

Mercer,  M.  A .518  Kearny  at.,  9.  P.,  O 

Midon,  F 117  Butter  :,t.,  9.  1'.,  0 

O'Brien,  Maurice 9an  Jose,  O 

Paul,  ,Iolm  A,  f;  9on Oakland,  O 

IVterson,  \V.  F Sacramento,  O 

Perry-Tomisond,  .Mm.  II 1153 -Market  i,t.,  0.  P.,  0 

Pitt,  Wm.  H.  C.  &  Co 403  Stevenson  st,  9.  P..  O 

lUi'K'rti,  Clei.  F 1301  Pol'i  at.,  9.  P.,  O 

Uot3er  &  Iliscliolt .307  lialt  St.,  9.  P.,  O 

Uothicliild  £  Ehroniifort 113  Front  ot.,  .9.  P..  O 

9.ironi.  Lonii  I't  Co 423  Sacrauionto 

Sohleaainscr  £  Berjuian 

Cor.  Market  and  Drumm  sLs..  S.  P.,  C 

Schmltj,  William 32J  P.ro:i.Iw.iy  rt.,  9.  P.,  O 

Schroder,  Albrccht  &  Co 2311  lattory  at. ,  9.  P. ,  O 

Soeba,  CharLs  P 127i  Fourth  ct.,  U.  P  ,  0 

Hcldl,  J.  &  Co 403  Davlj  r.t.,  H.  P.,  O 

Smith  ,t  Lilly Victorli,  B.  O 

Thain  llro) 73i  Market  nt.,  S.  P.,  O 

T.iwnjond,  W.  9 027  Market  ot,  11.  P„  O 

Wledmaun  &  Ilroniada. Sncmmento,  O 

COOPERS -MANiiK.veTrnnus. 

Amiatrons.  Il.rlol:>h 121  Jackronst,,  8  F.,  O 

Iland.v,  L.  N.  &  Co 32<.'laynt,  9.  P.,  O 

IIo.;in&  Co lOODnmnnnt,  9.  P.,  O 

IIoU.;n.  .lolin  II 101  Clay  St,  9  P.,  O 

Pelvcy,  Lawraaco 114  Bacramorito  i:t.,  !J.  P.,  O 

Pulda  Bra.1,  bCo .33  BjK'ar  .it,  B.  P.,  O 

Norton  ,'c  Madjon 113H.icrimentOBt,  9  P.,  O 

The  .MoUullath  Mf.t  Co Elalltll.  near  llryau',  9.  P.,  O 

Wocnier,  David Cor.  Main  and  Harrison,  9.  P.,  O 

COPPERWjUIE- Mani;i  AcTi;nEUiv 

Hcaloy,  Wm  Porthiml.  O 

Iredalo,  A.  8.  &  Co 862  Mlmlon  st,  B  F„  O 


APPENDIX. 


16i 


I 


Il3,  John  G 31 1  ICuaray  r.t„  ft.  F., 

Llttb  &  L-.-.v.  1:1 03; By.to.-/ r,'...  B.  F., 

Ml:te,  fj:!:icon Sll  Mo;if  o:n=rr  nt.,  fJ.  F., 

p,r-y^  p 2^3  Ftet  ct,.  !i.  F,, 

Bxijc'ro  i  Co -1-1  Miajion  .'it.. !).  F., 

Biait'.i,  Chv.ri.'i  V/ 533  Da.v:i  St.,  0.  P., 

Tripn,  Goo.  A. 


..22;F;'c.-:ioiitot.,  Ij.  V. 


Wajatr  &  Toild 533  Miaaioa  St.,  H  F.,  C 

Hlllidlc,  A.  H.,  (Wiro) 0  California  Bt.,  ».  1'.,  0 


Glover  ?c  WiUcomb C7  Now  Monlsomcry  lit.,  n.  F..  C 

IC-JoA  John 73  Now  Jlont^onicry  i;t.,  a.  F.,  O 

Ljwj,  Dav:a\y.,  Cir.  Ga-ataCla;iiaaclC'aroliuaotJ.,  ii.  F.,  O 

xrortou  and  Mulcaliy 

.Cor.  Bauta  Clara  aiid  CaroUuft  r.t8.,  0.  F.,  0 

O'Drlen.  John Clianncl  r.t.,  nr  Tenth,  fi.  F.,  O 

Sha-lcld,  Charka  L Tcnncs3cQ  fit.,  nr  Cut'.o,  .S.  1'.,  0 

Wuchorcr,  G.  ii  Co..  Cor.  Lombardaud  tlou^'h  Bt.i.,  S.  F.,  C 


Sin.-aljBt.,  fi.  v.,  C 

533  Fifth  r.l ,  a  P.,  C 

..333  M:3!;o.l  nl.,  1).  F.,  C 


Mobon&Sons Portland,  o 

PacinoCotaajoCj 313  Calitomia  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

San  Franoiaoo  Cordaje  Mfy 013  Front  i-.t..  it.  F..  C 

U.  ti.  Cord  To 110  Market  Bt.,  S.  P.,  O 

CORDLVLS— MANur.vciuncas. 
Mi-MUlan,  Donald 711  Front  at,  S.  P.,  C 

COrwNICna  (.METALl-M.VMUF.VCTOKCns. 

ConlLn,  RoVjrtj V23  J.railon  at.,  (i.  P.,  C 

Fordirar,  .Jo3'jph  F 

llayj.!.  G  ^o.  &  C  J 

PaiLlj  Zin)  O.-namont  Factory, 

Cl'.EAM  OP  TAUTAIl-M.lNUr.vcriuiEttS. 

Cirdiaro,  D.  ft  Co 31J Towno-'nd b;.,  3.  F.,  C 

Visuier,  A 333-033  Bryant  st,  3.  P.,  C 

CPiACKEas— Mas  uiwciun  Ens. 

California  Cracker  Co 

Cor.  Broadway  and  Battery  ot3.,  B.  F.,  0 

Cnnninjham  £  M^Beath Victoria,  B  C 

Eajlo  Cracker  Bakjry 

Cor.  Miasiou  and  F.leVL'nth  BtB.,S  P.,  C 

1  13IC  SS  '.am  Cracker  Bakery Sacrotm  uto,  C 

Edipse  Cracker  Co 2U  Sacrani  uto  Bt.,  S  P.,  0 

Uuit.r  L  Oolihardt Bait  Lake  City,  U 

Noabitl&Co Victoria,  BC 

Orejo.i  Steam  Bakery Portland,  O 

Sacramento  Cracke.-  Bakery Bacramcnto,  C 

Walla  WaUa  S  ;aam  Bakery Walla  Walla,  W 

CnOClCERY  AND  GLjVS3WAJlB. 

Ackerman'8  Dollar  Store Portland,  O 

Al-nol-1,  N.  a.  &  Co 310  'Jalifornla  r.t.,  B.  F.,  C 

Altaohul,  Seller  i  Co 113  Battery  at.,  S.  P.  C 

Ack.rmanBroa 123  Keaniy  Bt,  it.  P.,  C 

Aekermai  Broa U.ieramonto,  C 

Cerf,  J,  iiCo 317  Mark.t  St.,  B.  P.,  C 

Danerl,  Antonio 423  Battery  at.,  U.  P.,  C 

Jackson,  W.  S  Co PorUand,  O 

Lawton,  O.  &  Co 003  Market  St.,  fl.  1^,  C 

May.leR  A 1-'  Battery  r.t..  ;!.  F.,  C 

Markj,  Mannheim 153  Stevenson  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Nathan,  H.  ft  Co 130  Sutter  at.,  S.  v'..  C 

So'-lcr.  M.  ftOo Portland,  O 

Swain,  It.  A.  ft  Co 112  California  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

Straus,  Ivohiutaram  ft  Co.  .Cor.  Batt=i7  and  Pine,  B.  F.,  U 

Strajburjor  Broa 323  Battery  iit..  8.  !■'.,  C 

Sjioh.Uner,  Simon 0  DujiontBt..  B.  P.,  C 

Sanderson  S  Brotller .310  Battery  at..  S.  F.  C 

Taylor,  John  ft  Co 123  Ma'.kel  Bt.,  S.  P.,  O 

Wansouhelm,  Stcrnheiui  ft  Co 523  Jlarket  at.,  S.  P.  O 

OuUIilSD  UAia-M\Nui-,uTURi::;fl. 

Arnold,  N.  B.  ft  Co 310  California  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Dailoy,  Henry Missovirlat.,  8.  P.,  O 

Eureka  Ilalr  Fact 'y..  Cor.  Fitt'nlh  and  Dolores  aU,,  S.  F.,  O 


CUTLEnY-:\lANUf-\cTuut:na. 

Price,  Michael 413  Kearnyct.,  S.  P.,  0 

WUlftPlnk 703  .Mark.^t  at..  S.  P.,  0 


DMilY  PEODUCE. 

Ahem  ft  Co 233  Waahin-.'ton  st. 

Bri;lmm,  Wliltney  ft  Co 320  F.-ont  Bt, 

Balancsi.  Joaeph 107  Cla.  k  at. 

Collins  ft  Tilden 123  3.insomo  »t. ,  B.  F. ,  C 

Do3^o,  BwoeneyftCo 113  Market  St.,  B.  P.,  C 


,  a.  P., 
,  B.  P., 

,  a.  F 


ForsaUhftDodso. 
Gctz  Bros,  ft  Co.. 
n'.ldbnr3  Bros — 
UeyAvood  ft  Ilcndlcy. . 


323  Front  at.,  B.  P;,  O 

301  Front  St.,  B.  P.,  0 

..100  California  St.,  ft.  1'..  C 
221  Clay  St.,  8.  P.,  O 


naii'ht,  Hoijcrt  ft  Co 223  Front  at.,  B  F.,  C 

Joost,  Herman 410  Clay  at.,  B.  P..  O 

Loudon,  It.  B 117  Drumm  Bt,  fj.  P.,  C 

McIIenrj-,  B.  ft  Co 423  Front  at,  !!.  F.,C 

Moulton,  E.  8.  ft  Co 303  Clay  st,  3.  P.,  O 

Meade,  Geo.  W.  ft  Co 410  Front  St.,  B.  P.,  0 

Sjmmer,  II 102  D.-umm  at.,  B.  P.,  0 

Steele,  Elder  ft  Co 20-1  Front  at.  B.  P.,  O 

Von  Bon  ft  Ilenckc  Bro:( 430  Front  at,  B.  P.,  C 

Wooatcr,  lluboell  ft  Co 317  Front  at.,  B.  P.,  O 

Wolien,  MaxftCo iilO  Vi'aahinjton  st,  3.  P.,  O 


Wieland  Broa. , 


.330  Front  Bt,  S.  P.,  O 


DESKS— MANUFACTURCnS. 


,  S.  P., 


Easton,  John 231  First  st, 

Puller,  Geo.  II 13  New  Montgomery  at,  B.  P.,  O 

Gilbert  ft  Mooro 14-23  Sutter  st,  S.  F.,  0 

DISTILLERIES. 
Bay  View  Distillery.  .Cor.  Eighteenth  av.  and  II  st,  B.  P.,  O 

California  Distillery :21  Battery  at,  U.  P.,  O 

Pacitle  Distilling  and  Ueiiuinj  Co..4lO  Battery  at,  B.  P.,  G 

Potrero  Distillery  and  UeQnery 

Cor.  Minnesota  and  Nevada  "ts.,  S.  P.,  0 

Wo3t  End  Distillery Near  San  Jose  Koad,  8.  P.,  O 

DOOR  SASHES  AND  BLINDS-MAXUFACluilcaa. 

Bradbury,  W.  B 530,  572  Braanan  Bt,  B.  P.,  C 

Davis,  W.  E 134  Battery  st,  it.  P.,  O 

Dempster  ft  Keys 233  Marliet  st,  B.  P.,  0 

Doe,  B.  ft  J.  B 43  M,arket  st,  8.  P.,  (! 

r,.\colsior  Planinj  .Mills.  .Cor  Bryant  and  Fifth  sts.,  B.  P.,  C 

Hanson,  M.  ft  A 133,  130  IMaln  Bt.,  3.  P.,  U 

IIa.ikcl,  Phineus Cor.  Bryant  and  pl.th  Bta.,  S.  P.,  O 

lvittri,li-e,  E.  H.  ft  Co 113  Market  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

Macdoaalil,  D.  A  ft  Co 217  Spear  St.,  3.  P.,  0 

Mojbanics'  Mtil.t. .  .Cor.  Miaaion  and  Fremont  ata.,  B.  P.,  O 

Morrison,  J,  J Cor.  Spear  and  Mission  ats.,  S.  P.,  C 

Moore  ft  WUkie.... Cor  Mission  and  Fremont  Bb.,  S  P.,  U 
Prescott  ft  Sanhoni. .  .Cor.  Howard  and  Spear  ats.,  B.  F.,  O 

Sejara,  Uriah 100  Main  st.  8.  P.,  O 

Sprinjer,  Jason  ft  Co. .Cor.  Mission  and  Spear  ata.,  S.  P.,  0 

Turner,  Kennedy  ft  Shaw 

Fourth,  bet  Clianncl  and  Berry  ats.,  8.  P.,  O 


ii; 


n 


■'I 


Hi; 
m  < 


764 


APPENDIX. 


Wiiahbuni,  AP)t'rt 

Bjiry,  iKt.  rourth  nn.l  Fifth  cU.,  3.  P.,  C 

Wilaoa  L  IJi-o'.hcr 13-22  Drumiu  fit.,  S,  F.,  O 

DKr.s3  t:;im:.iinc,3. 

Baasr  Cro3.  ,'c  Co 5:7  Mar!;:t  Bt.,  8.  I'.,  O 

CoWincrUroB SU  Market  ot.,  H.  P.,  0 

llcia  IJro3.  i  Co 512  Mar:;ct  Dt,  a.  V. ,  C 

Mayer,  Dawaoa .';  Co 12J  ;i:iitcrot..  H.  F.,  C 

MiL.TDruj 511  Miirlwt  It.,  S.  F.,  C 

DRUGS. 

Bryan,  Win.  J  

Cor.  Market nnd  NewMontgomiry  sts.,  ,S.  r.,C 

IJoericko  t  Taful 211  Sutter  Et,  «.  ]■'.,  <; 

Iwwuins,  A.  F.  tSoii MHiiColulBt,  B.  F.,  C 

Fosbajr  &  Mason Albany,  O 

Cut  s,  ,T.  11.  &  Co.Cor.&aQSoDle&Commcrcialstii,,  B.  F.,  (' 

Ileinzeman  ^c  Eilis L03  An^'elen,  C 

Hodjc,  Davis  .'i  Co rottlaiul,  O 

ICoUy  i  Yimnj Soaltlu,  W 

lUrk,  II.  O. .';  Cj S.v.'ramjnto,  (! 

Lan;ley  /;  ^liclneli Cor.  Front  imd  Pincbtj.,  fj.  F.,  C 

Lansley  ,V  Co Victoria,  11.  C 

Mack,  J.  J.  tCo 11  Front  St.,  fl.  F.,  C 

Mcrtjn,  MoffitJiCo 313  Clay  B;.,a  F.,  C 

Moore,  Allen  i  Co Salt  Lakj  City.  U 

raci.lclIonieopathicPbannacy 4lOearyat.,  fj.  F.,  C 

Kortinston  .'i  Co 523  Market  at.,  R  F.,  C 

Illcliaril.s  C.  F.  i  Co -127  ,Sa;is.;m--  st,  S.  P..  C 

Slaven,  II.  li Cor.  Market  ond  PuwellBt..  H.  F.,  C 

Sto  il,',  James  C aXi  Market  r,t.,  S.  F.,  C 

Snipes  li  Kiuncrsly Tlio  DaUe.i,  O 

WakLleo  ti  Co Cor.  Moutsomciy  ami  Buah  ets.,  B.  F.,  C 

AVeatlierioril ,';  Co Salera,  ( > 

^^■ooa«•Ma,  C.  11 ,  t  Co Portland,  O 

KLKCTaoPLATEa-MA.vrrAnuKcns. 

Culiforala  Floctrical  Works 35  Market  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Denuiston.  UilwardO G53Mi&sionBt.,  8.  F.,  C 

F.keluud,  IJrio G20  Merciiant  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

F.LECTRICAL  APPAUATUa. 

California  Kloctrical  Works 35  Market  Bt.,  H.  F.,  0 

California  Dni^sti  Klcctrio  Ll^'ht  Co 

113  0'Fum:'.lBL,  8.  F,  O 

Fuller,  Frank  W 41i),Sacl-ament*)Bt.,  8.  P.,  C 

ILimpton,  Charles  W 007  MlBsionat.,  8.  F.,  C 

Ilatterot'.i  &  RU3.5 321  Ke.amy  fit.,  S.  I'.,  O 

Will  &  Fintk rO'J  JIarket  si..  S.  F,  C 

i;i.ECTrL0T\'PE3-M.vxuF.vcruunB.s. 

American  Tyji,.'  roimdry 510  Clay  Bt.,  9.  F.,  C 

California  i;ie.:trieal  Works 35  Market  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

California  ry[w  Foundry 511  Sansome  Bt..  S.  P.,  O 

Miller  .';  lllchanl 5S9  Commercial  ut.,  H.  P.,  C 

Paclllc  Tyln  VoimJry 523  Sacramento  St.,  8.  F,,  (.' 

Painter  .it  Co 610  Clay  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Han  Francisco  Typo  Foundry 512  (.'lay  at.,  H.  P.,  O 

WlntBrbum,  Joseiili  i  Co 417  Clay  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

KLEVATOlia-.MANiir.icTi'UF.n.s 

llireh.  Wni.  U 110  IJealest.,  8,  F.,  C 

Euau-ell.  W.  P 223  Mission  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

llan-utt,  W.  T 133  Froinont  Bt.,  H.  P.,  < ! 

Uinklo,  Plilllp 113  Mala  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

EMDR0IDER1E3. 

Barker,  Isaac 14  OFarrellBt,  8.  P.,  0 

Uauur  Brua.  &  Co 547  Market  st.,  8.  P.,  C 


Din  J,  8 130  Kearny  at , 

Buyer  ii  Ilcleh 12J  Keal-ny  at., 

Cobliucr  Bros 543  Mar!;ct  Et, 

DavidsDn,  J.  W.  ft  Co.,  Cor.  Koar.iy  and  Pes'-  S:  i.. 

Held  Dr.is.  .'jCo 512  Mark !tr;... 

Holler,  M.  &  Bros 112  .Sansomo, 

,Tonos,  E.  II.  fiCo 5Jj  Market  Bt,, 

Levy,  Jules 523  .Market  ot.. 

May  r,  Da^vson  &  Co 123  Sutter  St., 

MuierBros Ml  ^La^kct  at., 

Norcr03a&  Co G  Post  r.t., 

Ktisim'iaum  ft  Co 24  Battery  at , 

Verdier,  Mor  w\  k  Co  

'.-'or.  Sutter  and  Moatjomery  Bts., 

Weil  Bros,  ft  Co 21  Batt^jryst, 

EXGIN'Ea. 

Arnold,  11.  8.  ft  Co 310  California  at., 

Baier  ft  Uamilton 18-10  Front  at, 

D.'i  Mar,  Alexander 21fl  Sansomo  Bt., 

Flih,  A.  L.  ft  Co n  First  Bt., 

Orcjory,  II  P.  ftOi 2  Cdlforniaat., 

Hant'.n:;toa,  Ho;)klai ft  Co 

Co.-.  Bush  and  .M;irk.'t  Bti., 

Bte.'u.  E.  T lOnijab.sl., 

Tatniii  ,'i  BuK.:n 33.)  .M  irk  jt  s:. , 

WilUain-.,  Dinioad ft  C.) 2  3.M  irkjt  St., 


8.  E.,  O 
S.  F.,  0 
3.  P.,  a 

a  p.,  o 

8.  P.,  O 
8.  P.,  O 
8.  P.,  O 

a  p.,  o 
s.  p.,  o 

3.  p.,  0 
8.  p.,  O 

I),  p.,  o 
a  p.,0 

8.  p.,  O 


p.,  o 
p.,0 
p.,  0 
p.,  0 

p.,  a 


p.,0 
v..  a 
p.,0 
p.,  o 


E>fGINE3-MANUPACTuncn3. 

Atlai  Iron  Workj .....133  Beilost,  8.  P.,  O 

Golden  State  a.ld  M.uerslroa  Wk!.  2M-2J7Piritat.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ilinekloi-.  Spi j.-.i  ft  IUy.;j.... 21.1  PromDatoi.,  8.  P.,  O 

JaJkjO'.i  ft  Truman. .  .Cor.  Si.tth  and  Bluxoni  j  atJ.,  8.  P.,  0 

L.)W  ft  Chartr,.y  23  Fremont  at..  3.  P.,  O 

MeCime,  K-iljjrt 40JBoal3  st.,  8  P.,0 

Ohnien.  Wm.  II ,51  Fremont nt.,  8.  P.,0 

Pendergast,  Smith  ft  Co S17-221  Fremont  st.,  8.  P.,  0 

Preaeott,  Seott  ft  Co., .  .Cor.  Firat  an'l  Mia.non  r,t,i.,  f.l.  P.,  0 

tonkin,  U.-ayton&Co 127  Fremont i.t.,  ,8.  P.  O 

Uice,  II.  W 50  fliuxomo  bL,  8.  P.  0 

Ivisdou  Iron  and  Locomotivo  Works 

H.  E.  Cor.  Doalo  and  Il.iw.ard  sts..  8.  P.,  0 

Bmall,  Isaac  II 574  B,-annan  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Talt  ft  Ilainoue 115-117  B.alo  at..  ».  P.,  O 

Thomlison  ft  Evans 112  Bealo  Bt ,  8.,  p.,  0 

ES.'SEXCES  A>rD  EXTRACT3-MvNUFACri:nEIl8. 

Cihon,  PhUipp ';218an3oji3  8t.,S.  P.,  0 

M3.Millan,  Donald 711  7U  Proatot.a.  P.,0 

Nichols-.ra,  Bamuol  II 2121  .M  o-.ioa  at,  fl.  P.,0 

Kioser,  P.  ft  Co 611  Front  St.,  3.  P..  O 

Thompson,  Ira  D 41 1  Front  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

FANCY  ClOODa. 

Aekorm.in  Bros 123  Kearny  at. ,  8.  P.,  O 

Hau.!rIlro3.  ft  Co 5(7  .Market  bL  ,  3.  P.,  O 

Buyer  ft  R.'ich 131andl3j  Sinomiat.,  8.  P.  0 

Cobliucr  Bros. 51?  Market  »t„  8.  P.,  O 

Davldion,  J.  W.  ftCo lOJ  iCe;vi-iiy  at,  8,  P.,  0 

DavUIlros 713.M.krkot  at.,  8.  P,  0 

D.ivii  nro.i.,  LaVinoAOo IJtu  IG.Suttjr  at,,  .S,  P.,  O 

Davlaann,  llallftCo 0  Butter  bU,  H.  F,.  O 

DeCourcy 50tl  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Dlnkelspiel,  I..  ftCo 37  BatloiT  at. ,  8,  P,  O 

Peljenliaum  ft  Co 120,SanBume  Bt.,  8.  P.,  O 

Fiaherft  Baum 10:i  Sansome  at,,  8  P..  O 

Frank  &  Co Cor.  .Sansomo  nnd  Sacramento  ata.,  S.  P.,  O 

Fraukenthal,  Baehman  ft  Co 

Cor  Battery  and  Calif omia  ata. ,  8.  F.,  O 


mShm 


1 


APPENDIX. 


76s 


rranklin,  M.  &  Bro IS  liattcry  st,  S.  F.,  C 

llas.y  '^  Lanjaatcr ?.2  K^aniy  Et.,  ii.  F.,  C 

Held  Dro.l.  &  Co OU  MjrJiJt  St.,  3.  P.,  C 

ILMkCo OiSlIurkctst.,  fi.  F .,  C 

Ilolk-r,  JI.  t  Bro 112  Sauaonia  ot.   H.  F.,  C 

llQrzl>orir,  Murtlu 4U  Hacramcuto  at.,  S.  F..  C 

HoiTiuaaiCo 17  Battery  st.  a  F.,  (! 

JoiU'a,  K.  II.  &  Co 535  Market  Bt,  S.  F.,  V 

KahnBro-i.  &  Co 23  Uatfiry  r.t.,  S.  1'..  C 

KjODo  Bros 107  Kcaniy  nt.,  S.  F.,  C 

L'jviiishun&  Muycrstoln 117  SatiBomoBt..  3.  F.,  C 

Levy,  Jl.  &O0 103  Battery  St..  S.  F.,  C 

l,ol)u  &  Salinscr 414  Market  8t.,  ff.  F.,  C 

Mayer,  Dawdon  &  Oo .120  Matter  at.,  B.  F.,  C 

MIcUels,  FrioiUandiT  (i  Co 9  Battery  St.,  H.  P.,  C 

Murphy,  Onrnt  fc  Co.  .Cor.  Sanaomo  ami  Bush  ata.,  .S.  F.,  C 

rilster,  ,T.  J liOrtuttiTBt.,  3.  F.,  C 

Ilo.seal);iU)n  £  Co 22  Battery  at.,  3.  F.,  C 

Roaemlale,  A.  C.  i  Co 519  Market  ct.,  3.  F.,  C 

Bactis,  Gtraajborger  &  Co 

Cor.  Sansomo  ami  Pino  Bts.,  3.  P.,  C 

SaiUer  t  Co COj  Market  St.,  S.  F.,  0 

Schweitzer,  f^acha&Co.Cor.  fiauanmoandBualiBtJi.,  3.  F.  O 

Sheyer,  M.  ii  Bro 121  Baiisomcr.t.,  3.  F.,  O 

Sou  Bros 300  California  St.,  3.  F.,  O 

Spaieo,  A.  3.  &Co 537  Market  St.,  a.  F.,  C 

Vcrdicr,  .Morsau  £:  Co 

Cor.  Mont:jomery  ami  tiutter  stj.,  3.  F.,C 

Woil  4  WooJleaf 113  Batter?  at.,  .3.  F.,  C 

FUJI'S— MAKUFACTUKF-na. 

Doble,  AliTicr 13-15  Fremont  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Kelley,  Martin 303  Howard  at.,  3.  F.,  C 

rarille  Saw  Jltit  Co 17  Frcmo  t  at.,  3,  F.,  C 

Hicboway  Bros 0-11  Hill  st.,  .S.  F.,  C 

Wilde,  Fetor  ft  (^o 218  Fremont  St.,  3.  P.,  0 

Wolf,  A 1332  Columbia  St.,  3.  F..  C 

FIKEWORKS— MANUFACTiir.EM. 

Kckalelu,  «V  T! 10  Front  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

llushoa,  Gcor:;o FortlamI,  O 

Steele,  Elder  t  Co 201  Front  at,,  H.  F.,  C 

FLAX— MANrFAcTUUEna. 
Albany  Flai  Jlills Allmny,  O 

FLOUU— ^L^NtrFAC'TITIiCRB. 

Caledonian  O.-vtnieal  Mills 713  3.v.i3onio  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Califomki  Flour  ]\Iill.i 41.5  Balt?ry  r,t.  3.  P.,  O 

C.iplal  Floiu:  .Mills 202  D  ivls  at.,  3.  P..  O 

Capital  nonrlnj  Mills Salem,  O 

Foster,  J.  II Albany,  O 

(iotiesco  Mdl  C?o tioldut.,  near  3ana  >nui  at.,  3.  P.,  C 

Ooldju  Ago  Flour  Mills 717  Patti'ryat.,  3.  P.,  0 

(loldon  Oato  Flour  Mills 41-13  1  irst  at.,  3.  P.,  O 

Jefferson  City  Mills JtiTctson,  o 

Kuoi.  C.  C Alvlso,  C 

I.ane,  U.  B Stockton,  C 

McO'arj',  C  i  Co Sacramento,  0 

Miller,  J.  1> Oregon  City,  O 

National  Flotir  Mills  — 

Cor.  raolDoaml  Battery  sts.,  3.  P.,  C 

Oakland  City  Mills Oakland,  C 

I'ionocr  and  AlUi  Flour  Mills. .  8-10  Stovonsou  at,  S.  P.,  C 

Balcm  Flonrinj  Milki Salom,  O 

S.imru  li  Parsons Oakland,  C 

Schroth,  Cico.  &  Co Sacramento,  C 

Sporry,  A.  &  8.  W Stockton,  C 


Starr  &  Ci ynllejo,  O 

WasliiujtoL  Flour  Mills 

Co.-.  Washinston  and  Dnunm  nta. ,  3.  P. ,  0 

Yolo  Flour  Mills Cor.  Alission  and  Slain  ata.,  3.  F.,  O 

FF.UIT.S. 

Aliom  i:  Co 203  WaEh!n::;ton  ot..  fj.  F.,  O 

I!ia::i,  D.  &Co 520  Samonio ct.,  3.  F.,  O 

Bniwer,  M.  F.  Li  Co .Gacramcnto,  O 

Cattiirioa,  li  J 420  Davla  at.,  O 

Conrad,  Uavid Cor.  Waahiustou  and  Front  iit.s..  .3.  P.,  O 

(Ummilnss,  fJimmel  &  Co 42H!attery  at,  !i.  P.,  0 

Uabovich  N C07  Waslmi^ton  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Dalton  ,t  Gray 401  Davis  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

D.aly,  J.  r 305  Washinstou at..  3.  F,  O 

Drake  L  ICmerson 521  Sansomo  at,  3.  P.,  O 

Earlu,  li  P 323  Market  at,  13.  F.,  O 

EUiottfiCo 503RansonioEt,  a.  P.,  0 

Freeman  £;  Baker Ill  Davis  ct„  3.  F.,  O 

Oale,  J.  W.  &Co 403  Davis  at,  ,3.  P.,  C 

Garcia  Bros — Cor.  Wasliinjtouand3ansoinoat3.,  3.  F,,  0 
Garratt  f;  Cree^ian — Cor.  Bansoma  au'l  Clay  ats.,  3.  P.,  C 

Ilisr.on,  Justi  ft  Co 313  Washington  ci.,  0.  P.,  O 

Ilaj:m,  John 413  Washington  ct,  0.  P.,  O 

IIoWe/iHall 403  Davis  St,  3.  V..  O 

Ivoncovlch,  J.  £;  Co 

Cor.  Bansomc  and  Washinston  cCs.,  3.  P.,  O 

laratlBky  h  Morris 210  Wa3hin:;;o:i  sts.,  3.  V.,  C 

Lsjiar,  L.  &  Co 203  Washington  r.t,  3.  P.,  0 

L-'vy.  A.  U  Co Cor.  Washington  and  Front  sts.,  3.  P.,  0 

Levy,  3.  £:  Co 213  Washinjton  st,  3.  P.,  O 

Lipnia:!,  11 233  Wa.-li:n2to;i  at..  3.  P.,  0 

LittleileU.  Allison  ft  Co 303  Washington  at.,  3.  F.,  O 

Louwi-nUajTi,  Henry 4233anso:'jo  at.,  3.  P.,  O 

I.usk,  A.  ft  Co 531  Clay  at.,  3.  F.,  O 

Lyou  ft  Barnes f-iocvamcntu.  O 

rdaraicano,  V 411  V»'a.ihinj;ton  at.,  3.  F.,  C 

McDono^h,  .lames 212  V/a3hiu:;toa  at.,  B.  P.,  C 

Meailo,  G.  W.  ftCo 410  Front  at.,  3.  P.,  O 

Mcraick,D 420 F.ont  ft,  f'.  P.,  0 

Meycrlnk  ft  Meyer 523  3.;aao.no  -t.,  3.  P.,  0 

Mun>hy  ft  Conrcr.-. 503  banauao  t.t.   8.  P.,  O 

Onestlft  Conner rM  IJ:inr,o:,.    at.,  .3.  P.,  0 

Fastene,  ^Vntonio 203  Washin  jton  at.,  0  F.,  0 

Bojth,  Henry  C 517  Sauuomo  at.,  3.  P.,  O 

firesovich,  T..  G.  ft  Co 503  Gan^olno  ivt.,  3.  F.,  O 

Btarr,  G.  It.  ft  Co 303  Wasain.;ton  it.,  ,3.  F.,  O 

Stewart  ft  Buckley 513  Sansomo  at.,  3.  F.,  0 

FimNISHISO  GOODS. 

Badjor,  Wra.  G nSauaoraoct.,  3.  P.,  O 

Baluier  Bros Cor.  Sansomo  and  Suctcr  cts.,  3.  F.,  C 

Bauni,  .1,  ft  Co 7-9  Sansomo  St.,  fi.  F.,  O 

Browni  Bros. ft  Co 24  Sansoiiiost.,  3.  P.,  0 

Brown,  N.  ft  Co 103  Battery  St.,  8.  F.,  0 

Cohen,  W.  ft  Co 13  Battery  at.,  0.  F.,  0 

Cohn,  If'^nnau 200  Bannoraoat,  1'.  P.,  0 

Colniau  Bro.i Cor.  Sansomo  and  Sutter  ats.,  0.  F.,  O 

KlMt,  A.  F.,  ft  Co 103  .Sansomo  r.t.,  3.  F„  0 

Foehheimcr,  Goo<lkiud  ft  Co 10-13  Sanaonio  at,  3.  p.,  C 

Feder,  M.  M.  ft  Co 33  Battery  at.,  H.  P.,  0 

Franklin  JI.  ft  Bro 18-20  Battery  at..  3.  P.,  0 

Go'.datone,  M 2  Battery  tt.,  3.  P.,  C 

Orecneliaum,  B.  ft  0 1047  1043  Market  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

Gi-oenebaum.  Saclis  ft  Freeman 524  .Market  at.,  3.  F.,  0 

llejueuiann,  II.  &  Co 3  Sansomo  at.,  H.  F.  O 

Monig  ft  Baruch Ill  Sansomo  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

Jacobs,  M.  ft  Bon 20  Sansomo  St.,  M.  P.,  O 


'A 


If- 


tli 


766 


APPENDIX. 


ml 


^ 


n.  v., 

n.  F,. 

f!.  r.. 

fi.  r.. 

a  p., 

a.  v., 

a  p., 


S.  F. 

CI 

a  F 

c 

B.  F. 

c 

8.  F. 

c 

B.  V. 

c 

».  F. 

f 

a  F. 

c 

aF. 

0 

Lovy.  M.  &Co 103  liattcry  St., 

Marcu3,  li^aluli 12j  Sau^oci'.;  St., 

Moycrctela  i*i  Lowcn'»or5 lOD  aiuMTnc  r.t., 

Ml.;:d3,  rrlcaiar,il;r  1  Co 7-0  Kattery  ct., 

I.Ijr!.w:i,  II;it.;li;n-*.3:i.*  Co USUaahGt., 

Murphy,  Grant  U  Co.,  Cor.  Sanpomonnd  IJuiih  t;ta., 

Kt^^tailtcr  Ilros Cor.  liattcrj'  ami  Piao  Bta.. 

Bcliwcltior,  Sa:!iii  &  Co 

Cor.  Saiisomc  amj  Uu.-.h  fits., 

Rlicycr,  M.  &  Ere  ICl  Uansomu  Et., 

Siiink b  Toancr 121  Sansomo  St.. 

Uliihihart,  W.  t  1 3-!;  r.utte:yEt.; 

Straiwi,  Lovi  .t  Co 11  Ilnttcry  Bt., 

Weil  Una.  t  Co 23  Battery  St., 

Well  &  Jl:clicl.i 8  Fattcrj-  St., 

Weil  i.  Woodlcaf 113  liattcry  St., 

FLu:;i3aixG  goods-foii  ladiiu. 

Mlchcb,  rrljilUmler  i  Co 9  liitlcry  at.,  a  F..  C 

Golibtone  Mitchell 2  liattjry  lit,  H.  F.,  i! 

FmNiTunE. 

Ca!!:om!a  Fum:t'.ro  M(j  Co 223  Bush  nt,  a  F.,  C 

Cb;ull«uni?,  F.  ,'i.  i  Co 733  Marlict  St.'  a  F.,  C 

CorasU/ck,  V*'.  D.  t  Co Saciaracnto,  C 

Gilbert  i  :.Ioore 13  Sutterct,  a  F.,  C 

llLiny,  W.  J.  &Ca 11  nUlast.,  aP.,  C 

lUywooU  Bros,  t  Co M3  Miflfiion  nt,  H.  P.,  C 

Iiu!3chiii',at,  Frcileri-k 32J  Pine  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

lailianapolis  Cliair  ilts  Co ICO  Mont:;'y  at,  a  P.,  O 

Llereniana,  Prauk 523  Waahlnston  at.,  H.  P.,  0 

l'!a?n,  Cha.i.  M.  t  Co «1  Market  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Biia'jcr,  John  A TO?  Jlarkct  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

TutUo.  Michaelj  i;  Co M3  Marliet  at.,  U.  P.,  C 

■\VakeUclJ  Ilatt ju  t.'o « 1  MarliL't  at.,  a  P.,  C 

FLrilXITL'llL-M.VNUFAcrur.E'H. 

Andrews,  C.  N 571  Erannan  at.,  S.F., 

3Cj  Enmiuin  a'..,  fl.  F., 

Kan  Jo*, 

Sacraneiito. 

222  Bush  at.,  a  P., 

Sacramento, 

733  Market  at.,  a  P.. 

.21  New  Moutj'y  at.,  ii.  P., 

Portland, 

013  Pin,- at.,  a  P., 


IndiamiwV.aChair  JIfjCo...lMNew  Mont^yat..  H.  P.,  O 

Johnson  Aiithouy ,'J72  Branaan  at.,  a.  P.,  O 

la^ni-ji,  C:ii.-b3 113  Cluxod^Et,  B.  P.,  O 

K.nor.1,  Alb::rt  V Ill  Miaaion  oU,  0.  P.,  0 

ICraj'en  t  G:  ;."t 73t'i  lirauuan  at.,  li.  P.,  O 

Lacromana,  P.-a.ik D23  Waoh-.ajtonat.,  a.  P.,a 

Lo:ha':);;cr,  John  B.  t  Sun 7IJ  Mi;uia  at.,  fo.  F.,  O 

Mar.ih,  L.  ti.  1" ^^ah:a:id,  O 

Orcjon  l^irnittiro  Mfj  Co I'ortUnd,  O 

Plu:n,thaa.  JI.  .'i  Co Ml  Markjtot.,  a  P.,  0 

S.  P.  Furniture  Factory 

Berry  tt.,  l.et.  Thil-daud  Fourth  ata.,  tt.  P.,  O 

San  Jo:i :  Furnitur  J  Mfo'  Co -San  Jo.io,  O 

Shaher,  John  A 707  Market  at.,  a.  P.,  O 

ShlmlUr,  O Portland,  O 

Suyd-T  &  Itjichll:i3. S7l  Erannan  at.,  !i.  P.,  C 

Ste-.-^U-Tj',  Uimon  i  Co i'orlland,0 

Stockto.i  Puruituru  Mi'y Stockton,  O 

Smhle,  .lacohtCo 533  Market  St..  U.  P.,  0 

Sylvejt.ri;  .Moyj Htocktoa.  O 

Thomas  Broa Blu^onie  Let.  Fifth  and  Sixth  ata..  U.  P.,  O 

Union  P  jrnicuru  .Mi«-  Co OiJ  ilraanaa  at.,  U.  P..  0 

V/ier6  0atea 221  Mimlon  oS.,  B.  P.,  0 


C 

Bennett,  Ja:nc3  a.  5C3  Bnmiuin  a'..,  fl.  F.,  C 

Bennett,  Patterson i  Co Kan  Jo*,  C 

Brenner,  .John Sacramento.  G 

Cal.  Pum;turj  Mf.;  Co 222  Bush  at.,  U.  P.,  O 

Cap'tol  Pumituro  Co Sacramento,  C 

Chadl  oum.',  P.  S.  fc  Co 733  Market  at.,  a.  F.,  C 

Cl.ir;:,  Trunan  a.  f;  Co 21  New  Moutj'y  at.,  (i.  P.,  C 

CUadboumc,  P.  ,'J Portland,  O 

Connelly  t  UorU 013  Pin,-  at.,  fl.  P.,  C 

Cn:r  ^  Co li.  W.  Cor.  Ery.aut  and  Fourth  ata.,  a.  P.,  C 

Dan-.;ab,  .lanioa /Ubany,  O 

Di  iwoody.  lle;ny .Bait  Laljo  City,  U 

Ilaaton,  .Io!in 201  First  at .  a.  l^.  C 

Eniinuol.  L.  f;  i; 310-321  Pj.o  at.  H.  P.,  0 

Erdin,  Thuodoro,  lix.i  BrunalUl,nr  Fifteenth  avc.,  B.  I'.,  C 

IZuler  it  Co Nil  cor  PolL-th  and  Bryant  ats.,  fj.  P  ,  C 

F.eld.i,  Charles 533  Bryant  a'..,  U.  F..  C 

ritlh-atrcoi.  Fu.Tilturj  Mfj  Co tU5  Fifth  at.,  a  P..  0 

Prank  II  jnry 212-21il  Commercial  at..  3.  P.,  C 

Prltkelt,  a  II.  4i  Co atocUton,  C 

Frel,  /Vnlrow 231-23)  Klnjat.,  a  F.,C 

Puller,  Geo.  II 13  New  Mont j'y  at..  U.  P.,  C 

O j:»ha!:er,  And-ew 210-2:2  MLialon at.,  a  P.,  C 

Gilhjrt  L  Moore 13-23  autlorat.,  H.  P.,  O 

Gran.;,  IIer.n.ni C17  Erannan  at.,  fl.  P.,  O 

O.-af  &  F.o.nn Alhati;',  O 

IXxabUTjer,  a  D.  '.  Co &.;cranlonto,  C 

lIo.iLy,  W.  J,  tCi 11  I'Ulj  at ,  a  P.,  C 

ll.-rin .-,  Uii'lianl i.'J  Ponr.U  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

Il^ywood  E.-oi.  u  Co 53J  Miasiou  at.,  U.  p.,  C 

lluJachraidt.  Frederick 323  Pine  at.  8.  F..  O 


PCIia. 


jUofka  Commercial  Co. . 

Bates,  Martin 

Bissinj'er  i^  Co 

Boseutvitz,  J.  ii.  L 

Cahen  Eros.  ^  Co 


,.3:0Sansomeal.,  B.  P.,  0 

Victoria,  BO 

.  313  aauaome  at.,  a.  P..  0 

Victoria,  li  0 

41  Clay  at.,  ii.  P.,  O 


Cohn,  Adolph  A Portland.  O 

Palkuer.  Eal  ^  Co «3  CaUfornia  at..  iJ.  P..  O 

Foley.  P.  i;  Co 2:J  iJnimnl  at..  U.  P..  0 

Proomb.r.;.  II Ill  i'o..t  at.,  a  P.,  O 

Hudson  Bay  Co Victoria,  B  O 

Hutehhison,  ICoU,  PliUlippcnfl  ^  Co 

3.0  aanaonio  at.,  iJ.  P.,  0 

liahnEroj I'o.-tlund,  O 


Ko.-,h!a..d  Eros 

lto..hlana  B:o3 

Laclunan  L  ateruiels. . . 

Lieljcs,  U.  ^  ftJ 

Xc^vmark,  J.  i'.  ii  Co. . . 

Oppcuheimcr,  Ivan 

tiiosa,  Louis  t;  Co 

T.bbey,  iVa 

i'opllL:,  P.  ^  Co. 


OCl  Batt:ry  St.,  ii.  P.,  O 

Po;tlaud,0 

.  123  Montjoiaery  at.,  ii.  P.,  0 
..lUJlontcomayat.,  li.  P.,0 

2a  CalJorula  at.,  a.  P.,  0 

43  C-ay  at.,  ii.  1'.,  U 

mIO  tia:iaou)  j  at.,  a.  P..  U 

. .  .Cjl  aaerameutu  St.,  a.  P.,  O 
571  Market  at.,  a.  P.,0 


Worrell,  James  1> Victoria,  E  O 

Western  Pur  and  Trauinj  Co iJi  California  at.,  3.  P.,  O 

FCaE— MASUFACrURC.IS. 

California  Fuao  .Vsj'n 10  I'rout  at..  D.  P.,  0 

Eva.  James  i;  Co.,  Cor.  PourfnthundCiiaimcl  ata.,  11.  1'.,  0 

The  Luile  Fuse  \/o.-ks  Pulton.  0 

Toy,  Bickio.->i  ii  Co liuat  OakUud,  O 

Gi1LVANlZi:D  laoN-JLvNui'.vcrcnniui. 

Conlln  t  Boberts 723  Mission  at.,  U.  F.,  O 

Pordercr,  J.  P ..03  Eeuljat.,  a.  P.  O 

Ilexlor  ,i  May l'or.Und.  O 

Lx,  John  li  Co 31  Main  at ,  a.  p,  C 

G.\a  PI.'CT'JItUS. 

Allen.  V.ci.  Ii.  it  Co 731  Mark.t,  a  E.,  0 

Euaii.  David 22  1*03.  at.,  a.  P.,  O 

Da>'.  'i'liomaa 123  tiutterrt..  ii.  P.,  O 

Fr.t.'. ,-;  Ke.m li.0  O.'ary  at.,  li.  P..  O 

Lane.  W'm.  L 505  Kearny  at.,  b.  P.,  C 

McNally  li  Ua»klns 607  Market  at,  B.  F..  O 


APPENDIX. 


767 


Nyo.  A.  F.  tCo SlSPiaoBt,  a  F.,  O 

Prior,  Jarjoa  K UIJ  Uarfct  lit,  S.  P.,  O 

GLA33— M,U»urACTURIR3. 

California  CoHilurativo  Gla-iS  Wit  J,  foot  Kinth  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Sa:i  IVaacisco  ;iuii  PaciJo  Glojki  Woilla 

Uiiij  St.,  Iir  Fom-th,  a.  v.,  C 

ti  LOVES. 

Aschc,  Henry  T.  U  Co.  .Cor.  Koamyand  Gea'.7  Ht3.,  8.  F.,  C 

lilu'.:i,n:lml,  QuinlantCo lOliush  ut.,  ti.  P.,  C 

I>avi(lfion.  J.  Vv'.  i;  Co 101  Kcamy  lit.,  fj.  F.,  C 

Doano  a  llemihciwoo-l 133  ICuaruyat,  ii.  F.,  U 

X'raiilcuutlial,  rachinan  u  Co 

Co.-.  iiattcri'  and  California  ats.,  ti.  F.,  O 

Ileynciiian.  'I.  i;  Co S  fjauaoino  tit.,  ii.  F.,  C 

Joncj.  1:.  II.  i^;  Co 53o  JIarkut  ct,  ii.  F.,  C 

ICuano  liroj 107  UeumyLt.,  ii.  F.,  C 

Ku'nncily,  P.  II 2J2  Kearny  i>t.,  ii.  I'.,  C 

Lippitt,  Loali  w  Co 23  SiutterDt.,  ti.  F.,  C 

Mayor,  Dun-Aon  £;  Co.  .*. 13J  auttcr  Dt.,  ii.  F .  C 

Micheis,  FrijiUaridcr  ti  Co 7-0  Uattery  at.,  !i.  F.,  C 

Murjtity,  Graiit  ;  Co. .  .Co;*.  liilBti  and  .SaUdoaio  i:*.j.,  ii.  P.,  C 

Mu5::r  D.'oa 51i  Market  at.,  ii.  F.,  C 

O'Hrieu,  J.  J.  £-  Co i)3o  .MarUct  tit,  a.  F.,  C 

O'Connor,  ilofta.t  ii  Co Ill  Poatut.,  ii.  P.,  U 

Uo3oubau:u .';  Co 22Uattory  at.,  Ii.  I\,  C 

Bamucls,  David 12J-12J  Poat  nt.,  ii.  1'.,  C 

VniiiU'j  Kid  Glove  Store 723  Market  tit.,  ii.  F.,  C 

Vcrdier,  Moreau  iii^o lOd  McntoOaiery  at.,  ii.  P.,  C 

Weil  ii  Vr'oouleaJ 113  iialtery  i,t.,  U.  F.,  C 

WolltiUoii,  M.  W 103  Uattcry  at,  ii.  F.,  C 

( ;LO  Vi:s— .Man  ui'ACTUnEna. 

Aurora  Robe  and  Glove  Co iian  Josl',  C 

lilumentlial,  IJulnlan  i  Co 10  IJush  et.,  ii.  P.,  C 

Eusby.  P.  II 413  Market  tU,  Ii.  P..  0 

Califonua  Glovo  Co oiio  Mai'ktt  ct.,  b.  1'.,  O 

Chamllcr  ii  iioa Portland,  O 

Clark,  Uolmrt  C 114  Post  at.,  B.  F„  C 

Ijm'ekaiicainleal Glove  Factory...  12 jiiausomo  at.,  ii.  P.,  C 

Goodyear  Rubiier  Co 577  Market  at.,  ii.  P.,  C 

GnlLtard,  Onier 5  Market  at.,  ii.  P.,  C 

Oiitta  Percha  and  Kubber  Mta  Co.  .001  Maikot  at.,  fi.  P.,  C 

luinan,  Wni.  .M 113 1'oat  at ,  fi.  P.,  C 

Limtitt,  Leak  ;;  Co 23  liiittjr  tit,  8.  P.,  C 

MvLHer  liros CI  Market  at.,  ii.  P.,  C 

O.-e^oa  Glove  Factory Poitlaml,  O 

racillcGlovo  Worka lOfi  Lattery  at.,  ii.  P.,  C 

Piauni,  K.  C Benlcia,  C 

ruililili,  llesthal  i  Co 103  Cattery  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Bliiren,  Wm liOO  Market  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

V.'lUoi,  W.  W S.  P.,  C 

Wihchell,  Ii ti.  P.,  C 

GLKIi— MA.N-UFACTfliEnS. 

CiHldlnstoTi  U  Wilcox Fllleenlh  av  ,  S.  P.,  C 

lioljer,  .Maitin Cor.  tiixleouth  and  Deilaro  eta.,  ti.  P.,  C 

JiL'jcn.^  C.  Ii  .Son iiacramento,  C 

Kuiiiuts,  M iiauta  Cmi,  C 

Soulbor,  C.  N Napa  City,  C 

GOLD  I'l.ATPii-'MAXUFAc  Tunr.ns. 

Calttomla  Kleetrlcal  WorLi 35  Market  at.,  G.  F.,  C 

Dennlaton,  11.  G C55  Miatjion  at.,  ti.  F.,  C 

Kkelunil.  Lrle G2J  Merchant  ct.,  fi.  P.,  O 

Haw  kiiia,  .1,  ."(I  020  Slercliant  i.t,  li.  P..  C 

Lederer.  Geo.  M.  S;  Co 731  Mission  at.,  ii.  P.,  C 

Lundy,  Thonuw 7-9  Third  at,  8.  P.,  C 


I'artieein  L  laochcrl 3  CoUlo:i  Ga'.e  r.v..  ,1.  P..  (J 

blicpman,  Wm.  E -11  Geary  1/..,  ii.  i'.,  O 

fSpJuk,  a  1'.  a  Bona 7  Fourih  ct.,  Ii.  P.,  O 

GIIAIS   SHITPEIIS. 

Beat,  n.  P.  i:  Co 13  Califoraia  at.,  3.  P..  C 

nalfour,  Gilthliu  t  Co 310  California  at. ,  B.  1".,  C 

Colerami,  Wi.i.  T.  t  Co 121  Market  at.,  ti.  F.,  C 

DreabacU,  Wm.  i  Co 31S  Cali.'ornia  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Diekaou,  DoV.'olf  i  Cj 413  liatto  y  at.,  8.  P.,  U 

Lppinger,  J.  ^  Co 310  Calif  amia  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Falkner,  liell  ii  Co 430  California  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Forbe.^  Droa 303  Cali.'oniiaat.,  8.  P.,  0 

Grace,  J.  W.  ii  Co 43  California  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

Gran:;cra"  Iluainess  Aasoclation lOj  DaviaSt.,  ti.  P.,  C 

Ilarte,  G.  P 123  California  ct,  fi.  P.,  O 

Ilolcomii,  W,  A.  t  Co 302  Divia  ct.,  8.  P.,  O 

La.d,  Henry 214 Callforaii at,  H.  P.,  O 

McXear,  G.  W 20  CalifomLl  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Uuocke,  Vletor  ii  Co 103  California  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

X'arrott  &  Co 30i  Calito.-nia  at ,  fi  F.,  O 

I'lOdi'en,  Meyer  ii  Co 213  Lattery  at,  fi.  P.,  C 

P.oaenfeld,  John 203  Caiitomia  ct.  fi.  P..  O 

Klioehy,  Ilobert 317  California  ct,  8.  P.,  C 

Sinclair,  C.  II 313  California  ct,  8  P.,  0 

Ten  Uojcli,  N.  i  Co 23  Merchants'  Lxchanso,  8.  P.,  0 

Waterman,  M  £:  Co 113  Cla;  -.(..Ii.  P.,  0 

Wangonhoim  St  Co llOand  113  Daviact,  8.  P.,  O 

Guooiinrr.s. 

Ailama.  McXeill  £:  Co Sacramento,  C 

Alojjttl,  O Slociiton,  C 

Allen  i  Lewis Portland,  O 

Athea:"l  !iCt 53  Stcnart  ct,  8.  F.,  G 

i:at:hcldcr.  A.  J.  ^  Co Maryaviile,  C 

Ilernliardt,  Charlea Ban  Joan,  C 

Eigley  IJroa Clay  and  Davia  eta.,  ii.  P.,  0 

liird  ,';  Piosa Portland,  O 

Booth  ii  Co Sacramento,  O 

Uradt  t:  fiona Sa.i  Diejo,  C 

Carr,  P. ■ Victoria,  U.  O 

Casilo  nro.1.  .';  Lounc 213  P.-o.:t  ct,  S.  F.,  0 

Caaaainr.you,  A.  iiCo Victoria,  B.  O 

Ciicsley,  0.0.  W Dacramento,  0 

Chichi.:oia, Antonio 735  fjaaaomj  nt,  8.  P.,  O 

Coriiltl  t  Macleay Portland,  O 

Crittenden  i  IC.-rr V/alla  V/aUa,  W 

CuUnor,0.  F Salt  Lakj  City,  IT 

Danorl,  P.  tCo 27  and  23  Crll.OT.Viaat,  li.  F.,  0 

Dodjo,  W.  W.  .'iCo Clay  and  Front  sla.,  ii.  P.,  0 

Diibola  ii  Kinj Portland,  O 

Dyer  Lrotl Au.iti;i,  N 

Early,  Thomas Victoria,  B.  C 

P.hnnau,  BL  ii  Co 101  to  IIO  Fro  .tat,  fi.  P.,  O 

lijslcaton,  Ben Lodio,  C 

Erakin,  Greer  f;  Co Sacramjnto,  C 

Parrar,  Stiuire  .'c  (.'o iialem,  O 

I'll'iins  f;  Henry 431  Proat  at,  fi.  P.,  O 

PoUom,  P.  W GoldUill,  N 

F033,  l;.  r.  &Co Portlaiul.  O 

Foster,  8.  &  Co 2i  CaUfomla  ct,  fi.  P.,  C 

Friant  ii  Cj San  Joae,  0 

Gamble  ii  Bryant fianta  linaa,  0 

Gibson,  O.  W !;03  8uo;-oacatoct,ii.  P.,  0 

Goldman,  fi 8a-.i"aniento,  0 

Goodman.  A Tu.aiia,  A 

Graves  ii  Hill Placcr^-illc,  0 

;  Griffln&Co 405 Front  st,  a  F,  O 


II 


i  ! 


I! 


I 


768 


APrKNDIX. 


M 


Haai  nro3 103  Califnmla  Bt.  8. 1'..  C 

II-<;Uu.i^y  ^v  Ikno i'j.  t!a:Kl,  O 

H-ill,  Lahrj  .';  Co Sucrumcuto.  O 

lli'^?'«.j.i.  J.  C.  l^\Jo VirjiuU  City,  li 

Uju  ey^iii-iow 12j  C'ulii'o;Tii:*  iit.,  ii.  V.,  0 

Iliiv/ljy,  C.J.iiCo :'l  j  du'.lo.'  at.,  JJ.  v.,  O 

U-'U^i-i,  IliiJiiOo Loj  Aa.,('lj3,  0 

ILUiarO.  Jl  'A.  li  Cj Vullujo,  O 

lly^iiij  Uroj 21ii  CalUoiuU  ut.,  a.  i''.,  0 

Jjuuhj;,'3,  Thouia.1 41G3atuumoat,  S.  F.,  C 

J^uln^^'s,  D.  A Statu*,'.  W.  T 

Juaoj  ;;  Oo 1-3  Trout  at.,  B.  i'.,  C 

Klmlull  i  Liiwrouco Silt  Lak  j  City,  U 

KirijhV>r.iun,  tiuu  i:  Co Virjiuiii  City,  N 

ICioiturmaun  I»roa Purtlauil,  O 

Krusoi;  Eulcr *0J  Tnmtiit,,  W.  F.,  C 

Lambert  /;  IJrlso;! Sacraojeiito,  C 

L'j'jcubauiii  i;  Ooldbjrj.  ,52'J  Koamy  ii  1-1 1'ojt  i>t..  li.  F.,  C 

Luudrum,  Burim  ii  Co Sau  Jo3u,  0 

Lcnnon,  Join  A 213  Clay  tit.,  9.  V.,  C 

L^miluy  i;  Co 40j  Fiout  u:.,  M.  V.,  C 

Liudk'/  ^  Co S^rJ.uieiito,  O 

Liiinia:!,  0.  ii  Co Vir^iaia  (Jity,  N 

Ljry,  II.  i::Co HI  Cal.foruia  gL,  3.  F.,  C 

Ljwii,  lluury  L  215  fciacrammito  bt.,  G.  F,  .C 

Loliiaaii  I.  Cojhii; 31 J  Front  lit.,  U.  F.,  0 

AIall»:i,  J.  ^  J.  Ii Vir;;iuiaCity,  ^' 

ManjcU  M.  i;Co ai'JClayot.,  li.  F.,  C 

Masou  U  Co Carson  City,  N 

Mail.  Albert  i;  Co 212  .^larkct  fit.,  S.  F.,  C 

ilcCo.iULll.  T.  Vv WuUa  Walla.  W.  X 

McCrajkcn,  J.  L  Co FortlauJ,  O 

^DXay  li  Brown 427  Davijiit,  !i.  F..  C 

aii.'l*Iicc,  W Vktoria,  i;.  O 

Mtado,  O.  W.  f;  Co 41G  Front  Lt.,  13.  F..  C 

Mc'biu3  ii  Co iSa-jraiucnto,  C 

ilusto,  r Ktoikton,  0 

^sovi-.uarli,  II.  ii  Co Lo3  An:;t;l(.if,  C 

Xon-ton  Uroj.  li  Co 200  California  tt..  ;J.  V.,  C 

XiciiolJon,  I'.  II.  ti  Co !iau  Jo.ic,  C 

Odi-il  U  Wrlslit O^di-ii.  U 

RamuUu.  A  .li  Co Viiginia  City.  N 

l\.icliaiiLi<^  Ilarrii^on 401  Ganaomu  ut.,  !i.  F.,  C 

latchic,  J.  U Fodic,  ».^ 

Kodjcrj  lii'oa.  i";  Co Tianta  Uarbx^a,  C 

Hootfc  .Sandj-son 12J  Markf-tc;.,  ij.  F.,  O 

lioantroj  li  iloChiru 401  iVo.it  ct.,  H.  F.,  G 

babatlj,  A  U.  £;  Co GIO  Saanom j  ct..  Ii.  F.,  C 

Bjarboro£;Co o31  V/aahlao'ton  el.,  fi.  F.,  C 

tjv'iiaoact,  Ocorjo. fiacraaicuto,  C 

tikurt-ciV,  W.  T.  f;  Co Nevada  City,  <J 

Spencer  li  iVrmstrons Santa  i:osa,  O 

btewort  Ci  Co VjfjinU  City,  2i 

Sti-attoa,  C.  A  li  Co Mao'sviLc.  C 

Pajc  ii  AUcn i'o;1laad,  O 

Fajj  ii  Allea Asioria,  O 

Farlicr,  ii.  II.  £;  Co Ktucktou,  C 

Pcaraoa  Bros Walla  \/;dla,  \* 

I'itts,  fJ.  J Victoria,  B.  C 

Va  KT,  Ilarlior  tiCo 103  and  111)  California  ol.,  U.  F.,  C 

Tiiluiaun  d  Byudcl 

ti.  V/.  cor.  Clav  and  Battery  ctx,  li.  F.,  O 

Jb'oilracr,  Jolin  i'.  L  Co Lcsv.iatoa,  I 

V.*j.  Juanu  ii  iJLIoU Portland.  O 

N/cUaiaa,  i'c^ki;  Co I2uto  lu3  Jlaik^tcL.,  iJ.  i'.,  O 

auNy,  t:ic. 

.Uk-n,  v..  T 4 Id  Market  Bt,  S.  F.,  C 

AiUms.  C OOdCoramorciaiflt.,  S,  F.,  C 


Beck,  Wm.  &  Ron Portlind,  O 


Droivain j'  li  BrL^iacr 

Clab.-onjh,  .J.  1'.  li  Liro. , 

Curry,  I».  L  Bro 

Ii.l;tr,  W'ra 

IIu.l3oa.  II.  ii 

La.ld.  Cliarlc^I-) 

Liddlj  £;  ICaallaj 


Ci  CUy  i.t.,  :i.  /.,  O 

.  030  Mont;,onn.ry  r.t.,  .'3.  1'.,  0 

IIJ  iiausoiaj  bt..  \j.  F.,  O 

,  ..C:i  Vrachin:;tun  it.,  a  F.,  0 

rortla-id,  O 

821  lUar-y  ct.,  U  i\,  O 

,.5.i3  ;V"aih:ni,toui;t.,  a  F.,  O 


FUto,  A  J.  £;  Co 413  iIa:U»  t  tt..  0.  F.,  0 

yonntaj  £i  Co '. 110  Murkct  tt.,  £i.  F.,  0 

Schneider.  VV,  U 23  Geary  ut.  H.  F.,  0 

tichoeueniau,  Frederick 517  Kearny  at.,  li.  F.,  0 

niireve  &  Wolf 21J  Fujh  st.,  «.  F.,  O 

Wibou,  11.  ii.  L  lion 513  Ciay  bt.,  li.  F.,  O 

Winchester  Uepcatinj  Arras  Co 113  Pine  at.,  B.  F.,  O 

HAItDWAKK. 

Allen,  K.  T 41'J  Market  ct.,  H.  F.,  C 

.(Uvord,  Iljnry  B aa:i  Joao,  O 

-\rauia,  X.  .'i.  /:  Co 3J  Davla  i:t..  u.  F.,  O 

Ba!ier ;;  Ilamiltou Cor,  l*inc  and  Ija?ij  tta.,  i).  F.,  0 

Batv-J,  i.eo.  ().  L  Co Siajr-::aculo,  O 

Brov.a  U.  .Mathe-V3 Los  An.i^le3,  O 

Buhiu-.  II.  II.  .;  Co Lur.ka,  O 

Cairo,  Justinian 521-533  Marki,t  tt.,  K.  F.,  0 

Campb.li.  C.  1^  f-aa  Joso,  O 

Carolaa,  Cory  fi  Co 117-113  California  ct.,  U.  F.,  O 

Claik,  A  G.  ii  Co  :;uiiaCity,0 

CojK-,  W.  T ua:it:i  Cru.*,  0 

Corbett,  Fallia  J  &  Ci I'ortlaad.  O 

Daneri,  Antonio 420  Battery  ct.,  U.  F.,  0 

Da;  ton,  llallii  Lamlwrtaon Fortlaad,  O 

Dodd,  C.  il.  £:  Co Po:tlaad,  O 

Drew,  ILL fiaa  Bemardiao,  O 

Duuliaiu,  Carri3ani;Co 107-Ul  Fro:it  r.t.,  ii.  F.,  O 

livcraoa,  Wallaeoi;  Co Hi  i'ront  ut.,  'i.  F.,  0 

Fost;T  ii  liobcrtaon Fortbud,  O 

Foy,  13.  C Lo3  Aujcl.s,  0 

Frcciu.ia,  F.  '^.  li  Co Woodland,  O 

Gordon  Hardware  Co 12-14  Front  ct,  li.  F.,  O 

liawkerf,  C.  K 203  Market  st..  U.  F.  0 

Ilawley.  C.  A  :;  Co 413  Marto:t  tt„  0.  F.,  O 

liaiTk'y,  MarcuuC.  ;;  Co G01-C03 .Market  tst.,  ii.  F.,  O 

lloloroak,  M^rriU:;  fJioL.ioa....23>3jJ:.Ia.-k=Sist.,  Ii.  P.,  O 

Uuntlnjtoa,  IIo;)kln3  iiQo 

Cor.  Market  and  Euali  sto.,  y.  F.,  O 

nuntia:,-ton,  Hopkins  li  Co Sucrauioato,  O 

JoojtBms Cor.  Miaaioa  cad  Llcvcn'.'.iEts.,  !i.  r.,0 

Laadcra,  Patrick 403  ^arkc;  ct.,  £3.  F.,  O 

Linfort'.i,  liico  ii  Co 401  RloiU-t  ct..  U  F.,  O 

L.aaen,  U.  II.  i;  Co Gacraa:cnto,  O 

I-Iontajuc.  W.  M.  ::  Co 110-113  Fatto;7cl..  ti.  F.,  O 

0'Do.mell.  Y/ Walla  Walla,  W 

Palao  Fro.i Daj-toii,  V/ 

Parkhurjt,  V.  S.  W 41^  .'ax'kct  ct.,  a  F.  0 

lUchardj  ii  TLiow 4D3  IIa:kct  ct..  0.  F..  O 

ijjl'oy,  Vhouiaall.  i.^^o 110  California  ct.,  0.  F.,  0 

t;iui:uo:i.i,  Fai-.vo  c';  Co O^CUyct.,  D.  F.,  O 

fijotl,  G.  TJ.  li  Co Sa:t  Lako  City,  U 

Hlicridaa,  VL  3.  ^;  J.  C Hoscburj,  O 

.Smith  li  iitarmtt Aiutla,  N 

li^ru.aaer.  Otto \7a:8oav;Ue,  O 

Tay,  Geo.  ILf.Co ClVC13D:ittay  t-t.,  0.  V.,0 

V:io:anr.;>:!,  DjUa-.-t. U^o Foitlxid,  O 

'rlio-:i:'3;>J,  G.  W Cia^.U  -.0-3.  O 

Uudorliiil,  Jaro'j. ^tJ  Ca.li'or.ila  C...  a  F..  0 

Van  Wiukk',  1.  f J.  £i  Co 413  MarlicL  ct.,  fJ.  F.,  0 

Waiio  ii.  Brown oalem,  O 

Wightman  &  Hampton MaryavIUe,  O 


APPKNUIX. 


769 


Wliiw.  Couli-y  £1  t'utla Morysville,  <.' 

Woo.i.  lleniT  H Woodlaiiil,  C 

WooU  &  Turoer Mmlesto,  C 

UAK:(ES3— MASOPACTUnERS. 

Bocket,  J.  F Him  Andrcafl,  C 

Clark.  J rortliiuil,  <  > 

Connie.  J.  U.  kCo I'ortliiud,  O 

DavlB,  W. 410  Maikct  ei-,  S.  F.,  (-' 

Emiwy  &  Lcnuanl Han  Jose,  <■ 

Foye.  .lolm  M Han  Uernanlino,  C* 

Garcia.  Doininno Los  Angeles.  C 

Graliam.  .1.  U <Jresim  City.  O 

Haikell,  O.  L 13  Hush  St..  H.  F..  I' 

Johnson,  J.  C.  &  Co I'J  to  14  Fine  St..  H  F..  (.' 

Klum.  •'.  li AsWanil.  o 

Main  k  Winchester 214  Lattery  St.,  8.  F..  C 

McCilnnis,  Thomas 273  Market  st,  S.  V.,  C 

Nelson.  «'.  N Sacramento,  C 

O'ICan,'.  John 767  Market  St..  S.  F.,  C 

Quinn,  Thomas Walla  Walla,  W 

Stone,  n 422  llattery  St..  ,1.  F.,  0 

Stone,  n Hacrameuto.  0 

Stoll,  J.  T Sacramento.  0 

■Watkins.  W.  II Portlanl.  O 

Welch,  James Portland,  <) 

WlUey,  O.  F.  &  Co 427  Montgomory  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Workman,  E.  II Los  Anwles,  C 

UATS  AND  CAPS. 

Bcrwin.  P.  &  Co Ul  liattery  St..  H.  F.,  C 

Fleischer,  W 103  Uatteryst..  S.  F..  C 

Friedlaiider  Ilros 21to  23  .Saiisomo  St.,  .H.  F..  C 

Gam,  William 423  Vine  St.,  S.  F..  f ' 

Klhie,  Liuls  &Co 110  Bush  St..  S.  F..  O 

Kline  t  Co 21)  llattel-y  ot.  H.  F..  C 

MeU3J,lorfIor.  ,I.C.&Son 810  Market  sU,  !i.  F,  C 

Mea^sUoriter,  C.  II Portland,  I ) 

Meyuj".  (.'.  II.  «:  Uros  23  Sansonie  St..  !i.  F..  C 

Ncuatadter  Uros Portland.  () 

Kosuuljcro',  Geo Cor.  Pino  and  San.iomj  Hts.,  S.  F.,  V 

Simon.  TJ.  Sons&Cook 3  HauBumesU.  rt.  F..  C 

Triest  iiCo llotSansome  St.,  !J,  F  ,  C 

Thanhauser,  L.  S:  Co Porllauil,  <  I 

Woods.  J.  S PorUund,  O 

UORSE  POWERS— \UxlilAtrruUEH.s. 

Modwcll,  IL  II 211  Mlsaiou  St.,  H.  F„  O 

Krosh,  F.  W.  fc  Co 47  Iloale  St..  S.  F.,  C 

Bchobiir  K  fietrin 203  Fremont  St. ,  fl.  I'..  0 

Tnstln,  W.  1 303  .Mis.siou  st,  S.  F..  C 

HOSE— MASurACTUllEIW. 

Cook,  H.  N 405  Market  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

C"«jk.  A.  0 415  Market  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Deyei',  L.  P 13  Fremont  st,  H.  F.,  C 

Detricli,  ]■;.  &  Co , 103  -Miu-bet  St.  S.  F.,  C 

Ciitta  Percha  and  Uuhber  Mfg  Co.  .601  Market  st,  S.  F..  C 

KeviUe  &  Co 31  California  St.,  H.  F.,  O 

Koyer.  Herman 855-801  IJryant  st,  S.  P.,  O 

LMPOUTEKa 

Arnold,  N.  S.  iCo 23  Davis  »t,H.  F.,  C 

Anger.  U  K.  i  Co -100  llattery  st,  S.  F..  C 

lialfour  Gutlirio&Co 31C.CahIomia  St.  .S.  F..  C 


llaker.  Henry  &  Co 213  Sausomo  st,  S.  F.,  0 

Itindniann.  NlelsonSCo 210  Front  st.  S.  F..  C 

Ilel  I,  Tliomas  &  Co 303  Hansom  .s  st .  H,  F. .  U 

Caljrenl.  ItomaiCo 123  California  st,  H,  F.,  C 

Cami)beU.  W,  II 402  i'-rontst,  H.  F.,  C 

Cbaimian.  .lames  P.  SCo 22  California  ct,  H.  F..  C 

Coleman,  Wm.  T 121  Market  st',  B.  F  ,  (J 

Col,  J.  W.  &  Co Cor.  Front  anil  Green  sts.,  .S.  P..  O 

Cutting.  JohnT.  &O0 407Fiont8ts..H.  F.,  0 

DeCa.stro.  D.  i*c  Co 213  .Sansomo  st,  H.  F.,  C 

DeFr,auery,  James  &  Co 410  Battery  St.,  H.  P..  O 

De  Salvia,  Eugene 40  California  st,  S.  F.,  U 

Wegener  Si  Co 303  (.'aUfornia  st.  S.  P.,  O 

DL'llepiaue  &  Co 425  liatti'ry  st,  H.  F.,  0 

Dennister  ii  Keys 202  Market  St..  .S.  F,  O 

Dilililee,  Albert 10 1  lalifornia  st,,  S.  F.,  C 

Dixon,  DeWolf  S:Co 412-414  ll.itteryst.  H,  P.,  O 

Dodge,  .Sweeney  &  Co 114  Market  St.,  H.  P.,  0 

Donaldson&Co 121  California  st,  H.  F.,  0 

Doyle,  Henry  S;  Co 311  Market  st,  M.  F.,  O 

Dresbach,  Wm.  &  Co 310  California  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Duisenlierg,  Cha.rles  ii  Co 314  Haeram^nto  st.,  H.  P.,  C 

Egerton,  Henry  C lO'J  California  st.  8.  P.,  C 

P'alkn.  r,  Bell  it  (Jo 4!0  California  st.  H.  F.,  0 

Flint  Peabndyi;Co 403  California  st,  H.  P.,  0 

Fv>rbe3  Bros 303  California  St..  B.  P.,  0 

F'or.salth  li  Dodg  j 323  Front  St..  .S.  P..  0 

P'unkenstine,  C.  kCo 320  Sansomost.,  S.  F,,  U 

<;etz  Bros.  Si  Co 303  Front  st,  S.  F..  0 

Grace,  J.  W.  i"i  Co 1')  California  st,  H.  P.,  C 

Gutte.  1 307  California  Bt,  H.  P.,  O 

Gibbs,  Geo.  W.  &  Co 

35  and  37  Fremont  and  'M  to  40  Beale  St., 

Ue'Jmau  B,-os.  f;  Co G25F'ront  st, 

Hussey.  H.  P.  (;  Co 205  Front  st. 

UutehliLion,  Kohl,  Phillippeus  &  Co 

310  Hausome  st, , 

Iken.  F.etljriek 500  Battery  St., 

lv!:t;eii  Co 202  California  St., 

Kuowles,  J.  N 30  California  St., 

Ko.ieke.  A.  ;.  C.> W  Front  i,t, 

Koshland  Broi 301  Battery  St., 

Krnse ;;  Enler 209  Front  st, 

Liii.'oith,  Bice  &  Co 323  Market  St., 

LoLd.'a,  Wonceslao 323  California  st., 

L.jhman  i  Coi'hiil 513  Front  St., 

Low,  C.  Ailolplio  ii  Co 203  California  st, 

Lnnd,  Henry 214  Cali.ornia  St., 

Maekeuzio  i;  GdlMrtaoo 12J  California  St., 

:\lacondrjy  i';  Co 20-;  .Sansomo  St., 

Marcus,  Goo.  £  Co 304  California  at. 

Moiueokc.  Charles  &Co 314  8»;iamento  st, 

Morrill,  J.  C.  i;Co 204  California  st, 

Meyer.  T.  Lemmen 320  bausome  st, 

Middloton  &  Co 521  Front  St., 

Mout4ia!o3ro.  J.  G 213  .Sacramento  st. 

Monteale^re  .<c  Co 230  (California  st 

Moore,  A.  D 103  Cali:'oroia  st. 

Muocke,  Vietor  i  Co 103  California  st. 

Newhall's  Sons  &  Co 311  Hansome  at 

Nowton  Bro.i  ^  Co 206  California  st. 

N  tiiols,  A.  C.  &Co 402  Battery  st 

Nickel,  J.  L.  UVo 123  California  st 

Parrott  6c  Co 300  California  at 

Philip,  Speyer  &  Co 425  California  st 

Itodgera,  Meyer  &  Co 213  Battery  st 

Ilulil  Bros. 522  Montgomery  st 

Scofleld  S  Tavia 120  Front  st 


H.  F., 

0 

S.  F. 

c 

H.  F 

c 

a.  F. 

c 

.S.  F 

c 

S.  F. 

0 

S.  F. 

c 

.S.  F. 

0 

H.  F. 

0 

H.V. 

c 

ti.  F. 

c 

S.  P.. 

c 

S.  F. 

c 

S.  P. 

c 

S.  F. 

c 

S.  F. 

c 

.S.  F 

c 

H.  F. 

c 

H.  F. 

0 

S.  F. 

c 

,S.  F. 

c 

B.  F. 

c 

S.  P 

G 

B.  F 

c 

•S.  F. 

0 

S,  F. 

c 

a.  F. 

c 

ti.F. 

c 

8.  F. 

0 

H.  F. 

0 

8.  F 

0 

8.  F 

0 

8.  F 

0 

a.  F 

0 

8.  P 

,0 

I 


mm 


f  I 


'70 


APPENDIX. 


ScotchliTKllllibs  313Fnmt»l.,  S.  F.. 

Bfvcsrivnci-.  II.  W 310  Califoniiii  ht..  H.  I'., 

Biirujki:!.!,  .lolMil).  (ilirii lOJ  Ciilifnrnl;i  at.,  8.  I'., 

Stuvcna,  IlakiT  &  Co. 

cor.  Bacraiucnto  imd  D-.iviimt.,  H.  F., 

Taylor,  C.  L  &  Co M  Cali;'ornl:iiil.,  S.V., 

Ten  lioach.  N.  &  Co 2S  .Murchuiita'  i;.\cha!isc,  S.  F., 

Thannhuuser 'i  Co 311  CalifomU  at,,  !i.  F.. 

Thcfilialil.  ( ioo.  .1.  (i  Co 41D  Culifornla  »t. ,  S.  F.. 

Tinoto.  J.  M.  &  Co 50)  rSattuiy  jit.  H.  F., 

Trcjo...,  .1.  CCo 123  California  St.,  H,  F., 

rmiilaii  Criostf 202Markotiit.,  S.  F., 

■\Vul«jn  i  Co i;2  Markut  Bt..  H.  F., 

WcdUerspooa  &  Co 211  C'alitonila  ilt.  .'<.  F., 

Wolah&Co : IWCalHornla  Bt.,  H.  F., 

Wilkiiis  &  I'o 103  C.ilifoniia  nt.,  8.  F., 

WillUimii,  nimondicCo '.'UJ  Markut  »t..  H.  F., 

Wolf  &  Khfioliold rm  liattfry  at.,  ,S.  I'., 


IX.SL'UAN'CE— CALiroKM.v  Cu.HrANrrji. 

California  Iim  (.'o 313  California  nt.,  S.  I-'.,  C 

Commercial  Ina.  Co 4()j  California  Ht.,  .S.  F.,  C 

Firomans  Fund  In.i.  Co 4U1  California  iit.,  H.  F..  C 

Ilorao  lltltual  lus.  <_'o 40j  California  st ,  3.  F.,  C 

Kortb  Pac-ltic  iMntual  Llfo  Asu'n Portland,  <1 

Oakland  Homo  Infl.  Co Oakland,  C 

racilli;  Lilo  Ins.  Co 413Califoniia  Bt.,  .S.  F.,  V 

Btato  Investment  Ina.  Co 213-220  Sauaome  nt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Vnion  Int.  Co 410  California  r, „  H.  F.,  C 

WestiTuFirj  and  Marine  lua.  Co.,4iJ'JCalifomiafit.,  S.  F.,  C 

IXSlTvAXCU  AGENT.S. 

liutler  &  Ilaldan 413  California  «t., 

lirj-ant,  .\.  J 31J  I'alifoniia  St., 

lirown,  <  'raij  &  Co 215  Hauaoino  Bt., 

Uookor,  W.  Lane 317  California  st, 

IJeltiieau  Cisar 20JHanEonio  pt., 

Ueuuet.  Tlio.1 310  I  ■alifomia  St., 

llabxT,  Ily  ^i  Co. 22j  t?an.wnio  St., 

Balfoiu-,  (iutlirio^  Co 310  I'aliforaia  Bt , 

IJacon.  .TosL'iih  8 410  California  ct., 

Craij',  Ilnyli 233  Sntter  St., 

CuUini'liaiu,  W.  J.  &  Co 213  Saniioino  Bt., 

I>omin,  tleo.  D 433  California  Bt., 

Donaldson  ^'c  Co 124  California  Bt., 

DKk-i<)n.  Koliert,  C«»r.  Montij'y  and  Califoniiaet.^., 

I>eMniond,  J.  J.  k  Hon.? 322  Califoniia  Ht.. 

De^-ener  ^  Co 308  California  Bt., 

Elliott,  W.  L.  &  ,Son 440  California  Bt., 

ForlK'B,  Andrew  1!.  (Life) 214  Sanaoniort., 


313  Chlifonila  Bt, 

219Hanaoniu  st. 

430  California  St., 

— 307  Califoniia  Bt. 
,  .313  ilontt'onu-ry  Bt., 


Flint.  Augnatus  P 

FaniaHortli,  E.  I)  k  Son.. 

Fnlkuir.  JiAl  k  l.'o 

Gutto  £:  l'>ank 

Gray,  lidward  P.  (Life) 

Grant,  Thom.ia  C 213  HanBoiuu  at., 

0;'.rland,  V/lUiain  D.  (Llfcl....240  .llonti-omery  at, 

Hoi^kin.^  &  llrownwell 313  California  at.. 

Ilutchinaon  ft  .Mann 322  and  321  California  ut., 

limit  .Jonathan,  Sou  S  Co 313  California  st., 

llelhnan  IJros.  ii  Co r)2ii  Fiiint  at., 

Hawkiuii,  Elijah  (Lite) CO!  California  r.t., 

llaives,  Oliver 433  (.'alifornia  st., 

IlawoH,  Alexander  O 220  ,San80ino  at., 

Ilarriaon,  Win.  O 213  ,Sanaonie  at., 

IlainiUon,  Jolin  i^ao 210  SaiLsome  at., 

Jeiintuga  u  tStlUiiian 317  California  at., 

Jacoliy.  LtiUJa 439  California  at., 


a  F. 

H.  F. 
S.  F. 
H.  F. 
H.  V. 
K.  F. 
H.  F. 
H.  F. 
S.  P. 
H.  F. 
H.  F. 
H.  P. 
H.  r. 
H.  V. 
rt.  F. 
H.  F. 
H.  F. 
1>.  F. 
S.  F. 
S.  F. 
H.  F. 
S.  F. 
,S.  F. 
a  F. 
8.  F. 
H.  F. 
8.  1'. 
H.  P. 
H.  1''. 
M.  V. 
a.  F. 
8.  F. 
I.V  P. 
8.  F. 
8.  P. 
a  F., 


•laenlw  4  Ea:ilon 210  SaiMome  at..  8.  P.,  I'. 

Jai'olia,  Jnlina 21ti,4anatmio»t.,  8.  F-,  (' 

Munacll,  Januri  ,Ir .213  8anronio  at.,  S.,  P.,  O 

.Muecke,  Vietor  &  Co 109  California  at,  K.  F.,  O 

Milihor,  ,1.  A.  (Life) 120  8anaomo  at.   8  P.,0 

Mel,  Gcorjo.. 422  California  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

McNear,  G.  W 20  California  at ,  8.  P..  O 

Marciu.  Georce  &  Co 301  Califcjrnia  at.,  8.  P..  0 

Ma,-i!l,  Arthur  E .'.2J  California  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ma-.'ondr,ay  (t  Co 200  8.inaonio  at.,  S.  F,  0 

LaUm,  CliarleaA 403  California  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

I.andera  &  Co.  (Life) 2  .VeViula  Plock,  8.  F.,  O 

Lanilera,  WlUiarn  J 400  California  at.,  B.  P.,  O 

Potter,  Edward  E 415  California  at.,  S.  I'".,  O 

I'ope,  Thomm  E 311  California  at.,  8.  F..  O 

Philili,  8ii.-yer  &  Co 423  California  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

iiotlyers,  Meyer  &  Co 212  Lattery  at.,  8.  P..  O 

Koiiuiti,  Jame."!  11.  (Life) 315  California  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

SyA  llirry  W 223..an*)m  i  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Snow,  Ilarv,  y  W 319  California  at.,  S.  P ,  O 

Kniith,  Andrew  D 310  (ialifornia  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Tliannhauaor  ;i  Co 311  California  ut ,  8.  l'.,  0 

William.i,  Diuiond  S  Co 202  Maiket  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

lUON-PIG. 

Arnold,  JJ.  8.  &  Co 23  Davis  St..  8.  P.,  C 

JJriina,  Henry 303  .Mi.saion  at.,  £5.  P.,  O 

Chandler,  ElchardD 113  Pacific  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

C<.lonian,  W.  T.  ii  Co 121  Marlut  at.,  8.  P.,C 

lla.ito  ii  Kirk 21  r.<;ale  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Jettray,  William 201  California  at.,  8  P.,  O 

Lund,  Henry 211  California  at.,  8.  F..  0 

Ma^xlonoUsh,  tloaepll 41  Markt  t  at,  B.  F.,  O 

8eeley,  L.  11 Cor.  Foiaoin  iiUfl  Main  s.tj..  8.  P.,  0 

WlUamj,  DiniondiiCu 203  Market  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

lliOX  aAPE8. 
llaira  8afo  and  Lock  (.'o.  .211  ami  213  California  at.,  8  P.,  O 

Kittrcd^;e,  .Jonathan 18  and  20  p^rcinon»>  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Leavltl,  C.  II 225  llc.lo  ct.,  8.  F.,  O 

Xmtto,-.  Calvin  &  Bona 12!  i'n:-j«,:.l:,t..  ii.  P.,  O 

Paijje,  L.  IJ 8  Xew  Montjomery  at.,  •i.  P.,  C 

Kaymond  ;i  Wilahlrc 115  Front  at.,  8.  P.  O 

8ini:i.  JohuR 123  I^ealost.,  B.  P.,  O 

INKS. 

lianeroft,  A.  L.  i  Co 721  JIarUet  .«.t.,  S.  P.,  O 

J>on;ty,  .loseph  II rt27  Coiumereial  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Miller  ti  Ilicharda- 523  Cotnuercial  at..  8.  I^,  O 

Pacific  Ink  Factory C17  and  621  Prannan  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Pacilie  Tyite  Pouiulry 523  t'ominercial  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Painter  i;  Co 510  Clay  at ,  8.  P.,  C 

81iattuck&  Fletcher 520  Commercial  at..  8.  P.,  O 

Takott,  Lonia !a33(lFarr  II  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Willhtnia,  C.  h.  &  Co 417  Waaiiiiii'lon  at.,  8.  P..  C 

lliOX  WOIJK.S. 

Aetna  (Pender:ia.'*t.  Bniith  A:  (io.) 

217  Frotnont  at.,  H.  P.,  O 

Aliaany  Irtiu  W'orka jVlliaiiy,  o 

.(Uamwla  Foundry  , 8an  Joae.  O 

Alijion  Iroa  Vv'orka Victoria,  11.  <J 

Allen,  Geo.  II Xevada  City,  O 

Architectural  Iron  Work.* 420  Ikale  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Astoria  Iron  Works Aatoila,  O 

Atlaj  Iron  Works 135  lleale  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Itower  &  llaker Los  An..;eic.^,  C 

Ca.ac,  .1.  I  &  Co.  (Euyine-a) Portlau'i,  o 

Chony,  C.  C Albany,  O 


APPENDIX. 


77t 


oily  Iron  Worl-i  (Low  u  i   .,utrcy).28  Fremont,  rt„  H.  F,.  i! 

City  Fo'indry  awl  Mmliiue Shop L4W  Aligt?IoR.<' 

City  Kutinilry Dull' 8,  l» 

City  I-'oiinilry  mul  .MacliUin  HUuiu l'ortluu>l,  ( ) 

I'oliMiil'Ui  Iron  Works 135  fJcaleKt.,  8.  F„  I' 

Oohimiii  i  Iron  Work*. rurtUud,  <  i 

Conkliu,  II  ll.&Co r.un.'ka,  \ 

Duuanll,  John Victoriu,  11.  C 

Krapiri!  Ironworks Ill  Frumout  Pt.,  a.  K,  C 

limit. ro  Mucliinu  SUop Miiryavilk*.  *.' 

Dici^lAior  In>n  Works I'ortlmi'l.  1 1 

Kiir.  U  rounJry 123  llcalo  st.,  8.  F.,  r 

Kmniet,  Uuo GoIJ  Uill,  X 

Knriifbt,  Joseph Sun  Jose,  V 

Kurekii  Iron  Works .'lU  Ilowardst ,  H.  F.,  O 

Fulton  Iron  Works 207iina2ll  Fremont  St.,  rt.  IV.C 

Fulton  FiiUnilry Uolil  Uill,  N 

Glolio  lion  Works ijtoekton,  O 

Golden  Htuto  iiud  Miners'  Iron  Works 

iB5  First  St.,  .S.  F,  (1 

Ooiu  Ji  Adailis m  Bcalest.,  8.  F.,  U 

Gms.i  ViiHey  Foundry.. (ir;i.s.<  Valley,  C 

GuttjiiUrjer,  Wni Saeiamento,  C 

Hopo  Iron  Works Hacntlnt-uto,  C 

Indiatrl  il  Iron  Works 233  Beale  »t,  .s  F.,  C 

Jo^kso.i  Ji  Truman. .  .eor.  8Uth  and  Bluxotne  sts..  H    1'.,  C 

Lawrence  &llailow N  erada  *  'ity.  C 

Lo^au,  N.  O Corluuo;  U 

Main  .St.  IrouWorki 131  and  135  Main  nt..  S.  F   ■■ 

Marine  Iron  Works 1015  Ifeittery  ^t  .SI      ■ " 

JIaij.Hvillo  Fouinlry Maij.ivillL,  ».' 

Marahall  &  Jones Walla  Walla,  W 

Matt^^son  &  WlUialnsou Stockton,  V 

Mc\i'illiams.  11.  11 Sacramento,  i! 

Metluuiea'  Iron  Works 217  First  »t.,  S.  F.  I! 

Metrol>olttan  Iroi,  Works 233  l''r«mont  St.,  8.  1'.,  C* 

Mill  Street  Foundry Gr.i^s  Valley,  tJ 

Morey.  U  8 PlacervUlo,  0 

Nat;o:;a  Iron  Works.  ...cor.  Main  and  llowanl  ntu..S.  F.,  C 

I'uw  Taconia  Injn  Works New  Tiieonia,  W 

Nov.lty  Iron  Works 216-217  First  St.,  ...  1'.,  U 

Novelty  Iron  Works rorilund,  O 

Oakland  Iron  Works Oaklu..d,  (.' 

Occidental  Inm  Work.! IJ?  First  lit.,  H.  F.,  c 

Paclllj  Iron  Wolks FJO  Fttiiuont  «t..  8.  F.,  I' 

racilie.M.tul  Works 113  Fir»t  St.,  ('.  F,  1 

Paeill'j  Stove  and  Iron  Works 223  Main  at,  3.  F.,  C 

Fuoenix  Iron  Works lS-2;>  Fr.)iuont  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Pioneer  Iro.i  Works 121  Ftvmont  St.,  S.  F..  C 

lUs'lon  Iron  and  l,ocomotivu  Works. 

cor.  Beale  and  llowanl  sts..  8.  F,.  (.* 

lUxit,  Xeil/ion  ^t  Co..... liu^rainento,  C 

Itoseljurs  Foundry lioaelmrtf,  O 

llmUy  ^  .\lery Chieo,  C 

Sauraineiito  Foundry .Sacnuncuto,  O 

Salem  Iron  Works Balein,  O 

San  Fiuaci.HCo  Iron  Works 203  Fremont  St.,  tl.  F.,  C 

Santa  Clara  Moelilnc  Shop Santa  Clara,  C 

Ball  Joaj  Foundry  and  Fngiiio  Works San  Jose,  C 

B'liiw  ;c  Kuna Victoria,  B.  C 

Kiiv,  r  Iron  Workl ,Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Suiltii  llros.  ti  Wat,ion Portland,  (J 

Htockttxi  Iron  Work.s Stoekt*',i,  C 

Vnir>n  Iron  Wttrk^i cor.  First  and  Mission  sts.,  i>.  i',,  U 

trtiioii  Ironworks Portland,  O 

I'iilon  Iron  Works Sacnuncuto,  C 

Toinh.-itone  Foundry Toinhstono,  A 

Western  Iron  Works 316  Mission  St.,  S  F.,  C 


White  4  Tcnny Soatllo,  W 

Wiliainette  Iron  Works PortUtnd,  O 

Wortli's  Fouu'lry Fetaluma,  0 

JEWELF1I8 

Andrews,  A 521  Mont,iomory  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Dmvemiaii   lonis&C'o 119  Montgomery  st,  H,  P,  O 

Calirornia  Jewelry  Co 134  Mutter  ut.,  S.  F.,  0 

Chopanl,  Louis San  Jose,  0 

IJorraiice,  C.  P Portland,  O 

DInkelsi.lel.  8.  B.  4  Co 1.1  llinh  St.,  8.  F,  0 

KliH'nlK.re,  Adolph 2gij  Kearny  St.,  8.  F,,0 

Ilaskeil  i  Mimmie 2mi  Keaany  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ilovey,  J.  J SacranienUi,  C 

Kalin  M.  and  L 12CKearny»t  ,  8.  P.,  (I 

Koelder  i  Uittor 120 Sutter  kt.  M.  P.,0 

Levi.son  Bros 134  Sutttr  »t .  ».  F.  O 

Levy,  Jolin  4:  Cj 811  Sutterst.,  8,  F  ,  0 

Kwi.^,  .lackaon San  Jose,  O 

Lundy,  Thomas 7  OThirdst.  8  F-,  O 

Ximt,  (Ireeuitweie&Co 533  .Market  St. ,  H.  F.,  O 

Phellis  it  .Miller 12i)  Sutter  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

llandoiiiti  i  Co 101  Montfioniejy  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Kherwood,  W.  J 617Mont.'uineryBt.,  .S.  F.,0 

Shrove,  (ieo.  C.  &Co 110  Montuomery  fit.,  S.  1',  0 

Slinonsllros.  &Ca 120  Sutler  «t.,  8.  F.,  O 

Stone,  II    L Portland.O 

Silence,  A.  8.  &Co 537  Market  at.,  8.  F.,0 

Straight,  Z  L V/a'.la  WaUa,  W 

Thoui|Mon,  Lucius 4  Cbroniclo  Building,  ,S.  P.,  O 

Titeomli,  Allien  ('.  St  Co 21  Post  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

Vanderslice,  W.  K.  &  Co 136  Sutler  at.,  8.  F.,0 

Wolizel,  Kothsch'.ld  tt  IIiKlenfelt 

cor.  Ivearuy  and  Post  sts.,  .4.  F.,  0 

Weyl.  Jonas lH' .Sutt^jr  st.,  S..  P.,  O 

Wolir  Joseph 12USutlcrst.,  8.  P.,  C 

Wolir  &  Lozo 120  Sutter  at.  8.  F.,  O 

Wunacb,  M.  &  Co Ill  Sutter  St.,  0.  F.,  0 

Zocliarias,  L.  tC) 210  Kcamyat.,  8.  F.,  0 

Ji;WlXnY.— MjlNUFACTl'llEltH. 

Anilrows,  A 221  Moutgoniery  St., 

Aufrichtic,  .Morris 1113  .Sljtii  at., 

Buehr,  Vvilliam (UONacraniti.!  'st., 

Ucllemore,  A .331  Kearny  St., 

Blutaentbal,  J^L  &  Co 71'J  Clay  St., 

Ilatiui.  Vv 204  Stockton  );t., 

llraml,  U.  J 230  Uoamy  St., 

lirvtonnel,  J.  V 323  Bush  at. , 

Uujanuoll,  Reinbold 13  I'rinily  at. , 

Califoroia  Jewelry  Co 13-1  Mutter  st.. 

Caliender,  II.  r.ry  A 14  Trinity  St., 

(  hapman.  11 CUMertbatttst., 

Cliariot,  Jose-pli 110  Sutterst, 

ClaUH.;n,  F 410  Kearny  st, 

KUeau,  llonrj     208  Sutter  at. 

C);lKjrson,  Herman (334  Mout^oincry  st. 

Fink,  Charles 120  Kearny  at, 

Foube.t  St  Biart 223  Sixth  ct, 

llirsehinau.  Adolph.. 323  Busliat, 

.lockson.  It.  W 024  Muiket  st, 

Koehler  &  Hitter 120  Sutler  st. 

Laird,  D.  W 27  Post  st, 

Lewi;!,  II;inty  M fi'tj  Clay  st, 

Liuuemau,  (.,',  H 33'3Busli  st, 

Marshall,  John 22  Kearny  at, , 

Malhicu  bi  ,Malson l,")  Trinity  at 

Miller,  Louis  Jr 335  Busli  st 


8,  F.,  0 
8.  F.,  O 

aF.,o 
a.  p.,  0 
u.  p.,  o 

K.  P..  O 
S  p.,  O 
8  F.,  O 
8.  F„  0 

a.  v.,  o 
8.  p.,  o 

S  F,0 
8  F.,  0 
8.  !•'.,  O 
8.  P.,  C 
8.  P.,  0 
8.  F.,  O 
S.  F.,  0 
8,  P.,  O 
8.  F.,  O 
H.  P.,  O 
8.  P.,  0 

8.  :^, o 

8.  F.,  O 
8.  P.,  O 
8.  P.,  O 
8.  F..  0 


i! 


772 


ArpF..vnix. 


Mnhrl;.'.  I'  F lU'lTj-.  iii-iir  FuurtliBt,.  H.  F.,  C 

Miirris,  11.  UV't OlSSiHTuinuntont.,  S.  P.,  (' 

Xant,  Cnrliziivii' &  Co 533  Murkft  rt.  S.  F.t' 

N'l'uniunii.  Albert 9(-cury  »t.,  H,  F,,  O 

IVlllo  Jc'Wi'lry  Co 0  Iluttoy  St,  H.  F,  (^ 

Votilinumi,  (lUHtave  F 417  Kiuruy  St.,  rt.  K.,  (! 

Illolilur,  Adolpb 622  Mtrchulit.  St.,  rt.  F.  O 

Sunw,  Ilinry 24  I'.jit  «t.,  S.  F.  (' 

Kiixlon.  Siuilh  &  I'o 120HiitUr«t..  H.  !•'.,(' 

Srlmlz  &  FlHchiT 613  Miikft  st.,  K.  F.,(^ 

•l<lH'|iiilor,  William 33  Kearny  »t.,  S.  V  ,f 

SUrevc,  ttc".  0.  &  Co... ...... .110  MuiitHDUiiTy  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

mivunimn.  David 620  Mirdiant  st ,  H.  F.  c 

•ilmolis,  llni.  *Co 120  Killttr  »t ,  S.  F.  C 

Tiusry.  C.  ( 1 Portlaiid,  O 

Tucker,.!.  W.  i  C.i 131  Kianiy,  st,  H  F..  I' 

Tiukcy,  Altri'.l 13  Triully  «t,  H.  F.,C 

VuniltrBlicc,  W.  K.  4  Co 1.TC  Sutter  St. ,  S.  F. .  ( ' 

Waguer,  F.  Jr 223  Keaniy  »t.,  H.  ¥.,  C 

Watt.  John 1525  51i-Alli8ler  St.,  H.  F,  C 

Wenzel.  I!otliachlia *  Ilmlonfelt STFostst.,  «.  F.  C 

Weyl,  .lonaa 110  Sutter  »t.,  H.  F.,  C 

WiUlaluEon.  Alfred  D aclearyst,  H.  F.,C 

Wolff  fcLozo 120Kutter»l.,  H.  F.,  0 

-TFTF.— M.v.xrF.UTriiKU.H. 

Pacillc  .luto  MTg  Co East  ( )aklaud,  (' 

LAMP.S. 

Allyiio  J;  Wlill<3 112  Front  St.,  H.  F  ,  C 

AltSL-lml,  Seller  k  Co 119  llattery  »t.,  H.  F.,C 

Cert.  .1.  JiCo 517  Market  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Day,  Thomas 122  Sutter  ut.,  S.  P..  C 

Dletz.  A.  C.  &Cn 0  Fmntst,  S.  F.,  .I 

Dunn,  II.  D 547  Wa-sliinatoa  St.,  S.  F,  C 

KoHter,  lleury 410Sansome  St.,  S  F.,  C 

Lautou,  O.  i  Co Oil  Market  St..  S.  F.,  C 

Xathiui,  U.  .iCo 130  Sutter  St.,  S.  F,  C 

Straus,  Kohnstamm  &  Co 100  Uattery  St.,  S.  F.,C 

Hwain,  K.  A.  &  Co 112  (.■.Uiloruia  »t.,  S.  F..  C 

W.ingt'nhiiim,  Stcmhehn  &  Co 12*.*  Sausomo  St.,  S.  F.,  t." 

Yatos  &  Co  113  Front  St.,  «.  F.;C 

LEATHER. 

Abenhcuner,  Juliua  — -.20  Sansoiue  fit. ,  S,  F. ,  (; 

Bloeh  &  I>.ivl.l«m 223  Pattery  St.,  H.  F.  C 

B;!!3iui;er,  Colm  &  Co Porlhiuil,  <) 

Boiu-ne.  It.  A 103  C.earj- st,  .S.  F.,  (• 

Cahen  Ilros 41  Clay  5t.,  .S.  F.,  C 

Cabn,  Mchclsljurg  &  Co 31  Battery  st..,  H.  1' .  C 

Clayhrouirh  i  Natlian 322  iiattery  St..  ,S.  1',  C 

Cox,  J.  W.  £:  Cii..  .NAV.  cor.  F'ront  and  (Jrecn  Hts.,  S.  F..  c 

Danforth,  Moora  &  Co 8  New  Mimti-omery  St. ,  S.  F.,  C 

Dolliveri  liros 573  .Market.it..  S.  P..  C 

Exi)ert.  Hernard — SE.  corPov.  th  ami  Sr,vcr  sU .  S.  P.,  <.' 

Prank,  ,1.  ^  Bona 400  ISattery  St.,  S.  P..  c 

(letleaon  i  Landis .513  :^Iarket  st.,  S.  P.,  c 

(ionlon,  llcniard 312  Eiijhth  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Hall.  F 3-1  O'Farrell  St.,  .H  F,  <■ 

Hecht  IJroa  o:  <.*o 25  Hanwime  i-t..  S.  P.,  0 

Hclueliera,  I! 30J  llatUity  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Hert.^  Herman lOGCoinmoreial  fit.,  K.  F.,C 

Ini-  i  .Mesdag 313  Clay  Ht,  A  P.  C 

Jolmson.  ,).  C.  S.  Co 12-H  I'lne  St.,  M.  I'.,  C 

Klopper,  Frederick 20  O'ParrUl  St.,  ,4.  P.,  C 

KuUman,  Bhi2  i:  Co IOC  liait^ry  st.,  ,S.  P.,  C 

Kullnutn,  AVaguer  »  Co lOGUattery  St.,  .H.  F.,  C 

JIiilu  /i  Winchester 214  liattery  St.,  S.  P..  C 


Ma!ji>.' «i  Mooro 613  Market  St.,  «   F.  C 

Matteru  &  Moore 42  Heavy  st,  S   P  ,  0 

Nichols,  A.  C.  JiCo...NE.  cor.  Ilatlery  4  Clay  sis  .  .1.  P.,  0 

*  »reKon  Ixtather  Manufocturlni;  Co I'olt'and,  (.t 

OUoimell,  C 607nraunau8l.,  S    F.  (! 

OniK-nheliner.  Ivan... 43  Clay  St.,  H.  P.,  C 

l'hllllM>,  H  sthulfcl.'o 103  Ilattery  St.,  ,'H.  P.,  U 

llossi'ter  it  Smith 643  Market  St.,  8  P.,  C 

lluiil,  .1.  C 119  Batlei7  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Stroivliridgo,  .1.  A r.>rtla-id,  (>.,() 

Sawyer,  U  P.  k  Co 323  Front  St.,  S.  P..  O 

SehleHer,  C.  U 10  Post  St.,  H.  P.,  O 

Sl.«»,  Louis  &  Co 310  Sansouie  st.,  »   F..  0 

■SUrnfeld  Bros.  &Co 539  Market  st,  S   F.  O 

Sti ,  I! 423HatteryH.    S   P  .  0 

Sumner.  W.  B.  &  Co 415  Front  st,  H.  V  .  0 

Turner,  fteo.  8 Lo»  AuKeles,  <.'.,  () 

Crliacli,  I»natz 801  Montgomery  st,,  H.  P,  O 

Wcnlwortll.  I.  M.  4  Co 400  Buttery  st.,  S.  P.,  C 

WiUlanij  llro.i 569  Market  "t,  8.  P.,  O 

LPATHF.n  (10(>D8-MANri'A.Tl!llEn» 

American  Morocco  I 'a.ie  Co 2n,S  HuttiT  «t.,  S.  P,  C 

Lochliaum,  Ausust  II 134  Sutter  at.  M.  l',«) 

Itailiua,  L 420Koamy»t.,  8.  P.,  O 

LIMK- M.V.Nl'FA<Tl'U!;IW. 

Andenion,  Isaac  W Puyallup  \'alley,  W 

Davis  4  Con  11 211  Drumm  St..  ,^  P.,  O 

Il,.lmes.  II.  T.  4  Co 14  Market  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

.McLothlan  Bros Friday  Harbor,  W 

Tacoma  LImo  Co. Taeruno.  W 

San  Joso  l.lmeCo Sau  ,Ioae,  C 

Kan  Juan  Lime  Co San  Juan,  W 

LIQUORS. 

Adams,  McNeil  4  Co Saciamento.  C 

Allen,  D.  H.  4  Co 322-321  Front  St.,  H.  P..  C 

Andnran,  C.  4  Co 517  .Saeraiuoiit^>  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

.Vrnand.  ^\lhert...X  W.  cor.  Post  and  Dujiont  Bt:(. ,  S.  F.  C 

.\iiger.  HE 409  Buttery  st. ,  S.  P.,  O 

Bach,  Meese  4  Co 321  Montgomery  st..  ."!.  P.,  O 

Beiso,  A Virginia  I  'ity.  If 

Bcnhayon  4  .McClleunon C23  Sansome  st.,  rf.  P.,  O 

Billintia,  i;.  L.  4  Co Sacranie  .to,  O 

Bochow,  F.  CI.  stCo TheDallea.  O 

Booth  4  Co Sacramento,  O 

Brassy  4  Co 8.%n  .Inac,  O 

Briekwedel,  Ilemy  4  Co 2IOPiont  et,,  .S.  P 

Brooka,  k'ork  4  Co 315  California  lit.,  ,S.  P.,  C 

Brown,  E >'ew  Westminster,  B.  C 

Buekow,  r.mil  &  Co Sacrami  nto,  <) 

Bnrchardt,  C.  A Portland  O 

Bum-man;;  -Martonini 321  Battery  «(,  .-<.  P..  C 

( 'arroU,  H.  T.  4  Ccj 323  Sansojne  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Cartan,  MeCiirty  4  Co 513  Sa^iamentost.,  .S.  P.,  C 

C.issin.  r.  .1.  4  Co 433  llatteiy  at..  H.  P.,  C 

Caaey  4  Cnjnau Sai  ramento,  C 

Cliancho,  AiUie.nC, 015  Front  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Chei:ley,  O.  W Sacramento,  0 

ChevaUcr,  F  4  Co 520  WasbiliK'on  it.   ;■..  V  ,  C 

Chielovlcli,  K.  a  I'o 001  Front  St..  .S.  P.,  <) 

CUuaaeniu.l  4  Co Saciamellto,  Ci 

Coleman,  Win  T.  4  Co 121  Market,  at,  H.  P.,  0 

^.^lmmirl  'ft4*)Co:mnr 291-200  -Market  at.,  .S.  P.,  O 

Cra.i, .  IIa-;ti:i^;i  4  <  'o 121  Calirornla  at.,  H.  F  ,  C 

Daneri.  F.  4  Co 27-29  California  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Davis,  S.  F.  4  Co Sacramento,  O 


Mi 


APPENDIX. 


773 


Daiet,  J.  11 VlraloUi  Clly,  N 

l>uuavi:iMix  ^:  MalAon , 

....X-  W.  cur.  Hatinuuiu  uuilJut-'luoUHU,,  M.  V.,  V  \ 

Dodgo,  W.  W.  &l'n i 

N.  W.  cur.  Front  mul  lluy  »t«..  «.  F.,  C  ' 

Dn'y.uit,  U.  t  c'o 110  rrtjiitnt.,  rt.  F,.  C 

liifiuT  liriw Hacnmii'iito,  (! 

Kjfaii.  SI  .M Aiwtiii,  \ 

FiUBO.  i;.  A.  i  Co 310  i'runt  Bt.,  H.  K.,  (,' 

FulUT,  Jaiiius  I.  &  Co Hucmmotito.  O 

FcuUmii»i--u  ii,  ItniuiHcliWL-iift'r 4U  Fruut  at.,  H.  F.,  (.' 

FUhur,  W.  J.  SCo 310  Front  Bt,,  H.  F,  C 

Fli-clii:ii»ti;lu  «  Mayer I'ortlanil.  ()  . 

FuukfUKU-ir  C.iCo 320Sali8oiuu  •,l..  S.  F,,  C 

UoodRiu,  ,11.  iCo 4071)a;toi.v«t.,  8.  F.,  0  i 

Oilni:ui,  WulIliT  &  Co 

H.  W.  cor.  California  ami  From  nta.,  H.  F.,  C 

Oo„';iiii  ii  Hbtfliy Cor.  Jackitou  autl  Frriat  bu  .  H.  F,,  C 

Clanac,  W 71l.SaiuioiiiL'»t.  S.  F.,  C   i 

Cmvffl,  F.  C ..4tJl  .Saiisr>niL'st.,  a.  V.,  0 

GituiUacli,  J,  4  Co 

S.  E.  cor.  Market  ami  Stcinirt  atj..  S.  F.,  C 

UaljiTllug,  J.  C 110  l)up<mt  St.,  H.  P.,  C 

Iliiffonl.  U.  F,  &  Oo ToiubBtouy,  A   ' 

Hull,  Luhni  (t  Co .Saoraiuento,  C    1 

Hoelsdiur,  Win.  i:  Co 501  Market  Bt..  8.  F  .  C 

Uoijoa,  John  II lo:»  Fol»om  »t,  8.  F.,  C 

llotalin^',  A.  F.  5i  Co 431  Jackion  »t,  H.  ¥.,  C   1 

llotalint',  A.  F.  &  l.'o Portluua  O 

Janjou,  li.  A.  ii  <.'o 430  Jackson  St.,  8.  F'.,  C    ; 

JoBt  &.  Adlur 3'Jl  Uattcry  »l.,  S.  F.,  C 

Joyce,  N'.  r..  .t  Co Toniljstono,  A 

Jullien,  J.  k  l.'o 017  Fatilic  St..  S.  F.,  O 

Ki  lly  ■''  I iililiri.-'t 311  F'ront  Bt.,  H.  F  ,  C 

Kune,  ()l.cary\Co 221-^23  llUHlist,  8.  F.,  C 

Kell>  .^  i;us»n OOl.Iiatlery  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Kenny.  John 005  Front  sL,  8,  F.,  C 

KitUlljercer  Si  Dold 

N.  E.  cor.  Market  and  Powell  Bts.,  8.  F.,  0 

Knauth,  J Sacraincuto,  C 

Kohler  Si  Frohlins 020  Montsomery  St..  8.  F.,  C 

Kowalaki  4i  Co 520  California  St.,  8.  F.,  U 

Luclunan,  8.  i;  Co 401-411  Market  at,  8.  !■'.,  C 

L;u:hmau  i  Jaeobi.8.  il.  cor.  Market  and  First  std..  8.  !■*.,  C 

Lan;I  &  Co 210  Duiwmt  St.,  8.  I'.,  C 

Lawrence  *i  Co 322  Clay  st.,  8.  F.,  C 

Lo  Omnd,  A Portluiid,  O 

Leno.-mand  Kim 735  Howard  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Levy,  illchael Los  Anselcs,  C 

Lilicathal  i  Co , 223  California  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

LundleyJw  Co Sacramento,  C 

Livin8.itcn  &  l.  •  > 222  California  St.,  8.  F..  (-' 

Lowe  l!ro« 217  liattery  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Lo»,C.  .Vdolphe 208CaIituruia8t.,  8.  F.,  C 

Louji,  Janiis 514  Mission  »t.,  8.  V.,  C 

Lyons,  K.  II.  (c  Co 503-510  .Jackson  »•.,  S.  F.,  C 

MalaUsta.  Louis 311 1'acillc  St.,  8.  l'.,  C 

Mandclljamii.  Fnuicis 312  .Sacminento  St..  8.  F.,  C 

Martin,  li.  Jv  Co 40,*  .'■'rout  st. ,  8.  F.,  C 

Martin,  i;,  ii  Co Los  Angeles,  C 

Martin,  i:.  k  to Portland,  O 

Marx  &,  Joricusen Portland,  O 

Mathews,  U.  A Stockton  C 

McClelland,  J.  J.  i  Co Tho  Dalles,  O 

MeljiuB  i  Co Sacramento,  C 

MiHlauw.  J.  J.  It.  *^  8ou 9C8  Folsoni  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Meiuecko,  Cliarlcs  &  Co 413  Sacramento  st,,  8.  F.,  C 


MeMmor,  Louis Los  Ant;elc*,  C 

.Meyer,  M 33  8utti'r  bt, ,  8,  F.,  O 

Moiuoe,  A  K  Hon* F'liri  ka,  O 

Sloiin,  .Scully  ti  Co 310  8acr.ilnento  Bt.,  8.  F.,  C 

Mnore,  Hunt  4  Co 417  .Market  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

.McKire,  8amuel  i  Co 212  (.'alilumla  «t ,  8.  F.,  O 

NalH-r.  Aifs  K  Bruno 413  Front  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Nixil  i  Felt Lo«  Anaeles.  O 

olJrlen,  John  H Mtocktou,  U 

Olierfel.ler.  UrosiCo 123  California  St.,  8,  F    O 

(Inllahan,  D.  J Stockton,  C 

Palmer,  Henry  Ik  Co  302  Davis  st,  8.  F,,(l 

Piiwal,  Dubedat  &  Co 42(i  Jkcksou  Bt.,  8.  F.,  O 

Porter,  David '105  Montt'omery  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Powell*  &  Ucndcrxon 8acraniclito,  O 

Provolt,  Daniel  11 118  Leides.lor«  st,.  8,  F.,  0 

Pe?tner  &  Hildel.randt 411   113  liattery  Bt.  8.  F.,  O 

Uebstock.  Cndres  &  Co 322  8anBouie  St.,  ,S.  F.,  O 

llenz.  John 219  Commercial  St.,  8.  F'.,  O 

lUcbards  &  Harrison 401  8ansunie  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Ilolh&Co  2l4PinuBt,8.  !•'.,  0 

Kottarzl,  Oiosuo 1027  -Market  at,  8.  V.,  O 

Powe,  U.  P 218  California  St.  8.  F.,  O 

Babatie,  .\.  E  i  Co 010  Banaomo  St..  .8.  F.,  O 

Sabatli!,  P.  U  S  Co 330  Hush  st,  8.  P.,  0 

8»ulnier,  John  S  Co  007  Front  st,  8.  P.,  C 

,8clinrdln,  .1.  P.  4  Co 31  DniHinlst,  8.  F.,  0 

8chro<ler,  Henry  4  < 'o .017  8anson)e  St.,  8.  V..  O 

Kchuhman  k  IJotcf  uhr  — Portland,  O 

8ihultz,  \Vm.  A 533  Front  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Hchultz  &  Von  Iliirgcu 

I       8.  E.  cor.  Front  and  Califoniia  ata. ,  8.  V. ,  0 

i   SeellK,  K.  .V  Co Portlanil,  O 

81iea,  IJoc<iacraz  4  MeKeo 

!       8.  W.  cor.  Front  and  Jackson  ata.,  8.  F.,  C 

Sieljo  llros-  4  Plajfi'iuunn 425  Sacramento  at,  S.  F.,  U 

j   SUllmaii.  F.  W.  4  Co 510  Waahiiinton  at,  8  i". ,  C 

I   Sorbin,  J.  E Albany,  O 

I   Siiniancc,  Stanley  4  Co 410  Front  st  ,  S.  F,  O 

!   Sroufo  4  McCrum 203  Market  Bt.  8    F.,  O 

Steh'.haBen,  P 402  Davi.iBt.,  h.  F.,0 

Stevens,  George 3la  F'ront  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Stmtz,  <Tulius Sacramento,  O 

Taylor,  'riiomaa  &  Co, : Virginia  City,  JT 

TaussiK,  Louis  4  I  'o 205  liattery  at..  8.  F".,  O 

Thatcher,  (k'o&Co 323  Chiyat,  8.  V.  O 

Van  Dcr.'e'i,  N.  4  Co 413  Clay  St..  ,S.  F.,  O 

Van  Schuj  vor,  W.  J Portland,  O 

Vignier  4  Kinunons 423  lkit'..ry  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

ViUidieu,  Oiarlca 420  liattery  at,  H.  F.,  C 

Walter,  .M.  4 Co C25  8anaome  st.  S.  F.,0 

Walker  Bros.  4  Co Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Ward,  Wm.  4  Co 609  Sacramento  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Wanlc,  M.  4  Co 313  Uiittery  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

Watennan,  J.  4  Co 418  liattery 'st,  8.  F,,  0 

West,  Geo.  4  Co ,Stoekton,  C 

Well  Brothers 213  Jackson  st,  8.  F'..  C 

Weinreich  4  Bartela Haerameuto,  C 

Widunau  4  Lutjen 321  Clay  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Wicker  Brothera 702  Front  at ,  8.  F'.,  C 

Wilcoj.  Felter  4  Co .Sacnuuento,  0 

Wilm'erdius  4  Co 210  Front  st,  8.  I''.,  C 

WillKhni,  H.  4  Co 109  CaUfonda  st,  ,8.  F..  C 

WoltiTH  Bros.  4  Co 221  California  st,  S.  F.,  C 

Wuiclie.  Frederick 332  Sansoinc  St.,  8.  F..  C 

Ziimuenuau,  F Portland,  0> 


774 


APPENDIX. 


ii 


Ll'MIiUK-MANfl'AL-miKIWi 

AckiMnon,  Muort:  A.  t^i IMcr  10,  Mteuart  6t ,  H.  F.. 

AilnHLi.  Wiu.  J Pier  17.  iitcuirtBt,.  H.  P., 

BcailU' i  Cc :iSiieurst..  H.  P.. 

Bunilram.  (i-  M ...1500-1313  .Market  St..  H.  P.. 

liytlKo,  .lolm  T ."i.Slicarst,  S.  P.. 

iv.k.  .1.  i  A.  M Pier  :5  Kti-uart  St.,  .s.  P., 

I>.aii.  i:.  11.  S  (,'o 2 CuUfornla  «t. .  H,  P., 

IVrl.y.  K.  .M 183  <;luy  «t.,  S.  P. 

l/icksim.  DcWiiU&O.i 412  PattlTj- 1.1.,  H.  P.. 

Diusl.jj-.  Cliiuli'K  I Par  10  .Sttuart  «t..  S.  F. 

li^j-  ,  t-'harUa  F Nlicur  aud  iluwanl  BtH.,  H.  p., 

I).ill«:ir  U  Caninn 22  Califuriim  Ht.,  H.  F, 

DuimW.iun.  W 321  Kliif  at.,  H.  P., 

iJniliiliiolKl  &.  Luniont ^2^  Valt-tuia  St..  S.  p., 

liuncan'n  .Milla  U  i(.  L,  Co 22  California  Hi.,  ,S.  F,, 

Eutlu.vMoii Flilluorurt.  Wharf,  S.  P., 

Falk,  ClmudlurJ.  <^o ..128  -ituiiart  Bt.,  .S.  P., 

« It-nuon,  A.  i  Co 113  Ml&Binn  st.,  .S.  F., 


Glail...  PrwliTkk  W 

HaliBoti,  At.kt:n«omt4'o. 

IlaniKiti,  Haiiiui't  It 

Herri,  k.  i:  SI 

lli;,';,ilia  J.:  Colliiu 

UlllB'Uli!,  tjert.  8.  &  Co. . 


30,S;)c'nri't..  .4.  P. 

..Pi<Tll,.SlouartBt.,  «.  P. 
...i'ieriJ.  Htt'Uart  »t.,  H.  P. 

lU.SUjuartat.,  H.  P. 

jr7.MuiUBt..  S,  p". 

JSAMitoniia  St. ,  K.  ]■'. 


,C 

Holt  U.-o» JIT-Jl  lU-aluBt,,  H.  P.,  C 

Ilooptrr,  0.  A.  &  Co Pouxtii.juu.1  Chaitiit'l  Bti.,  H.  I',,  C 

Ilooiitr,  P.  P.  (C.I.  A I'iinrA',.  steuart  Bt.,  .s.  r.C 

Iluntington  Liilubcr  Co iSan  .los..,  0 

Jiit.kHoii,  .1.  *i PiL'r4,  wtctuirtst.,  H.  .''.,  C 

Kfutlltld.  John  &  c'o Pier  li,  Htr.uart  st.,  S.  1 .,  U 

KhowIlb,  (i.  It.  Ji  rtoti .Miuuiou  and  Main  Bta.,  8.  F.,  C 

Kiiowiaud.  JoButih 22  (-'alifotufa  Bt.,  S.  F.,  C 

Ma<^titk.  tj.  1..  H  Co - . .  .Pier  10,  .Steuart  st.   S.  P.,  C 

AlcWay  KC'o 4  Calttoniia  St.,  .S.  P.,  C 

McaLlmmi  liacoii 2735  Mi«8ionst.,  H.  P.,  C 

Mn;.'*,  (ieorsu  A -Pier  1.  .steuart  Rt.,  S.   F.,C 

.Mt.iiduuino  Lumbar  I'o WCalitoniUiBt..  K.  V.,  C 

llnorw  A.  U iOil  California  St.,  H.  p.,  C 

iloihsou,  i'n.ti.  n 575  liraiuian  st.,  H.  !■'.,  C 

S'-irriBou,  Jono&J — tipear  and  .^.l...si^in  stB.,  H.  !■'.,  C 

>io%ut>aIjiiiiberCc„ ":M  i  liiitoniia  Et.,  H  P.,  c 

Xeylou,  Jamt!S 1S-:.U  .Sitcar  at.,  M.  p.,  C 

XlLkcrsoii iiilo... '.tfl'iriiinr.mmnta Bt.(  S.  P.,  C 

Uucideuial  iitnnr.iUlll l^ureka, 

Ueeidcutal  I.uinlwrJitilla^ 4  California  st,  H.  P., 

l'attrid;,e,  ;L  i; 123  .StuiLirt  Bt..  H.  P.. 

I'inr  liiini'nr  AnrTTfiam  Pier  5,  Steuart  at. ,  4.  V., 

I'uUal-d.  TUoiiuM 17  tsteuurt  St.,  H.  P., 

l>oi«!  i  '1'idln.t 20-1  Calllorula  st.,  H.  F., 

I'ort  Uakely  Mill  Co Pier  3,  Hteuart  st.,  M.  I'., 


Port  Distovery  MiU.^ 

i'oit  .ModiBoii  MdlB 

I'ort  ( irfofd  Cedar  Co. . . 

Pn-atnii  \  MoKinuun 

1  Ui;et  ."-oiiiid  Lundier  Cu 
1E«.1ho«b1  Luiubci  Co. . . 


.Pier  10,  hteuurtBt.,  S.  P., 
.I'ierlO,  Steuart  St.,  S.  F., 

-LMalketBl.,  W.  P., 

.  .Pier  5,  Hleuart  Bt.,  .S.  P., 
.Pier  17,  Steuart  St.,  S.  1'., 
1(1  .Market  St.,  S.  P., 


lle.;woi*d  .Maiitifaetute-rs"  Am'ii 16  .Market  Bt.,  8.  F.,  O 

Ileiitoa.  lluliuea  ii  Ci> . ,  Pier  3,  S^.euart  st,  .S.  I'.,  C 

l.oeli  IJay  naw-uiill Vietorta.  U.  C 

KuB.1,  ,1.  i.Co 33  .Market  8t,  H.  P.,  C 

liuulau  liiver  L;uul  aud  Luiuliur  Co 

4  t^iUfomla  »t,  M.  P„  0 

Sierra  Lumber  Co 320  HaUBolue  bt,  H.  P.,  C 

Biemk  Nevada  Wood  Bud  Liaaher  Co 

224  California  at.,  ,S.  p.,  U 

SiuipB>.u,  A  .M.  Jc  lira 11  Marliet  at ,  .S.  P.,  C 


Hmith,  .lames  eJ 1  Uoward  Ht,  H.  P., 

.Sonoma  Lumlier  Co 323  .Monti/omery  Bt ,  H.  p., 

Hpringer.  Ja.4on  ii.  Co S;.ear  aji.l  .Mission  stfl.,  H.  P., 

Htilrbj.1  &  OoMstoue .Market  and  Hpear  BtB.,  S.  F,. 

Htraut,  W.  K Sacramento  and  Drunun  atB..  H.  P., 

Tluiyer,  J.  '; 22  California  at,  S.  P., 

The  Ortj^jn  Improvement  Vm Portland, 

TiclK.no.-,  II   I!.  &Co 42  .Market  at,  H.  F, 

Towl,.  llroB Dutch  nat, 

T-.*le,  \V.  W 303  Tovrnsend  at.,  H.  V.. 

Tueker&  firant 26 .SiK-ar fit.,  K.  P., 

Turner,  Kenneily  &  Shaw Channel  st,  S.  P., 

TunuT&Co 019 East  st,  S.  P., 

Vance,  John  — Eureka, 

Waterhouao  k  Leater 14-23  Beale  Bt, ,  S.  F. , 

Watsonville  Mill WatHonville, 

Wcidter,  florae  W Dayton, 

Welch,  Kithet  S  Co Victoria,  11. 

Wchh&Co 103  California  Bt,  H,  P., 

Willamette  Sawmill Portlanil. 

WeB.^on,  Joseph  W ,SlH.'ar  auil  ll.ivrar.1  Bta.,  S.  P., 

Wetlierl.ee,  Henry lUMaiketat,  H.  F, 

White  IlriS  learriage) 13  Main  St.,  H.  F.. 

WhlU!,  L.  E ISSteeirtat,  S.  P. 

Wlymore,  John  (hardwood) 120  8iie.-ir  st,  8.  F, 

Ycrriugton&  Ullsa Virginia  City, 


0 
O 
,0 
,0 

w 

o 
o 
o 

o 

u 

.0 
.0 

.,  a 


MACAP.OM. 

CattelliSCo 433  Broadway  st,  .S.  F.,  (J 

navcnna,  Ghlrar.lcl'i  .t  Co 421  liatterj-at,  .S,  I'.,  O 

Spllvalo,  C.  U 415  liattery  Bt,  S.  P.,  0 

Tinthorey,  J.  P.  &  Co 558 Mission  st,  S.  F.,  0 

Valente,  LuiBl 216  Prfjadway  at,  S.  F  ,  C 

.MACHINERY. 

23  Davis  at,  .S.  F.,  C 

Pine  and  Davis  Bt4.,  H.  P.,  O 

Halt  Liiko  nty,  ir 

0  First  Bt,  .4.  I-".,  O 

2CalifoimaBt,.S.  P'.,  C 

Portland,  O 


Arnold,  \.  .S.  ,t  Co 

llaker  &  llauillton 

lio'vers,  \.\  II.  11.  .iv  v'o 

Fish,  A.  L.  iCo 

tlrcfiory,  II.  P.  ^  <'o. . . 
(Jregory.  11.  P.  &  C.i.. . 
llendy.  Joshua. , .  .cor.  Miaaion  an.l  Fremont  sta.,  H.  P.,  O 

Ilildrcth,  .V  P Portland,  O 

Iluntini^on,  llopkiua  &  Co 

cor.  Slarket  and  Uu.sh.Hts.,  S.  P.,  O 

Marwedel,  C.  F C6  Pinit  st,  S.  F.,  0 

McCone,  nohert -103  ISeale  st,  H.  P.,  O 

I'iu-ke&Lacy 21  I'remont  Bt ,  H.  P.,  0 

Stsen,  Edwanl  T 107  Ileale  St.,  8.  F„  0 

Taluui  i  Doweu 323  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Vi'hitelaw,  V.  O.  11 foot  Secoudst,  .S.  F.,  0 

MAt.T. 

llarr..l.l.  John  Jr.  i;  Co Chestnut  st,  S.  P.,  O 

llerriii.oui  &  Co 313  Hacnmieuto  at,  S.  P.,  0 

lllllelir-.vu.lt  P.  &Co 2019  Folsoinst.  8.  P.,  0 

lloBener  IJnia 116  Front  at,  ,S.  F.,  O 

.'ielieir,  liach  Jc  Lux 535  Sacnimeiito  at.,  JH,  P.,  0 

Zwei;i,  llerniauu 610  llrannan  at,  >H.  V.,  O 

MAIIULE  AND  OnANITE-M.VM-I'ACTUllKlls. 

.Vtken  ^Fisli .Sacramento,  0 

lllanchard  Si  O'Nell San  .loan,  O 

Ikiyne,  W.  (;  Co Sacramento,  0 

Carroll,  J.  C Saemmeuto,  O 

Chalmers  Ji  llolmea Portlaud.  O 

C.lnltl.^,  J.  W Han  Jose,  0 

Uauiels,  J,  iCo ...4'.'0Piuo»t,,  8.  F,,  O 


~Tj| 


AriTxnix. 


775 


D^'vhiq  J.  v' jSiu'miiiciito.  ( ' 

Orifiitlj.  1 ! IVuryn.  (.' 

Ishk;!.  L,;co Hacniiiu'nto,  C 

K-aalur.  -T.  .';  V Bi-unnim.  J:r.  Kifth  at  .  H.  V..  (.' 

liJU  ui  D.'louj , .'-Jail  .It>RL\  I' 

M.y.ir,^.  L.  A 2-^3  M» In  H..  S.  V,  l' 

Mo  rip,  1',  T.. SftiTttuiL'ntu   <; 

Monia  &  llvaiiB Hiilt*  l-ulto  City,  I' 

MuaUiBroa 713  HatU'ry  Bt,  H.  F.,*:' 

Kumiio,  L.  J.  &  Co l)70Ui-yiuil.Kt,,  H.  R,  C 

H,a  :t!r  Vrm Halciu.  O 

y  miiy,  Wm Poillaml,  t) 

MATtUICS— MANtFACTIKKUH. 


Arnies  &  T)ullaiu  — 

Uotul,  Win 

Diivia,  Luvi I 

Uofeii  &  Co 

Ootigli,  Jutin 

ItuiTJtioii  ii  i)ic(idou. . 


..230-232 Front Bt.  fl.  F..  C 

I'ortliiml,  O 

•   \.u\  Shotn-cll  Ets,.  rt.  F.,  C 

4l2CluyBt,  H.  F..  C 

I'utrcnt  ttv.,  8,  F.,  C 

210  HiKramtuU)  ht„  8.  F..  C 


NewlwniLT  i:  C() '206  fciacmnu'iitoBt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Tilt  on  i:  Wurtnuin CUico,  C 

MK'tCHANDlHE-GKSKKAL. 

Al<lt*r(ion,  Thoiniui. l'Iaa'rvilI-\  C 

Austin,  N.  i'.  &  Co Kanta,  liarhara,  C 

Auviuruiii  &  I'oiucroy 8uu  Jono,  (' 

B.u.'r.  Luvy  k  Co ITr.ioi,,  t> 

llartii'tt,  (,'.  C.  ;;  Co I'nrt  Towiifinntl.  \V 

llashfonl,  L.  \  Co PniH^ott.  A 

ItirnlKJiu,  ^.'N,  (.'o  8aijta  Cruz,  C 

liL'ttuuui,  L Olyniiiia,  W 

linynto.i,  Vj.  H TuHcaruni,  X 

BuckaL'ff  &  Ochoa Flurt-iicc  and  L'am\  t  iriiniU',  A 

Buffum.  W.  M l'p.-Bcott,  A 

C'luluvll  &  Wtaiitoixl Tombritonc,  A 

Caiuiilt.  11.  Uou  H Pn-flcott.  A 

Cbarnian  k  Hun Oi-cK<m  City.  O 

Ch-'sicy.  iJ-'o  W Hacnununto,  C 

ChlHuira.  J.  P Ntw  Tuconia,  W 

Cbmch. -f.E Hcd  Bluff,  C 

City  .Stoic Hail  Jusi',  C 

Clailic,  A.  J Kuruka,  X 

Cluu-,  F.  W  Keno.  N 

Colieu,  It. Toiulistouo,  A 

Cohn  &  Co Dutcli  Flat,  C 

Cohn,  ,1.  a Miuysvllle,  V 

Coim,  M.  &Co Viftiilia,  C 

Cunu  &  Kiuil'ull lied  liliiff.  i.'al 

Cn;:,'ttr  IJros V.alla  Walla,  W 

Cuuniii^liam,  .Jan Ni;W  Vv'c.ituilustir,  U.  i' 

Dalryiniil-',  J.  J Haleni,  O 

Dan^kin  llroi Duise  City,  Id 

liny  k  Co Salt  Liikv  City,  U 

D.ivis  A;  lliniroil Bolso  City.  Id 

Uunicr^  L Cciinno,  U 

Uoiiuo,  lIoVHjit .....Now  Wustminptcr,  B.  C 

Doru.  U.  W.  &  Co Chico.  C 

DouyliiSd  Broj,  &  Co Viaulin,  C 

DoUHliijrty,  John  D riv.scott,  A 

Uoutrick,  Frank  k  Co ' I  lu"  vka.  X 

JJucamunm,  y' Loa  jViisjcIch,  C 

Diumibuitf  k  Stenecl Daytoji,  W 

Biw.  uii.'.y  Uro3 Walla  WalLi,  W 

Katun  ii  IJiiiliy Clulw,  A 

KhiB'.uin.  Louij  a  Cn. Fivsiio  City,  <.' 

Klli^,  Xiitliau Pix'tcott.  A 

j:vLi-utt.  .Mi lM.no,  X 

Falk.  Nathan  &  Bro Bohw  City,  Id 


FiinniTR*  Fiiiou s^m  .low.  (I 

Fiiidi,  r.tirtt  a.  C.i HmI  HIiitT,  ^t 

Findlay,  U'uhaiii  A  HruiUu Victona,  It  C 

Flo <,  Guo.  K Toriit-slmu-.  A 

F.hlu  r,  J,  L PrfHi-iitt,  A 

Ford,  t  'hiw Wat-^mn  ill.-,  O 

FoBttr,  .luhu  U.  4  Co rrimtilla.  O 

G«rrisli,  O.  F.  St  l.'o Vorl  Tinvn«.  iid.  W 

(iibwm,  ItiirlKTi  Co Btidlf,  C 

t.illH.rt.  I.  K.  iCo Mod.Ktu.  C 

rioldnian.  M Men-fd.  C 

Cordon  .V  lla/^anl Han  IMtgo,  O 

(Inihant,  lOdw.ird .Silvi'v  fjty.  Id 

(iroviBteiii  \  Itlnnanl ...LowirtUm,  Id 

(iutlirit.-  \  Adanw Corinno,  U 

JlagLnnan  k  Scliooliuy Iti'no,  N 

Hale  Krori,  &  Co IV  Uluiiia,  O 

IIttniilton&  Co San  Oii-go,  O 

Ilt-ad.  C.  r.  k  Co rrt'HCott.  A 

Uorrora,  F.  k  Co Cliarlt-ston.  A 

!Iu£fuian  Bros Aiintiu.  N 

U.iLlItT,  .lusi'i'li Toinlwton.',  A 

HooiHT,  W  H.  AiCn riuL'nix  and  Tucson.  A 

Irvine.  V,.  k(.\t I'lKLMiii,  A 

.Inmtfs  F.  W Port  Tunnriund,  W 

Jan»ric'n.  H-  &  Co . .  Eiui^ka,  C 

JobiiBou,  Ul'osu  &  WinauH Wnlla  Walla,  W 

John.«on,  U  A Viwdia,  C 

Kutuer  &  Goldstoin FrL'Huo  City,  (i 

Laidlaw,  .lames  k  Co PurMand.  G 

Lavt-ntbal,  11 Ti  ulwtonc,  A 

I.L'vy,  F Halfiii,  O 

l.evy.  H.  W Port  'V  ownBond,  W 

Levy.  D.  A:  Co. I'rtscott,  A 

i4j\vl.*.  A.  .Sl  C WatHonvino,  O 

Lewis.  U Austin.  \ 

Lu:liur^  Scbroide.* Han  .loiie.  l! 

Loowt-nlwri  IJros Lcwiaton,  Jd 

Mauniiitf  k  Hurry Runo,  N 

Mark)4,  .S.  .v  Co Roscbnrtf,  O 

Mayer  k  Fnodlander Halina-n  City,  G 

Mc.Utiiur,  J.  .M I'ajaritti,  A 

McDonald  i  Hebwabacher Dayton.  W 

McFarland  k  l-'rencli Tlie  Dalloti.  G 

Meytr,  E.  U  Co Haleni,  O 

Mi^yernteln  t  Co .San  Bernardino,  O 

Mluraon,  JcwcU  A;  Co PbiferiilK-,  G 

Moody,  AV Tbe  DalU-H.  O 

Xatbaa,   M Reno,  X 

Xott  &  Co, Dutch  Flat,  0 

Xifkelsbura,  A.  k  Bio  Woodbiml.  O 

Newlmra  &  Uatljbum Hau  Bernardino,  C 

Gleeite  k  Garibaldi Merced,  U 

PrtoX',  Wliuatoti  i;  Co Budie.  C 

Kedtield  i  Irvina Albany,  G 

I^oil,U.  B.  At  Co Boise  City,  Id 

Iteiubart.  B.  k  C Klko.  X 

Uoseutbid  Brort Seattle,  W 

Roaentbal.  G Oljninia,  W 

Sadler,  Cliasi.  ^  Co Auathi,  \ 

Huso,  ^V.  A.  k  Co rtau  .io»v,  »>' 

HchwaliacberBiiw.  k  Co WalU  Walla,  W 

Ht  bwai  .aelur  Unw.  &  Co Seattle,  W 

b^'liwaltailier  Bro-i.  &  Co 123  Market  Bt,  8.  F..  G 

.SclnrartA  M Bodi»f.  C 

Sbaffir  ic  l.iinl TonibHtone,  A 

Hbo]  iKiid,  Jay.ux  k  Co Walla  Walla,  W 

ShurUeir,  W.  T.  &  Co (Irwu.  Valley,  0 


776 


APPF.NDIX. 


Simon.  M.  A.  Son i'iuL'trville,  C 

SiHocm,  WitllHce  i^  Co Los  Anuelc«.  C 

Kml^lI,  Wn.irirtiiY  k  Kunor ...Tusraroni.  \ 

KiinH"  til 'it I'.ury^u,  C 

Know  &  IVttiH Vulk'jo.  C 

Siuntuii,  H.  (.' JtoncJmrfc'.  O 

Huiiit-r.  KluuWr  &  (.'o ..8au  DiL-^o.  O 

Hti'Vt-riH  K  WUcox Vinuiiii.  (' 

Htn»rig,  W.  li  &  Co H:u-ruiiuMito,  C 

Hwi-asi'y.  J  k.  Sun Kuruku,  O 

8wet.-t.  H.  k  <,'o Viauliii,  V 

Kyiiionils  \  Lanioreuux IVUtliuim,  (.' 

T;wk<.r  .V  l»ri<lhain.-H'i Tunibstouu,  A 

TiLkiar,  IJuruImni  k  Co Clik:i),  <J 

Tli'timiaon  iu  JteanI ^'upa  City,  C 

Tumor,  liiK-tuu  k  Co Victoriii,  li.  C 

Van  UiisiMi.  t\   kVii Ast4)ritt,  O 

Vuncit-rhurst,  H;inI»oru  k  Co Salinas  (.'ity,  C 

Viin  ( H<1.  u.  W.  11 ( Jriss  Viilloy.  C 

VcnU-.S:  CullcnlH.T(f The  l>ulh'«.  i> 

\VuU;rnian  \  Kutz I'ort  Townfteml.  W 

WatkinsA  Co Chico,  C 

WiiigiiU-.  !■:,  kVo Thu  l)ullif»,  O 

Wriylit,  Ueo.  ti.  nous Cnion,  <» 

Zockoudorf  k  Co Ttu'-buu,  A 

METALS. 

Arnold,  N.  S.  &  Co 310  Camornla  at.  S.  F.,  C 

Cuiolan.  Cory  &  Co 117  Califoniiii  Bt..  S.  F..  0 

l)c  La  Montanya,  Jaiui-a (iOJ  Iljittery  at,,  ti.  F-,  C 

Dol.lo,  AViiRT 13  i-'rtiimiit  Ht..  S,  F..  C 

Dunhaiii,  Carrit^an  &  Co 107  Front  hI.,  S.  F.,  C 

OililiB.  (ieu.  W.  &Co 35  Fremont  st. ,  S  X'.,  C 

HoMjrook,  Merrill  A  Stetson.... 225- 230  Markotst.,  ,4.  F.,  C 

Uu)itiii;,^on,  Uopkiiis  &  Co 

cor.  Bush  and  M-irkot  r.t«..  H.  F.,  C 

Jf  ITray.  WilUmn 204  California  at .  S,  F„  C 

Monta;,'no.  W.  W.  &  Co 110-118  liatrcry  tst.,  S.  R,  {.'■ 

S.  ll.y.  Tliouiaa  H.  k  Co UC,  11$  (.-alifoniia  M..  K.  F.,  C 

Tity.  Cvo.  |[.  S;  Co CHHUd  liuttcry  Bt,  .S.  F.,  O 

VunWinkW.  I.  H.  kVo 113  415  .Market  Pt,  H.  K.  C 

Whitney  k  .Uaniball 22  24  Frcmoi.t  st,  H.  F.,  C 

METALLlJKaY. 

Mdtg"!  W'ks  (Lui^kliardt  C,  A  &  Co.). 23  SUiVonaou,  8.  F.,  O 

MILLINFUY. 

Ilunei  ItiothfiB  &  t.'i 517  Market  st.  S.  P.,  C 

Itmlor.  r.  F 8(.8  Market  St..  S.  F..<' 

Ool.liin'r  iiro.i 513  Marki't  ht..  .S.  F.,  C 

Bavimin.  Hall  i;  Co 6  Siitfr-T  at.,  S.  F.  C 

Ilakur.  W.  &  Hinz 545  Market  st,  M.  F.,  C 

Uuia  Brort.  &  Co .112  514  Markut  si  .  S.  F.,  C 

IKId  it  Cu 52G  Market  Bt..  .S.  F.,  V 

llellnr.  M.  *c  Bro 112  Sans».nio  dt.,  M.  F.  I' 

Hiiiz  Ji  Landt 10-18  Second  at,  H.  F.,  C 

Iliiwii.  B.  S 743  Marlat  ht.,  S  F..  C 

lloirnian  .S;  Co W  BatWry  Ht..  S.  h.,  C 

Joni-K.  V.   n.  &  Co 535  Market  8t.,  S.  F.,  C 

KiwhH.  StrasBbiiryer  k  Co 

cor.  Pino  and  HauFionie  »t».,  S.  F..  (' 

HchHtilt/er,  Haelia&Co....Bu(<haudrthnHonie  uta.,  H.  F.  C 

Hull^&  Xewmaii 31  Hutterst..  H.  F.,  C 

Tutdltz,  F.  k  Co 571  Market  at..  8.  F.,  C 

MININti  .Sll'FLlKS 

CaUfoniift  Electrical  Woiku .35  Maiket  Kt.,  .H.  V.,V 

Dunham,  Carrib'aii  k  Co...* 107  I'routHt ,  8.  F.,C 


UKerUni.  li.  ( ' lO".*  California  st ,  H,  F.,  0 

Oregory,  li.  V.  k  t-Vi 2  California  st.,  8.  F.,  0 

Ilawlty,  Vhus.  A.  \  Co 412  Market  rit..  8.  V.,  O 

IK-ndy.  J«rainia eor.  MkBiou  and  Fremi.nt  mtn.,  S.  F.,  O 

Huntinj!tt)n,  F.  A 220  FrL'tuuiit  st.,  S.  F.,  O 

UuutiUKton.  Tlojikinsi:  Co '. 

eor.  Buah  and  Market  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Lord  k  Wiilianiit Tucson,  A 

Marwvdcl,  C.  F 56  Firetnt.  S   F.,  O 

MontJiKwe,  W.  W,  k  <.'o 110-118  Battery  St..  .S.  F..  tJ 

Richuumd  Drill  a.ul  CompreBiior  Co 

2C  St<^'Venaiin  «t.,  S.  F..  O 

NK\VSl'Al'El!B: 

IThe  following  lint  of  the  periodical  puldlcatioiiB  on  our 
slope  ^ll<lWH  their  nameH,  tht.-  jjlaces  M'hfre  puMi.''liL'd,  and 
the  cUaraiter,  whtiher  thiily  (dl,  weekly  (\vi,  r-..!iiii-uc»kly 
(nw|,  t«sO(d  thitv  tiiiiesa  Meek  (tw  i,  or  iimmlily  (m).  '1  ho 
alihreviatiou  fi:  Ht;ui(l8  for  l''r«.iii'li,  <  ^i-r.  tnr  i.i  M'""t.  It. 
for  Italian,  Scan,  for  Sciuulinavian,  aii-i  Swf  '-,  i,.] 

Tow\.  Xahe  of    '  .1  !■'■ 

Altnnus.  C Modoc  Indi-i't-..,:*' :.1,  y 

.\ltura.s,  C Donioi'rat,  w 

Anael's  Crnip,  C Moimtain  Echo,  w 

vVrcjita,  C Luailer,  w 

Astoria,  (» Astorlan,  w 

Aulmni,  C I'lacer  Herald,  w 

Auburn.  C Placer  Arirus,  v 

^Vahl'Hid.  O Tidings,  w 

Albany,  <) Democrat,  \7 

Albany,  O Herald,  w 

Autiocii,  C Lodger,  w 

Anuhclni,  C ....Oa^ette,  w 

Au*tin,  y Ileoiw  niier  UuvUlu,  d 

Alameda.  C Knclnnl,  w 

Alanieila,  C Alaine'Ia  Artjiw,  w 

AlauK'da,  C Alaiucda  News,  w 

Alamos,  Mex Felii»>  Manpiez,  w 

Alamos,  Me.x Bernanlo,  w 

Amador,  C Hentlnel,  w 

j\j'[zona  City,  A Hcntinel,  w 

Biulier,  C .' Mountain  Tribiuio,  w 

l^kentlield,  C c;iizt'ttc,  w 

Bakcrallehl,  C Southern  Californian,  w 

Bakersflrtd,  O Kern  Co.  Weekly  Pccord,  w 

BiidKt-port,  0 Cliroulcle-Vuion,  w 

Brians,  C Uccordcr,  w 

Brooklyn,  C '. VldetUr,  w 

Bakitr  City,  O Beilroilc  Democrat,  w 

Baker  <  ity.  O Uoveillc,  w 

Bi-niela,  C Siiw  Er.\,  w 

Belmont.  N ..Courier,  w 

Bodle.  C Free  Press,  w 

liivttb'  Moutitain,  X MeHheOtjur,  w 

IJuttlL-  MouiiUiln.N Lander  Free  I'res-*,  v 

i'lLaver,  t" Eut<'rpiiKe,  w 

Black. oot.  I Iteij;i.-«ter.  vr 

Boise  City,  I Ktatesman,  w,  tw 

B<ii.se  City.  I Hepnblican.  w 

Bonanza  ('ity,  I Yankee  Fork  Herald,  w 

Butte.  M(m Minor,  w 

Bakers'iebl,  B.  C Hentiiii-l.  w 

lUllovuL,  I  Minor,  v,' 

Jivwf^.  w 


Belle 


,1. 


Berkuley,  C Atlvocutt-,  w 

('hico,  C MornUitf  Adviicatc.  w 

Cliioo,  C Entcrpri-'^c,  sw 

Chico,  C Buttu  Ileconl.  ilxw 

Colfax.  W PalouseCazetto,  W 


AI'I'KNDIX. 


777 


Colfax.  W I  tctuwrut,  w 

CorvuUiti,  (> t  ;iiZL'tU\  w 

CuUon,  ( ' Sciiil-Troj)k',  w 

I'ttTiun  City.  X ..Triliiiru',  •! 

CajHuii  City,  N... Apin-al,  i! 

Carson  ('ity,  N Stjitv  .Iiiuniiil,  w 

CaUatogu,  C (^iilitttnyiaii,  w 

Culi.ican.  Mux Kl  l-i^floait  o  t)tlcinl 

CrttJcenb City,  C... Cnurior,  w 

<  'rcHcent  City,  (.' Iti-rnitl,  w 

Coliiiia,  Mcx Kl  IJuin  lU'*icnuo 

CoUma,  Mi'X 1  I  Kstiwlo  tio  Coliiim 

Coliiiin,  Mux Kl  IVtIc  Mi-o  » )tit.lul 

Coliiua,  Mfi KfiKluru  Oroscd 

Cliciicy,  W Tritdine.  w 

Ciiatrovilli!,  C Ar;ft;.-.  w 

CouconI,  C Cmirord  Hun,  w 

CaudoliirJii,  N Truu  Fissure,  w 

Canyon  City.  O New.H,  w 

Cliallis,  I Morfacnyur.  w 

Colusa,  (.! Smi.  w 

Dutch  Flit  C I'lacLT  Timin.  w 

Diumonil,  \J UockyMuuutjiin  Huttliaiiilmaii,  \r 

iJDWuiuvllio,  C Mtiuiitain  Mi-nsi'iia'cr.  w 

Dison,  C Trilmuo,  w 

Dayton.  \ Times,  w 

Daytiin,  W (,'ohuulpia  Clinmiele.  w 

Dayton,  W Ncwb,  w 

DaUe.%  O Mouutaiuncr;  w 

DalKa,  O Ittiiiizcr,  w 

Eureka,  C l-Wiiiiiiij  JIiTalil,  w 

Kurt^ka,  C Stum  Ian  ITclLiiUoue,  w 

Eureka,  C UumljohU  Tini(;3.  d  k  w 

Eiigcuu  City.  O Statu  Juvnuiil  w 

Euguuo  City.  O (Juiml,  w 

Kinpiru  Clty.O Coast  aiail.  w 

Kmpirc  City,  O Coiw  County  Argus,  w 

Elko,  X I'oiit,  w 

Eureka,  N Stutinol,  d 

i:iu'i:ka,  N Leador.  d 

Etna,  C FoBt,  V. 

FoUom,  C Tclegmi>h,  W 

Forest  City,  C Herald,  w 

Fort  Jone3,  C Scott  VuUuy  Nci* ;»,  w 

Fitjano.  C Expositor,  w 

Furadali:,  C Enterpritic,  w 

Fresno,  C Ittipubliean,  w 

Fuirence.  A Arizona  Kntorimsc,  w 

Frisco.  I' Tinius,  w 

(jfidley,  C HurnM,  w 

Georgetown,  C... (•a-:etto,  w 

GrucnvlUo,  C GroeuvlUo  IluUetin,  w 

GrantviMe,  O Sun.  w 

Guadalupe,  <' Telegraph,  w 

Genoa,  N Caraou  Valley  Newa,  w 

Genoa,  N Courier,  w 

iitasA  Valley,  C Foutbill  Tidings,  w 

Graaa  Valley,  C I'nion,  w 

Glebe.  A GIoIrj  Chronicle,  w 

Olobo,  A Silver  lU-lt,  w 

Gilroy,  <.' AdvoLute  Leadi-r,  w 

Goldeudale,  W Kliek*tut  Sun,  w 

'luadalttjara,  Mex lU  IVriodio(»  Odciul  del  Goliiemo 

jumlaia^ara,  Mex I'.l  Tli-miMi  de  t;ua*lala.ara 

Kiadalajara,  Mex El  1'otnorc  o 

t  .uatUlajaro.  Mex I.iis  ClaB»'»  J*ri>"  ;uct..  ran 

G'iinlalajai.i.  Mex El  Alacrm 

Gu'.;rren»,  Mex Elnrgauo  Otiuiu)  dclGoLKnio 


CuayuLu,  .Ui-x.... i;i  GoUodf  CnrUn.  \t 

Gait.  V i  la/el  to.  w 

Ho11I;!Ut,  C Till'  I'acltle  C..asi.  w 

IlolIiALt  r,  I' Hau  I'eiiito  Advaniv,  w 

I lolIi.-,t<-r,  C iX  nuKi-.a,  w 

llaywiinL*.  c TiMinial.  w 

U;;aldstltun(.  C Knterpmo.  w 

llmldrthurg,  C UuhhUui  liivcr  Fla;:,  w 

IlUUlKiro.  O lndei»eii  U:iit,  w 

Harrisipiirg.  O Ut-vicw.  \r 

llardiaw.  A Arizona  ItulUon,  vr 

llanfonl,  C Delta,  w 

J laily.  I Woihl  Uiv«r Tlnnit,  w 

Indent-ndcnee,  C Inyo  lndeiK.ndeiil,  w 

Malio,  I World,  w 

Indept^ndenre,  O KivL-r^iIv.  w 

Jaciisun,  (J Amador  SL-nUnul,  w 

Jackson.  C Amador  Ly<l;fiT,  w 

Jackson,  C Amador  Dispateli,  w 

Jackaonvllle.  O Si-ntim.!.  w 

Jacksonville.  O- Ti;ntt',  w 

Junction  <-ity,  O Kepultlican.  w 

IawH.  C lU-viow.  w 

Livermoro,  C Ilenild,  w 

Lomijoc.  C Ueeonl,  w 

I^i  Paz,  Mex La  llaja  California 

Lower  Lake,  *' liuUetin  W 

Laku  Vimv.  O State  Line  Uenild 

Lafayette.  O l-'ourim-,  w 

I^Giando,  O Gazette  (ITnion).  w 

Ij03  Augi'lcs.  C The  Coiumercial,  w 

Los  AiiHelen,  C Evcliiny  Exprcf^h.  w 

LoH  Aunelea,  (! IL-rald,  i.t.*cw 

Lurt  Antieles,  C .  .La  Cronii';i,  vr 

Los  Angelei*,  C TIil'  Mirror,  vf 

Lo8  Angeles,  C SoutliL-rn  Cutifornia  lV»st,  w 

Los  AntjeluB,  C Semi-Tropic  Califoniia.  w 

Lttflsen,  C Advocate,  w 

La  Conner,  W Mail,  w 

Lakeiwrt,  *I Deo* Democrat,  w 

Logan,  17 Leader,  w 

Lundy,  C Index,  w 

L;ikoviow,  O Kxamhiur,  w 

MaryRvtlle,  C Ledger,  d 

MftrysviUo,  C ExpreHH,  d 

MaryavUlc,  C ApiK.'ul.  dUvr 

Merced,  0 S.  J.  Argun,  w 

Merced,  C Star,  w 

Merced,  C Express,  w 

MillvlUe,  C Shasta  County  Deraot-nit,  w 

Monterey,  C Calii'ornlan,  w 

Mendocino  City,  C ..iU-aton.  w 

Martinez.  ( " News,  w 

Ma/at'.an.  Mi  x LI  Occiilental,  w 

Mazatlau,  Mex tJazctte,  w 

MoMinnville,  i ) lleiHirter.  w 

Muketunio  lltll,  C. . , Calavuriut  Clm>niele,  w 

Maripo«a.  C Ga/ette,  W 

MaripiHja,  C lluiahl,  w 

Modesto,  C NuWH,  w 

M wlutfto,  C Ilerald,  w 

Modesto,  C Farmer's  Journal,  w 

Momnouth.  O Chriatiau  Meflscnger,  w 

iLn-slilleld,  O NuH-rt,  w 

Ma/jUlan,  Mex El  Dec  dental 

Mazatlan,  Ml-x El  Estudu  do.Si:.aIiHi 

Muzatlun.  Mtx La  Tarantula 

Mazatlan,  Mex... El  I'lwiiico 


m]M 


778 


AI'PFATlIX. 


ti'iLi'J 


;    s 


m 


Moniliir,  V Areiis.  w 

>'uw  Tacoiiiii,  W.  T  Weekly  Li'tlycr,  w 

NiiW  TacoIllI^  W.  T  IkniM.  w 

New  T;vvoiiia,  W.  T N'cwn,  w 

Noviulii  City,  (- Trun«fript,  <! 

NuviMla  <'ity,  C Ilen.M,  U 

NaiKiC'ity,  0 j;.'iioit4%  v 

Nupii  ( "ity,  (• ItcsUttT,  i\L\v 

Knrth  Hjii  Juan,  C Tlines,  *v 

Nuw  WcBtiniiii-tcr,  It,  O I'aciUe  Doininlon  HuaUl.  kw 

J.'cw  Westminster,  It.  (' 5Iuiulaii»l  (iuaidian,  w 

N'aiialinu,  IJ.  C Tree  I'rts.i 

Newark,  U liuttrpridc,  w 

Ouklimtl.  C IlemUl  of  Trutli,  w 

Onklauil,  0 TrilHiiii-,  0.iLW 

Oaklaud,  C Mirror,  \v 

Oaklanil,  C Journal  (tlc-r.),  «■ 

Oaklunil,  0 Timt'.s.  t\K\v 

Oakland,  C Sibnis  of  th.'TiiiH'.t,  w 

Oyk-n,  T  ■ Frc't'iuiin,  w 

Og'len,  U Junction,  diw 

Ori:„'i)u  City,  <) l'uU'ri"'irte,  w 

Oregon  City,  O lX'i:iocmt,  \v 

Oruvillc,  O JIuHo  County  liL';,'i8tt.T,  w 

Orovillo,  C Mcrcurj',  w 

Oi-laud,  C Tiiiifs.  w 

Oukilalt',  C Stanislaus  Wheat  Crouvr,  w 

Olyiupia.  W Standurd,  w 

Olyni[>;ii.  W Transcript,  vr 

Olyiuitia,  W. (Courier,  w 

Oxford,  I Iliitcriirise,  w 

Tanunta Star  uiid  Herald.  di\:\v 

Purtland,  O Kvcnin^-Teltjyi'iiii),  d 

Portliind,  O West  Shoit',  vr 

I'oitland,  O Pucilic  CbrlHtian  Advocate,  w 

rortiund,  O New  \i  ithuxst.  u 

Portland,  O Oruaoii  Churchman,  \v 

Portland,  U Catholic  Sentinel,  w 

Portland,  O On^uui^n,  d.xw 

Porilaiid.  O .Staudurd,  diiw 

PortU  .d,  0 Commercial  iieimrtc-r.  w 

Portland,  O WillaiucLto  rarmui",  w 

Portland,  O , . . . 

llesourct  s  of  Oretjon  ami  Washington,  w 

Portland,  o Doutschu  Zeituny  ((ler.),  w 

I'artlaud,  O PueiUc  Chiu-cli  Advocate,  w 

PortUnil,  tl Sundjy  Mercury,  w 

Porthmd,  O hiuiduy  Welcome,  w 

PortLiiKl.  O llota  luiKx,  d 

Portland.  O \ilidieutor,  w 

PorUund,  O..... liull. tin,  d^cw 

Pctuluma,  C Bonuma  County  I'rvM.  w 

Petaluino,  0 <,'ourier,  w 

I'et^duma,  C Arifis,  \v 

PlucLTvdIi',  C Mountain  Deniouiat,  w 

Placerville,  O Keimlihcan,  w 

Pcndl.tuii,  O i^aat  'lifgonian.  w 

Pcudlottin,  i) Indeiiendent.  w 

Pv.*mileton,  0/ Triliune.  w 

Pinal.  A  Tbfi  Pinal  Drill,  w 

Phiuiiix.  A Halt  Itlver  llemld,  w 

Phu'iiix,  A Arizona  (iazette,  w 

Pioch J,  N iteconl,  w 

Pri-ttcott.  A AJiiitiiirt  Jliuei.  d^LW 

Pre  cott.  A Deuiocnit,  diw 

Prov.\  I' I'lnijuirer,  su 

Pu.t  Dr.onl,  O Pu:.t,  M- 

■\*ark  City,  V Kocord,  w 


Port  Towntw-nd,  VV Ar^niS  vf 

I'ort  Townsund,  W Democratic  PrusB,  w 

ijuiney,  C I'lumai  irafionul,  w 

i;ed\V(.M)d  C!*j',  <'.. Jounitil,  w 

lledwoodi'ity.  C Timc;i  and  (Jaactto,  w 

Htihu!  n-illj,  <_■ i:el  r.iver  i:cho,  w 

Kiversidu,  C Prcsa,  w 

ICwhUns,  C IndcKn''.ent,  w 

lied^Un?.  (; Dj:aocn:t,  w 

lie  I  lUuiF.  C Peoitlo'a  Cjaac,  Uiw 

Ilul  Illuff.  C .Sentinel,  w 

llenn,  N Journal,  dSivr 

lleno,  N (Jazett-',  di;w 

Jleno,  N Times,  w 

Itul.y  Hill.  N Minhi;j  Kuirort,  w 

Iloscburj,  O Plaindealcr,  w 

I'oHeliurs,  (J Inde;vnd'jnt.  w 

SteHacoom,  W Ilsjire-^a,  w 

San  Joac,  (' Time!',  il 

Sun  Joae,  C Piuntjcr,  w 

San  Jo3u,  0 Courier,  '(ier.>,  w 

Han  Jose,  C .^rcrcmy.  <l;iw 

iSin  .Toso,  C IIe:-ii.]d,  d-^w 

.■?an  JoHe,  C Ileacili^lit,  w 

San  I.euuili-o,  C Sentinel,  w 

San  Leamlro,  C. Pei'orter,  w 

Santa  Clara.  C Santa  Clara  Journal,  vr 

Kan  And(  eas,  C AdvertlBLr,  W 

San  Andreas,  C Calaveraa  Citi.-:en,  w 

San  AndVi-'UH,  C Pru.ip.'ct,  w 

Stockton,  O Da.ly  Mail,  <l 

Stockton,  C Hcnild,  d&w 

Stockton,  C planner,  w 

StoLktoii,  C Independent,  d^w 

SuRnnville.  C Lassen  Advocate,  vr 

Su.<aiiviHe,  C PiemiMic?.n.  w 

Seattle,  W rinhaek,  vr 

Hjatcie,  W Post  lutelllajucer,  di:w 

SeatMe,  W Chronicle,  diw 

Sau  DieiTv',  (! Union,  diw 

San  Dieyo,  (' News,  d&w 

Sunta  Cruz,  C Sentinel,  w 

Santa  Cruz,  C Local  Item,  w 

Santa  Cru;%  C Tranncrii)t,  w 

Sonorji,  (.' L'nion-DtiUiocrat,  w 

Soiioni,  C Imlcpendent,  w 

Santu  Darliara,  (.' Pres.=>.  d«LW 

Sitita  Darhanv,  (,'.... Indejicndcnt,  sw 

Santu  BarUtr:!,  C La  CJacuta,  w 

San  ilafael,  C .Juuruol.  w 

Sau  Uala'-l,  C TocsUi,  w 

Silver  Mountain,  C Alpino  Chronicle,  vr 

ShaUa,  C Courier,  w 

Sail  Lui.ttU'laiHt,  (.' Tiihunc,  w 

S.uita  Itosa,  C Sonoma  Democrat,  w 

iJauta  llona,  C l.epulilican,  d&w 

Su  -ta  Ana,  C Herald,  i-* 

Spokane.  W Tinici*,  vr 

Sacramento,  C Bee.  d&w 

Sacramento,  (J Itecnrdrnion.  di.w 

Sacruiiiento,  C AdvertiHtr.  tw&w 

Saerauu-nto,  C Au  icuUurlat,  w 

Sacramento,  C Suiday Times,  w 

Sacmmento.  c JoUiUal,  (Oer. ',  hw 

San  Bernardino,  V Index,  w 

Siia  Ikr.airdino,  C TUulh,  d.vw 

Sulina.!  City,  t." Democrat,  vr 

SaliuuaCIty,  C luUei,  w 


-ao.i.Jrr.  urgigiCLi: 


APPKN'PIX. 


779 


Sail  lliu-naveuliim.  O Ventura Hignal,  w 

Bun  r>iuniivcn*.ura,  (' Kn-o  Vtv&n,  w 

SitvtT  City,  X Tiiiios,  tw 

St.  Ht;lciiu.  O rflar,  w 

Salom,  O Daily  Tomh  Talk,  il 

Balcin,  O Statcflp>iiii.  Akw 

Hull.  Lake,  V. ....DuSLTct  Ncwa.  itiiw 

SuhLiike,  V .Juvtiiilo  Instructor,  w 

Halt  Lake,  V .....Cliristiau  Advui-uU'.  w 

SiUt  Luke.  U Tr.liuiiiL',  .liw 

Salt  Luke,  i: IleriU.l,  il5;w 

8uoh(iiiiinlt,  W Northern  Ktar,  w 

Silver  llvut,  V Miner,  w 

Sutro,  N In^Upenilent,  w 

St  George,  I.* Pomoloijirtt  iiml  (iiinlner,  w 

SoiKira,  Mex I^  0<nititiu:iun,  — 

Sinalua,  .Mex .  .Lt  Urgaiio  du  Sinulca,  ~ 

Sau  Luis  llev,  C Htjir,  w 

Sulaun,  C Reiiul'li^un.  w 

St.  Hcteiiii,  O Colmuhiiin,  w 

Silverton,  O ApiJLul,  vr 

Silver  City,  I Avalaticlie,  w 

Silver  City,  N.  M lleraKl,  -- 

Silver  City,  N.  M Chruniclc,  - 

Sau  i'rauciHCo,  C Alieml  I'oot  (fk-r.),  <1 

"  Alta  Culifoiiiia,  ilkw 

"  ^Vryonaut,  w 

'*  Argus,  w 

"  Calif ornian,  m 

*'  (,'aUfornia  Christian  Advotut^',  w 

"  California  Demokrat  i<Je..),d£;w 

•*  California  Jourual,  diV^. 

"  California  Spirit  of  the  Timea,  w 

"  California  Stuats  /eituu:^  ((«er,),  w 

"  Cunuiiercial  IleraUl,  w 

"  ....Couriier  lie  Hiin  Francisco (Fr.),  (li«- 

*'  Jiveniu:,'  Uulktin,  d&w 

"  Kveiiing  I'oat.  diw 

*'  Kxiiniiuer,  d&w 

"  (iolden  Km,  w 

"  IlelTiiw  (EnK.  and  *!er.),  w 

•'  La  tSoeiedad  (Hp, ',  t  w 

"  La  V(t7.  del  Nutvo  Mutido  (Hp  ),  r  w 

"  La  Vocii  ilel  I'opolo  (It,),  w 

"  Sriuiug  and  Scientific  I'rehs,  w 

"  i'\lonit<ir,  w 

"  Mornintf  Call,  t\Kw 

" Occident,  w 

"  Paeilic,  w 

*'  I'acUic  KvanHelist,  vr 

** raride  l.'luirchnuin,  w 

"  (irocer  and  Countr>'  Slcrcliaiit,  w 

" Pueilic  Methotlint,  m 

"  ....rucille  Hcboul  and  Uouiu  Jouinnl,  ni 

"  llcsourcea  of  Ciilifomla,  m 

"  liurul  I're.ss,  w 

"  rolitlctil  Iter  rd.  w 

" San  FraneiBCo  Chroniek-,  d^ff 

"  .  .San  rranilacu  Jouriml  of  Conunerue,  w 

"  San  Francisco  Ncwi  I^'tter,  w 

"  Sun  Kraucisco  Stock  ilxchanae,  ili:v.' 

"  Sttifk  lUport,  dkw 

"  \'rl(i>rlen  (Mi^Qn,),  u 

'• California  I'atron,  " 

"  American  liruida'  .Inur.iul,  w 

"  California  Chronil:  Uler.),  w 

"  Cullhirnla  Mail  Ituij,  ni 

"  Coast  Keview,  i.\ 


Sau  Fniucirtco,  C..(.'t)nnn«>rcial  News  and  Hhlpping  Unt,  il 

Hotel  tia/i't*.'.  d 

"  Kvuu.:ul.  \v 

Fi;;aro,  il 

FiK.tlih^'t.  d 

"  Frateftiitl  Kecord.  w 

"  <iuid.-,  tri-w 

"  Hayes  \'tdlry  Adverli.'iL-r,  w 

"  Ili'lirow  Olmerver.  w 

"  llunntrist  {(Jer.).  w 

'■  Jewish  I'uHTeHrt,  w 

"  Jt'Wittli  Tiine.s,  w 

" lolly  (Ihint,  w 

" I^i  KiimMica,  vr 

" ...Lau'.lduinal,    - 

"  Le  IV'tit  dournal,  d 

Lisht  For  All  m 

"  MHHunle  Miintldy 

"  Medluo-LiU-rary  .louni.-il,  m 

"  MuHieal  Clippin;;.  m 

"  Muaical  I'eview,  ni 

" New  Afe,  w 

"  Our  ClioHt  II  Frieml.  n.-m 

"  I'atilie  Apiwal.  w 

"  I'.  C.  Law  Journal,    - 

"  l'acifle<»roi'n')aeker,  w 

"  raciiic  Land  Journal,  ui 

"  Pacllic  Statea  Watchman,  h  -ni 

"  The  i'aeiilc,  w 

"  Han  Fraiu'iscoiirupliic,  w 

"  ri.  F,  llliuitrat».d  Wnwp,  w 

" S.  F.  iMerchant,  w 

S.  F.  Trade  Ik-viuw,   - 

"  Htctta-Har»-l'oAttn  (.^we  ),  vr 

Truck  !c,  C lie  I  mill  lain,  h.  vr 

Tehan  a,  C Toi-ain,  w 

Tuinb.s.  ine,  A Weekly  Xufc';;et,  w 

Tonilif.tc  le.  A Fpitaph.  d.'tw 

Tipton^fillt    N.  M Fionerr,  w 

Tucson.  A Star.  «I&w 

Tueaoii,  A Kl  Fnmterizo  (Sp.),  w 

Tucson,  A Citizen,  diw 

TucRon,  A Heeord,  d&w 

Ckiah  C. IVh.h,  w 

Vklali,  O Denioiimt,  w 

Ik-fJi,  C Di^patih,  w 

Union,  O Mountain  Sentinel,  w 

>'uucouver,  W. Indeiieudent,  w 

Vaucjuivei,  W IlegiHter,  W 

Vidlejo,  C Times,  d.'iW 

V;iih:j '.  C. ETcnlug  Chronieh',  d»Vw 

\  ,ide)o,  C NeWH,  ^ 

Yisali...  C Times,  a 

V.Kidi-i,  C) Delta,  w 

Virjiliiia  City,  M KutcrpriHu,  D 

Virilniu  City,  N Chronicle.  d;*w 

Victoria,  U,  V lirltlali '..'olnnist,  diw 

Victnila.  ii.  C Ktamlirtl,  dOw 

WallHlnn-tf,  W TIuuk.  W 

Whuteom.  W Mail,  w 

Wiwlilngtoii  Comera,  0 Aliuneda  lU'iKirter,  w 

WdloWB,  C luimial,  w 

Winter.^.  (J Advocate.  O 

WalMiniill'.  c  I'ajaro  Valley  Hun,  w 

W.iljiiinvilJr.  C Tmnsaipt,  w 

WaUonvllIu,  C ...Pujaronian.  w 

WeaverrlUe,  C Trinity  Jonrniil,  \r 

WooiUaiid,  C Volo  Mail,  w 


J 


M:' 


m 


■i' ' 


'■  r.< 


7S0 


Ai'pi-..vr)ix. 


\Vmi.Uunil.  (• Vdlo  Ui'iuocrat,  iliw 

Wlu'ulIaii'I,  C NfWs,  w 

Wi-slKii,  o Ltia<lc'r,  w 

AVinuL'iMUrcji,  N Silver  Stau;,  d 

W'ulla  Wiillii.  W VuUiu,  w 

WjIIu  Wiillu.  W Wut(  hmaii.  w 

Wullii  V.'iilla.  W Stuturtiaan.  w 

Yubtt  *.'ity,  C Itunucr.  w 

Yulja  (-'lly.  C runiRT,  w 

Vrckft.  C Jinimal,  h.-w 

Yri;ka,  ll TrilrtvUf.  w 

Yiiijiii,  A Hi-ntim^l.  w 

Yiniiii,  A Fri'O  l*ii;s^.  w 

Yaly,  H.  O luliui-l  Suutiut'l,  w 

OILS. 

AllyiU'4  Whim 112  Front  BC,  H.  F.,  (' 

Di  tz.  A.  O.  &  (.'o "-'.IFrimtBt,  S.  F.,  <J 

Klirmuii.  MS;  Co lu-l  Front  Bt.,  S.  V  ,(' 

Huywanl,  A 221  4'aliforiiiii  St.,  S.  F.,  0 

Kuli.v.  J.  II.  &  Co 221  Murkft  »t.,  S.  F..  C 

KostL-r.  Henry 410  SansMnnoBt..  rt.  F.,  C 

Imv.C  Ailolplic  &  Co 203  (.'alifornia  »t.,  S.  F..  C 

Nicliola,  A.  O.  &  Co 402  Ilaltfry  Bt,  S.  F.,  C 

Kedlnglon  &  Co 523  Jlarkiitst,  S.  F.,  C 

'Whitticr.  Fullur  &  Co cor.  Front  ami  Fine  Rtfl.,  S.  F.,  C 

■WililaniB.  Uimoud  &C'o 252  M.irknt  St.,  S.  1".,  C 

YttU-s  .t  Co 113  Front  St.,  8.  F.,  U 

OILS— LUHItlr.MINO. 

Continuntal  Oil  anil  Transiiortation  Company 

123  California  St.,  S.F.,C 

Cn!gors',  II.  r.  &  Co 2  California  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Tatnm  .t  IJoWfn 320  Market »(.,  S.  F.,  (■ 

WiirJuEi,  W.  II 223  Xacriinionto  st.,  K.  I'.,  C 

Yati'SSi  Co 113  Front  St.,  .1.  !■'.,  C 


OlLH—M.vNrFAcxnnERa. 

All)cra.  Cliarlos 700 Mission  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Caiifomia  Oil  ItcfllU'ry 2212  Taylor  Bt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Caliromia  oil  Works 124  JIain  St.,  .S.  F.,  C 

California  SUr  Oil  Works  Co.402  MontsomcryBt.,  S.  I'..  C 

Omy,  <i.  W.  U  Sons Salem.  '.» 

Kelly  &  Dunno rortlan'.I.  0 

Ohlanilt.  N.  i  Co.  (Neatsfoot) I'otri'ro,  S.  F,  C 

racillo  Coast  oil  Co 402  Montaomtry  »t.,  S.  F,,  C 

I'aiiHc  Kunueno  W.irk.i 112  Front  St.,  H.  F.,  (! 

Phmnix  Oil  Work.i 112  Front. st.,  S.  P.,  c 

SkiiU'fati'  Oil  Co.  Victoria,  II.  C 

OTL-CLOTII 

n,arclie,  Dicilrich  &  Co 710  .Market  bI.,  S.  F,  C 

Sliwme.  \Y  Si  J 525  Market  St.  Si.  F.,  C 

Walter,  I).  .V.  Si  1".  (.'o.cor.Uattery  and  Market  Rls.,S,  F.,  C 

OIL    CLOTIIlN'ti-.M.VNrp.vtTi  i:l:lin. 

ABher  k  Sniitll  325  Davis  St.,  S.  !■'.,  C 

D.ivis  4;  Kiillosi; 34  Calirornia  Bt.,  S.  F.,  C 

Mar'i.s  Uwic Portland,  o 

MarllH,  M 52 Clay »t,  S.  P.,  C 

McCormiek,  W.  M jVsttiria,  O 

Ni  ville  .'i  Co 31-33  Califoniia  Bt.,  H.  P.,  C 

.Sclnni.lt.  II 4031  IJruve  Bt,  S.  P.,  C 

Sutton,  Cliarles,  ,Ir.  &  Co 32  Caiifomia  St.,  S.  F.,  0 

OUE  CON-CKNTUAT0KS-.M.lNlKA<TlKnilH. 

AdiUU.i  A;  Carter IOC  Caiifomia  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Caiifomia  Conecntration  Co.  .331  Mont,iomery  st ,  H.  F.,  C    I    Curtuz,  B. . 


lleudy,  •foi;hua Missio.i  and  Fremont  sts.,  .S.  P.,  O 

'    San  iJieyo  Concentration  Co,  .323  Slontyomery  St.,  S.  P.,  O 
I    Stclibuus  Concentrator  Co 331  Mont;jomury  St.,  H  P.,  O 

I  OUGANS— MaNLTACTL'UEUS. 

I    Antiaell,  T.  M Powell  and  JIatket  stB,  8.  P.,  C 

I    Bert'strom,  Joliu  (Cliurell  Organs) 

I       .Mission,  nr.  Twenty-ninth,  H.  P.,  C 

I    Mayer,  Joseph 127  I'ase  »t,.  S.  P.,  C 

Seiioenstuin,  P.  II 511  Fulton  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

i    Schoenstein,  Feli.x  F 012  Cirih  av.,  8.  F.,  C 

i  I'AI.NTS,  OILS  ASD  OL^VSS. 

'    Allyne  .'.While 112  Front  St.,  8,  P.,  O 

I    BasB,  T.  J.  i.Co 27  DuiKjnt  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Cliad.lerdon,  J.  L Satnimento,  O 

I    Deitz,  A.  C.  4;  Co 7-0  Front  Bt.,  S.  P.,  O 

liuntcr  11  OS.  li  Co.,  cor.  Second  and  Market  sts.,  S.  P.,  0 

!    Kelly,  James  U.  i  Co 221  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Uoster,  Henry 410  Sansome  Bt.,  ii.  P.,  0 

McKee,  tieo.  11.  &  Co San  J030,  0 

lii-diuston  &  Co 523  Marliet  St.,  S.  P.,  0 

M'luttier,  Fuller  &  Co cor.  I'ine'and  Front  Ht.s.,  S.  P.,  O 

Whittier,  Fuller  &  Co Sacramento,  C 

Yates  &  Co 113  Front  St.,  S.  P.,  0 

I'APIiU. 

Illako,  riolibina  &  Co 51G  Sarmmento  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

California  Paper  Co 10  California  st.,  S.  P.,  0 

Frank  i  Co eoi-.  Sacramento  and  Sansimie  slji ,  S.  P.,  O 

FreundScCo 2041inBhBt.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ciraltam  Palicr  Cu.  (Agency)  ,,507  Montiiomery  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Metzser.  L 2C8  P.ush  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Oweu  PalmrCo.  (Agency) 721  Mark.tht ,  8.  F.,  O 

Platshek  &  Harris 312  Sacramento  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Itemingtfjn,  A.  I>.  &  Co 413  Sansome  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Scjinour,  Samuel , 4'jO  Tehama  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

Taylor,  8.  P.  &  Co 41GCljyBt.,  8.  P.,  O 


I'AJ'ER— ManLI  VCTl'ltlUlS. 

Brown  Bros.  A;  Watson Corralitoa,  C 

California  Pap;T  Co .10  Caiifomia  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Clac^ama-i  Paper  Co Portland,  O 

King,  1:.  'i*.  A;  Co Sai-atoga,  O 

Lick  PaiH5r  Co 110  Front  St..  1-1.  P.,  O 

I'ioueer  I'aper  .Mill 414  Clay  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Taylor,  8.  P.  i  Co 410  Clay  St.,  8.  F„  0 

PAPER  IIANOlNCiS. 

Clark,  George  W 045  Market  »t.,  8.  P.,  O 

Kdwurchi,  FVankG 030  Clay  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

<inuiiH3rtz  Ji  Brooks 323  Sutter  st.,  8.  !•'.,  C 

Walter,  D.  N.  &  K.  &  Co 

cor.  Battery  and  Jlarket  sts.,  S.  P.,  C 

PAn.VSOLS-MAXl  lAcruuKlls. 

Barr,  John  D 323  Bush  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

PEU  PI.'.MEH  Y- JlAX  I,  rAtr  u  umts. 

Cowan  &  Co WS  Mission  St.,  S.  p.,  0 

Peck  S  Cahnann lO'J  Battery  st.,  8.  F.,0 

Luders,  A 430  Minna  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

PIANO  FORTES  AND  OUC>AS8. 
Antisell  Piano  Co. . .  .cor.  Market  and  Powell  sts.,  8.  P.,  O 

Arnold,  N.  8.  &  Co  310  California  Bt.,  8.  F.,  C 

Ba*lger,  W.  G 13  SansoniuBt.,  H.  P.,  O 

Bancroft.  A,  L.  .t  l.'o 721  .Market  St.,  8.  P..  U 

Benham,  lUAL 047  Market  st ,  .-i.  P..  O 

20  O'Parttill  Bt.,  ».  P.,  O 


^j«aiPMBMn.'uakSkMhTiiM«ai 


7"! 


f;ocKlllou;1l,  A.  >t  2JHfth«t,  8.  F,  C 

O.ny.  JUtthlaa 117  r.istat.,  S.  K.,  ( 

IKalj-.doo Zi  DiiL.nt  Bt.,  H.  R,  V 

Kolilcr  Ji  C'huse 1J7  I'uat  Bt.  H,  R,  C 

Louj,  ii.  II 1815  Washinston  »t.,  S  F.,  U 

O'l'oimor.  ,1.   II.  !s.  Co 2.i  Duimlit  »t,.  S.  V.V 

I'Utc-,  Vr'.  H SOXuw  Mimt-imiwyiit.,  S.  R,  C 

Riiilolf.  II.  ;i  I'll 107  Stoiktoli  Bt,  a  F..  t,' 

Kluiip,  Will.  T Cl'J  Uliikimvu.,  S.  V  ,  (' 

Kli.riimii,  t-'Uy  ii  r Uli  Ktumy^t.,  M.  F.,  (' 

KlK.nr.ur,  V.  W.  S  Co 2J  Fifth  «t.,  S.  F.,  C 

TuLlii.  Sim«  .1  Co 811  Maikct  «t.,  3.  F.,  V 

WixKlwoilli,  Kchull  J;  Co  1(15  IJtocktoii  It.,  S.  F.,0 

IMANO  FORTES- MANrr.M-ruiiEn.t. 

Autiaull  Pijiiio  Co ,  .31«rki.-t  anil  I'nwt'U  Bt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Il:ilcli,  lIonlLO  Jl MJ  MiBslciii  St.,  H.  F.,  (,' 

I"ay,  UoU'rtJtCo 171 J  Shsoii  st.,  S.  F.,  C 

Hull,  C.  U I'Jlllolikiidiit'av.,  a  P.,  I! 

Kocli,  J.  D 211  -Niiitlmt.,  H.  R.  C 

laini-,  S.  II 4M  Montaoiiury   t,  H.  R,  C 

Uuilolph,  (1.  &Co , lOTKtocktunst.,  S.  F.,  C 

ShLTniiin  ;;  Clay 139  ICcaniy  Bt,  S.  F.,  C 

Stmtlmiii  &  Cimc IWl'iiBtst,  a  F.,  O 

Zucli,  J;icob 211  MntU  Bt,  8.  R,  C 

I'ICKS-JlAXlJFACTtllKIW. 

Wright  John 13  I'lviiiout  «t,  S.  F.,  C 

PIOTURK  FRAMES-MANrtACTUKKllu. 

Cohen  lltinnau - i'i  Duixmt  at.,  .S.  F.,  C 

Oiimp,  .S.  ii(i 531,.MaikctBt,  a  R,  C 

UailBimitt  liros 217  I'lno  Bt    R  F.  (! 

Sanborn,  VaU  i  Co 857  Market  st,  .a  F.,  C 

PILLOWS— Man  UFAcTntEiirf. 
Wcsthall,  J 704  MlBSion  Bt,  a.  F.,  C 

PLANED  LUMBEE-MASUFACTf  BERS. 

A.Ihi  Pkiiiin!!  Mill Aaiu,C 

AruH-ntrout  E.  A San  Uurnariliiio,  i' 

Uui-ni;.l,  D.  <i.  ti  C'o Hoilth  Vullejo,  C 

llamoa  BroB.  .>c  I  Ji'ilsi.' East  OakkuiJ.  1-' 

Euiuforil  IJro:? WcBton,  O 

llcai.0,  J.  l: Binitlii,  < • 

lUoua,  M .Miilu  ay,  V 

IJoca  Mill  (.'o Hota,  C 

Ilnulforii,  H.  H Sonora,  (.' 

Bmnsteter,  P (irass  ValLy.  0 

Bumham,  StanJcford  \V.  A  Co .Oakl.mil.  C 

Cal.lwcira  Plaiiiii:;  Mill WooiUaiKl,  C 

Cal'forni.T,  PlaniHo'  Mill Iliwaril  aiul  .Spcnrsta,  H  F  ,  C 

Carter,  E.  i  Co Alhuny.  <) 

Ccntcunial  Plauin^j  Mill 55(i  Hrannan  st,  .S.  F.,  C 

Cuntral Uerry,  W.  Fourth  st,  .a  R,  (.' 

Cooler.  H.  M ■ . .  .Tuuiwutor,  W 

Cram,  W.  II PahniBO,  W 

Crano,  Will.  .■;  I!r03 BroiniBvilli',  C 

Car.1  U  Lair Scattli-,  W 

UaviB,  ( 'Ims l:lo  Vi;ita.  ( ! 

Dyer ,'i  Clarcy Poiuiroy,  W 

East  Oaklanil  Planins  Mill F.aat  (lakliin.l,  i ' 

Eutorpriso  I.I11I 217  SiKiar  Bt,  S.  P., 

EnterjiriBi'  Mill  anil  Lunilier  Co San  .lo.se, 

EiMlsior  I'luuiiiii  Mill CJ7  l!r>aut  st,  S.  F., 

Fitieunilil  .t  Hi'iulcrson Htockton, 

Fliioil,  .T.  P ■ Lob  .\nirilM, 

FilMa  llroB.  8: 1'o 30-40SiHiar  i;t,  a  F., 

Gllluspie,  v.  J.  a  Co SttU  JoBO, 


aliiBBfor.l,  Win Walla  W.illa,  W 

Grillilli,  .1.  M.  X  I'o 1..IB  An  cil.M,  C 

Grovi-B.'i  Wll.4on Atlin,  l^ 

Hall,  (!.  W , Colmilb'a.  (• 

Ilunaon,  .M.  i  A 130  .Main  st,  H  F,  (• 

Hanlml'urKh.  Isaac U4  MaliiBt,  <s.  I  ,c 

Ilarmiin,  .?.<-' I  inreka,  N 

ILtrtwt-Il.  llotLliklBS  &  Htilkvr HucmTiicMt^i,  C 

ILiteh,   ll:ll IMyton,  W 

Uaywanl.  C Viitiria.  11.  V 

Intit,  ,1.  A.  i  Co Sarra;ii,'iit.».  C 

Hyatt  &  I.conaril tlaktaml,  C 

laaars,  IJi-o.  E  Mcnvil,  ( ' 

•Tohnson  &  Co  Portlainl,  O 

Kiiiip,  J.  &Co im  Mission  Bt,  a  P.,  O 

KiniUll.  II.  F TuniuMtor,  W 

Korlicl,  S.  f;  r.roH Santa  llosa,  C 

Kmiii,  CharluH Tho  l)all,-s,  O 

Latiinf  r,  Taj  lor  &  Co Salt  I^kf  City,  IT 

Lawton  ,^  Kkiuner Vn.'ka,  ( ■ 

Lirin.  Davhl la.-lmonvllli.,  <) 

Linvillit,  A.  .1 San  B.'nia  ilino,  C 

Marali.  I..  S.  II \shlaul,  O 

Jlclutosli,  U.  M llaker  Cily,  O 

.Mi'niler,  II.  II I  'uracin  City,  N 

Mochanli:i'  Plaiilir;. Mill. .Mission anil  Fruniont  Bts.,  .S.  F.,  (! 

MocliaiiicV  Planlns  Mill Portlaml,  O 

Mitohull,  Win ThiiUalliB,  <> 

Mnirl  call  k  Maun Vict  iria.  It.  (! 

Nny  L.  (1.  &  Co Petalmuit,  O 

Pearl  &  Allen IlalK-y,  O 

Pearson,  AmBtlun  &  Burnett Hacr.iin 'iito,  ti 

Perry,  Wooilwartl^  Co Lo:i  An^-ele.i,  C 

iVITer,  .lohn Mfti-yavillo,  O 

PhiUilis  i;  Favour Ilealililmrr',  O 

l*utnani.  -S .Vii'ir.ni.  C 

Hitter  k  I  Inliiian Dayton,  W 

lioyal  City  Mill Xew  Westminster,  11.  O 

Scranton,  ,Iolin Ishiml  City,  o 

Se,iiior,  ( loo Wrifa-hfii,  ( ) 

Sharon  &  Co Pemlleton,  (* 

.Shaver,   Isiuw. Han  1,'afacl,  O 

Shaw  &  tMiiifl Sttito  1,  O 

Sh  paril.  It  I Santa  Ilarham,  (I 

Sloper ^Fuller IV taltiina  C 

Santa  Clara  Valley  M.  &  S.  Co San  Jose,  O 

Hanla  Cm.'.  Liunhcr  Assoelatlon Santa  Cniz,  O 

San  Die:jo  I'la-.iing  .Mill  C.) San  Dic^-o,  0 

Han  Jor,u  Iinlelienilont  M.  k  I,.  Co San  ,Tosi'.  O 

Smith,  Daniel B  iker  (.'Ity,  <) 

Smith,  A.  tiny  ci  Co .\iiahelni,  O 

South  PiitIi  Pla-llui' .Mill 3(K  Batt.'ry  ?t,  P.  P.,  O 

South  Point  Planing  Mill. . .  .Berry  an.l  Thlril  st".,  S.  F„  O 

SisjirSti-ut  Planing  .Mill SOSiiearBt.,  S.  F.,  O 

Htoektoii  I'lauiiij  .Mill Berry  at,  near  Fourtli,  S.  F.,  O 

Strahati ;;  Cook 1  'ortlauil,  O 

TeiTy  *c  Brown San  Dietfo,  O 

Tlieiscn,  ,Tolin  .1...  Valencia  Bt,  near  Ei^ihteentlu  S.  F,,  C 
Walsh,  .Michael,  Tweuty-seconil  niiil  Valencia  bib.,  S.  1'.,  O 

Wehater,  J.  M Sprhrl  llrook,  W 

Wetlierli.v,  fleo  M Bryant  anil  Fifth  sts.,  ,S.  F.,0 

Wlilto,  Thus Stockton,  O 

Wriuht  W.  li San  Beruaraino,  O 

POTTERY— JiAXUKAirruKEiiR. 

Albion  Pottery Am  ioeli,  < I 

Braniiaii,  Daniel Uaklanil,  O 

Bunilock,  II.  l' Sacramento,  (J 


7«2 


APPKNDIX. 


Channel  Pottery  ami  Drain  Pipe  Works 

4>i  Molitfc'onii'ry  Ht.,  H.  !•'.,  0 

fliirli,  X,  Ji  i;.,iia IJlj-iaW  Marlii-t  «t.,  il,  1'.,  t ' 

Dunnlsou.  W.  II  fc  K.  II Naiki  (Jity,  V 

Kaiiiliy  i  ('urtwrislit Hall  Lain;  L'ity.  U 

Olaiia.ni-.  MclfeuM  &  Co 1310-1310  Market  «t.,  H.  I'.  1/ 

ll!i.:ajil  li  Ijvrl I,ii:i  A:is-lo3,  I '■ 

Sliiililox,  <  Jt'.irjL- HiMiraiUinto,  <-' 

Mlj-ots,  I'.  II Orcson  Wty,  O 

MtiL'r,  Jaiiicd &  t-'u (KUilaal,  (.' 

K  rtli  IViiilitVluonlPilMi  Co... .U2 California «t.,  H.  I'.,  (; 

Ow.  U!^  .J.ilin  II 22  (••■iDfoniia  lit.  H.  V.,  C 

Vilam,  !■■ Salt  Lii!;  ■  Cjty,  U 

Il;ui(Kinic,  K.  L i&2  -MuntyoiULTy  at..  :i.  i'.,  C 

titi;l;,'cr  A .Sati  Jo»?,  C 

Voii  Ilattiui,  P. Hacmmcuto.  C 

POWDKll-MAKurAcnTniins 

Atlantic  (iiunt  Powder  Co lOCalifuniiast.,  .'^.  P.,  0 

Ciliforui.i  l'<iinU'r  Worlis 230 1  'alifoniia  St.,  .S.  F.,  C 

California  Viyorit  Powder  Co 62  Nuvail.i  iSlo.it.  .S.  I' ,  O 

Dii;u>iit  Powder  I'o 113  Pi  juBt.  ti.  I'.  0 

Kiirelia  Powder  Co 31 J  i'inj  fit..  H.  1'-.  C 

Exculaior  Powder  Co 40  Mercliauta'  Ill^jlian^e,  H.  V ,  C 

Ciaut  Powder  Co 210  I'runt  ct,  H.  P..  O 

Hanly  Powder  Co 410  California  a;.,  S.  1'.,  C 

Uereule.s  Powder  Works 230  <  California  fit..  H.  F.,V 

Judfion  Powder  Co 2U  l-'roiit  fit .  H.  F.,  C 

Safety  Sitro  Co 4JJ  California  »t.,  S.  V.,  0 

Safety  r.nvder  Co Octavia  and  Oroeliu'icli  s:j.,  S.  P.,  C 

Tiiu.i'ler  PowiUr  Co 606  Monti,'o;nery  fit,  ti.  P.,  C 

Tonile  Pi.wiler  Co 310  California  at..  S.  P.,  C 

Union  Powder  Co 40  California  fit.  H.  F.,  C 

Vul-un  Powder  Co 213  California  at,  S.  F.,  C 

Warren  Powder  Co 21  .Merchants"  ilxcliano'e,  S.  P.,  C 

PniNTKItS-U(H)K  ,\S1>  Jou. 

Hacun  t  Co Cor  Clay  and  Manaomo  ata. ,  S.  F. , 

llanerofl,  A.  h.  i  Co 721  Market  at,  H.  F., 

llod:iiii,  I'dwurd  ^L  Co. .Cor.  Clay&  Leideailorif  ats.,  .S.  !■',, 

Br.)die,  ,1.  11.  t  Co 420  Clay  at,  S.  F.. 

Canil.iny.J.  II 4J;i  WaiiiiuaUinst,  H.  P., 

Cottl  ■  ii  Wri^lit Kan  Jose, 

Crociier.  If.  ; ».  U  i',t Saeranicnto, 

CroL-lier,  U.  S.  i  Co 21.-.  linili  fit.,  ».  F. 

Doui-berty,  P.  l;.  &  Co Ill  Clay  at.,  .i.  P., 

Eastman.  Frank  i;  Co o',3  Ciayat.,  .'i.  1'., 

Francis  &  Valentine 517  Clay  st..  ».  P., 

Hinu.*,  lieo.  II I'ortiand, 

Uinton,  W.  .M  ii  Co ..530 Clay  st,  H.  F., 

Mnrdnci!.  C.  A.  Jc  Co .'  .532  Clay  at.  S.  R. 

Owen.  .1.  J .San  .Toae. 

Pacilic  Pres:?  Printina  Co Caklard, 

Uieinnond.  L.  (1.  it  8ou 421  Mouc:{oluery  at ,  H.  P., 

Scliwab  fc  Anderao.i Portland. 

Siauldiuj,  Geo.  &Co !H(;lay»t,  S,  P., 

Sterett,  11.  F 512  Clay  St.,  ».  F.. 

Tllomai.  P.  .1 533  Clay  Bt,  S.  F.. 

WiiittTljurn,  JoBL'i  h  f.;  Co 417  Clay  fit.  {».  P.. 

WuU'n  •,  A.  f  1 Portland, 

^V'-av!;-.  H.  A SjicraTnunto, 

Woodward,  Will.  A.  ^  Co 520  California  fit.,  H.  P.. 


PROVISIONS. 

Athearn  £  Co 6  St juart  at.  S.  P.,  i; 

Bii'Ijy  liroii Cor.  Clay  and  Davia  sta.,  ."j.  P..  (.' 

Breeze  &  Lon^Iiran . .  .Cor.  Wasliington  .';  I>.r  is  Rta..  S.  P..  C 

llrisiiani.  miitnc-y  ,<;  Co :;2;)  i'r^.nt  at.  S.  F ,  C 

Castle  liros.  1  Loujie 213  Pliiut  St.,  H.  F  ,  C 


Dolli'lil.ino  &  Co 421  Datt.Ty  at,.  H.  P.,  U 

D.d.re.  rtnveney&<'o 114  .Marllet  i,t.  fi,  F.,  O 

Do  lie.  W.  W.  ic  I'.i Cor.  CUyn.il  I'ro.it  8t.l.,  S.  P.,  O 

Elu'mau,  M.  SlCo 101  Kroatfit,  Si.  F.,0 

Pellina  ti  Il.'nry 121  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Poiniith  &  Dod;e 325  Front  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Fiit.T,  .-i.  .si,') 2iCa!i.'o:nlaat.  S.  P.,  O 

Oetz  lima,  i  C.i 3J1  Pro.it  at,  S.  F.,  0 

ILtn  Uro.i. . . .  i 102  Cili.'orilia  a'..,  8.  P.,  0 

llaiaht.  Kj'.iu:-.  .V  C 2JiProntnt,  rt.  P.,  O 

llaily  K  Sjow 12)  Caii.ornla  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Ilentrieh.  Lewi; 513  Front  nt.,  8.  P..  0 

llonaton,  W.  ,1.  ,>;  c'o 205  Front  at.  8.  P.,  0 

dennin;;ri,  Tlioniaa 116  Hansomc  at.,  B.  F.,  O 

.JoncaiiCo 220  Front  lit,  S.  F.,0 

Keyea,  O.  U 50  Steuart  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Kruau  &  liolur 20D  Front  at.,  f).  P.,  O 

Lohuian  >'c  CojhiU 313  Front  «t,  .S.  P.,  O 

-Manjels,  M.  &C 310  Clay  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Martin,  Fenaler  <c  Stotlani 311  Clay  >t.  ei.  F.,  O 

.Mcllenry,  ii.  &  Co 42)  Front  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

MeKay/V  Drown 427  Davis  st,  H.  P.,  O 

Merry,  Faiill  it  Co 123  California  nt,  S.  F.,  0 

Mlehelssen,  llrown  *i  Co 310 1'roiit  at..  .4.  P.,  O 

Midilletoo  i  Co.  021  Froiit  at,  S.  P.,  0 

Uoot  S  .landeraon !22.^Llri.■et  st,  ci.  P.,  O 

Uoluit:x'o  i;  McClmX! 401  Front  at,  .S.  P.,  0 

San  Francisco  Packing  and  Provision  Co. 

515  Waabtnston  st.,  S.  F.,  0 

Stoeli',  i:idjr  &  Co 201  Front  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Htea.lia&  Hmitli 42J  Front  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Taller,  Uarker  &  Co 103  California  fit,  S.  P.,  0 

Tillman  &  IJendel Cor.  Battery  and  Clay  ata..  8.  F.,  O 

Von  llomi  &i  Uencke  Bros 406  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Welllnan,  I'cck  i  Co 126  JIarkot  at,  S.  F.,  O 

Wlicaton  I;  l.n'jrs 213  Front  at,  S.  F.,  C 

Wieiaiid  llro.i 32J  Front  st,  a  P.,  C 

Wilson,  .t.  y.  &  Co 508  Market  at.,  M.  P.,  C 

Wi««ter.  IluliboU  &  Co 317  Front  st,  S.  p'.,  O 

PUOVISION  PACKERS. 

Arnold  &  Co .. 

Cor.  Valencia  and  Twenty-tliird  fits., 

Aulicrt,  Allicrt lOH.  P.  Market, 

Bailey  Bitis 71  California  .Murltet, 

Bunker,  11.  F 7.1  California  .Market, 

Ciirtl.i,  Jojiii  «;  Son 232  P'hth  at, 

Dentiaril,  .Tohn Cor.  Howard  and  Nintli  sts., 

L>rouet,  II 1420  Stookton  at, 

Ilentrich.  Lewis 513  Front  iit. 

Merry,  Paull  t  Co 125  Califoniia  i!t. 

Jlieiielaaen,  Brown  li  Co v  — . 310  Front  at., 

Muller  &  Koenig 16  California  ^Inriiet, 

lied  Cross  Packing  Co 801  Sansome  at, 

Reinlu  t  Puchs 3  Grand  Central  .Market. 

San  Pranclaco  Packing  and  Proviaion  Co 

513  Wasliiu:,'toa  st, 

Schuck,  II.  i:  ('o 211  Polaoni  st. 

South  8au  l-'rancisco  Packin:;  and  Provision  Co 

Cor.  Fourth  av.  and  ^I  at. .  8. 

Wilson,  J.  Y.  &  Co 503  Market  St., 

nUUBER  GOODS. 

Davi.i  &  ICellosg 34  California  st.,  8.  F.,  O 

Dolun,  .lames  W 411  5Iarl;et  »l..  8.  P.,  O 

Folkel».  .1.  II.  A.  i  Bro 118  Montgomery  st.,  H  P.,  C 

Goodyear  Rubber  Co 577  Market  St.,  8.  F.,  C 


H.  F. 

0 

a.  p. 

0 

a  p. 

0 

8.  F. 

0 

8.  F. 

0 

s.  p. 

c 

8.  I-. 

a 

8.  F. 

0 

8.  F. 

0 

y.  P. 

0 

a.  P. 

0 

8.  F. 

0 

W.  F. 

0 

H.  F. 

0 

S.  P. 

0 

8,  F. 

c 

8  P. 

a 

API'F.NDIX. 


?«,! 


('ri-3ory,  II.  1'  &  L'o 2  (■ilit..r.ilii  »t.,  ».  V.,  I' 

OuttalVrcliaiUuliln'r<!j ."4Jl  MurSiit  B'.,  S.  !•'.,  C 

Nuv.Uj  iv  Co 31-3J<'ii:i'nniU«t.,  rt.  P.,  I! 

SiiUc.ii,  jr..  I  horliB  f;  1 'o ;4  3lU'aliroiiil»iil..,  S.  1'..  l' 

Wiitl,  .Ic.hu  l.Iuwvlry) li-i  McAlilstw si.,  s.  I'.,  l' 

WilliaMS,  Dlmimil  i:  Cii 203  Marktt  1 1..  11.  P,  C 

Wnoiidocilot  IluMwr  Co 4U  Murkol  »t..  H.  V.,  C 

S.VILS— MAMUrAUTUIlKllS. 

llhikoston.  .1.  I Ol-'liiy»t.,  H  F.  (' 

I'unk.  (.!.  O *i  <*«•  «t .  ■■<.  '■'■.  •' 

llanlingS:  Ui-aiin aiCloy  St.,  H.  F,.  (' 

Hfyi"''l».  TliouiM Marbot  uiid  Htouart  «t«.,  S.  F..  (' 

Slmlfflon  &  I'islwr M  MWuurt  »t..  S.  !•'..  C 

Wooil,  W.  U 44  Maikit  Kt.  H.  F..  C 

SALT -Masiii'.\(  1  L'HKlt!*. 

Barton,  IJ.  F.  &  Co 213  Ha-^nuiicnlo  Bt.,  H.  F.,i' 

Juroniy  s  Co '■'■'"  I-uUo  City,  U 

Marsicalio,  I' 411  Waabiiiifton  «t..  H.  F,,  C 

riumm;.T  Bros 221  CUy  st,  .s.  F.,  O 

Tlio  Unum  Pai'llic  Salt  Co 210  .SacraniL-iitii  st,  14.  F.,  0 

SAWS. 
I'acilic  ,Saw  Mfg  Co 17  I'ruinoiit  «t,  S.  F.,  C 

HAW.MILI.  MACHINi:UV. 

Birch,  W.  H lU  lijak  at,  S.  F,  C 

Crjjory,  n.  P.  SlCo 2  California  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Honcly.  .losinia «  Fmiiont  Kt.,  S.  F.,  (! 

IIu;itiuiton,  T.  A HO  I'roinoiit  st,  H.  P.,  O 

Small,  Isaacll S74  i;raimaii  st,  S.  F.,0 

SHIP  BUILUEUS. 

B.jn(lisr,oii,  H.  D I'.tir.ka.  O 

Djaii,  E.  n.  ScCo Coos  Hay.  <) 

Dickie  Bros I'J  Kttuart  st,  S.  P.,  C 

Hall  Bros Port  niakoly,  W,  T 

SlmpsouBros '-■ooa  liay.  i) 

Turner  &  Uuu.llo Biltliht,  H.  F„  (: 

Whit.',  Charles S.  P.,  C 

SHIPPINO  MERCHANTS. 

Pier  17.  .SUlUirtst,  S.  P.,  C 
.  .310  (_  alil'oniia  St.,  S.  F.,  C 


Adams,  Wm.  J 

Balfour,  Guthrie  k  Co. . 


Ballanl,  Duuiio  Jt  Co 

Bal/.cr,  Henry  &  Co 

Barcila,  P.  L 

Brown,  V.  &  Co 

California  Steam  Naviijation  Co 

Washlni.'ton  St  Wharf,  S.  F. 


22Ci'.llforniaBt,  S.  P.  C 
209  Hansome  6t,  S.  P.,  C 
.213  Sansonie  st,  S.  P.,  C 
.,641 -Market  St.,  H.  P.,  C 


Chapman,  James  F.  &  Co. . . 
Califonlia  Transportation  Ci 

Oor.  I 

ColHn.  Geo.  F.  4;  Co. 

Col jniaii,  Wm.  T.  HCu 

Cor'i  'Ht  it  -Macl  ^ay  

CraMforil,  A 

Do  Castro,  D.  &  Co 

Dempster  i:  Keys 

Dlbblee,  Allwrt 

Dickson,  DeWoH  ii  Co 

Dolljoer  is  Ca-.  non 

Donaidson.M  Co 

Drushach,  Wni 

tarle,  V.  W.  ;o  Co 

riiut,  Peabody  ci  Co 

Pontana,  M.  .1.  ii  Co 

Poroea  Bros 

Poster,  'i.  ii  *'o 


2  California  Bt,  H.  P.,  C 


ek.Houanil  Eaststs.,  S.  P.,  C 

13Plno6t,.S.  P.,  C 

121  Market  st,  S.  P.,  C    | 

.,,210  Ca  iiovnia  st,  S.  F.,  C 

27.M,uket  st,  H.  P..  C 

2U  .^ant*ome  st,  .S.  F.,  C 

202  Miirket  st,  S.  P.,  C 

. . .  .10  (.\ii;fo.-nla  st,  .S.  F..  C 

112  liiUrery  St.  ».  v..  C 

22  I'uli.oriua  St.,  S.  1'..  C 

.  ..121  C.ililuniia  st  .  .i.  !'.,  C 
...3!8C.ii;:n.-niast,  S.  P.,  C 
...22(1  l.'al, fur, lia  st.  a  P.,  C 
. ..lOSCaliiorniast..  S   P.,  C 

GOJ  lia.i jomo  st ,  S.  P.,  C 

. . .  .30*  California  st.  ri.  P.,  C 
20  C.ilifurnia  St.,  S.  P.,  <-' 


Prwman,  .Mnilth  &  Co IW  1'sllfonilai.t ,  S  P.,  0 

Freennm  &  li.ik  r. 113  Duvi*  st,  ,S  P..  C 

Frils.  Sorcn  11.  I'eteraon 5^  <'l«y  »t..  1*  F,,  C 

(l.«,ilall,  Perkins  «  Co 10  Market  st ,  M.  P.,  I) 

lirae.',  ,)   W.  K  Co 10 1'alifornia  »t,  S  P.,  »' 

Hanson.  Ai-kuinon  &  Co Pier  11.  SU''uirt.>t.  S  P.  0 

Ilartc,  (;rei;ory  P 13a  CaUtctrnla  »t.  H.  P.,  O 

Hat-hJi  Bar' lay 

H  fil.  Ilulllia/jir rsll  Battery  ft,  S.  F .  C 

Hones.  .laU-z :iir2  CaUtornia  st .  S.  P.,  t; 

llaiue,  t  ieo.  W 30;)  Sacramento  st ,  «.  P.,  C 

IBesey,  11,  P.  .4  Co 2(15  Front  st,  S.  P.,  C 

lIutthlli.son.  Kohl,  I'hlllpin'tis  S  C" 

310  SnoBome  st.  H   K  ,  C 

KonWelil.  John  .4  (.'o Pier!).  Htonartst.  .s.  P.,  (I 

i;llll.-S.Co ;;i2  California  St.  s.  P.,  C 

Kin  11.  .lame!  I'or,  St  liart  an.l  Mission  »t.i,,  S,  P,,  0 

Knowle^.  J.  N 30  C.illfornla  st  ,  S.  P.,  O 

Lohir,  Ch.iiksP 31  Merchants' Kxehanw.  S.  P.,  0 

Low,  C.  Ailolphe  &  Co 208  California  b',.,  H.  P..  f 

Lowenthal.  Livingston  *  Co 320  California  st,  S.  P.,  " 

LunJ.  Henry 214  California  st..  H.  P.,  O 

Lynde  k  Hou.di 413  Davis  B'.,  S.  P.,  O 

Mivckeiuie  li  I  lllbertson 123  1  'alifomla  ut,  S,  P„  0 

.Macomlray  &  (,'o 20ii  Saiisnme  st ,  S.  P.,  O 

Makin,  Uolnsrtd 302  (i'alitor.iia  st,  S.  P.,  C 

Mastlrk.  ,S.  L.  &  Co Pier  10.  Stemirt  St..  H.  P..  O 

MfComiiok  &  Helanoy U6  Front  Bt.  S.  P  .  O 

.McNear.  (J   W 20  California  st.,  S.  P.,  C 

Melnecke,  CIrarles  4  Co 311  Sacramjllto  Bt.  S.  P.,  C 

iSIel.  John 34  California  St.  S.  F  ,  0 

Mendelson  Bros 300  Sacramento  St.,  S,  P.,  O 

Merrill.  .1.  ( '.  ,^  Co 204  Cilltomla  st,  H.  F„  U 

Moore,  A.  D lO'.l  California  i.t.  S.  P.,  0 

Mneeke,  Victor  i:  Co WJ  California  Bt,  S.  P.,  O 

Nannton.  (Jeo 524  Battery  Bt,  S.  P.,  0 

Newton  Bros.  &  Co 200  California  st .  S,  P,,  0 

O'N'eill  Bio.4 2lOI).i\isat.  S.  P,  C 

Parrott  i  f.'o 300  California  st ,  S.  P.,  C 

Peterson,  S,  B .WClayBt,  S,  P.,  O 

Ptcrdner&Co .M5  Market  Bt.  H.  P.,  0 

Pierce,  K.  (1.  »;  Co 20  California  st,  S,  F„  O 

Pope  k  Talbot 201  California  st,,  S,  F„  0 

Ransom,  lili-sha  &  Co 204  Callfonila  »t.,  S.  1'.,  O 

ncsensbureer,  S 102  Battery  st ,  S.  P  ,  O 

Iteynuld.i,  L.  .t  c'o 10  I'lrst  st,  S,  F„  0 

Uodfers,  iMeyer  .<;  Co 212  B.iltery  St.,  S,  P.,  C 

RoscnfiM.  Jolni .102  California  st.  S.  P..  C 

Sabatie.  A.  P.  .'i  Co : . .  .017  Sansonie  st.  S.  P„  O 

Schusalor,  John 107  ilatteiy  st,  S.  p..  C 

Scolleld  <c  Tevis 120  Fiont  St..  S.  P..  C 

.Severance.  H,  W 310  Califorida  st,.  S,  P 


11 


.317  California  st,  S.  P..  0 
Portlaud,  O 

H  Market  st,  s  P.,  C 

.12*>  California  t^l..  S,  1'..  C 
.10.1  California  r.t,  S.  P..  O 

..liil-'aiifoniiast.  S.  P.,  O 


Sheehy,  It.iltert 

Sibsou  it  Church  .^  Co 

Simp~o(i.  A,  M.  .vllro 

Sis-on.  \\.,ll;i-e^.  I'm 

Spreckeij,  .lobu  IJ.  J£  Bro. 

Starrs  Co 

Stevens,  Baker  &  Co 

cor.  S.icraineuto  and  D.ivia  st.^,.  H  P.,  C 

Strauss,  IC. 

Taylor.  (.'.  L  .v  Co 

Ten  llojch.  X  >';l'o 

Theolralil,  lieo,  J.  .V  Co 
Tichenor.  il,  B.  i;  C.i... 

TltcombiiCo 

Towie,  W.  W 

Turner  ^^  Buudle 


:i  lljiLtery  ;.t. 

S. 

r..  0 

..31  (.'iilifi)riiiiist,. 

s. 

■•,.<; 

,.n:'C;iiirui-ii!r,  .st 

.•*', 

1',,  O 

1:!  -Murlai.  st. 

s. 

r.,  o 

20u  Haeramuuto  st 

rt. 

F  .  ( 

..MS  TowiisL'ii'lsr, 

s. 

h\,  (v 

.1-12  Calif oiuiast  .S.  P..  0 


7«4 


AriT.NIllX. 


W.i.lhiiliii.  k  KltliiH aw  Front  pit..  H  F.,  V 

Wulhiri.,  .1   J.  .vc.i 1118  Ui'liwliirll  Ht.H.  K,  !• 

Wcl.liTnl iiM'ii 211  ririt.iiiimi.t,.  H.  K.  •' 

W.  lo:i  A  I'll 1ij:p  ( 'Hlifiirnitt  «t.,  H.  F  .  < ' 

W.IK  (■lmrl.«ll aot'iilir.inilii  »t.,  S.  F.  (^ 

V/MtiK-y,  .1,  II.  *  Co lila  <  'lay  «t..  K  V  ,  <: 

Wilkiln  &  C.) \m  (.■allf.,riilii  m..  S,  F.,  C 

M'llliiiiiiii,  I)i I  &  To  a)2  >riirl(i-t  Kt .  S.  F.,  t; 

Wiiikli-iiian,  lluiry W  stcimit  »t,.  H.  F..  r 

Yi.ik.  l.lHii 34('iilitoilii.i»l  ,  H.  F.,  C 

SILK     MAM-KAITl'llKHS. 

CiiUfiiriiiu  Silk  Miiuiifa' tilrinu  ru.OSS  Mitrk^'tflt.,  H.  R,  *J 

SOAl"     M.VM  FAITUUEUS. 

Aflumn,  .TnHcph  W 24  *'oTiiiiu'rcinl  nt..  H.  F..  C 

AItu  KiiapOj... (irt'tfDii,  Tir.  I»,i\i«i't..  H.  F..  t' 

Itiiy  H[i.-i]i  anil  (laiiiUu  Co l;ti  Fnmt  ttt ,  S.  F..  O 

lli'ttiiiiiri,  .M.iHiii 3ll<',,niiiiirfi.il»l.,  H.  F.  C 

Ilrnuri.  Kicliaril Cluitmel,  nr.  Fourtwntll  Kt.,  S.  F..  O 

(-ulifoniia  lllL'iu:hil)t{  Snail  Cu 

Hixtetnlh  anil  Polsoni  »t»  .  H.  V  ,  C 

('aiiltal  Soaji  Factory Sacmnicnto,  C 

<  'hii-f  Hnap  Factory Hjwraiiu-iito,  C 

Chitk  Iln.d Xebraiiku.  nr.  I  V^nt^-r  Bt.,  S,  F.  (' 

(■iiliiiMl.iaSoap  Worka 2(12 -Markot  «t.,  H.  F  .  C 

Ciilninliia  Hn.ip  Co Portlaiiil,  C 

Cniiiniiriial  Hiiap  Co Ilroily,  ur,  Marki't  nt,  H.  I'.,  C 

Ciliiiill.  CiinlavfJiCo -.7  Malk.tiit.,S.  F.  O 

Daklii  &  I.ihlH'y 223  Hacnmipiito  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Dolali.  Thimia.s.... TotrtTo  av..  S.  F..  C 

Kaylii  Moap  Worka 2.V.I  ( 'lay  »t.,  S.  F.,  C 

UvUtiian  &  Lfliiimn 706  llraiinau  nt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Hiiiiston,  W.  J.  (t  Cii 20S  Front  St.,  S.  F..  O 

Irviiis  H.  k  Co I'ortlaliil.  O 

Lilli',  PUilip Bay  ami  Wolmtur  hIh  ,  S.  F.  C 

Luckd,  .1.  C rortlanil.  O 

Lucy,  O.  11.  fc  Co 123  California  »t..  H.  F.,  C 

McCarthy,  James I'tali  and  '  !ciitcr  uta.,  S.  F..  (! 

SliBjiiin  Hoap  anil  Candle  Works 1(18  lluiili  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Navy  Soap  Co 310  I'oat  st..  S.  F..  C 

New  l-;n:jlatiil  Soap  Works 

<:tali  anil  Sixteenth  stu.,  S.  F.,  C 

Ncwctl  .v  llm 221  Davis  St.,  S.  F.,  C: 

I'oake  &  Fiskc 34  Cnlitoniia  «t.,  S.  F.,  C 

'i-nilray  ,<:  Co Victoria.  11.  C 

IVtcrsou,  Wm.  .J 421  Clay  nl..  S.  F..  (I 

rctcreon.  C.  A.  i  Co Juniper  St..  S.  F.,  C 

Pioneer  Soap  Factory Sacranieuto,  C 

Royal  Soap  Factory 205  Front  «l.,  S,  F.,  O 

Scii'.el,  FrcihTiik  K 

f-'aii  Hrnnn  Koail.  nr.  Twenty-ninth  St.,  S.  F..  C 

Binnlieinier  JIosi-s 311  Convincrcial  St.,  S.  F..  (.' 

Smith.  I.ury&Co 4(B  Fnmt  St.,  S.  F..  C 

Stan.laril  .Soap  0.) 2W  Sac:amcuto»U.  S.  F..  C 

SluM<laril  .Soa|i  \Vorks .s.m  Josv.  C 

StaniUu-.l  .Soap  Co Portlanil.  *> 

Htuhr.  Auaiist.San  liruuo  Itoatl.  nr  Fifteenth  av.,  S.  F..  C 

Vnion  .Soap  Factory Jnniper,  nr.  Folsoniht.,  S.  F.,  C 

Wuintrulv.  II Portliuiil.  <) 

Welch.  .M I'tah  anil  in  Dorailo  hta..  S.  F..  C 

S(Jl>A-  Masi:fai.tuki;1[s. 

llorstiiian.  John TOOBiinhst,.  S.  F.,  C 

SODA  WATEK-Maxifacid ki;iik. 

Bay  City  Soila  Water  Co 112  Colilcn  (iatc  av.  S.  F..  C 

lieiucrs,  C  A.  ii  Co 223  Khn  av,  S.  F.,  C 

Welch.  Cliarlcs&Uo 171'Ji  Market  St.  S.  F.,  C 


Hhnmnns  ft  Muson Stockton  ami  I'nlon  sts..  S.  F..  O 

.Soinim.  P.  (1 iVllClenientinaft..  S  F.  O 

Thoiniison.  (Jeo.  C Filhert  ami  .Marion  sis  .  S   F  .  tj 

SPItlXliS-  MA.NTFAni  UEIIM. 

'Jlie  llctts  Spriiiu  Co 218  Fremont  St.  S.  P.,  0 

SPlH.Nll    .M.VrniKSS-MA.St  I'AITI  HERS. 

Biiale.  Samuel 47  Scijnml  St..  S.  P.,  0 

,  STAIiCll    .\I\M  lAiTi  ui;k.h. 

Kvenlnw.  J.  \  Co U  clayst.  S.  P..  O 

srATlllNKllS. 

Ilaneroft.  A.  L.  i  Co 721  Market  St..  S.  F.,  C 

Itlake.  llol.hlns&Co .'ilC  Saeratneiito  s',..  .S.  F.,  O 

Crocker.  II.  S,  kC 215  Iliisli  st .  ,S  1'..  C 

Oroiker.  II.  S.  fi  l'^,, Sacramento.  O 

Canninifham.  Curtlss  6i  Welch 

.Sansonie  ami  Sacramento  sts.,  S.  F.,  O 

Frank,  liolilsmlth  &  Co -. 

.Sansunie  ami  Sacramento  sLs..  S.  V.,  O 

filll.  J.  K.  &Co Portlanil.  O 

llunulftin).  W.  A.  &  C.  S Sactamentn,  O 

Le  Count  Urod 417  .Montsoniery  St..  S.  F..  (J 

Payot,  Uphani  &  Co 204  Sansomu  st.  S.  P..  C 

Han  Francisco  News  Co 413  Washington  St..  S.  F..  C 

Waldtei.;.',  A .San  Jose,  O 

STOVES  ANIJ  TIN'WAIIK. 

Chllds.  M.  W I.,08  Anuelea.  O 

Crawford.  J.  W Sal.  in,  O 

lie  La  .Montanya,  James 006  llattery  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

(iolilsniith  A;  Ijoewcnltrg Portland,  O 

Cloodrich,  Taylor 2.>1  .Market  st .  .s.  F.,  C 

Uollimiik.  Memll  &  Stetson. . .  .22i-239  .Market  st  .  S.  P.,  C 

Harper.  lJeynold.s  &  Co Los  Auricles.  0 

lU.  Johnti 814  Kearoyst..  .S.  P..  U 

Moutauue.  W.  W.  Si  Co 110  lUitteiy  St..  S.  P.,  U 

Hay.  W.  S.iCo 12  14  Market  St.,  S  F.,  C 

Tay,  lieor^e  II.  .*;  Co 

(Jllj  llatti!  yst.,anileo..  Callfonila  ami  Davis  sts.,  S.  F'..  (.1 

STUVICS-   JiANrFAl-ri'ItEKH. 

Paciflc  stove  and  Iron  W"orks  Co 228  Main  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

I!ay  W.  S.  &Co 12  .Market  St.,  S.  P.,  0 

Savaye  &  Sob 137  Fremont  St.,  S.  P.,  G 

Tay,  lieo.  U.  fc  Co 1114  Hattery  St.,  S  P.,  C 

STKAW  OOODS-Mamifai.ti  liElis. 

Atlantic  Straw  Works 132  Foiu-th  St..  S.  P.,  C 

Cowles.  <i.  W.  .M 1017  Market  St..  S.  P.,  C 

Enterprise  Straw  Works 813  Mission  st.,  .S.  !•'..  C 

Kxcelsior  Straw  Works 120  Fourth  St.,  S.  F..  C 

Paeitie  Straw  Works Iti  Fourlli  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Western  Straw  Works 108  F'ourth  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

SlIiAIt  REFIM:1!IKS. 

American  Sufar  Ilcllnery 208  California  St..  S.  !••.,  O 

California  .Sugar  Itelinery 215  Front  St..  .S.  p..  V 

San  Prunelficoand  I'acilic 424  California  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Standard  Sugar  MIk.  Co lOF.ont  st.,  S.  P.,  O 

TAXSFltlES. 

lleezer,  Ilcnry lied  wood  C'ity.  C 

Brown.  .1.  11 llciiicia,  C 

Belmont  Tanneey Victoria.  II.  C 

Datiforth  &  Co Santa  Cruz.  O 

lllierhard.  .lacob.... Santa  Clara.  (! 

Panning.  II.  M .Stockton,  C 


785 


Kniiik  llr.w KtUwooil  City.  O 

Ori)A'lit:ii  .t  Nt'bkin Han  .It**',  <: 

IlaliU'Sii  IVU-re Eu(it!iio  City,  o 

Innu».  J.  L llclikla.  (I 

J.puliui,  Mre.  J.  O SanW  Uumi,  (,' 

Kirl.y  ,(i  <  •<! Manta  t'ru/,  ( ! 

KriHi,  11.  F Suula  I'ruz,  (-' 

Kiilliimii,  WiiencT  A  Co ItonlcLi,  O 

KuUmiin.  Wasuer  &  Co Htoi'kli>ii,  (• 

I!.  Lk'mnwoliiT &  Co Aitoria.  O 

McKay  H  I  'hri»hi)lui Ikiiiiola,  ( ^ 

Oregon  Leather  Mf«  Co I'ortlanil.  ( I 

ratrii'k.  A,  U FoljRjm  anil  Elghteouth  sts  ,  S.  V  ,  C 

I'urkiuj.  J.  II CiKiinMo  CUy,  o 

rerklna,  W.  M.  &  J.  M Parkcmlmrij.  O 

Kockllay  Tannery Victoria,  11.  O 

Hiicraluouto  Tannery  and  M(g  Co HiM:raiuent4),  C 

Sawyo  ,  li.  !•'.  &  Co Napa  City.  IJ 

8iaa.^,  Louis  it  Co SlOSanaoinu  Kt..  H,  h'.,  V 

Wind.  Molitz NuUrahka  nr  Yuba  St.,  H.  F..  C 

Wicks.  J I'utaluuia,  0 

Wise.  OoldflBh  *  Co HauU  Uo»a.  C! 

TEA. 

Botliin,  DallomanilACo 305  Front  at.,  S.  I'.,  C 

CasUoBros.  &  Louini 213  Front  at.  S.  F.,  C 

Coleman,  Wm.  T.  i  Co 121  Market  »t.,  ».  F..  C 

Ehrmau,  M.  Si  Co lOWlO  Front  at.,  S.  V.,  C 

Foftter,  H.  &  Co 2tlCalifoniia  at.,  H.  F.,  U 

Ilanly.  Ceo.  T.  &Co 211  Haoramonto  at.,  H.  F.,  C 

Knowing.  F.  &  Co 123  California  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Low,  V.  Adulliliu  Ji  Co 20j  California  at.,  H.  F.,  C 

Maconilray  &  Co 20li  ilanaomo  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Monteaiegre,  J.  (i 218  Uacramunto  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Moore.  I.  C 317  Battery  at.,  S.  F.,  U 

Mooa-,  L.  P 413  Sacramento  at.,  B.  F.,  C 

NcwtOiiBros.  i  Co 206  California  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Frfmitreo  &  MoCluro *H  Front  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Taljer,  Ilarkur  &  Co 108  Califoniia  at. ,  S.  P.,  C 

Wellinan,  PcckiCo 128  .Market  at.,  a.  P.,  O 

TIN  WAKE— JLlNUFACTUBnii.s. 

Auatin,  B.  C 406  Front  at.,  .-(.  F.,  C 

Camiibell,  Miltou San  Jose,  C 

ChiUla,  M.  W Lo3 /^J^80lea,  C 

Cole,  D  &  Co Portland,  O 

Ualzell,  Jamea Oaklaml  C 

Golclamith  4  Loewenbcrg Portland,  O 

Hogan,  Howard Stockton,  C 

Ilolbrook,  Merrill  4  Stotaon 225  Market  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Jackaon,  John Stockton,  C 

Montagiie,  W.  W.  &Co 110  Battery  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Montanya,  J.  Do  La 600  Battery  at ,  8.  P.,  O 

Montanya,  M.  De  La OaMand,  C 

Tay,  Geo.  U.  Si  Co 616  Battery  at.,  8.  R,  0 

Woirmann,  D Sacramento,  C 

TOBACCO. 

Ailama,  Cyrtia  &  Co 417  Battery  at.,  8.  F.,  0 

Anncr,  M  &  Co 306  Sacramento  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Ayers.  George  0.  Si  D 205  Froutat,  8.  P.,  C 

Baumgartner  Si  Bohb 230  Fourteenth  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Bowman,  .John  8.  Si  Co 213  Battery  at.,  8.  V.,  C 

Brand,  Ilemiau 304  Battery  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Bremer,  Joaepli  i  Co 310  Sacramento  at.,  8.  P..  O 

Bresaon,  Joseph 923  Paciiio  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Briggs,  Spencer  R 200  California  at..  S.  P..  C 

Bruton,  Daniel 206  Front  at.,  8,  P.,  C 

99 


Buchanan  A  I.yoU 318  Balliry  «l ,  ».  F,  C 

Cohn,  11  ,V  Co  2M  Fnmlat,  H.  F,  O 

CiUp,  J   1)  .(i  Co 16  tVimt  at,  8   F.C 

Dauaman  Tt»l-)MTo  Co 2U0  Frontal.,  S  F  .  C 

Unnklionae,  J.  A ■■  ■■ 

eor.  Battery  anil  Hocramento  at..  H.  F,  O 

Duke  W.,  SonaiCo 2M  Front  at,  8.  P.,  II 

Klirmaii.  .M.  Si  (.'o 104  110  Frontal.,  8.  F.,<l 

Englel.rucht.  V"X  II  Co 3U  Front  at.,  8.  F.,  t! 

Ealierg,  llaehman  &  Co.  .ror.  Battery  and  Cal.  ata  .8   P..  (' 

Falck.  lleridiard 421  Montgomery  at ,  8.  F. .  ( ^ 

FalkenaU'iii  &  Co 

cor.  Hacranientt)  and  Itiilli'ry  ata,  rt.  P.,  <! 

Franulttl,  J.  4  Co 41'J  llatl,  ry  at  ,  8.  P..  <1 

Frohman.  8 027  Montgomery  at..  8.  F.,  <! 

Gareia  Uroa cor.  WiuiUington  ainl  Hanaomo  ata.,  8.  P.,  O 

Goldberg  i  IVipi>e H.T3  Market  at..  8.  F.,  O 

Goalinaky,  R  S  Co 219  llatttry  at,  8.  F,0 

Gunat,  M.  A.  Si  Co 21U  Kearny  at ,  8.  F.,  I! 

Harris  llroa 813-618  Waahlngton  at.  8.  F.,  O 

Ueurdink  Si  Co 431  Valencia  at..  8.  F,  11 

Heyn  luan.  II 204  California  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Houalon,  W.  J 215  Calilornlaat,  8.  P.,  O 

Klopatock,  C.  4Co 212  Proulat.  8.  F.,  O 

KohlUrg,  M.  P.  S  Co 225  llaltery  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Kopiiel.  J  C.  Jt  Uro Han  Joau,  0 

Lewis,  .loaepli .'>12  Waaliington  at,  8.  P..  O 

Lewis.  W.  S:  Co 30  California  at .  8.  P.,  O 

Liebea  llroa.  Si  Vu 14  Fremont  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Liggett  Si  Meyers  Tobacco  Co 206  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Mayriach  Bros.  «i  Co 405  Uatlery  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Mfchalitaehko  llros.  k  Co 237  Kearny  at,  8.  P.,  (! 

Opiienlleimer  &  Uro 200  Front  at.  S.  P.,  0 

OrdonsU-in  Si  Co 308  Battery  at ,  8.  P.,  O 

Plageraaim,  H.  4  Co 305  Sacramento  at,  S,  P.,  O 

Itoaenltaum.  I.  8.  4Co.Cor.  Clay  and  Battery  ata.,  8.  P..  O 

Roaenaliine.  M.  Si  Bro 6IM  Front  at,  8.  p.,  0 

Rosenfeld,  II.  Si  Co Portland.  O 

Itoaenthal,  B, 

cor.  Montgomery  and  Commercial  ata.,  8.  P.,  0 

Sanderson  Si  Horn 327  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Schoenfeld,  Jonas 423  Jaelisonat,  8.  P.,  0 

Schaoffer,  J.  W.  Si  Co 323  Sacraniento  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Seal  Hock  Tobacco  Co 225  California  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

SiJemon,  Lacbmau  &  Co 209  Buttery  St..  8.  P.,  O 

Siebenhauer,  L.  Si  Co 222  Battery  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Smith,  L.  O.  K Portland.  O 

SpencoBroa.  4  Co 203  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Todd,  II.  II 315  Battery  at,  8.  P.,0 

Waaaerman  &  Co Portland,  O 

Wellman,  Peck  4  Co 126  Market  at,,  8.  P.,  O 

Worthoimer,  L.  4  E 300  Front  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Wertheiiner,  M.  4  Bro 518  Front  st,  .S.  P.,  O 

Ygual  4  Co 258  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

TOOLS-MANOFACTURFaiH. 

Doble,  Abner 13  Fremont  at,  8.  F.,  O 

San  Francisco  Tool  Co 21  Stcvenaon  at,  8.  P..  O 

TOY,S. 

Ackennan  Bros 123  Kearny  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Davialiroa 419  Kearny  and  713  Market  ata..  8.  P.,  O 

Davia  Bros.,  Le  Vino  4  Co 10  16  Sutter  at.,  .8.  P.,  O 

Feigeubauin  4  Co.  .120  Sansomo  and  217  Pine  Bts.,  3.  P.,  O 

Flavin.  Martin  J Cor.  Kearny  4  Commercial  ata.,  8.  P.,  0 

Frankcnthai,  Bachman  4  Co 

Cor.  Battery  and  CaUfomlaat,  8.  F.,  O 

Qoodyoar  Rubber  Co 577  Market  at,  8.  F.,  0 


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786 


APPENDIX. 


;m 


l[a3cy&  Lancaster 32  KeaniyBt..  B.  !•'..  C 

JoSLidi,  Xatlia:j  ic  Co C4I  Clay  eL,  ti,  1'.,  (I 

Fasiiuak',  B C60  Washlastoa  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Ti!I.MMlNG3-MANurAcTunEn.s. 

Allwotth  i;  Tluiniiwoii 8.  F..  C 

ntinjcr  Iz  0,1 1(13  Pcist  nt..  S.  P.,  C 

Froaim  &  rt.:li»i!fi.'r 445  .Murkot  at,  8.  F..  (,' 

Giiuth  S  noL'hrt's 72?  Markot  «l..  S.  F.,C 

TRUNKS— Masu  rACTL'nEKS. 

r.lock,  I).  &Cj lOTSansorao  nt,  S.  P.,  C 

rcflilwhuLT i  Steele 1(X)  Uatt^iryat.,  .S.  F.,C 

Ilarria,  .1.  .';  Co Market  ami  Kearny  »tH..  H  F.,  (.' 

llylaml.  Jo-seph  11 Sutter  a  <1  Moutijoinery  stu,,  H,  F,,  C 

Martin.  D.  S.  SH'o C2 J  .Markot  «t. ,  .S.  P.,  C 

Nor;;! ore.  Julin 12  tJeary  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Smiill.  JaniuaR OCIJ  Misalou  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Wiralnj,  C.  H 023  ^Iirketat,  8.  P.,  C 

TVPK— M.\NrPACTmEIl3. 

AmerieanTyiw  Pounilry SlOCIayat.,  8.  F..  C 

Foreman  t  Cj 518  Sansoinc  at..  S.  F.,  (' 

Mar,\i  r.  Luse  I:  Co SIS  flay  at.,  H.  F.,  C 

I'alnt.r  i  Co 510  Clay  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Palmer  i  Key 629  Comniorciul  at..  8.  P..  C 

UXDEI'lTAKEKS'  aOOM-MASUKAiTlurns. 

Gray.  N.  &  Co &0  Saeramenln  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

L.'vlson  iiros 134  Sutter  at..  8.  P.,  C 

Liiekliarti  Porter 16  O'Farrell  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Massv-y.  Atkiua 051  Sacrum, nto  at,  8.  P.,  C 

PacifloMtgCo C2:lMI«8lon  at,  8.  P.,  C 

VAIUETY  GOODS. 

Acberm.in  llros ..123  Keumy  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Currie.  .\rthur  L.  &  Co 514  Post  at..  8.  F.,  C 

Davi<  Ilroj 410  Kearny  ami  713  ^larkct  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Davia  llros..  Lo  Vino  &  Co 10- It)  Sutter  at,  S.  p..  C 

Flavin,  ilartln  J.. Cor.  Commercial  and  Kearny  ata.,  8. 1'.,  C 

Looiiii.s,  tJeorjp , 70j.71(J  Kearny  at.,  8.  F..  C 

Ba^lKr  i;  Co GOi  Slarkot  at.,  S.  P..  C 

Pponi-o,  A.  H.  &Co 557  Market  at,  8.  F.,  V 

BtoTcnaon  &  LouBBiU C03  Market  at,  8.  P.,  C 

V^VKXlSn-MAXrFAcTr:;>!na. 

California  Varnish  Works.  ..Utah,  near  Center  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

lluetcr  lirui.  ^  Co Second  and  Market  ats.,  S.  P.,  C 

Walton,  N.  C,  Sr 219  Miaaion  St,  8.  F.,  O 

WAGONS. 

Baker  &  Hamilton Pino  and  Davis  ats.,  8  F.,  C 

Davis.  Georjo  A 32'/  Markit  at,  ,S.  F,  C 

Eastman.  T.  8 40  New  Montsomery  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Frank  Uros 319  Market  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Oallajhcr,  Bernard 223  .Mission  st..  8  P.,  C 

llawley,  C.  A.  &  C,i 412  .Mirk...t  at,  8.  P.,  C 

llawley.  MartiusC.  &  Co.. Cor.  Markets  Be.  Icats..  .H.  p.,  C 

Ilawky,  David  N Cor.  Market  and  Mai.ata.,  8  P.  C 

btudeliaker  Bros 31  Culifiinii.v  at.  fi.  P.,  C 

HanlHini.  /V  W 21  Beale  at,  8.  F..  C 

WiUey,  O.  P  J;  Co 427  Mcnti'oniery  ,it,  8.  P.,  C 

WATCH  CASES-MASUFACTI:llEIlf. 

Corce  4  .Marchand GS2('!..vst,  H.  P.,  C 

Falco,  Alexander 614  ".Icrchant  st,  S.  F.,  C 

Oiannlnl,  P.  A 100  Mjntgoniory  st,  S.  F,,  C 

Smith.  F 417  Bush  St.  8.  F..  C 

WolatLon 120  SuttM  st,  H.  F,  O 


WATEIl  METERS- M.\xurACTunEns. 
GloTUinlnl  &  Co W  Mirnlou  at,  8.  F.,  O 

WILLOW-WARS. 

Armc«  &  DaKani 200-2:2  Front  at,  B.  P.,  O 

Cole  &  Ke::ny Ill  liacrnracntoct,  y.  P.,  O 

Cu])ltKa.  .Samuel  J"c  Co 12J  California  at.,  8.  p.,  O 

Pei^enbaum  &  Co. .  .120  Sanaome  and  217  Pine  at.  B.  p.,  O 

Pelduiann.  L.  i:  (-o 317  Sacrauient^iat.,  8.  p.,  0 

llarriaou  ,'i  Dickson 210  Satramentoat.,  8.  P.,  O 

llennca,  Christ  4  Co 1  08  Market  at,  H.  P..  0 

Lange,  J.  C.  It 13  Monti;oniery  uv.,  8.  P.,  C 

Liimlier,  George 411  Sacramento  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Stanley.  Mrs.  Mary  J 1210  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

WIXDMILLS-MAXUFACTUnEllS. 

Althouao  Wiudmill  Co IliSPino  at.  3.  P.,  C 

Dachelder  .Mlg.  Co 13  Fremont  at,  8.  P.,  O 

UakerJ^  Hamilton Davij  and  Pine,  8.  F..  C 

Eodvrell,  11.  H 211  MUaion  at  ,  .S  P.,  0 

GrcBory,  II.  P.  &  Co 2  California  at,  S.  1'..  O 

Coldamith,  D.  E 425  Sanaome  at,  8.  P.,  C 

lliuley,  Mareu.!  C.  ,1:  Co 3J1  .Markjt  at.,  8.  P..  O 

Kro.'h,  F.  W.  Si  Co 47  Bjalo  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Tustin.Wm.  1 3(B  Mission  st.  8.  P..  C 

WHIP— MANUr.4CTrftKRB. 

Kcyston  Bros 2663  Milalou  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

WIKE-WOKKS. 

C  lUfonila  Wlr«  Works  Co 0  California  st,  S.  F,  C 

WINES  AND  BRANDIES- Native. 

vVnduran,  C.  A.  &  Co 517  Sacramento  at.,  8.  F.  C 

Bach,  .Meese&  Co 321  Montsomery  at.  8.  P.,  O 

Baei^aluii.t,  Duinenico 1419  Duiiout  at,  ,S.  P.,  C 

Bunema!i&  .Martinonl 321  Ilattjry  at.,  .S.,  I-'.,  (J 

Dreyfus,  B.  &  Co 121  Ci.u.otnia  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Dreyfus  kCo Loa  AUt^eKs.  O 

Pet/,  Joseph cor.  <!e:iry  and  l>ui)ont  ats.,  8.  P.,  U 

Fraliolli,  1!.  &  Co 710  8.i.runienlo  at..  8.  P., '(! 

Gunillaeh.  .1.  Ai  Cu — cur.  Market  and  Second  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Ilaraazttiy,  Arpad  U  Co 5;>0  NVaaliinjtoii  at,  ,8.  P.,  C 

Ilorrl.i.  E.  T SiSMiasioust.S.  F,  O 

Kohler  &  Frohliug m  Moutsomery  at,  8.  F,  O 

Kohler&  FrolUing I.oa  Angeles,  C 

Laehmon,  8.  &  Co 100  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Laehman  U  .Tacobi cor.  Firvt  and  Maxk'.-t  ats.  S.  P.,  O 

Lang  i  Co 210  Duiajiit  at,  3.  P.,  0 

Lenonnaud  Bros 735  Howard  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Lyons,  E.  G.  &  Co 500  Ja<  ksoa  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

.M.ilatt8ta,  L 311  Pa-^lllc  at,  8.  F  .  O 

Me.Milhui,  Donald 311  Front  st,  8.  F,  O 

Melczer,  Win.  i  Co I2J  l'alifonda«t.  H.  P  ,  0 

Palmer.  U  &  Co 302  Davis  at,  8.  P.,  O 

lienz.  .lohn 308  Commercial  at.  8  P.,  O 

Kosi',  I.  .1 Los  Angel. B,  O 

Seallnanild,  Carlo 713  P'ront  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Walter,  Schilling  &  Co. .  .cor.  Pino  and  Battery  st,  t>.  P.,  O 

WOOLEN  OOODS-MANlKAiTlIlEnu. 

Aahlaml  WtKilen  Milla Aahland,  O 

nnjwnaville  Woolen  Milla '  -ownsvillo,  O 

Calfonila  Hosiery  Co Oakland,  O 

Dayton  Woolen  Mill Dayton,  O 

Golden  Gato  Woolen  Mill 303  California  st,  8.  P ,  O 

Los  Angeles  Woolen  Mill Los  Angeles.  O 

Million  Woolen  MUl IIB  Battery  st,  8  F.   O 

MarysvlUe  Woolen  Mill BlaiysflUtw  O 


APPENDIX. 


787 


F 
I- 

!• 

.  F. 

,,, 

V 

ntn 

(' 

.  F. 

f 

-  F. 

c 

mil 

0 

Ore5<>:i  f.'ify  Wriolcn  Mill Oro3,iii  City,  o 

P!0-J,:or  Wo;>lcn  Mllb 115  Itatttr/  nt.,  S.  F.,  ( • 

Provii  Woolen  M:ll I"nivo.  I' 

I!lo  Vlrjln  W.Kilen  Mill St,  ( Icor;.'.  U 

San  .loan  Wonlon  Mill Son  .Toso  c 

Sicra'nento  Woolen  Mill .S.icram'.'nto,  (' 

8  otliton  Wool™  M:11 St<Kkt(i:i  ( ' 

tianta  I!o.sa  Woolou  Mill Santa  llosa.  (' 

WUlaiusltj  V/oofen  Mill  Malcm.  O 

WOODI'.X  WAUli— Mas  ufactc  ukr-s 

Armo^  tz  DuFuiu 2J0  Fn>nt  st,.  rt, 

Colo  f;  K'jnny Ill  .Sacmnu'Uto  St..  H, 

Fciamimn  L  &  Co 317  Sacninicnto  St.,  S 

Fiffenbaiim  &  Co 120  Hanflomu  st,,  8. 

Harrison  fi.  Dlckiuiu 210  Sacraniunto  St.,  .S. 

NichoLf  /i  <  'o Sacramr: 

B-.oclcton,  1;.  A 411  Mission  St..  S. 

Tbu  .Muttullath  Manufactiirfti^  Co 

Klslith  St..  near  ilrj*aiit,  S. 

Zan  Dros P.Jrtl. 

A'OOL. 

Abholt,  Cha» cor.  Ilhuonio  ami  Fifth  sts.,  S.  F., 

Avy,  i-iujjno 323  Sanioniost.,  H.  F.. 

Baili^y,  Thomas  li  Co..  cor  IJluxomc  and  Fifth  sta.,  8.  V., 

Ball  &  Juliun TownHtiud,  near  Fifth  >,t.,  H.  I'.. 

DaUlwin,  A lIan<loii. 

IJanianl.  J Itamlon, 

Pi88inSL'r&  Co 310  Haiisoine  St.,  ,S.  F., 

PiaL-lflock,  J Ilanilon, 

Bray  Uros 220  Clay  »t,,  ».  F. 

Ilrowu.  1>.  A;  Co 041  MarltotBt..  H.  F., 

Cahon  nn>3 41  Clay  it,  H.  F, 

Christy  J:  Wile 0U7  Front  at.,  «.  F., 

Christy  (i  Viivs PortLiml, 

Cox,  J.  W.  &  Co cor.  Green  ami  Front  stA.  H.  F., 

P,ivi3,  Uhrlrty 42l!  Townsond  bL,  H.  P.. 

Dclli'lilan,.'  S  Co 42S  Ilattory  St.,  S.  F., 

Doughty,  Win 3H|>!'ar8t..  8.  F., 

Fallinir,  Hell  &  Co 430  California  St..  8.  F., 

Flint,  II   P Townscncl,  noar  Fifth  at..  8  F., 

Fcihy.  F.  &  Co 21a Dramin  at..  8.  P.. 

Cioliltr^.  Nathan 20HanjW)iue  at.,  8.  F. 

(Iri&ir,  II  i  Co cor.  Fifth  anil  Towiisond  ata,,  8.  F.. 

Hal.',  .lanica  W cor.  Fifth  oud  Blnxomu  ata.,  8.  F. 

Hart,  JaoUaon lODaylaat.S.  F., 


IFcTfon  k  Farrar P.irtlaiid.  O 

Ilix.-iiii.  .Insll.'iC.) 310  Wasldnjtonnt..  fl.  F,  C 

Kalni  l:roi Portland,' (I 

Knox,  .lull  I  F Townsr-nd  near  Fifth  i.t..  !1  I'..  C 

Kcisl.lanil  llrus 301  llatt«ry  iit.,  8.  I'.,  (,' 

ICslilanil  l:ri.i I'o Hand,  1) 

Koahl.ind,  .S.  .■.«'., yjS  CaU.'omla  lit  ,  II   1'.,  C 

Linil;frl.  l.lihha 5  SiK'arr.t..  !j.  F,  C 

Lanlm r  &  Leo 440  IViwnnond  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Le.  .Inhn cnr.  Fifth  and  Tonnscnd  sbi,  H.  P.,  U 

I.L'sall.'t.  IKiminhini' 

8ixth  Avonno,  lictwcen  Qand  U  ata.,  Bunth  H.  F..  C 

Miller  a  Co 10  Uavlast.  8.  F.,  0 

Moialy  4  Farriih 210  Davis  i.t .  8.  F  ,  0 

Xcwmark,  .1.  P.  Si  Co 214  Califomi.i  iit ,  8.  F,  C 

Xt-l:(on  &  Co Bandon,  t) 

( nreiw,  Bcrijauiin  W 403  Front  si,,  ii.  P.,  0 

Parks.  IL  F 10  Davis  St..  8.  F.,  O 

PlatBhek  i  llarrii 311  Battery  st .  S.  P..  C 

lIoa< man  fi  Bntler Portland.  O 

Sawyer,  11  F  .t  Co '. 323  I'rimt  nt..  M.  F,.  0 

Sthwalocher  Broj  Waila  Walla,  W,  T 

8od^;ley,  Joioi.h 5J3  Ke.aniy  st ,  fi.  P.,  O 

Khoo1)ert  i^;  Bealo 405  Mont;.-onicry  Ht..  ii.  1'.,  C 

Simon  .'i  Urealauer 13  Firat  at.,  8.  F,  C 

Sloas.  Loula  tiVt, 310  Hansolne  at..  3.  I'.,  C 

aninner.  W.  11.  i  Co 415  Fr..nt  at..  8.  F.,  O 

Van  Blarcoin.  A.  L 2t4  Sansonie  st.  8,  F,.  O 

Whitney  U  WcI/bUt Townsend  at.,  near  Fifth,  a.  P.,  O 

WOOL  SCOrKF.HS. 

Falkner.  BelKt  Co 430  California  at ,  S.  F..  C 

(irisar  ."c  Co Cor.  Fifth  anil  Townsend  ata..  H,  F.,  O 

Kni>x.  .Tiihn  P Townaeiid,  niar  Fiftli  St.,  S.  F..  U 

Larilneii  U.<i 440  Tomiaend  at,,  8.  P.  V 

McLjnuan,  IVank  P 425  Townsend  at.,  S.  F.,  I! 

Himon.t  llreshiuor 13  First  at.,  S,  P..  O 

YF.AST  POWDFIl -M.lNlKAnt'nrm. 

Uartou,  n.  P 313  8acr:,menf<i  at. .  8. 

Howen  P.  M.  &  Co 13PlnuBt..  8. 

California  Creatn  of  Tartort'o... 310  Towii3.!nd  itt.,  3. 

MeCartliy  llroa 121  Fnmtat..  8. 

Pacliic  Soila  Co 707  Bryant  at..  H 

Potrcni  Distillery  and  Comprcased  Veast  Co 

745  Marliet  St..  ii 

Tyler,  M.  11.  &  Bon 221  Uominerclal  nt..  8. 


P.,  O 

F..  C 
P .  I) 
P.  O 


DRY    GOODS. 


Au«rbf*ch.  F.  i  Bro Halt  Uko  City,  V 

h\.rhn\\in  liros 10  Hiitlt-ry  nt.,  H,  K.  O 

C'.>l)liiier  UtiU 513  Market  Pt .  H.  1' ,  (1 

<:.)liii,  M *.';irBou  nty,  N 

Curliii.  O 911  Market  f»t ,  H   V..  r, 

I»anMi!nlimiin,  .1.  &  H 121  Huiinotuo  nt ,  H.  F. 

I>:ivlUtou,  J.  W.  &  t'u Kuaruyuml  I'uHtitt*.,  $.  V 

VA '  .tircy.  K 60(i  Market  r,t ,  H.  F 

I)iiiki;Mi'1.  L.  &Co 37  Battory  st .  H.  F., 

]).)itio  «:  UjmhelwfKHl 133  Kuiiniy  nt,  ti.  F, 

F-'ist  lli-o«      H.II1  Jo9»t. 

Kirtli  T  &  Haiim 1U3  Hansuinj  Kt. .  H.  F., 

ri  .'is  rli;icr,  Mii'LT  ti  Co I'urtLuiil, 

iJ.iMvn  th,  L.  uVn Portlm»l, 

Fnnilil.n,  M.  ic  Bro IrtJlatti-ry  Ht .  H.  F, 

II-..li_T,  M.  &  Itroa naSaiuwmo  fit..  H.  F.. 

IIilu,  O.  A.  &  Co S;»u  JoM. 

llab/.:  Hum Hill  .Tos4\ 

II '  iioiiHim,  II.  &  Co SHaiiBumo  nt.,  H.  F.,  C 

II  >j!iittiult.*i-  k  Bro Maryavillo,  C 

llr,iri,iiii»itC.j 17  BattL-ryBt.  H.  F.  C 

Kiihii  Mm*.  &Co 17  Battery  Bt ,  H.  F.,  i' 

KcatiJ  BroB 107  Kearny  ut.,  H.  F  .  C 

LavluiboD  ft  Moyontaln 117  BaDBomo  Rt.,  8.  F.,  O 


'.,  c 


LcTy,  M.  &  Co HW  Bdttcry  r.t,  H.  P.,  O 

Levy.  M.  fc  Hun Haiita  Vni/..  O 

l^jvy,  M NuiiJi»30,  (I 

Iiion,  jj San  Jo.w,  0 

Lf)>iiiait.  H  &Co .8arnmi«iit'>,  (I 

Li|*"ia"  &  '•'»  I*nrtla:iil.  O 

Meyer,  Kui^.-rr.-  tiCu L'U  Aiijl-I  s.  C 

Mur|thy.  (initit  k  Cn.  .Cor.  flauwnu  ami  Bu^intn  .  M,  F.  (! 

Muriihy.  draiit .';  Cn Fortlainl,  <> 

NewlHirgor.  UeUrt  fc  Co 17  Huttcr  nt..  H.  I'.  C 

<tBrieii.  J.  .1.  *£  Co 1*24  Markot  «t.,  H  F,  C 

O'Comier,  Mi'ffiitt&Co HI  FiHtB'.,M.  F  ,  C 

Uoseiiliaum  &  Co 22  Battory  i.t.,  H  V  ,  C 

Bosjutlittl,  A.  H.  &Co 2vllB,«rif;t.  H  F.  <.' 

H:u:lif»,  llellcr  &  Co Cor.  Battery  an<l  Bnsli  lil.i..  ft.  F.,  0 

Boctid  Him.«lpurffer£i  Co.. Cor.  Baur.oiii'Ji:I'liiJtitti.,  ;*.  F.,  O 

Hhey.-r.  M.  fc  Bro 121  ririaoiu:- r.f...  fi.  F..  C 

Hprin«.  T.  W aaa  Jo.w.  O 

HtnuHW^irttor.  A.  tc  ('o.... Bonn,  N 

StrutiM,  L'.-vlfcCo U  lottery  at..  H.  F..  0 

Venlier,  Moruiu  &  Co 

Oor.  autt«r  and  Montgoniury  at  i.,  H.  F,  <J 

Weil  Bros  ft  Co 23  Battery  a  ,  H.  F..  U 

WUtou.  Tliomaa  ft  Co Victoriik  B.  O 


CANNERIES  OF  SALMON. 

Tbi'  nlibn-vlutfoti  B  F ,  after  th«  iiuiiiom  of  the  ut>ut4j  tn  tliif  table,  inil1cat«a  that  thov  n-flMe  In  Ban  Fraaciaoo;  P  In 
rnrtlHiia.  A  In  AMtdria,  iiiid  V  in  Virtorlu.  thoae  thnn;  citiM  tuirtni;  nt-arly  all  tho  u«enctc«. 


Alienlren  I'kg  Co. . 
Adair  S  1).  &Co... 
AilalriO. 


Astoriu  Firthcry 

AiiijIo-AiiH'ricttu  I'kK  ('o.. . 

Iladolla  fcl'ii 

lllltllllT  I'liU  Co 

Itntli  <  'luinin^  Co 

Il4'iilria  I'kaCo 

INuik.  J 

IliKith.  A  *i  Co 

llooth  ti  C 

Booth.  8  &Co 

Bm.lfortH;  Co 

Itrf  ti8h  Amurican  Vkg  Co. . 
Ilritlsh  ColiiiiiMa  I'kK  Co. 

Culifoniia  I'kK  Co 

Capitol  I'kK  Co 

CnliinililiirkKCo 

CuttiliK  l'k;I  t'o 

CuttinK  I'kK  t.'o 

CuttiliK  I'kK  Vo 

Coluniliia  CaniilTiK  Co 

Coliiinhia  'tlviT  I'iikCo 

Coliirobua  'kKCo 

l>tivliii.  Joliii  A  Co 


Delta  Canning  Co. 

Douclai  I'kK  Co 

Klnton*.  H,iMiiicl. 

Kugllsh  h  Co 

Kurt- ka  I'kg  Co 

KwiMi  k  Co 

Finillar,  linrham  ft  Urwlle. 

FlHlteniimiM  i'kg Co 

(iar<liier  I'kg  (.'o 

liOL-llull.   N 

Ilalgii.  It  AMona 

llai>Koo<l  li  Co 

Ilantboni  k  Co. 

Iloko  Halinon  Co 

Ilttnie,  JoH 

lluMie,  K.  I) 

Iluiuc,  Wm 

Hmiip,  Win 

Hume,  (ieo.  W 

Hume,  11.  I) 

InTcmoBs  I  'anning  Co 

JacluHin,  Meyern  &  Co 

Jimos  k  Anilenon 

King,  .Morra  &  Co. 

Laldlaw  &  Co 


Martinez  I'kg  t^i 

Megler,  J  I),  4  Co 

Mutlakatlah  Canning  Co 

N»««  lllv.r  Klulilng  Co 

NlinliklAl]  Cannery 

Mortli  I'aellloTnyrit&rkgl^o. 

ticcMent  I'kK  Co 

Occident  ana  *  Went  l*kg  Co. . 

Ocean  Cunning  Co 

1ire|{on  I'kgC 


Pa"iiio  Canning  Co 

I'aclflc  Cnifpii  I'kK  Co 

raclHc  <  'luut  I'kg  Co 

Pillar  Hock  I'kg  Co 

riiget  Hoiinil  Cng  anil  Pkg  Co, 

QuTnn  Jan 

Iletl  t'roMi'kg  Vo 


Ilwiu'o,  W 

I.')>IMT  AHtoria,  O. . 
Cauoe  I'tua.  It  C. . , 


RlTcr'H  Inlet  Canning  Co. . 

H«an<linavlan  I'kg  Co 

HeaoUle  I'kg  Co 

Hnilth.  Illmchftt^o 

8pafr.ini  I'kgCa) 

HulHini  I'kK  Co 

Taylor*  McDowell 

Tlniinlnn,  C  4  (To 

I'nlon  I'kg  Co 

WacbiiHctt  t'anntnK  Co 

WanKenbcitn,  Hoi.  ft  Co. . . 

Warrenftl'o,  V.  M 

Warren  .tC.i 

We«t.  .lohn 

Wc«t  CiKwt  I'ka  Co 

Wettierliee  ft  Tnontof 

WKIiauiK.  ,laa  ft  Co 

Wliulfor  Canning  Co 


Arrtiirlo,  O 

JVlilorh^  (I 

.-\fltoria,  o 

San  Frunciwo,  O 

I'lnihiua  Hirer,  U 

Henieia.  C 

.Martinez,  C 

Ilelilcla,  Cal 

Collinoille.  C 

Ubick  DlamouU 

CoUliuville.  C 

CuntM)  I'jiiM,  It  C 

.New  \Voiitniln8t4'r.  II  *-'... 

■San  Prunclaco,  c 

Hacraini>nto,  O 

San  I  .oiieinou,  C 

.Marti. )■  r,  C 

KuHelutf  Itlver,  Alaska  . . . 

.Sitka.  Aliuka 

Kisberton.  W 

Kaglol'lilT.  W 

Kagle  Clin.  W 

AsU>ria,  tl 

Lailner'g  Lanillng,  II.  O. . . 

Natw  Uiver.   IJt! 

AnUirla,  o 

.New  WeDtniinitter,  II  C... 

Knreka,  \V 

.New  Wmtniinater,  U  O . . . 

IVaa  Maml.  UC 

AMt4iria,  <i 

I'iniMua  Hirer,  O 

San  Kranclttco,  (.' 

"    luitlau  Hirer,  UC 

Wat.irfor.1,   W 

Ajit<irla,  O 

I'oit  Townia'Uil,  W 

Kna)itou.  W 

Antorla,  o 

iVnUiria,   11 

KagloCim.  W 

Astoria,  {> 

lloguo  Hirer,  O 

InvemeM,  B  C 

lialnler,  o 

Sactunicnto,  C 


lUack  Diamonil 

•Sapiierton,  B  C 

.Martinez.  C 

Ilrookllelil,  W 

Mctlakatlah.  B  O 

Najui  Klver,  BO 

Alert  Hay,  BC 

Klawack.  W 

Aatoria,  O 

.Smith  Klr.r,  C 

Hay  View,  W 

Clifton,  O 

Han  Franclico.  C 

Astoria,  o 

Kel  Hirer,  O 

I'lllarHock,  W 

Milton.  W 

Oulnn's  l,an(ling,  O 

■San  Francisco 

Hlver's Inlet,  B.C..  Ij'n 
...Charlotte  Hound. . . 

AsUiria,  <) 

Astoria,  o 

KiHllac  Isbsnd.  Alaalu.  . . 

Han  Francisco,  t! 

Port  <  'ostA,  C 

Courtland.  C 

Astoria,  <> 

Astoria,  O 

.Maska 

ColllnsTlUe,  U 

I'atblauiett,  W 

Cascwles.O 

Wii»ti>ort,  O 

Asl4irla,  <> 

Astoria.  <J 

Astoria,  O 

Aberdean.  B  O 


Boar 

Kagle 

Eagle 

Astoria  Fl&iiery. . . 
Anglo- Aiaerican. . 


AOCNTM. 


Banner 

Hacramouto  Uirer  Halmou 


Oral 

Black  Dlaniond  , . 

Hoal 

Crescent 


British  Colunibbk  Pkg  Co. 

White  Cross 

Cauitol 

Columbia 

Hpring  Hacramento  Fish. . 


CockUII  . . . 
Columlius  . 


Maiilo  IjeaT 

Si'al 

Klmont'sHoal.. 

Phoenit 

Htar 

Lion 


Fishomuin  . 
.Map 


Htar 

f  Waterf onl  Pitserrg  Co. 

I  HuligooU  ft  Co 

Uauthom  ft  Cu 


l*hotogra|)h 

t  'rown 

Kaglc 

Kagle 

Flag 

t  Crown  Royal  I 
••■  I  . .  and  (!lolie. . .  /  ' 
T.  II.  ft  Co 


Jones  ft  Andcrwn  \ 


.      Taylor  ft  McO. 

Pioneer  h  iskery 

Dominion 


'hiefUln 

atagaudSt  lleorge. 


Chanticleer 

MmnkbibUinir  ... 

Challcngo 

.Meriiiaid 

O.  ando 

Ksuulinaux 

J.  W.  ft  V  Cook..., 

Tiger 

Portrait 

Man  I'aclflc  t^oaat. 
Pillar  Rock 


Anchor 

Heil  t'ross 

Queen  (Charlotte 

HcantUnarlan  Plslterrnan , 


lloneHhoe. , 


Taylor  ft  McDowell. 

WhitoHlar 


Wachuselt 

Htar  of  Columbia.. 


Royal  Standard., 
Hhip . 


Farorito 

.1.  Williams  ft  Co  . 
Double  Triangle.. 

788 


fieo.  W   llnnie,  K  F. 

Hilw.n.  (  hureh&Co,,  P. 
I  WilihiiCo,  S.  F 
i  Welch.  Hllhet  ft  Co.,  V. 

.M  .1    Kliuiry,  H.  F. 

Corliltt  ft  Macleay,  8.  F.  ft  P. 

Banner  Pkg  Co,.  H.  F. 
<te<i.  W  Hume,  H.  F. 
(leo  W.  Hume,  8.  P. 

Hc.)tchlerk(lilib«,H.  P. 
.Scotchlerftlill.bs,  H,  F. 
Hcotebierfttiil.lis,  8,  P, 
.Scotchlerft(ill.l«,  H.  F. 
Wm.  T  Coleman  ft  I 'o,  8.  P. 
Wm  T  c..hnianft  Co.,   8.  F. 
<'uttlnK  I'kK  Co..  8.  F. 
Wni  T  Coleman  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 
A.  l.uskftCo..  8.  F. 
Cutting  I'kK  Co ,  8.  P. 
Cutting  l'kgC4i. 
CuttinK  I'kK  Co,  8  P. 
Wm.  T  Coleman  ft  Co.,   8.  P, 
CutlinKl'kKCo,  8  F. 
Fontana,  Marsicano  ft  Ca,  8.  F. 
John  A  IkillnftCo.,  A. 
■  W.lcbftCo..  H.  F. 

Welch.  HlUut  ft  i;o.,  V. 

1)  Wamii.  V. 
lieo  W  Hume.  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Cikninii  ft  Co.,  8.  F, 
HeoU'hler  ft  I  tlhlis,  8   F. 
Htahlstnlilt  ft  Waril.  V. 
FIndlay.  Durham  ft  11.,  V. 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  8.  P. 
Wm  T  Coleman  ft  Co.,  H.  P. 
N,  CrtWtjcn.  H.  F, 
Htahlsinklt  ft  WanI,  V. 

John  clement.  8  P. 

Wadbams  «  Elliott,  8  P.  and  P. 
Thos  Phllllia.  Port  Townsend,W 

R  n  llnmoft  C.I.,   8.  P. 
Wm  T  Coleman  ft  Co.,  H.  P. 
Wm  T  Coleman  A  i;o.,  8,  F. 
lleo  W.  Hume,  8.  F. 

K.  »  HuDU'  ft  Co.,  8.  P. 

Turner,  Beetou  ft  Ca,  V, 

Win.  T  Coleman  k  Co.,  8,  F, 

KIni.  MonicftCo,  8.  P. 

(  Welch  ft  Co ,  8.  P. 

I  Welch.  Blthet  ft  Co  ,  V. 

11,  Von  Amnion,  8,  F, 

.   irbiltft  Ma<^leay,  P.  aild&  F, 

Tomer.  Itet'ton  ft  Co.,  V, 

Finillay.  Durham  ft  II.,  V. 

T,  Karfa,  V. 

II.  A.  Wilson,  V. 

tie<x  W  llimie,  8  P. 

Martin.  Feusier  ft  Co.,  B,  F, 

lie.!  W,  llunio,  8  F, 

C  Ad..liiho.I,ow  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 

Ile>l  Cross  I'kK  Co  ,  8.  P. 

Win.  T.  Coleman  ft  <^o.,  B.  F. 

Cutting  Pkg  Co  ,  8  P. 

Ptiget  Bound  Cng  and  Pm.  Ox 
Allen  ft  U'wis.  8  F.  and  P. 
Reil  Cross  Pkg  (%i,  8.  P. 

Tbol.  Hhotbolt.  V. 

fleo,  W  Hume.  8  P. 

Win,  T  Coleman  ft  Co,,  8.  F, 

l,<iulsHloMift<Si.,  H.  P. 

I    M.  BiolTord  ft  Co  ,  8.  P. 

Wm  T  Coleman  ft  Co.,  8.  F, 

(leo  W  Hume  ft  Co. 

Wm  T  Coleman  ft  Co ,  a.  F. 

Wm  T  C.ileinan  ft  Co,,  8,  P, 

Win  T  Coleman  ft  Co.,  ft  P. 

Wailgenheiin,  8ol  ft  Co.,  8.  F, 

Warrenftl'o,  P. 

Warn  n  ft  Co  ,  P. 

Allen  ft  I^wls,  B  P.  and  P. 

(J.'o  W   Hume.  8  F 

Hintclilerftllibba,  8  P, 

Wm  T,  Coleman  ft  Co,,  8.  F, 

Henry  Bauudera,  V. 


1 


Si 


t; 


DRIARD  HOUSE,  VICTORIA,  B.  a 


HOTELS. 


Tho  fnllowtng  list  of  the  leadltiK  IlntcU  of  our  Coaat,  so  f ar  an  our  moans  of  knowledge  pxtcn<l.  kItcs  tho  locality. 
Umtlonl  or  i>r()prit>U)r.  iminbL-r  of  t;iiuat«  tlut  tliu  buiuo  cuu  auruuuuotUtu  umL  r<x>iiu,  uu<l  cbaruu  pur  (Uy.  Tliu  abbru* 
Tlation  r  luuauti  i  ixiimt,  uiul  y  i,U(;iiU. 


Al»Miny.  o 

Alluii  HiirUms,  a.. 

Alta,U 

Auaboim,  V 

Antiucb,  0 

Apfcos.0 

Ai«uria.O. 


Auburn,  O.. 


Austin,  X 

lJakcr4'Uy,n 

Bakors  lUy,  W 

lUkiTsIirM.  )' 

Bartlutt  riprings,  V... 
Battlu  Mountain.  N. 

Bouida.0 

Bodle,!.' 

CallHto^,  O 

(Cambria,  C 

Canon  City,  N 


Chico,  O 

Clackaiuai)  I'ounty.  U 
Clatsop  lluacb,  U . . . . . 

C'loTunUlu,  O 

(iuvunUilo,  0 

iolfax.  C 

Cu'Um,  r 

Colusa, 


"Ti 


Gorvftllis.O.. 


DftUu.  n... 
Durton,  O.. 
Dftyton.  W. . 


nixon,  C 

Dutch  FtutsC 

East  PurtlaniLO.. 
Empire  City,  O..., 
Eureka.  C 


Eureka.  N 

FuLsoni.  C ft 

Forwt  GroTo,  O 

Frotuo,  C 

OuaiUlupo,  C 

Ooysenrille,  C 

Oilroy,  C 


(tlcnbrook,  C... 

CJlol-e,  A 

Oota  hill.  N 

(Jnua  Valley,  0.. 

Hauf oril.  0 

Ilaywards,  C 


Ilwl>Ubarg,C 

HlKblaiiO.  C 

Holbstijr.  C 

UoodUivur,  O 

Ion-  Clty.O 

JAcksoitTtUe,  O... 

Kellogg,  C 

Knights  Firry,  O. 

hA  ilmngx,  C 

Lake  I'ounty,  C..,. 


Lakepprt,  C 

lAkeTahoo,  0.. 

Lathrop,  C 

Lewliton,  I 

LUlell,  V 

Lus  Augttles,  O., 


St.  Chftrlos  Uotel 

Allou  Hprin^fti  Hotel 

Alttt  Hotel 

i*lant4;TB'  Hoti-1 

Atni-'rlvan  Kxcbange  Hoti-l  . 

Aptoa  Hot-l 

I'urki  r  HouHu  

Ocfi.lunt  Hotel 

American  Hotel 

I'utnain  House 

Inteniatiorial  Hot  I 

Latimer's  Hotel 

St-a  View  House 

<'ainpl<L>ll  House 

ilartlLtt  HpringH  Hotel 

tosniopoUtan  liotel 


i>cci(lental  Hotel 

I'albituga  Hot  Hprtngs.. 

I'roctor  House 

Orinshy  Hoiuo 

Arlington  House 

I  nion  Hotel 

Wilboit  Hnringi'.  Hotel.. 

S<>aHidu  iiouiH} 

Mountain  Houso 

United  Htates  Hotel. .  ■ . 


Colton  Exchange  Hotel. . 

Colusa  House 

Hureka  Uotcl 

DccidonUl  Hotel 

Vincent  House 


Curtis  House , 

Columbia  Hotel 

North  Western  Hotel., 

King's  Hotel 

iJutch  Flat  Hotel 

HunilKtblt  House 

.•Vsttrr  House 

Flnsun  House 

Vance  House 

lnt«.'matioual  Hotel... 

< 'cntrul  H<iU.*l 

liauipton  House 

Ogle  llouse. 


Krvuru  House 

(•eystirvillo  Hotel 

lUilroa<l  House 

Houtbem  racltlo  Hotel. . 

Ua^etts  Hotel 

I'ascoe  House 

\ova<la  House 

Holbrooke  House 

Ilanfonl  Hotel 

Haywarii's  Hotel 

Oakce'HoU'l 

Stnyijiiiij  HoteL.. 


Higliland  Hiirlngs  House.. 
McMalii'it  If^tuse 


IIoo«l  Itiver  Hotel. 

Arcadu  Hotel 

Jacksonvillu  Hotel. 
Kellogg  Hotel 


lUue  Lakes  Hotel 

Harbin  HotHuljihur  Springs.. 

Setgter  Hprlngs  Hotel 

NiHlu  Uny  Hotel. 

llowani  House 

Clear  Lake  Hotel 

Tal  lac  House 

Ltttbrop  Hotel 


AitiJk  Hpriogt  Hot«l.. 
Cowuopolitau  Hotel.. 


Mrs.  C.  Houck 

Alkn  Uros 

Alltert  Thomas 

K.  Dtuiharo 

IV  'iriJHn 

\V,  H.  Httxlmaa 

Il.lt,  I'rtikcr 

\[t-gler&  Wright 

F.TiOl 

Terry  &  Co  — 

Crt  scenzo  St  Uaudolfo. 
Jos.  Latimer 


.fas.  Cumpltil 

Hartlutt,  McMaUou  &  CUrke. 

J.  K.  liatchclilcr 

Myrick  FoUoiu 

Kemp  i  CoUiman 

t.reo.  W.  Johnson 

lleo.  H.  Davis 

.Sharp  llros 

B.  F.  Hniull 

Ira  K.  DooUttle 


A  C.  McDonald. , 

M.  MoDthan 

Curley  &  Mabou.. 
J.  Laird   


M.  r.  French 

.Mrs.  N.  C.  Folley 

II.  W.  Vincent 

M.  W.  I'arson 

J.  a  Huteh 

M.  r.  Cbarlea 

W.  A.  MiKKly 

Hrinkerhoff  d£  King... 

K.  Mirilows 

Jno.  Kroetz 

<  'had.  Baker 

W.  H.  KoweU , 

John  Vance 

D.  H.  HalL 

J.  (,'.  lUnii 

A.  H.  Hampton 

W.  O.  liarker 

W.  M.  Fenton 

C.  W.  Hkogg 

Mrs.  C.  M.  Uiggiuson., 

Ueo.  Keaniau 

Wm.  V.  liABsett 

it.  F.  Pascoe 

Jos.  Bo<lcn 

D.  1>.  Holbrooke 

.M  Malcom 

Haj-ward 

Tony  Oakcs 

Ju'      V.  Clack 

Dr.  v..  M.  Bates 

Itector  ilros 

D.  II.  RLlttletteld.... 

fas.  McCauley 

U.  M.  Coltum 

C.  H.  Holmes. 

Mrs.  Itarnes 

Mrs.  MM.  Basso 

Theo.  Demiug 

Itichnrd  Wi'liaou 

Jno  8|>aul(ling 

A.  K.  Greijg 

Mrs.  A  JlJlBch 

J.  N.Miller 

K.J.  Baldwin 

Htackitole  tt  Lincoln. . . 


Augtut  Dittner.. 
WTII.  Lidell.. 


Hammel  &  Deokor. . 


2-5 


CU'R((i;i4. 


48  r 
40g 

Mr 

75  g 

70  g 


Wg 


■Wg 


60g 


7Sg 
SOg 


76  g 


2Sg 

aor 


40r 
SOg 


900g 


il  tO-i  50 
150 


1  25-3  SO 
3  50-3  00 


3  0O 


3  00 
100  3  00 


1  50-3  00 
3U0 


3  00 


1  00-3  00 


3  00 
3  00 


1  oo-aoo 


2  0O 

3  00 

1  SO 
3  00 

2  00 


3  00 
3CI0-3  60 


3  00 

3  00-3  00 


780 


m 


!)' 


1 


MM 


r 

it 


l/)9  An^cltai,  V 

Los  Aii^f.ti*  C*>u;ity,  C 

Mu4l  -lu.  t! 

MiiriiMco,  *' 

M.tnixi  iit'uii  ity,  C 

Mii.k  \>.»t.  0 

.Miirtiui;/.  C 

MiiryaMllc.  (' 

Mc-Uiuiivillo,  U 

Miitti  I'mk,  t; 

Muri.x<l,  (-' 


MInemlllill,  N... 
MiHiiioii  hull  J(iat>. 
Mutic'tiU),  I' 


Mont  wy,  ('.. 


Montcn-y  r«uuty.  C 
MoLiiitaiii  Vii rw,  c, 

Nuimiiiio,  It.  C 

>UiU,  I* 


Nonida  t'lty,  «'.., 
KuW  Tacti.iia,  W., 


Oron^'t  V 

Oru^uii  City,  O. . 

*Koville,  I' 

Oy.iturv.lle,  W... 

i'ujuro,  O 

I'llllMiitC.  N 

VatM  li>H)U»«,  v.. 
I'ttttlUlllU,  ('.... 


rh'«-ilx,  A... 
i*n)diuo:it,  (-'. 

I'liWJ.T.llL'.    C 

ru/Uiiiul,  o.. 


Tort  Ti>wn.ijml,  W., 

l*r.»e"tt,  A 

Ut-UUiUT,  f 


IluiMIus.  C 

KixiwooJ  City,  C,. 

K.iio.  N 

lUvcrwi.lu,  C 


RoBiiburj.  O... 
BoOiUniuiito,  C. 


H^rnaiv  C 

Halt  L.iki;  City,  ir., 


8aTi  n  T.-anliiio,  C. . 


Sa:i  r.iic.wvciitura,  C. 


Han  DL'^ii.  C. 
bau  I'mjcisco, 


Ban  (Idbria,  C. 


HOTELS.—CoNTiNtrED. 


Piui  Ilouae 

-Slum  i\lutlru  Vitltt. . 

.»lllC('B  UnU'l 

.l.illitn.i  ll.)tl 

<;m  Vi  ■>  ll..t  I 

Miiik  \\\    t  Siiiiu;i8.. 

Allm'!il<i.kil.i:<.I 

\Vr«t  ri  IIiUSi; 

CVutrul  Uutul  


rr.ijpnicTon. 


ilrbwolO  i'.  M.vn\\ ,.. 

W.  I'.  i;h.«iaca 

U.  I'.  Maoi 

Mr'iiiDlotrtiuSl.Min  — 

■In  1.  Hiiniiion 

Ji>jIu1i  Hiur^h 

iifO.   WuplHjl 

L.  H.CiM.k 

.V.  U.  Fiitchcr 


New  WusitmiiiHt.r,  11.  C 

Ojk-iuni,  C 


03tlea.  IT.... 
Ulyiuiua,  W. . 


KlCipftan.  

O.Miii(>,M»lltim  Hotfl !.\I.  I-'.  Monin.. 

(lot  Hi.rin  j  Hot.;! ,T.  1(,   Bruffy. . 

lri;ern.U.<)iial  liiitcl.... J.  ('iilonib.;^. 

i'n-ntift.1  Ilotul 

lSu«l  lliitUJ 

Ilot.l.lel  Monte 

^t.  Charlcj  Uut.'l 

i'ar.]5oN|iriii;;H  Hute).... 

iioA^'  liut.l 

Itlack  DiiitnunJ  Uotol. . . . 

I'llUc-rllL.ta 

XuiMli'iM  

\ttlional  r,x:baujo. ...... 

iU]»t..(l   lli)iis.> 

HItickwairtllotjI 

OjwtUut  lloLi.1 

laltiKlo  liouaj 

fiib.B  Hotel 

il.-unla) jy'd  lloteU 

tJailtoii  lloiuij , , 

i'ucillo  llotui 

liroiu'  Ilottl... 

iJlllt  lloUHO 

iJ.  H.  Hot*;! 

i*aclllc  Uouw 

I'ujaro  Hotel 

lX-i>ot  llotui 

i'aititdj  UobltD  Hotel 

■i\v,i  .to:i  llctano 

Aiiuricaii  Hot.  1 

i_'oj:!ioix>lita:i  Hotel 

Ujik  hxfhmyjllotj.... 


I.  W.  ITontisa 

J.  C.  Tnincr 

.tco.  HJion.-n'alU 

it.C.  WoHKa 

J.  I*.  littiVCJ 

,•:.  W.  Uoj-a 

■J,  W.  Uninnton 

>Irj.  L.  Kelly 

Li.  A.  HOjan 

Ch.ii.  li.  IVarsun 

Ia:obHubt;.l 

^V.  11.  Ultickwcll 

.1.  W.  liowison 

f&3.  r.  .Morrla 

M.  Tuhbfl 

M.  II.  UiarOcky 

.M.  W.  Wm.a 

M.  W.  Willa 

tV.  L.  Uulm'tom 

r.  \V.  Ilhoadcj 

Lo.iiu  \V.  Hoops....  

l^  Cdnutlura 

J.  M.  IJuKiwIu 

■•:.  M.  Uau-.n 

Ula  Lburii  Kna.  ti  Jiuueb. . 

t'iioj.  \/.  t>r/aniuii 

Mouro  ii  IJutlon 

II.  Mattliica 

1:1.  (Jan~: 

r.-ank  lliQitt) 


ilo\ifin.iii  Uutiaj i  i(.  \ur:ioM . 

L'lun:uUu'i  Hot^-1 /lubo.'  t^  Kiiuwlca. . 

i'h J  I  Bujoutl 1.1.  H.  Brcjiior 

•it.  CIiarh-M  Hotel jL.  t).  Urownuian.. 

■ic.  tJeoriij  HotJ LUiiUclct  i;  Liijiu. . . 

. 'Jtita.1  i  lilt  :1 iJoX  I  J;  l*icli 

tVilliiiia:*  HoiLio 1  A.  1'.  \/ill.a:u3  .... 


{caiU'.ifr  ll'.itol.. 

rrcmo.jt  HuU-I 

ttmia.nzHutoL 

.iraa«UI"lc!l 

Di.'itotHot:L 

tlvc.-^Mj  Hou3o 

■  Ic'.irnvoo  I  ( 'ol-tajo  llotui. . . . 

.Mjt.o.wl  ta-.i  llotjl 

iJiTi'lian  Hon*.! 

-  foldua  liaj.c  llotjl 

.StaU)  Houoo 

(Jnion  IlotuI 

Wcstora  Hotel 

i'!io:n'.l£:t;iH  ttcl 

'.'oiniiK'n-Ial  Hutot 

.;eu"l"iJHotJ 

\blKitt  1  loose 

vValk-r  Ho>- 

'outii):n'al  Hotol 

Stark/a  Hot.l 

^.nltllJI;l  Hot*;! 

itovcro  I  Iou:« 

Ayo  s'  Hnt,.l 

Ho  ton  Hoitso 

rala::jno;d 

;.il  hv:u  Ho-. -L 

ili-a.i.UloU;! 

Djtia.'n.dl  Hot  I 

l/olc  lIo-i;c 

M.y\  Hon: ' 

n»ok!>"j  11  (iwl 

A  uurijaii  Lx-^tiai'gj 

i.'o.n  nr.-.r.l  HoUl  , 

iiilcmutiuual  Hot.'l 


I.  Audr-wj, , 

i.  W.  Cur,eu 

U.  Co.nro  

Jolui  i  'ro^;ljy 

»V.  a  Cha-iberlafn 

\V.  U.\/ood 

I-'ra::U  A.  Miller 

\V.  L.  Uutton 

iV'r.y  ii  Vq 

Iiu.  MjNaaa.- 

a.  i:Klrol 

lajtio:'.!  Towimcml 

u'vx.  Lr.ii'l 

V  K  Ma-thcwa 

>«\-Blcy  I  irtiton 

'.  A.  fljcil 

Jurrliioa  ^  UmiUi 

;.4J.  i.i-b 

1.  ;f  i:rb 

A.  Htail:^ 

a  J.  IJvani 

\Ya■■.l^:'H:o 

A.  Ayrr.i 

'.  1*.  vtcrlcliton.. 

A  D.  Hhxro'J 

,;.  J.  UaLlwIu 

I.  !■'. 'iliom. 

Jliaa.  )..  V/cth':riiJO 

,/i;i.  r.  Uo-.1ao-i 

1.  U.  M.y::r>-i'f;(.'o 

'•ra-juaa  Ci  Dalil;y , 

'.:r.!.  Mou:  o-.i.:y /i  Uro.i. 

■y  u; <'4'.r.i.'.;iy... , 

if.  C.  I'atr.d:;! 

0.  C.  IVitclieU 


700 


/I  :i  ^  ' 


SOg 


70r 

1X1 :; 


33r 
tJlS 

me 

UilS 
Ur 
SOg 
40g 


16JU 

JO  J 
Mr 


40  B 


3  00-100 

1  CO-3  0D 

200 

200 


2  00 
J  10 
1  50-2  00 


3  CO 

1  10-2  00 


300 

1  :J-3  00 

2  UJ-2  HO 

3  CO-3  00 

I  ;.j-j  (,0 
1  oo^j  to 


2  00 

I  :)-3  00 
1  CO-1  23 

2C0 

3  00 

3  tj-3  ca 

1  tJ  JCO 

1  lU-aOil 

2  00 


1  SO-2  00 


Mr 

11^-9  00 

I  0-r 

J  O-l  CO 

liii: 

J  (.0-1  to 

100  u 

1  r.j  3  to 

100  u 

1  W  2  00 

13S  :; 

2  OO-J  00 

Mr 

2  0) 

2j0r 

1  co-2  no 

,5Jr 

J  OJ-1  CO 

■150 1 

J  CJ-S  CO 

1  Or 

1  tO-JtO 

4;0r 

1  oj-;t  00 

iMr 

1  0.)  5  CO 

.  OJ  r 

1  CO  iCO 

121  r 

1  1. J  J  to 

laJr 

1  to  1 :o 

20Or 

1  10 

Ulr 

1  CO-2  00 

ARLINGTON  HOUSE,  SEATTLE,  \V.  T. 


■  ^ 


MOTELS— COSTINDKD. 


fl 


TOWH 

NAJlt 

ritUpltlKTUll. 

■J  « 

C'lriiuta 

Hftn  Jow,  C 

KDellwig 

I'jflcr  iJcacU 

123  r 

IM( 
lljUll 

Mt 

70  r 

100  r 
IMr 

123  g 
60g 

3  SD-J  U) 
1  M>.5  M 

i'Ia.'jfcUoH 

1  itmlillti  lIuUl 

CcMUnoMli'an  Hole) 

Hun  Luii  OLliiio,  *; 

UtiickMini  \  Frtnlnrlck 

■i  lU-1'  M 

Bah  Mntoo  C 

Haa  MiUulioU'l 

L'eutml  ll.ii.I     

raiuuli%iiH  lIoLl 

ii.  Wulttw 

Haultufoul.  0 

a  OU 

Hmita  Aiui.  U 

i  W  Layuiau 

Haiita  UftiUn.  C 

JUO 

ArUnjto;!  lUn.  1 

i*ucinj(>ooati  IlauM. 

St  CluulitB  Hotel 

HatiLa  Cm/  0 

K.  J.  Hwtit '.;... 

i^ttuta  Munktt  lluto] 

tVilkiriii  lluuwr. ,. . 

linuul  Iluiel 

•• 

I'.  V,  V/ilkiOii 

8Mit«KoM,a 

(teciac'utal  UoML 

rlonta  lUna  Hotel 

i'aclllo  C'onsrei*  Hiirititfa 

t-.l  Moiitu  Hotel 

ODtral  Hot(!l 

0.  A.  '1  uii|ier 

r.  JohoMii 

L.  A.  Htijo 

J.  i:.  Slinkey 

Jaa.  H.  HucHdY.. 

.iiultli/t  Vturvr 

Sumtora,  (T 

Huucrlit^i,  *' 

ISO 

BtiHttif  ^v             

2  Ul 

Juo  V.  Hcott 

SUoti  flpriligil,  0 

Hu.-ffiii  *',*'..... 

.HkagHB' Hotel 

A.  Skit«iH 

soo-sa) 

1  (JU-JOO 

MtA   II   1).  AmletMiii 

*L  II(irM.-1y    .          .  . 

F.  A.  FreuU 

City  Hotel 

0.  li.  Ilonila. 

Soquel.  C 

Span  ahtowii.  C ^ 

I'artt  HouM 

>» 

1.  AM.  llttiiii 

ti           " ' ' 

BUmkion,  0               

h*  C.  Holm 

Vrtsomitj  House 

laii  (.'avea. 

„        

1.  H.  Cro« 

u  iM».   n    

ICuberts'  Hotel 

ftio.  Vutt 

TtaSii^o ::—;:•■■• 

riios.  Hmitli 

1  ct>-2  50 

•Valkcr  ILiuse 

H.H.  Walker 

i'aul  Monim-y 

Monh  &  iJrificoU  .... 

Tiicaoii.  A 

Tiilare  C         

Paciilo  Hotel 

Lkfah  C.ty  Hotel 

D.  W.  MadUeii 

W.  A,  Ha^.Tina 

Peoiilo'.*  Hotel 

a  Tanner 

Union  Hotel .. 

VacaTillc   C      

Wilson  Ho;d 

I.  K.Davia ] 

VttUui-.,  0 

it.  J   Hoiriu'^oii    . 

3  0IV6  00 

St.  Niclmhu  Hotel 

M.  1'.  Diliou..   .7. 

1.                 

\7allft  W&U;k.  W 

Olunii'la  Hotel 

IL  U.  I^jiuiO*    .... 

200 

Watsonfine,  C 

300 

tVillitim)!  Hotel 

W.  H.  WilHaiua. '.'..'.  ....'. 

WooillAnfL  C 

Voh)  Hotj' 

U  W.  McDonald.      

IToMuiitd  VaUcv  0 

Yoacmi'.J  Hotel 

3  CO 

Itlack'.i  Hf.*J 

M 

f*iaiifii  Hotel 

rnk>,C    

p|>)|[|p^l\|imffff|fl   lioUtl      ...             ... 

Jolmit.  iiobei*Co 

791 

79» 


APPENDIX. 


MAPS    AND    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


i         ■'!      : 


Califoniia  uuil  NfrmU Oppotltti 

On-i,*'H»  iiU'l  \V.wIiiri;,'lo.t " 

Ni-w  Tucoiu.i  " 

urt-iuii  lUilH'uy  aail  XAttjation  Compiiay'i  Dock. " 

strainer  Wiu   In'iiij; ...        " 

Port  CoBtft " 

tjorUon  llar.luraru  ( 'oiiipaiiy'i  Hulldlnji 

Firtt  Striit.  I'ortlanil 

HauiiiK-rii  i;  Co  '«  StfiUntT  Hunlxiiyx  " 

KzceUior  Saw-null  uf  J«nM'pli  llwt  i^  tJo '' 

Aftoria 

8alinoi.  Canjjiiijf  Machinw  of  JobD  WuHt " 

KeUa  Ulm k.  Victoria    

lltmiUfUt  L-ig^iiirf  ItuUway  of  D.  It  Jou  ■*  k  » 'o , .   

Tart  (jamWo  Saw-mill  of  I'djio  i  Tal  bot 

.ManhHuU  Saw-mill  'it  V.   U  Dean  i  Co 

Uay  Saw.mill  uf  DoMta-r  \  t'arwu " 

Tacoma  Saw-mill  uf  I  lanson  St  Co 

i'ort  Dlaktily  Saw-iuill  of  UuMitun,  Ilulmofl  It  Co 

IsUnJ  Saw-inill  ul  II   U  .luwi  Si  I'u 

Navarro  Rlvir  Sa»  mil  ut  II    11.  Tkhonor  A  Co 

Mad  RlTer  Saw-mlU  uf  Joint  Vance  ii  Co " 

ICoyal  City  Planiii.4  Macbiao *' 

I'ost-  IntclUgeiict-r  HuiMilij.  Seattle " 

Fcmow  a  Drj  iii^  Machine ... 

Compound  Maiino  Kn;;lne     John  Dou^l  Atlu  Inni  Wortta,  Victoria " 

AlMou  Iron  Worka  of  Juwiill  flpi«t( 

Driara  House.  Victoria ' 

AlUnuton  Ilouae,  Seattle 

Halatwd  liouM^  Tacouia  


Tltl.rai-«. 

K'J 
190 
193 
VH 
£0 
»9 
'.-JO 
l»l 
373 
X» 


M 
io7 
!>ii3 
S30 
993 
KI4 

ua 
m 
coo 

Cti 
M3 
(iM 
CM 

7S0 
7U0 

m 


?';^ 


iilo  Tlllo  r»;-«- 

KJ 
IsO 
103 

ityi 
»j 

228 
2J0 
2IJI 
373 
T/J 

;;j 

5)0 
5'M 

s;i4 

SOS 

coo 

C43 
64d 
OM 
CM 
7S0 


'I:  ^:''  it 
'.if. 


ii  i 


.51 


lii 


j 


INDEX, 


Abolone 3C5 

Abbott.  Charlw 787 

Abliott  Houu 290 

Abbott,  W.  H 267 

Alienhclmer  JuliUB 773 

Aberdeen  Pkg.  Co 7S8 

Auapulco 47 

Ackennau  Bros. . .  .7C1.  763,  764,  785,  7S8 

Ackemuiu's  Dollar  Store 763 

AckcrHuii,  Moore  &  Co 774 

AdalrSCo 206,219.384,788 

A<lulr  John.  Jr 380;  381,  383 

AdabrSD 380.381 

AdairS.  D.  40o 380,788 

AdamsA.  M 673 

Adams  C 668 

AdaiDB  C';nu  &  Co 785 

AdamsiOo  125.120.135,180 

AdamaS  Carter 780 

AdantB,  Jacob 7'>5 

AdamB,  JoBcph  W 781 

AdauiB,  MoNeU  &  Co -. . .  .767.  772 

AdaiuB.  Wm.  J 774,783 

Adaiosou.C.  P 245 

AdelBdorfer.  E.  &  Co 762 

Adolpli.  1 755 

Aetua  Iron  Worku 663,  770 

Aetna  Springs  Hotol 789 

Aaricultural  Iraploincnts. .  .442. 674,  753 

Agricullural  Production 276 

Agricultural  Progrcu 278 

All  Chow 729 

Ahem  &  Co 763.766 

Ahunia,  lluury  &  Co 855 

Alkiu,P.  A 211 

Alkin,  ScUing  613 

Alameda 23 

Alauietla  FoundiT- 770 

Alaska » 43 

Alaska  Commercial  Co 

331,  333.  336,  339,  340,  766 

Alaskan  Fiaberies 333 

Albany 33 

Albany  Flax  MliU 473.  765 

Allwny  Iron  Works 770 

Albion  Foundry 664 

Albion  Iron  Worka /70 

Albion  Pottery 781 

Alderson.  Tbomas 754,  775 

Allugnitll.  G 707 

Alert  Hay  Canning  Co .!84 

Aleutian  lalaada 44 


Aloiandor.  S.  O.  tc  Co 761 

Alfalfa 285 

Albambra  Hotel 70O 

AlbolT.  Martin 241 

AlUky  k  Hegelc 536.  763 

Allen,  D.  H.  &  Co 772 

Allen,  B.T 768 

AUcu.  Geo.  H 770 

AUeniLowis 210,767 

AUon.  OliTor 264 

Alien  Springs  Hotel 789 

AUcn,  Wm 246,364 

AUen  Wm.  R.iCo 706 

Allemania  Ins.  Co 159 

All  over  Oregon,  etc 736 

Allworth  &  Thompson 463.  461.  789 

Allyno  4  White 763.  772,  780 

Alpcrs.  Charles 780 

Alt*  Hotel 789 

Alia  Soap  Co 789 

Althof4B*hla 757 

Althouse  WlndmUl  Co 786 

Altsohul.  Seller  4  Co 761.  76.%  772 

Altarado.  J.  B 60 

Alvord.  Wm 138,682,683 

AlforJ,  HcmrB 768 

Alaop  4  Co 217 

Amazon  luaurance  Company 159 

American  Dlat.  Tel.  Co 192,  193 

American  Kicliango  Hotel 739,  790 

American  Fur  Co 338,  339 

American  Hotel 789,  700 

American  Morocco  Coaa  Co 773 

American  Type  Foundry 764,  786 

American  Sugar  ReOnury 784 

Amsbury  &  Dufla 245 

Anaheim 29,   05 

Anaheim,  l^nk  of 754 

Anderson.  AC 41,  32a,  332,  368,  383 

Anderson,  Cliarloa  L 753 

Anderson,  laaac  W 636,  772 

Anderson,  Wm 666,  700 

Anderson,  Mr 360 

Andrews,  A 601,677 

Andrews,  C.  N 766 

Andrtjws,  OUrar 753 

Andrews  4  HoUcnbook 754 

Aiuluran,  O  4  Co lia,  786 

Anglo-American  Pkg  Co t 

Anglo-Calif omian  Bank. . .  .135,  139,  754 

Angora  Ouats 63 

Angora  Bobo  4  OlovuOo 766 


Antelope 310 

Antimony 316 

AutlseU,  T.M 614.780 

Antiaell  Piano  Co 780.781 

Aiitoino  L 271 

Appendix 735 

Aptos  Hotel 789 

Arcade  Hotel 789 

Areata 30 

Agricultural  Iron  Works 770 

Argonti.  Felix 125 

Arizona 38 

Ari:tona.  Bank  of 755 

Arizona,  Bank  of  (Agency) 851 

Arizrma  Business  Directory 737 

Arizona  SilTcr 305 

Arlington  Hotol 791 

Arlhiston  House 752,  739,  791 

Armer,  M.  4Co 760,785 

Armcs  4  Dallam. 

...729,  755,  756,  775,  780,  787 

Armstrong,  Rudolph 323, 763 

jlrmstrong,  Thoa.  H 757,  753 

Armstrong  4  Wright 611 

Amaud,  Elbert 772 

Arnold  4  Co 766,783 

Arnold,  N.  8.  4Co 

763.  76*.  768,  769,  770,  774,  776,  780 

Artesian  Wells 497 

Artmcial  Limbs 731 

Artidoial  atono 630 

\rtlgues,  E.  40o 758 

Artig\ies  Canning  Co 759 

Archie,  Henry  F.  4  Co 767 

Ash  jurnor  R 201 

Aaher  4  Smith 467,  780 

Aallley,  W.  II 338,330 

Ashland  Woolen  Milla 446,  786 

ABmau,  A 359 

Asphaltum 313 

Astor.  J.  J 338 

Astoria 32 

Astorlan V35 

Astoria  Box  4  Lumber  Co 753 

Astoria  Clothing  MfgCo 701 

Astoria  Fiabety 788 

Aator's  Fur  Co 331 

Aator  House 789 

Astorbi  Iron  Worka 770 

Astoria  Paekhig  Co 383 

AUieam4Co 776,783 

Atkinson  &  Co 344 


i:-^  ';=; 


■>J4 


Atkhlw)n  L.  &  (\) 762 

Atk>'n&  risli 534,  73j 

Ailiiiitio  CJiiuit  PowiIiT  t'o 73'J 

Atlantic  ami  Ta-iBo  U.  II ISl 

Atliintlc  Straw  Works. 105  T84 

Atlaj*  In.iii  Wiirks 7iU,  770 

AtwoiKl.  MflviUu 302 

AubLTt.  AUwrt  782 

/-:i'rini 33 

Aiicrluirb.  F.  i  JIid 787 

/.  ifriditl .-.  .MiirriB 771 

A]„'ur,  It.  K  Si  Co 760,  702,  76:1,  772 

Austin 38 

Aiwtiu.  II.  (1 0'JO,  7M,  783 

Aiwtin.  X.  P.  i  Co 775 

AiLstmllaii  Comiilaint 74j 

AiL^i'RiiH  HrUiO 7:11 

Au7.eral9&  ".'lUieroy 775 

Avy,  Kui'unf 753,  7S'i 

Avyni.  tk-ort'eC.  &  D 785 

Ayer's  lIoti-1 700 

Ayers,  M.  &  t'o  7.\1 

Axlu  OroHstr 723 

liabccick,  W 83 

Ilalicock,  Wm.  F 217,  218,  .'Ml 

Ritli.  Mi'tai!  &  fo 772,  7*; 

Ilncheldier  .MufnOo 781 

liachniiin  Itnw 209,  787 

Ilachmun,  ,1.  &  Ilto 153 

llocta'aluiKi,  D4>niualco 78<1 

Ilacku-s  O.  ,1 S21 

Ilacon  i  Co atd,  782 

lliiroii,  .Toaciih  S 770 

IWIije..  W.  0 761,  7l35,  780 

Ii«lolliit  &  Co 379,  783 

Ilailir,  William 771 

Jlalicr,  Li-vy  tc  Vo 775 

Ita,;loy  &  Kuowles .690 

Ilalky  Uma 782 

nailey,  C.  r 274,  518 

Bailor,  Henry 763 

llailcy,  Tlxonias  i  Co 787 

llnilliadic,  W  ,T 425 

llakcr.  A.  D 562 

r>akt'r  &  ll4iyt;r 135,  754 

llaker.V  Hamilton 309,220, 

070,  753,  757,  764,  768,  774,  780 

Baker,  1.  <i.  &  Co 754 

Ilaker.  H 591 

Ilakcrmlelil 37 

llalani«i,  ,lo8Ci)h 763 

Ilakh.  Horuco  M 781 

Ilal.lirin,  A 7S7 

Ilalilwin,  K  .1 61,  230,  345.  253,  271 

IlaLlwin  Hotol 790 

Ual.lniii,  W 364 

Ilalfour,  Outliriu  &  Co 

203,  767,  709,770,733 

liuUanger,  Kilwartl 755 

RkUanl,  I>uauc  &  Co 783 

Ilall  (t  .IiUlen 787 

lUlzar.  lioury  &  Co 769.  771),  783 

Itaiiilioo 283 

lUncn>ft,  A.  L.  4Co 

310,  013,  648,  643,  649,  051,  753,  757, 

770.  780,783,  784 


INDF.X. 

liancroft,  A.  I. 643 

llalicnift,  II.  U M8 

Uaiientftfl  N'ativo  ItjicvR t»48 

Itancniftrt  Piu;iOc<'ttafit(jui>lu  Hook. 736 

llanilniau,  N'ielson  i  Co 709.  709 

liunk  Enliauuo  lloUU 790 

llaiik  ('omini-stiioh 130 

IJaiikern,  Notable 135 

Dank  of  UritLsh  Columbia 135 

Hank  cit  (iilifoniitt 134.  133 

IJaiik  of  Xeva.la 134,  140 

Hank  of  ( Ireeon  City 754 

Hank  of  Virtpnia 754 

Hanking 121 

Uankina  Hu»ine«s 121 

Hanking;  lucxperieuce  120 

Houkiuj;  luBtitutioOB  134 

Uankiitt;  rtosi)ect«  134 

Banks,  Finn. 124 

Hants,  Wm 469 

Hanner  Una 200,  761.  705 

HaunuT,  M.  &  Co 759 

lianmr  Pkg.  Co 34*  759,  788 

llanuister,  A. 557 

Harliour  Hpm 753 

Uanl,T   R 135 

UanOa.  F.  L 783 

Itarfoot.  J.  L 325 

Itaiker,  Isaac 764 

Hiirkhaus.  P.  W.  4  D 757 

Harlcy,  etc 282 

llamaril,  J 787 

Barnes,  D.O 598 

Homes,  a.  A 574 

Baruus,  Mrs 789 

Barr,  JolmD 466,  780 

Bany,  David 700 

Bartlott,  C.  C.  i  Co 775 

Bartlett  Springs  Hotel 789 

Battling  i  Kimliall 651,  767 

Barrel  Co.,  Oregon 000 

llarrutt  &  SlierwooJ 6X 

Barton,  B.  F 787 

Barton,  B.  F.iCo 571,  783 

Barton,  Dr 3io 

Barton,  U 344 

Haahforil,  t.  4  Co 775 

Ba»B,  Stri|K«l 327 

Uoaa,  T.  J.  &Co 753,  780 

Ilamett.  Josep'-. Ml 

Bamett  s  Hotel 789 

Basso,  Mrs.  .M.  M 789 

llatcheMcr,  A.  J.  4  Co 767 

Ilatcliclor,  Van  {kiUlor  4  Co 753 

Batcman,  John 245 

Bates,  Alfred 733 

Hates,  Goo.  O.  4  Co 763 

Hales,  Martin 338,  7flfl 

Bath  Cannluj  Co 788 

Battle  Moinitain 38 

Baud,  Frank 738 

Bauer,  Bros.  4  Co 764,  770 

Banni,  .1.  4  Co 309,  701,  705 

Baumgurtner  4  llohls 735 

Baur.  ti.  A 755 

Bavaria  Brewery 755 

Baiter.  H.  D 153 


Bay  City  Soil*  Water  Co 784 

Bay  Hoap  anil  Candlu  Co 760,  784 

Hay  Sugar  Co 548 

Bay  View  Distillcrj- 577,  76J 

Beach.  C 757 

Beadle  4  Co 774 

Beak.  C 271 

Bealo.  fialuuel 472,  784 

Beamish.  Percy Ill,  113 

Uoan,  Dr 353 

Beans,  T.  K 135 

Bi-anl,  K.  L 237 

Board,  J.  L 245 

Hoartbloy's  Hotel 790 

Bock,  Wm.  4.Son 672,  768 

Beck  4  Koehn 756 

Becker,  C 493 

Becker,  F.  W 760 

Becker,  William  735 

Becket,  J.  F 501.709 

HediUng 467 

Beochy.  Capt 340 

Beof 207 

Beeger,  Uenry ,494 

Beeman,  W 753 

Beckmau,  C.  C 754 

Beeman.  Wm 731 

Bee« 274 

Boot  Sugar 543,  513 

Boozer,  Uent7 784 

Bcbco,  A 773 

Belcher,  Capt 331 

IMchcr  Mine 303,743 

Belden,  Josiah 60,  113 

Bolin,  Louis 702 

Bell.  John  P.  4  Co 758 

Boll,  Tliomas4  Co 769 

Hellemore,  A 771 

B  llooiCo 754 

Hollows 619 

Belmont 35 

Belmont  Boot  Factory 496,  513 

Belmont  Boot  and  Shoo  Co 753 

Bolmont  Tannery 4*1,  T84 

Belting 530 

Bjmcnt,  Oeo im 

Boinlsh,  Oeo ,103 

Benchloy,  L  U 033 

Bouoldey,  L.  B.  A  Co 333 

Bcndol,  H 548 

Bendoll,  B.  t  Co 713 

Bender  Clias.  T 754 

Bonder,  D.  A.  4  Co , 7M 

Uondluou,  ILD ^...63^,783 

Ilenliam,  Azol  M 780 

BetUiayon  &  McUlennun 773 

Benlela 34 

Ilonlcia  AgtI.  Works. .  .320,  67^  076,  763 

Bcntcla  Packing  Co 783 

Benicta  Tanneries 493 

Bennett,  James  S 600,  706 

Bolmctt,  Patterson  4  Co 766 

Hcimett,  Thos 770 

Bensley,  John  683 

Henstni.  Jobu 34.^ 

Bunt.  K  F  4  Co 767 

Benton,  Thos.  II 103 


hiir 


'111 


Bfnjhi,  J,  J 719 

li.T;luun,  A 5G2 

nurgHtruiii,  Juhu 61-1. 783 

ncrkuky 2J 

Uunial,  HuiKira 5'J 

Buniiira,  <>.  &  I  'o &i4,  702 

BeruiirJ.  II.  M 7a 

ikniiint  Iluiuu 7'Jl 

Benilianll,  Cliurlca 707 

UtTiiliL-iiii,  J.  &  Co 775 

BertjiniUaa,  A 723 

IV.Tti'lini  ,'i  Watry 693 

Barthfuu,  ('*»ar 770 

Bcrton  i  (iallianl 731 

Bcrwlu,  P.  ftCo 769 

B.'Umiui,  L 775 

Buttumii,  Mu»e8 7S1 

Butts  Siirina  Co 074.,  784 

Di-tts.  Win  M 074 

BlagI,  D.  SCo 705 

l):-licl,  Frcil 702 

Bkliaril.  N 702 

Bi2kwcU,F !»! 

BiawoU,  J 00 

Biihvull.  Jului 2X),  281 

B:ak-y.  Unia 707,  782 

Bisiilow.  8.0 143 

BU  TiV".- IIoli'l 790 

BiUlaril-tablra CIO 


Billilli,-!!  . 


.321 


BiUiiifH,  R  L.  &Co 772 

BlUings,  Harliovirni'  i  Co 757 

BiUhigiiluy  &  Co. . .  729,750 

Bhif,  li 701 

Birch,  Win.  II ...764,  7A1 

BlrdiltoM 707 

C:iuinj-ur  k  1  Vi .76^1,  737 

BiMiiitjur,  Co!ui&Co 772 

Bittner.  .\ugujt 739 

Bbck,  II.  M.  &  Co 700 

Black  lioar  Mino 742,  743 

Blaukbuni,  .Iiuitfu 331 

Black  Diamond  Hotel 730 

Blai-king 727 

Black.  J 788 

Blilcklock,  ,1 737 

Blick'.i  Hotel 791 

lilackwclls  Hotel 790 

lilaku&Co 7M 

lllako,  I)r.  ,T 75,  70 

Blake,  liobliins  £  Co. .  .310,  639,  780, 731 

Blaklnlon,  J.  1 484,783 

Blanchttr.1.  .Iulo« 757 

Bliindiara  &  <VNell 634,  754 

BlaTik-liooka 619 

Blantiui  hue 710 

Illauvcit,  W  II 754 

niodi  &  I)ari.l8on 772 

Block.  II.  &  Co 780 

Blood,  Ja».  A 759 

Bluwcra,  II   n 345,252 

Blue  Lakct  Hotel 789 

Ulnnuiillial,  .M.  fc  Co 771 

Blinncntbal,  Qnlnlan  li  Oo 707 

Board  of  Ilcaltli,  Cal.  Htato 73 

Boanl  of  rudemrittim 149,  153 

lloanl  of  Marino  I'ndcrwrltors 100 


INDEX. 


Boca  BrvwiUif  Co 575,  755 

Bocliow,  P.  li.  Si  Co 772 

liodio 31 

Ilodic,  Bank  of 751 

Bodio  Cunsolldatetl  Mine 740 

BodwcU,  H.  II 058,  709,  780 

liourlcko  i  Tatcl 704 

ISocnicr  i,  Wirtli 7,'a 

ISoBnixr,  W.  P 753 

Bogcr  Bros 700 

Bosk's  Hotel 790 

liohn,  W 771 

Ikiilcr  Making 006 

Boise,  Couuty  Bank  of 754 

Bolan,  J.  &  Co 719 

Bonanzas 296 

Bond,  Wm 712,  775 

Bone,  Charcoal,  etc 720 

Bonnet,  K.  i  Co 750 

lionne»lllo,  Capt 339 

Bonny,  (Jet 097 

lt<H>kbiuduric8 051 

Bookbinding 649,  650 

BiKik  printing. ..     640 

Booker,  Wni.  L 153,  770 

Bootli  &  Co 767,  772,  733 

Booth,  A  &  Co 380,  381,  788 

BootK  II.  ,1.  4  Co 601,  005 

Booth,  S.  k  Co 763 

lloot.1,  Wm 505 

Borax 724 

Borchi«,  W.  F 755 

Bonlenavc,  Joseph 758 

Bortl.  ,Utre.l  &  Co 751 

Itoscowitz,  L.  &  ,1 338,  700 

BosQ,  1!.  &  Co 697 

Bosqui.  Edwanl  4  Co.  .646,  651,  757,  7  !2 

Bothiu,  Dallemand  &  Co 762,  785 

Boukofsky  &  KWniborg 760 

nouni.  Mrs 244 

Doumf ,  II,  A 772 

Bour  ,  W.  B 150 

licvee,  W.  H 664 

Bowon,  P..  J 287 

Bowcn,  V.  M.  k  Co 571,  787 

Bowen,  H.  11 753 

ISiiB-er  &  Baki'r 770 

Boners,  W.  H.  II.  &  Co 774 

Bowles,  Samuel 64 

Bownian  House 790 

llownuin,  .r.  R.  &Co 702,700,  785 

Boyne,  W.  &Co 034,  754 

Boynton,  E.  B 775 

Bnjiilon,  S.  S 506,  762 

Box  Factories 599 

Box  Shooks 4.T3 

Brace,  C.L 04 

Bnxlbury,  W.  B 698,703 

PnuKonliCo 788 

Bnulfonl,  W.  B 7.19 

Bradley  4  Itulofson 750 

BnMhilct  4  Co 379 

Bradt4i<ou8 767 

Bradiray,  H.  H 754 

Bragg,  H.  W.  4  Co 019 

Brand,  Heruuui, 760,  785 

Brand,  H,  J 771 


795 

Bmntlenstlne,  II.  4  Co 759 

lir  indcnstiue,  M.  &  Co 758 

Bnihiiati,  Uauiel. 527,  781 

Brauuan,  H 144 

Brandy 252 

Brasiiy  &  Co 773 

Bravennan,  Louis  4  Co 771 

Bray  Bros 787 

Bray,  J  (1 143 

Brearley,  John 754 

Brechtel,  0 559 

Breeze  4  Lougltrau 783 

Brekle,0 75G 

Bremer,  Joseph  4  Co 700,  78S 

Brennan.  1*.  T 525 

Bresson,  Joseph 785 

Bretonnel,  J.  N 697,  771 

Breuner,  Jolui 700 

Brewer,  M.  T.  4  Co 703 

Brewster  4  Co 020 

Brice,  Powell 75« 

Bricewallor 243 

Brick.1 623 

Brickwcdel,  Henry 226 

Brlekwedcl,  Henry  4  (.'o 220.  773 

Itridgen,  A 2-15 

Brigss,  U.  0 237,  244,  S.'i3 

Briggs,  HjH'UCer  R 785 

Brigham,  Whitney  4  Co 703,  782 

Brighton  Distillery 253 

British  iVmerica  Co 383 

British  American  I'kg  Co 783 

BritUh  Culuml)ia 41.,  738 

liritisU  Col)md>la,  Bank  ot 754 

British  Colmuliia  Packing  Co. .  .383,  783 

British  Columbia  Soap  Co 719 

British  Columbia  Tanning  495 

British  North  Auierico,  Bank  of 7M 

Broadhont,  C.  Vf 703 

Brod  rick.  D.  C 123 

Brwlio,  J.  H,  4  (.'o 783 

Bmml«rger.  Max 763 

Brooklyn  Hotel 790 

Broiiks,  C.  W 150 

Brooks,  II.  B 321 

Braiku,  It.  0 577 

Brnoks,  York  4  Co 773 

Brooms 728 

BriMimconi 237 

Browell,  J 529 

Brown  Bros.  4  Co.,  209, 440,  451.  701,  705 

Brown  Bnw.  4  Watson 037.  780 

Brown,  D.  4  Co 780,  787 

Bn>wn,  V. 773 

Brown,  ((,  B 758 

Brown.  .1,  B 696 

Brown,  J.  P.  4  Co 754 

Broivii,  J.  li. 494,  784 

Brown,  N  &  Co 761,  765 

Brown,  Uicliard 784 

Brown,  U.  W 768 

Brown.  Craig  4  Co 770 

Brown  4  Mathews 210.  708 

Browning  4  Bremer 708 

Brownsifillo  Woolen  Mill  Co. . .  .416,  786 

llriuie,  August 760 

Bnuicr,  B.  P 683 


'! 


:(| 


>  Mi 


796 


llruiu-1,  S 518 

]>iirns,  Unary 770 

liruiwM  itk,  J.  M.  &  IliUko  Co. .  .(ill,  757 

llnulics 730 

Uruton,  Dunliil 785 

Ilryan.  Win.  J 7(H 

Uryuiit,  A.  J 154,531,770 

l;ryt,>,  M 300 

KiiL'liunaij  &  Lyall 785 

l:uchler,  Augunt 755 

r.uckiUow  &  Ochoa. 775 

iiiickiutn'liuiu  &  Hccht..506,  511,  757,  758 

IJuckmiller  &  Wells 766 

lluckow,  Emil  &  Co 7ri 

Buffalo 341 

lluffalo  German  Ins.  Co 101 

Uuftum.  W.  M 775 

llueua  Vista  Potterj' 527 

1>uena  Vista  Vinicultural  Co 63 

Uubacl) 287 

Buhue,  II.  II 5M,  768 

Uujanuoa,  Reinbold 771 

Biilliau  Yield,  total 32 

Bull,  Geo 753 

Bulwer  Mine 742 

Buudock,  II.  F .W,  781 

Bunoitian  &  Martoniui 772,  0S6 

Bungs 025 

Bunker,  N.  E 419 

Bunker,  H.  F 

Btmster,  A 755 

l:untiue 459 

Ijura.  Adal)>h 7G0 

Dnrchard,  C.  A. 210,  772 

!',un.klialtcr,  F.  t  Co 754 

l>uri;oynu  &  Co 124 

UurlaiHi. 479 

liuniull.  ,1.  II.  4  Bro 756 

I>iirii)iaui,  G.  M 774 

Ilumham,  J.  II 7M 

Burnett,  11.  P CO 

Burnitt,  IVt^jr  H 135 

Burr.  C.  C.  &  Co 6*4,  703 

Burr,  E.  W 135 

Burton,  W.  II 76 1 

Busliy,  F.  H 517,  707 

Business  Failures 214 

Biwh,  A 135,  5n7 

BuBli,  Darld 089,  706 

Business  Houses,  leading 7.'';3 

Buswell,  A  i  Co 051,  757 

Busivell,  W.  P. 7C4 

Butler,  A  B. 245 

Butler,  P.  F 776 

Butler  &  Ilolden 770 

Butttt  'bounty.  Bank  of 754 

ISutter 264 

Buyer  i  Reich. 704 

Byxliee.  John  F. 774 

(  al.le  Itailmad 426 

<  '.iliR-m.  Uoma  &  Co. 762,  769 

<  'iiilwell  &  Stanford 775 

Cody,  M 020 

I'ody  &  WiUoy 030 

Caffrey,  C.  8 620 

Cohen  Broa.  k  Co 766,  772,  787 


INDEX. 

I  Calm,  Morris 470 

Calm,  .\iekeL)liursiCo..611,  757,  753,  772 

Calno,  Jolm 605,  075,  7:'3 

Calru,  Justinian 703 

Calcium  Li>;!it 7L0 

Caletlonia  Oatm.  al  Mills 705 

California 20,  21 

Cal.  Artif.  Stone  Paving  Co 753 

CaUforuiau  Banks 121 

California,  Bank  of 7M 

Cal.  Bellows  .Mfu  Co 519,  767 

Caliiomia  Bible  .Society 757 

Cal.  Brush  tleetrie  Light  Co 7M 

CaL  BleaehiUB'  Hoali  Co 781 

CaL  Cijar  Box  Co 758 

Cal.  Cracker  Co 428,  763 

Cal.  Concentration  Co 780 

Cal.  Cream  of  Tartar  Co 571,  737 

California  Distillery 703 

Cal.  Electric  Light  Co 593 

Cal.  Electrical  Power  Co 693 

Cal.  Electrical  Works 

693,  694,  70i  707,  776 

Culifornian  ''  terjin-^'s 48 

Calitonr  .  File  Co. 670 

California  Flour  Mills 705 

Cal.  Furniture  Mfg  Co 606,  006,  766 

California  Fuse  Aia'n 711,  766 

California  Fuse  Works 711 

California  Glove  Co 617,  707 

California  Uonie  Ins.  Co 114 

California  Hosiery  Co. .118,  418,  449.  780 

Calitoniia  Ins.  Co 160,  770 

Caiitoruia  Iron  Co 311 

Cal.  Italian  Paste  Co 660 

California  Jewelry  Co 696,  771 

California  Lloyds 144 

California  Mine 738 

Cal.  Mutual  Marino  Ins.  Co....  142,  143 

CaUfomia  Gil  Works 780 

California  Oil  lieftncry 730 

Oallfornia  Pkg  Co 788 

California  Paint  Co 715 

Califoniia  Paiier  Co 780 

California  Paiier  Mfg  Co 636 

CaUfomia  Powder  Works.  .709,  710,  782 

California  liaisiu  Co 245 

Cal.  Savings  Si  Ix»ui  Society 754 

Cal.  SiUi  Mfg  Co 46i  479,  784 

Califomiim  Silver 306 

California,  Bouthem 28 

Cal.  Si)ring  Mfg  Co 007 

Ciil.  Siiring  M,ittre88  Co 470 

California  SprUig  Mfg  Co 470,  757 

CaUfomia  Star  Oil  Co 317 

Cal.  Star  Oil  Works  Co 780 

California  Hlato  Tel.  Co 189,  190 

CaUfomia  Steam  Nav  Co 108,  783 

CaUfomia  Sugar  ICelinury 647,  734 

(JalifomlR  Tool  Works 670 

California  TmusiKirtation  Co 783 

Califonda  Typo  Foundry 764 

Califonda  Varnish  Works 786 

Cal.  Vigorite  Powder  Co        ...  .709,  783 

Califoruian  Wheat 279 

Califomhi  Wire  Works  Co 068,  786 

Colkers'  Association lOS 


Callingham,  W.  .1.  k  Co 770 

CaUendar,  Henry  A 771 

Caila^han,  1).  &  Co 671 

Cali3t4jga  Hot  Springs 789 

Camels.  .Siberian 63 

Campbell,  C.  E 768 

Campiiell.  Geo.  II 775 

Campltelt  House 789 

Campljell,  J 519 

Campbell,  Milton 785 

CaiTipbeU,  M 690 

Campbell  Pru*i  Mfg  Co 043 

Campbell,  W.  II 769 

Canadian  Pacilic  IL  It 98,  181 

Canary  See<l 283 

Caudles 720,  700 

<.'au(Uc  ('omi>any,  8.  F 721 

Canneil  Goods 7.'i9 

Canneries  of  Fmit 759 

Canneries  of  Salmon 788 

Canning,  Salmon 377 

Capon,  George  B.  K  Co 21 1,  7:i7,  758 

Capital  Canning  Co 759 

Capital  Flour  MiUs 705 

Capital  Furniture  Co 766 

Capital  Gas  Light  Co 731 

Capital  Pkg  C, 785 

Capital  Savings  Bank 704 

Capital  Soap  Factory 731 

Caps 403 

Carbon  Bisidphidc 727 

Carbon  Hill 008 

Cardiare,  D.  i  Co 723,  763 

Career  for  Energy 85 

Cariboo 341 

Carit,  ,T.  A 763 

Carion  &  Emst 755 

Carlton  Houso 790 

Carmany,  John  11  &  Co 783 

CarmoDchc,  Paul 760 

Carolan,  Coo'  4  Co 209,  757,  768,  776 

Can) 328,385 

Carpets 477,  753 

Carpet  Beating 478 

Corpet  Linhig 477 

Carpenter,  Mr 719 

Carqiiinez  Strait 23 

Carr,  Jcsso  D 269,  960 

Carr,  II 767 

Carriages 616,  759 

Carriage  Materials,  Dealers 759 

Cairlgan,  Andtvw 221 

Carrlger,  X 246 

Carroll,  ,1  C '  ...  .634,  774 

CarroU,  J,  H ...155 

CarroU,  II.  T.  A  Co 77a 

Carson 38,  639 

Carson  City  f^viogs  Bonk 754 

Cartan.  McCarthy  4  Co 72 

Carter,  L.  F 769 

CorviUe  Mfg  Co 618,  759 

Casanova,  Henry 218 

Caaenavo.  P.  &  Co 665,  7C2 

Case,  J.  J.  (t  Co 211,  770 

<:^a«c,  I.  W 754 

Casey,  M.  Francis 757,  768 

Casey  &Cronau 773 


Cusaamayou,  A.  k  Co 779 

('ui»ln,  V.J.  &  Co "GO,  772 

Caator  Bcjiti 3S7 

C'astlu  Bros.  1:  Louihi...2i»,  707,  7S3,  785 

CiutrovUlu 30 

Calflah 328,380 

Cattarliia,  E.  .T 705 

CattclllSiCo 560,774 

OeUar  Forests 35 

Comont  rii« 539,  783 

Cento,  J 441 

Centnl  Uottl 753,  789,  790,  791 

Conlnil  Paclllo  U.  11 

10,  92,  lOi  1C9,   170,  174,  177,  308, 

018,  033,  046,  005,  070,  C73 

Central  Gas  Lisbt  Co .733 

Ccrf,  ,r.  iCo 210,763,773 

Chaliot,  A 314 

Chadboiimo,  F.  S.  .Ik  Co. . .  .211,  C07,  7GI1 

Chad>jounie,  T.  .7 559 

Chailclenlon,  J.  L 780 

Clialns C73.,  760 

Chatai 601,  607,  700 

Chalmers,  Robert 245 

Chalmers  St,  Holmes 534,  774 

CharaiUKne 349,  700 

Chances  for  Settlers 87 

Chandler  &  Son 707 

i.'hamller,  Ulchanl  D 770 

Channel  I'otterj- 782 

Chapman.  A.  11 330 

Chapman,  U 77^ 

Chapiuau,  James  P.  S  Co 709,  783 

Chapman,  W.  S 419 

Charco.ll 725 

Channan,  Thoa 136 

Charman.  T.  S  Son. 228,  775 

Chariot,  .Toseph 771 

Chanl,  Thomas  S 153 

Chase,  A.  W.  Capt 003 

Chase,  It.  P.  &Co 757,768 

Chauche,  Ailrlen  O 772 

Cheese 207 

Chcmekcta  Hotel 790 

C!>omieal  Works 761 

Choi.T,  C.  C 770 

Choslcj,  G.  W 773,775 

a  .  valier.  ''.  i  Co 772 

Chlco 27 

Chico,  Bank  oi'  754 

CUIco  Plow  Woiks 675,  753 

Chicory 388 

Chiehizola,  Anton'o 703 

Chief  Soap  Factors 784 

Chlelovich,  K.  4Cj 772 

ChUa8,M.  W 214  690,785 

Chilborg,  J.  P 775 

Chinese  CowiKttition 113 

Chinese,  Upposttiou  to 119 

Chloriiuktion  Process 429 

Chocolate 606.761 

Chollar-Norcross  Pnmp 421 

Chollar  PotosI  Mine 740,  743 

Choiunl,  Louis 771 

Cluist,  John 756 

Christy  4  Wise 165,  787 

Chn^mu  Iron 314 


Cbuicli.  J.  K 775 

CInites.  LowUng 4oO 

C'Ifars 700,  700 

Ciifar  Boxei 000 

Cigar  Faet<iries 703 

Cigar  OiK-rativos 703 

Citizens'  l!auk 754 

City  Brewery 755 

City  Carriage  Factory 7i'i9 

City  Foiuiilry 771 

City  Hotel 791 

City  Store 775 

Ciahrough  tt,  Golchor 673 

Clalirough,  J.  P.  4  Bro 703 

Clackamas  Paper  Co 780 

Clams 362,304 

Clapp  &  Jessup 664,  702 

Clarcmlou  Hotel 7'JO 

Chirest,  H 755 

Chirk,  A.  O.  4  Co 708,775 

Clark  Bros 784 

Clark,  Geo.  W 210,780 

Clark.  J 501,709 

Clark,  Jonas  0 143 

Clark,  N.  SSoni 527 

Clark,  U.  C 518,707 

Clark,  W.  A 754 

Clark,  T.  S.4Son 472 

Clark,  Truman  4  Co 757,  766 

Claudius 358 

Clausen,  F 771 

Claussen,  John 760 

Claussenius  4  Co 773 

CUyburgh  4  Nathan 773 

Clearing  House 135 

Clear  Lake  Hotel 789 

Clements.  GUbert 730 

CUff  House 790 

Clhnats  of  Alaska 83 

Climate  of  Arizona 82 

ClLmatoof  Los  Angeles 80 

Ctlmato  of  Oregon 81 

Climate  of  Sacramento 75 

CUmatcs,  Tables  of 72 

Climate  of  Utah 83 

Clocks 693,761 

Clocks,  Pneumatic 427 

Clothing 450,761 

Clothing  Operatives 453 

Cloasett  Bros 763 

Clute.K.  W 775 

Clorerdale 413 

Cluncss,  W.  U 130 

Coal ^ 307 

Coal  Oil 763 

Cobliner  Bros 761,  776,  787 

Cochran,  St  H 360 

Cocoanut  Oil 717 

Cod  Banks 334,342 

Co.msh 342,  34^  763 

Coddblgton  4  WUcox 605,  767 

Code,  Klfelt  4  Co 340,  759 

Codlflc<l  Law 61 

Coffoo 387,  653,762 

Coffins 614,  702 

Coffin,  Geo.  F.  4  Co 783 

Coin.  Amount  of ^23 


797 

Cohen,  H 010 

Cohen,  llernnau 75.^,  7dl 

Cohen,  I.  L.  4  Co 700 

Cohen,  Philip 7iH 

Cohen,  U 775 

Colien.  W.  4  Co 765 

Cohn,  Adolph  A 706 

Cohn  4  Co 775 

Cohn,  K.  4  Co 760 

Cohn,U.  4Co 702,700,785 

Cohn,  Herman 703 

Cohn.  J.  O 775 

Cohn,M 787 

Cohn,  Jt  4  Co 775 

Colaco.  Max 700 

Colo  4  Co 403 

Colo,  IJ.  4  Co 090.  785 

Cole.N.  P 60« 

Colo  4  Kenny 729,  756,  78 '.,  787 

Coleman,  Win.  T 

210,  547,  731,  734.  733,  760,  703, 

707,  709,  770,  783,  7ii3 

Collars 703 

Cnllam,  Paiier 039 

Colmau  Bros 209,  701,  7ia 

Colller,J 2J9 

ColUns  4  Tlldeu 703 

Colonies 95 

Colton  Kxehange  Hotel 789 

Cilumiiia  Bar 400 

Columbia  Canning  Co 788 

Columbia  UoU-1 789,  791 

Columbia  Iron  Works 771 

Columbia  Pkg  Co 738 

Columbia  Kivcr 3.i8 

Columbia  Uivcr  Fisheries ;'73 

Columbia  Blver  Pkg  Co 788 

Columliia  Soap  Co ....Ibi 

Columbia  Soai»  Works 754 

Columbus  Brewery 755 

Columbus  Pkg  Co 788 

Columella 358 

Colusa,  County  Bank  of 754 

Colusa  House 739 

Combs,  J.  W 531,774 

Comforters 469,  703 

Comfort,  Wages  ami 108 

Commercial  Bank  of  Los  Angeles. .  .754 

Commercial  .Fire  Ins.  Co ..159 

Commercial  Herald 736 

Commerchil  Hotel 790,  701 

Commercial  Ins.  Co 155,  770 

Commercial  Policy 743 

Cumntereial  Soap  Co 719,  733 

Commerchil  4  Savings  Bank 7o4 

Commins  4  O'Couner 773 

ComlKtltion  with  thj  East 117 

Competition,  World-wide 115 

Comptou 33 

Conutock,  C 205 

Comstock,  Discovery  of «(jl 

Comstock  4  Hnntiugtou 236 

Comstock  Lode 38,  2j6 

Comstock  .Mines    38,  737 

Comstock,  W.  U.  4  Co 708 

Condit,  J.  H.  4Co 753 

Cone,  R  I) 63 


^ 


798 


INDEX. 


C'uoa  ii  KimWI 775 

f 'oaf cattioocnr  ..fiC5,  Ilji 

'■•>■:'...  J   II  kCo 501.  70>J 

t'uuklio  llrtH 478 

CuukUu.  II  U.  t  Co 771 

<  oukliu.  1'.  k  V.  a 617 

<  uulUui,  Tbmua  C 736 

4  utilixi4  IlA/berU 691,  7)^  7(.Vi 

i'>u\i.  J^Ata IX 

I  ouiKcticnt  Pii»- :  -a.  Co 158 

VtmuKiijk  Ikirle.. 7tti 

I'litiUL-r,  Juhn 754 

c  uuuer  4  Hon 641 

li/uuick,  A 5U1 

('4pnnkk.  II 5yl 

c  'oimoUr.  Micbael 75S 

<  ■..iini.l  r)»i  U 7M 

<-"uli  Umiik  of  Hftn  l>ieso 754 

*  '>m.  VirKinia  Misw 738 

C'unliiifiiUl  Ili>««l 7'jO 

<  'ouliufmul  <hl  I'o 624 

CVjotiUL-uUl  Oil  Ji  Traiu.  Co. . .  .7631  7iiO 

( 'oiuititutioD  of  (Jalifomi* 133 

Cook.  A- A sa 

(■<i.)k.  A.  O 7H  757.  76'J 

IVjok.  Cipl 321 

<;<«jk,  II  X 5S1,  753,  754,  757.  70J 

Cook.  I.  t  A.  M 774 

t'ooke.  11    W 651 

<oo,«.-i»Sc 6301  C22.  702 

Cooju-T,  Klwuod 230 

^'uo«  Itiy 401 

(■•lie.  W  T 7C8 

<  ■-*!«'■ «),  315,  690,  763 

l'«i|«nn.  II 756 

l!tj.|UllV;  lljfcr 401 

tori^lt.  FaUui<4Co. 211.  768 

C«rl.«t.  Smutor HI 

OirlxHt,  Wm 271 

Coriiilt  k.  Macksjr 

2101328.568,  767,  783 

Cor<U{e 481.  703 

("riliaU 578,  7M 

Ciruiulv 2&i 

4  '.-ruioea 763 

(..•uiupollUo  Uotd 789,  790,  791 

t.Atli-  4  Wrifbt 731,  782 

VMUm 283,4711 

CoUoa  t'wicnrear 457 

CoUrill.  i;.  1)  k  Co 643 

LuUaUu,  Mr 633 

CuatU,  P 260.  271 

Covey.  11  It 273 

I'owali  L  Co 717,  "i^i 

l.uir.liii,  M.  II 754 

Coal>9,<i.  W.  M 7»l 

(  iirTiil:iji  Frail  rackiot  Co 750 

C jr»»!ll«  Plow  k  Av-  Mfy 753 

Corvillc,  VjDBtwaa 75U 

Col.  J.  W.  tCo 7ta,TIi,W 

<  rjW 366 

CraW..  a  W 245 

Cnuii.'.  IlaatinxkCo 772 

Cnin,  Iliuh 770 

Cmckeni 568.  763 

Cracker  Co^,  Cal 55*^ 

Cnmk.  J.  F 243 


Crawfonl.  A 783 

I'tiwtoril.  A.  4  Co 717 

tni»tor.l,  J.  W 784 

( 'ruwfonl.  Wm 473 

Crnwtutrl,  Win  4  Co 607 

< 'nuiii  cif  Tartiir 723 

Ouiiar  llrod 775 

Crt'itfhton.  I^>l>u^t  J 746 

Ctvtk-ent  City 30 

•  'revulln.  K.  &  Uro 678 

Critteudtui  Kerr 767 

Cril  tentleii  k  McCiie 753 

('r,a*Uilf 383 

Crocus  Marcliuiid 6iM.  786 

Croi'lial.  (;.  iCo 243 

Cnxikfr.  C 168.  174 

(.'roekor.  £.  B 168.  175,  176 

(.•riK:ki!r.  II.  S.  &  Co 757.  783.  784 

('nH:kiTj- 763 

Crockett,  rage  k  ToTia lo'J 

Cn)i>uhiut,  Charles 55 

Crown  I'l.iiit  Mine 740.  742 

Cninmu'ry  &  Hall 758 

Cudell.  Cuittave  k  Co 784 

Cuir  4i  Cu 766 

Culiner.  O.  F 767 

Culp,  J.  D 385,  R'J 

Culp,  J.  D.  i  Co 703.  760,  785 

1  'umiiiitiHS,  Oilnluel  &  Co 765 

Caniiinglmm.  Jas 775 

Ciimiiiiifbaiu  k  .Mclteatli 669,  763 

<  'iltiiiiiiKliaui.  Curtis  &  Welch 

210.757.784 

Ciilfples,  f^aniuel  k  Co 7^ 

Ciirlock,  A.  B 754 

Curkil  Hair 703 

CurlfW Mi 

t-'urliy  .t  Maliaii 78a 

Currency 131 

Currio,  .Vrtliur  U  i  Co 78J 

Currier,  Amos 753 

Currj.  Clias 671 

<■"  rj-.  J 671 

Ctt'  ry,  N.  i  Uro 671.  768 

Curta/.,  B 780 

Curtin,  C 787 

Curtis  House 783 

Curtis.  Tyler 154 

( 'urtitt,  DiXGti  &  Co 760 

Curtis,  John  k  Bon 783 

I'unhUii!,  C.  II 154 

CuUeiy 61)9,  703 

Cutting  i  Co 383 

Cuttiua,  JohnT.  A  Co 708 

Cutliu.;  Packing  Co 340,759.788 

llaljovlchN 765 

Uair}';  Dairy  Produce 360,703 

Dairymen's  union 107 

IJaklii  k  Lihliy 719,  753,  784 

Dalliy,  I'ewel  ft  WiUon 496.  513 

Dainleisli.  1) 446 

Duil.  W.  H 4i321 

Dalles,  Hank  of  Tho 140 

Dalles,  The 33 

DalO'lnple.  ,).  J 775 

Daiton.  .1  345 


Dalton  ft  Gray 765 

Djiy,  1'  J 765 

Datzeli.  JunK'8. 390,  785 

Daucri,  F.  ft  Co 209.  218.  707,  77'i 

Daueri.  Antoniu 703,  763 

DaiiicLs,  .1.  ft  Co 533.774 

Danlurtl),  Mmire  ft  Cunimijiffs..495.  773 

Diiiifurtli  ft  Co 784 

Dannats.  .lunius 766 

Daniieuijaun).  J.  ft  H 787 

Dau  skill  Bros 775 

Duiisuiaii  Tobacco  Co  785 

DaveliiHjrt,  Capt 349 

Davidson.  B 124 

DaviiUoii,  (leo 280.  323.  324,  033 

Daviilson.  J.  W.  ft  Co 787.  761,  707 

Daviilsou,  Hall  ft  Co 761,  778 

Davis  Bros 761,764,  783,  7a« 

liavis,  Christy 787 

Davis  ft  Cowell 534,  772 

Davis,  C.  II  ft  Co 55<> 

Davis,  Geo.  A 753,  7W 

Davis,  HoraceftCo 5S6 

Davis  ft  Hiinrod 775 

Davis,  J.  C 345 

Davisft  Kellom; 780,  783 

Davis,  Levy 712,  775 

Davis  ft  Lowell SW.  756 

Davis.  W 601,  769 

Davis,  P.  ft  Uro 7M 

Davis,  W.  Ii 763 

Davis,  ,H  P.  ft  Co 77a 

Davy.  Henry 433 

Dawson,  J 5ji5 

Dawson,  J  .M.  Pkg  C.i 241.  759 

Dawson  Pkjf  Co 211 

Day,.l  W 447 

DayiCo J73 

D.iy,  Thos 689,  761.  704  775 

Dayton.  Hall  ft  Lamhcivou 211,  763 

DayUm  Woolleu  Uilk 447,  786 

Dazet.  J.  B 773 

Dean,  K.  B.  ft  Co.  .587,  629.  (13,  774,  784 

DoCaslro,  D.  ft  Co 769,  'iS) 

DuUclis,  Mr» .230 

Docker  ft  Jewctt 7M 

DcCourcy.  F. 764,  787 

Deer 340 

ileuthftHtart 660 

Deetken.  Chloriuation 41f 

Deiitkoo.  O.  F 430 

l>el''rumery.  Jaiuoe  ft  Oo 769 

Degen,  L.  P .•..533,737,768 

DoifcnerftCo 303,769,770 

Deidesheimcr,  P 433 

Dcililuger,  H 768 

1  )e  Ijury ,  Cha« 706 

iJulan.iy,  F.  W, 037 

Delsuuj,  F. X3 

Del  Alar,  Alexander 764 

Delleliiane  ft  Co 769.  783,  787 

Delta  Canuiug  Co 306,  219,  384.  788 

Delta  Packing  Co 383.  385 

Itonilister  ft  Keys.. 759,  763,  763,  709,  783 

Deiu|«ter,  W.  A 385 

Duuiartiul,  L.  ft  Co 763 

Dtimers,  Hector  L 763 


IX'inurs,  L 775 

Dt^miliK,  l*atmcr  &  Co 210 

l)i-mmlck  i  .shtfliilcl 7j3 

Dcnuveaiix  A  Mainou 773 

DuuJianl,  John 783 

Domils,  tieartfo G(j3 

Deuiiisun.  W.  H.  (c  E.  K 527.  782 

DeDiilHtuii.  Kilwanl  G CM.  764,  7C7 

DBiiiiy,  Ivlwuril  Jt  Co 753 

l>v|Hit  Hiitol.  rallHadu 790 

Delxit  IIoU'l.  lieno 790 

Do  I'uu.  V  II 719 

Dorliy.  K.  M 774 

Dwrlck-Ncta 433 

l>e  .Salila.  Kilgcnu 769 

IKmeret  Ilauk 764 

Drakil 703 

DuamoiKl.  J.  ,1.  &  Sons 770 

Itetrtck,  E.  &  Co  733,  7.H  709 

Dt!V»;rs.  Kovbncku  &  Co 7f>2 

Dovine,  J.  C 534,  775 

DovHii,  John  &  Co 788 

DewiiiK,  J.  &  Co 7.'J7 

IViliT,  F 566,  762 

IKxtcr,  llortoii  *  Co 754 

IMnlilo  Hhlgo 23 

Dlamoiitlit 320 

Wbblcc  UnM 'J« 

Dlbhltf,  Albert 709,  733 

DIcklo  Ilroa 630-033,  783 

Dlckh'.  (I.  W.,  iuvuntioiix  of 

416,  422,423,434,433,633 

nicklo,  .liw 629.  C33 

nickio,  John 033 

Dickflou'H  /Vjjcncy 158 

Wckson.  Do  Wolf  Ji  Co 

»M.  753,  700,  767.  768,  774,  783 

Dlcknon,  M.  W 126 

Dickson.  Itiilwrt 158,770 

Dli<7,  ..V.  C.  »  Co 762,  772,  780 

l)iu2  H  lUinuu 760 

Dilko,  Sir  Charles 64 

Dint'lLT,  O.  L 687,774 

Diugley,  N 561,702 

Dlnkelalilil,  L.  &  Co 76i  771,  787 

Dinwooily,  Henry 706 

Diri-etory  of  Kaeraraent<i 737 

Directory  of  Han  Joae 737 

DUtrict  TelekTaiih 192 

Dintumell,  W.  0 737 

Dixon,  Uiink  of 754 

Dixon  ,^  HeniBtein 753 

Dixon  llr<M 460 

Doane  ii  Co 303,  364 

I><iane  k  Henshelwood 7tJ7,  787 

Doiine,  Kobert 775 

Doblft  AbniT 670,  706,  776,  785 

IXhM,  Cliarles  II.  &  Co 310,  768 

Doilge,  H.  I, 314 

Doilgu,  Hweeney  &  Co 703,  70i<,  782 

Dodae,  W.  Vf.  k  Co.... 209,  707,  773,  782 

Doe,  II.  ,li  J.  ,S 703 

Doe,  Cbnrlen  K 774 

Dolan.  James  W 7S0i  758.  783 

DoUn.  Thomas 719.  784 

DoUieer  &  Carson 774,  783 

Dolboor,  John 425,  680 


I.'.'DKX. 

DoUteer's  Logger 416 

Dollivir  k  Uro 772 

Domestic  Animals 254 

Dominion  1  Jov.  .Savings  Dank 754 

Donalmu  Foumlry 058 

Donahui-.  James 001 

Donahue.  Kelly  &  Co 754 

Donahue.  .Michael .062 

Donahue.  Teter IM.  001.  664 

DunaMsoD  i  Co 769,  770,  783 

DoualiUon.  W 774 

Domicll.  Clark  k  Liirable. 754 

Donnelly.  Dunne  k  Co 738 

Donoboe.  J.  A 135 

Dooly,  J.  E.  i  Co 7.M 

Doom  ami  8ashes 5'JO,  763 

Dorety,  Joseph  II 770 

Dom,  (i.  W.  i  Co 775 

D.imin.  Geo.  D 137.  770 

Dorrance,  O.  P 771 

Dougherty,  John  \V 775 

Dougherty,  P.  E.  4  Co 782 

Doughty  k  Tattetson 444 

Doughty,  Wm 737 

Duugall,  John 771 

l>ougla«a  I'kg  Co 381,  ?■« 

Douglas.*  Ilroa.  k  Co 775 

Doutrick,  Frank  &  Co 775 

Itoves 341 

D^jwney 29 

Downey.  J.  (i 4^ 

Downing.  A.  F.  k  Hon 704 

Doyle,  Ilcnry  &  Co 769 

Doyle  S  Williams 245 

Drake,  B.  F 063 

Drake  k  Kmerwjn 705 

Dtesliach,  Wra 203,  767,  769,  783 

Dress  Trimminffs 403,  764 

Draw,  II.  L 708 

Dry  Docks 633 

Dreyfus,  B 210,  5*1 

Dreyfus,  B.  iCo 773,  780 

Dreyfus  &  Co 023 

Drlanl  House 732,  791 

Driukhouso,  J.  A 760.  785 

Drouot,  U 782 

Drugs 764 

Drtucmond  &  liCmont 774 

DuUoU,  Kintt  i  Co 210.  767 

Ducks 311 

Ducommun,  C 210.  775 

Duonwaia,  C.  F 700 

Dufour,  A  J 730 

Dulsenlicrg,  Charles  &  Co 763 

Duke,  W.  Hons&Co 785 

Dun,  ,T.  O.  tCo 214 

Duncan.  Mr .333 

Duncans  Mills  L.  t  L.  Co 771 

Dunham.  B.  Frank 221 

Diuiham.  Carrfgan  k  Co 

209,  221,768,776 

Dunn,  H  D 772 

Dunn,  J 559 

Duniihy  k  HiUlreth 270,  751 

Dunirtiy.  William 270,  758 

Dunsmuir,  Digglo  je  Co 199,  307.  309 

l>ui>ont  Powder  Co 782 


.710 
.783 

.705 
707 
782 
736 


799 

Dnltose.  F.  F 409.  762 

l)us.rnlKTy  k  Steucel 775 

Dusenhery  Uros 775 

Dutch  Flat  Hotel 78.1 

Dutton.  Wm.  J 1.51 

Dwelling  House  Unilcrwriters 156 

Dwycr  k  Cartan 700 

Dyer  Bros 750,  767 

Dyer.  L.  -M 618,759 

Dyer.  W.J 753 

EaiLi,  J.  11 182 

Kagtu  BrLWery 735 

Eagle  Cracker  Bakery 703 

Eaglo  Fuse  Works 711 

liagle  Hotel 791 

Eagle  Soap  Works 784 

Kagle  St/?am  (tracker  Bakery 703 

Eardhy  &  Cartwright 627,  783 

Earl,  J.  O 

Earle,  D.  W.  4  Co 

Earle.  E.  F 

Earle.  Thomas .Vj5,  702.  ! 

Eaitman.  Frank  &  Co 640.  ' 

Exttman.  Thomas  >i 020.  7.59,  ' 

Eiiston,  ,Iohn 703,  700 

Eaton  k  Batluy 776 

Eberhard,  Jacob 491,  494,  784 

El.ncr  Bros 773 

Eckstein.  A.  B 711.765 

Eclilise  Cnickcr  Co 763 

Eddy's  Sluice 416,  417 

Edmonds,  O 559 

Edwards,  P.  C. 210,  780 

Edwanls.  Geo.  V 757 

I'gan,  M.  M 773 

Egcrton.  Henry  C 709.  776 

Eggers.  C,  H ^!I3 

Erileston.  Ben 767 

Ehlltz,  Henry  F 700 

Ehnnau.  M.  k  Co 707,  760,  782,  785 

Einstein  4  Co 511 

Einstein,  Louis  4  Co 775 

Eisen,  F.  T 245 

Eisenlwrg.  Ad.ilph 701,  771 

Elsenljerj.  E.  4  Bro 700 

Ekelimil,  Eric 7':4,  767 

Elam  4  Howes 624 

El  Ca|)itan 79 

Electrical  Construction  Comisuiy. . . 

192,693 

i:iectrical  Instruments 693,  704 

Electroplates 764 

Electrotnie 641,  764 

Elevators 678,  704 

Elfeldt,  A  II.  4  Co .209,  701,  704 

Elk 310 

Elkus,  L.  4  Co 451.  45^  761 

Elleau.  Henry 771 

Elliott  4  Co 705 

Elliott.  Wm.  C. 159 

Elliott.  W,  L.  4  Son 770 

Ellis.  Nathan 773 

Elli.i.  TboTias .«;'l 

El  Monte  Hotel 791 

Elmore.  .Sanmcl 738 

Elsander.  H.  W 754 


'  i. 


8oo 


Kumnuel,  L.  &K COG,  764) 

Kiubrolileriea 704 

Kinint'tt,  lifci ,71 

Kmit'y  &  lA?uiiunl 76'.» 

Ijiipiru  roimilry 6t"J 

Ijuiiirt;  HoUl 791 

ICmitirL-  Inm  Wurk« 771 

Kiiipire  Muchlnu  Bhop 771 

Diulilro  Mini' 741.  712 

Knuullirfcht.  Foj  S  Co 702,  760,  735 

I'.nguuiann,  llenoana 7fiO 

]:nsiucs 704 

r.ii«Ki  &  Son 774 

Knsli'lKTt,  Peter  II 760 

KngU-n,  William 758 

l:uglli,li  4  Co 381.  383,  788 

Kugwor  &  Wt'intraub 7iy 

F,nri;;ht,  Joseph 675,  771 

Knterpriiu)  Straw  Works 465,  781 

KiiterprUfS,  Great 50 

Kpiiinger  «:  Co 303,  767 

l^lmteill,  lienty 252 

Krilin.  Theovloro 766 

Krskiii,  Orw^r  &  Co 767 

Kr/gml»(-T.  C.  k  Co 760 

K)i!H.T,f.  Bochman  &  Co 760.  78.'5 

Ei>i>erBon.  Ilennan 771 

liHlH'y  Mtu  Co G18 

ICaiior.  W.  W 759 

J'^sscncfi*.  etc 764 

ICstuillUo  Ilot.i 791 

KltingiT  i  Co 463,  444,  736 

Kulcr  &  Co 7G6 

Eureka 37 

I^ureka  Consolidated  Mino "41 

Kunka  District 304 

Kui;t;ka  Fomiilry 771 

Eureka  (ios  ».'o 734 

Eureka  Iluir  Factoiy 763 

Eurekl  Hotel 789 

Eun-ka  Iron  Works 771 

Eureka  Pku  Co 783 

Jjireka  Powder  Co 783 

J'^ureka  SeauUeas  Ulovo  Factor}' 767 

J->-a,  .Tames  &  Co 766 

Evau.1  ii  Co 545,  591 

Evans,  1) 436,  680 

J'>ans,  Elffood 736 

Evans,  Ham 416 

Evorts,  Wra.  M 108 

EverdluK  &  FarreU 211 

Everdini;,  ,1  4  Co 722,  784 

Everett,  J.  K 775 

Evenou,  Wallace  4  Co 7C8 

Ewcn4Co 383,788 

r.wer.  S 245 

Excelsior 471 

Excelsior  Iron  Works 771 

Excelsior  Planlntf  Mills 763 

Excelsiitr  Powder  Co 782 

Excelsior  Htraw  Works 784 

ExiK'rt,  llcmurd 772 

ExiKirts,  c;eneral 211 

Express  Business 184 

Express.  ( )rigin  of  the 185 

Expresslnit 181.  188 

Expressmen's  Union 107 


Factories.  Ijwk  of 49 

Factories  as  Hehocls 118 

Falllut!,  Ii 135 

Fair,  J.  11 301 

Falr<iauks  &  Uutchlnion 225 

FalrchlU  .1.  A 7W 

Falck,  Benianl 720 

Falco,  Alexander 6tH,  786 

Falk.  E.  M 245 

Palk,  Chandler  »  Co 741 

Falk,  Ilenihanl 785 

Falk,  Nathan  &  Bro 775 

Falkensteln  i  Co 760,  785 

Falknor.  Bell  *  Co 

450,  766,  767,  769.  770.  787 

Falkner  &  Son 641 

Fauey  Uooils 764 

Faukhauser.  Christian 760 

Fanning,  H.  M 494.784 

Famo,  E.  A.  4  Co 773 

Farmer,  C.  C 444 

Fanner,  E  T 444 

Farmers'  &  Mechanics'  Bank 754 

Farmers*  4  Merchants'  Bank 754 

Farmers'  Nat.  Gold  Hank —  .• 754 

Fanners'  Savings  Bank 7I>4 

Farmers' Bank  of  Wheatland. 754 

Farmers'  Union 775 

Farming 270 

Fanier,  J.  W 759 

Farrar,  Sipiin)  4  Co 767 

Fanisworth.  E  D.  4  Son 770 

Farrlngton,  Hyatt  4  Co 605 

FarweU.  .T.  1> 325 

Faucets 6'J5 

Fay,  ISolwrt  4  Co 781 

Fechhelnier,Cioodklnd4 Co  209,  761,765 

Fechheimcr  4  Steele 501,  780 

Feder,  M.  M,  4  Co 765 

Fuigontauni  4  Co 764.  785.  786.  787 

Felling  4  Ucnry 767,  782 

Feist  Bro 787 

Fcldman.  L.  4  Co 209,  786,  787 

Felslcad,  Capl 362 

Felter,  .las.  .7.  4  Co 253,  773 

Felt,  J.J 143 

Felting 732 

Folton,  C.  N 317,678 

Pe'iVcr,  L 623,  762 

Fenkhausen  4  Braunschweiger  —  .773 

Form.w,  L.  A 648 

Femow's  Drying  Mafhluu 648 

Fitz,  Joseph 786 

Field,  The 17 

Field,  Judge 259 

Field,  S.D 192,429 

Fleld4Frel 608 

FieliU,  Clias 766 

Fiftli  ,Street  Furniture  Co 766 

Figerllros 766 

Filhner,  J 756 

Finch,  Burtt  4  Co 775 

FiuBon  lloiue 789 

Fiuck,  Henry 762 

Fiudla,  J 143 

Findlay,  Durhani4Bradle..383.  775.  788 
Fink.  Charles 774 


Fink,  (ieo.  K 775 

Finnegau,  PA 260,  371 

Figerllros 7.11 

Files 670.  7«1 

Fir  ForesU 36 

Fires 143 

Fire  Arms 671 

Fireworks  711,  765 

Plro  D(!iiartnient 148 

Firemans  Fund  Insurance  Co.. LW,  770 

Fire  Insurance  Association 156 

Fire  Patrol UK 

First  Nat  Bank.  Alarne<la 754 

First  Nat  Bank,  Boise. City 754 

First  Nat  Bank,  Deer  Lodge 754 

Pint  Nat  Bank.  Portland 7M 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Stockton 755 

First  Nat  Bank,  Walla- Walla 754 

First  N.  Colli  Bank,  Oakland 754 

First  N.  Oold  Hank.  Petalnma 754 

First  N.  Cold  Bank,  H  F 754 

First  K.  Colli  Hank,  S.  Barliara 754 

Firth.  Tonms  4  Bon C70 

Fish 321,353 

Fish,  A.  L.  4  Co 764,  774 

Fisher,  W.  J.  4  Co 773 

Fisher,  J.  L 77.'' 

Fisher  4  Baum 764 

Fisher,  Henry 666,  763 

Fisher,  J,  II 563 

Fisher  4  Baum 787 

Fisheries,  etc 321,  368 

Fish  Lailder 336 

Fislii-nnan's  Packing  Co 788 

Fishenuau's  AsstKtation 107 

Fishery  Boats 361 

Fishing  Implements 370 

Fish  Statistics 323 

Fishing  Tackle,  etc 733 

FiBh.L.D 317 

Fliigs 459 

Flavin,  Martin  J 785 

Flax ^S^473,765 

Flea  Powder  Plant 287 

Fleekenstcln  &  Mayor 210,  229,  773 

Fleischer,  W 769 

Fleischncr,  Mayer  4  Co 210,  787 

Fletcher,  A.  B 790 

Flint,  Augustus  P 770 

Flint,  B.  P 707 

Flint,  J    P 144 

Flint,  Peabody  4  Co. . .  471,  709,  769,  733 

Floo.14  ll'Dricn '. 301,  684 

Flood,  Michael 757 

Flortjnce 39 

Flour 580,765 

Flour  MlUa 554,666,656 

Flour  Market 653 

F'lour  Mills,  Oregon 655 

Flour  by  Kail 746 

Fliune  Tniusportatlon 684 

Flume,  V 410 

Fog 73 

Foley,  F.  4Co 766,787 

Folgor4Co 664,  763 

Folkers,  J.  II.  A.  4  Bro 731,  782 

Fohiom,  Albert 769 


INDKX. 


8oi 


FoUom.  F.  W "07 

I'onUna,  M.  J.  tfo 783 

Fomjj 2SS 

Forlwi,  A.  U 217.  770 

Forboj  liroa 733,  707,  7C3,  733 

Forac 030,775 

Fonl,  Joha  U 7jC 

Ton],  T.  N.  1  <,'o 22J 

Ford  U  iiiUiXiom CX 

Piinlcrer,  J.  F 691.  "C3,  7CJ 

Foroiuun  &  Co G40.  73o 

Fottjk;.  J.  M iCto 

Forsallb  &  Dodjii 

764  703,733 

Foratncr,  K 433 

Fortluanu  £:  Co 75G 

Foaliay  &  MaH4)n 704 

1 033,  K.  I',  i  Co  707 

Foster,  F 737 

Fo3tu.-,  J.  II 755 

Foatcr,  8.  iCo 

707,  782.783,733 

Foator,  John  It.  &  Co .773 

FosUtS;  no'wrtaon 211,  70j 

FosttT,  J.  IL 557 

rosier  &  Co 702 

Foubert  &  Tiart 771 

Foundnea,  Ilmsa GS5 

Fotindrioj,  Iron G53 

Fountain  Bros 523,  736 

Foy,  a.  O 210,  703 

Foyo  Dix>8 753 

Foyo.  ,T.  M 501,  700 

Francis,  W.  W 731 

Francis.  Valcntinii  &  Co MO,  73J 

Franco-^Un-.-rican  aavinsa  Bank 7M 

Franco- American  Uotcl 731 

Fnuictto,  J.  &  Co 753,  783 

FmulcBroa 210,786 

I'i-a:ill&Co 761,730 

Frauli,  Goldamith  t  Co 731 

Frank.  J.  i;  Sons 4H '73 

Frank,  Henry 776 

Frankonljcrj  Bro 700 

Frankonburjcr  k  Davidson 756 

Fmnkcnlicimcr,  B 761 

I'raukuatlial.  Ita^Uman  &  Co 

704,767,785 

Franklin.  JL  JiBros 763,  737 

Frapulli,  D.  £Co 78J 

Fraacr  PJvcr 43 

Frosor  Uivor  Canneries 333 

Franz.  John. 753 

Frcar  Stono  Co 753 

Frederick.  W.  A 730 

Frederick.  Joscpli  &  Co 753 

Fredericksburg  Brewery 753 

Prodcricks,  J.  &  Co 210 

Fredcricha  &  Oercke 007 

Frce:nau  ti  Baker 765,  783 

Freeman,  F.  8.  ti  Co 7G3 

Freeman,  Tlir-iar 618,  753 

Froonian,  ,Smitli  i  Co 7il 

Freeman,  M.  P.  tt  Co 751 

Frei,  A ?*> 

Frcislit  Charges ■ 171 

Iramont,  J.C CO.  12S 

lOI 


FMnch,  D  M.  &  J.  M 14') 

FnnchtCo 140,  731 

French  Savins*  ^  Loan 7.'>i 

rrj3no 27 

FreanuCaiia!  Co 07 

Fi-cah  Fruit  Pka.  Co 75J 

Fresno  Vineyanl  Co 213 

Freund  t  Co 783 

Frcund  k  Morgan 700 

Friarit  fit  Co 767 

Frickotl,  S.  U.  i  Co 700 

Friedlander  Bros £00.  703 

Friclrichs,  II 007 

Frirtbie,  J.  B 135 

Frisco  BaukiuK  Co 751 

Frit^  &Kcan 763 

Frojs 323,  33:; 

Froldini,',  John 213 

Fruluuan,  S 735 

Fromm  &  Scliatfcr 463,  461.  la^, 

Froombert'.  U 337,  706 

Fruo  Conuoatrator 423 

Fruit  (/.iuuing 233,  25J 

Fruit  Jrylnj 233 

Fruit  8hlpinents 234 

Fruit  Trees 231 

Fruit  Dealers 765 

Fry.  J.  D 245 

Fruhmanu.  AM 737 

Fuldallros.  tc  Co 624.  702 

FiUler.  Geo.  U 763.763 

Fuller,  F.  W 761 

Fulton  Iron  Works 602 

Fuuk.C.C 78) 

Funkenitoin.  C.  t  Co 762.  773  703, 

Fulton  Iron  Works 771 

Fulton  Foundry 771 

Funk.C.  C 454 

Furcorto  &  Gates  . .  758 

Furguson.  E.  C 444 

Futnishiug  Goods 

445,  455.705.  703 

Furniture 601,700 

Furniture  Material 001 

Furnltnro  Woods 6J2 

Fiurniturj  Factories 603,  007 

Furriers .337 

Furs 330,331,76,1 

Fur  Seals 330,  333,  531 

Fuse 710,  76; 

Fuse,  Ea^lo  Works 763 


Gaeth  &  Iloelu-iss 463,  464,  736 

GM.  J.  B 733 

fialt  House 7'Jl 

Gale,  Juic?h 533 

Gale,  .1.  W.  &Co 763 

Golindo  Hotel 700 

Gallagher.  Bernard 

013,753.780 

Galleano,  Antonio 700 

Gailiion  Ilot.d.'. 7.X) 

Galvanized  Iron 090,  763 

Gamble  k  Bryant 707 

Gambrhius  Brewery 750 

Game.* 240,330 

Game  Dealen 341 


Game  Supply 311 

GarbirinI,  J.  A 2,'5 

Garcia  Bros 705,  7*5 

Garcia,  Domingo 501,  763 

Garcia,  Jose  A 70(1 

Garcia  Sawmill 531 

fiardner  I'kg.  Vo 731 

Garescho,  Ureon  &  Co 754 

Ganlen  City 23 

Gardeners*  Association 107 

Gortleld,  J.  A 233 

Garland.  Wm.  D 1,0 

Garii,  Wm 70J 

Garratt,  W.  T..512.  513,  653.  683,  087, 

733,  757,753,701 

Garratt  k  Creosau. 705 

Garratfd  Bra.u  Foundry 686 

Garrison  k  Frotr 123 

Garrison,  Morgan  ii  Co 137 

Gas  Works 7;3 

Gas  Fixtures 763 

Gates,  John 411 

Gate.-!,  J.  It.  kCo 704 

Gaunt,  Mr 417 

Gjcio 341 

Gclil,  Limis 760 

Gcisbaker.  Andrew 706 

Gelien,  Uu.iolph  O 760 

Gcnesoo  MUl  Co 735 

Gcrber  Bros. 753 

Gircke,  Wni 007 

Gjrdes,  Uich 753 

Gorman  Savings  Bank 133 

German  Having.i  and  Loan  Sooloty.  .751 

Germon,  A  &  Co 771 

Gerrish,  O.  P.  i  Co 775 

Gerstlo,  L 3^3 

Gotloson  &  Landis 773 

Getj  Bros,  i  Co 760,  763,  732 

ajysurviilo  Hotel 733 

Gliirardelll,  D 537 

GUlranlelU  S  Sous 701,763 

Giannlnl,  P.  A 631,733 

Giant  Powder  Co 233,  703,  783 

Gibiwns,  Dr 03 

GibbTapiwt 433 

Gibbs,  a  JO.  W.  i  Co 3I»,  76),  773 

Gibioa.  Barbara  Co 773 

Gibson.  C.W 767 

Gibson  &  E3clo3 733 

Gieso.  Henry 733 

Gilbert.  August 703 

Gilbert.  I.  E.  &  Co 776 

Gilbert  i  Mooro 408.  603,  763,  703 

Gilding C81 

Gill,  J.  K.  &  Co.... 210.  323,  737,  757,  731 

Gillett,  P.  0 753 

Gilman,  Walker  i  Co 773 

Gllroy 41.1 

Gilroy,  Bank  o( 751 

Glovannini  &  Co 733,  73) 

Girard  Ins.  Co 153 

Girard,  Leaser  k  Co 758 

Gladding,  MeBean  &  Co. . .  .527,  725,  733 

Glaile,  Frederick  W 771 

Glass 533,767 

Gloss  Melting-pot 433 


i     I 


8oa 


INDEX. 


D 


II,  fc: 


I 


■f") 


(IIU9  Wcirks,  H,  K.  &  P 523 

Olas.*  Works,  ('.itifumia  Coop 5-5 

<ilii««  WurU3,  riidUc 52J 

lllMiii.  II  .1 51.  203.  244,  HI 

OliMn  I'allalns.  Co 101 

C.Kuiin.o  1  ( VilUgu  Uutcl 7110 

HMhi  Iron  Works. 771 

(IIoIk:  Mttf.  l,'o M3 

<  Hover  k  WillcoinlK) 7tt3 

(lluvi* 611  707 

Oluu 604,  767 

(ioM  Hill  liroworr 73tl 

ti.ilcl  llitoilialuil  CilJ 5a 

IJol.l  Milling 2S 

Colli  IJuurti  .Mliuii 2J3 

Ooia  k  HU)ck  Til.  <  'ci 194,  42i) 

Ool.l  Vidil ZU 

aoM-butttiiuj KB 

Ool.llicrg  S  I'opiio 760,  783 

Ool.lfU.  TliomiM 726,  7,"ii; 

Ool.U'n  Ai;o  Flour  .MllU 7(1.'. 

Oolii.'ii  City  I'licnilcil  Worku 7l'.l 

Coldon  i;a,?lo  Uotcl "JO 

Oolilfii  tiat^i 23 

lloiik'ii  1  !al«  Kl.mr  MiU.i 7'>j 

(JuMi-ii  <',iiU!  Packliiif  <  'o 759 

OoMen  (iatc  Wiwluu  Mills 441.  "SC 

GoldfU  Btato  k  Miuun'  trim  Works. 

757.704,771 

Golilcusoli,  F.dwunl 7C0 

Col.l  I-UtM 707 

Oolilinuii,  L 664,703 

Oolclmim.  M 775 

nolilliwii,  H 707 

(Milsmitli,  U  141 

(lol.tsraitli,  D.  K 781! 

(loiasinltb,  L.  k  Co 787 

OiiMamith&Low«ilH!rs....O!lO,  781.  783 

C.olJiitone.  .MitcliuU 7lB,  700 

GoUltrci',  Natluin 737 

Oolinsky,  E.  1  Co 702 

Oo     .icru  k  Doolcy 270,  271,  540,  759 

Gootloll.  rurkiua  &  Co 

201.  202.  CJO.  7S3 

OooiliUl,  Charlos 202,  2(1 ) 

Gooilliue,  8 201 

GooUinan,  A 707 

Go»lmuii.  .1  H.  &1V. 754 

Goixlman.  Simon 70O 

Go"'inomh.  A.  M 780 

Go<..iricli,  Tiiylor 784 

Goo.iwln.  .T.  C' 006 

GofHlwiii.  M.  k  Co 771 

Cotnlyoar  UuliWrCo 

522.  757,  701.  707.  782,  785 

Golly.  J.  II.  SCO 7.57 

Gordon.  Bernard 772 

Gordon.  O  547 

Oonlon  Hardware  Co 

209.  220.  687.  073.  708 

Gonlon  &  Hazzard 775 

Gordon.  .Tamos  E 220,  073 

Oonlon.  (,'.  M.  &Co 734 

Oorhaiu.  W   11 553 

GoaUluk>-,  E.  4  Co 7C0,  785 

Ooss  k  Adania 771 

Oottisi,  L 135 


lloud,ll.  L  221 

Imuld,  .Mr 302 

doul.l  scurry  .Milif 739.  712 

Goiiuh.  .Jolia .757,  773 

(lowen.  O 750 

Graio.  ,1.  W.  *Co 3M,  767,  709.  7«3 

lirac-ier,  Francis ..750 

t 'HKlwold  4  EuilNjy 758 

( iraf  A:  Frotitui 706 

UnihaiD,  liilward 775 

(iraliaiii,  11  II  &  lira 637 

GnUiain.  Isaud 331 

Graliuin,  ,1.  C.  k  Co 757 

Gruhaiil.  J.  U 601.  76.1 

Itmliam  TaiN-r  Cu 037,  780 

Umin  HIilinHTs 203.  707 

Grand.  A.  1, 210 

Grai  d  Cntral  Hotul 701 

Grand  llotid 790.  791 

Grange.  N 773 

GraiigerH'  Hank  of  Califoruia 754 

Grangi-rs'  llubiuuss  Aaa'u 752 

UraniUi 532 

Granilo  I'owder  Co 709,  782 

Grant,  J ._ 531 

Grant,  TUos.  C .' 770 

Granz,  H 603,700 

GralHts 241 

Graphite 320 

Grans  Valley 30 

Grass  Valley  Founilry 771 

lirau  i  Co 618 

Gmvo,  U.  &  Co 759 

Gnves.  V.  Co 773 

Graves  k  llall 707 

Gniy.  Edward  I* 770 

Gniy,  G.  W.  k  Sons 713.  760 

Gray,  .Matthias  7^1 

Gniy,  .V.  k  Co 702.  7S0 

Grayson.  ,1.  W.  4  Co 730.  735 

Great  Fortunes 55 

Green.  John 345 

Greenebauiu.  U.  &  O 

119.  451. 156.  458.  701.  705 

Gruenbauiu,  Sachs  k  Freeman 

209,7&-| 

tlrvenberg  4  Co 686,  707.  758 

Greenwootl,  .M 69^1 

Orelfe,  Charles 700 

Gregoire,  Louis  4  Co 5.'7 

Gregory,  H.  I*.  4  Co 

.  .210.  211,  757,  704,  774,  776,  780,  783,  78ll 

GrlesBon,  0 502,  7S2 

Grimu4(,'o 707 

Grlain,  W.  E 754 

Grifflth,a 634,  773 

Griffltb,.T.  M 210 

Grisar,  E 255 

Grisur,  E.  4  Co 787 

Groceries 707 

Groezinger.  G 245 

Grosoh,  E.  A 303 

Grosch,  U.  B 302 

Grouse 3ft 

Gruvcstem  4  Blnnard 773 

Grozelier  4  Nelson ftM,  785 

Gnicnhageu,  V,  H 767 


Gulllemolt«i.  J.  M T91 

Gulttard.  E.  4  Co 664,  607.  763.  763 

Guittaril,  Oiner .707 

Gump.  S.  4G 010.  7.S1 

Guui|H.rtz  4  Brooks 20J,  780 

1  lundlaeh,  J.  4  Co 241,  773,  7811 

tluiis 709 

Gunat.  M.  A.  4  Co 700,  783 

Gutelius,  .Mr 308 

Guthrie,  J.  W 754 

Guthrie  4  Adams   775 

Gutta  I'ercba  Mfg.  Co 

6S2.  757,  707,709,783 

Gutte,  1 70'J 

Gutte  4  Frank 770 

GulUiilKTser.  Wm 771 

tJuttenlterger  4  Co  665 

Guayinas 46 

Gwlli.  W.M 90 

QylMUm 320 

IlaoiSros 209,708,783 

llaas,  Geo.  4  Co 703 

Iluhorlhi«,  .1.  C 77J 

Hacheney  4  Beno 708 

lliicker,  B 


703 

llatfonl,  R.  F.  4  Oo 773 

Ilagau,  John 705 

lla:;au  4  Manhelm 15S 

llai(cr4Co C4I 

Ilaaer,  John  B 160 

llaguinann,  F.  4  Co 055 

Uagenuali4  Schooling 775 

llaggiu,  J.  B 139,  301,  406,  470,  710 

Hahii,  John  76^ 

lliihn  4  Cohen 760 

Ilaigh,  B.  4Sons 383,  305,  78S 

lUiiiht.  iiuliert  4  Co 763,  783 

Haines,  J.  W 410,  419,  420,  421 

Haine-*  4  Feters ISA 

Uaker,  W.  4  llinz 776 

Hale,  BriM.  4  Co 775 

ILile,  Jaincs  W 787 

Hale  4  Norcross  Mine 739,  743 

llalc,  O.  A.  4  Co 737 

llaUliut S.'B 

Hall,  A.  J.  4  Sons 221761 

Hall  Bros 032,783 

Hall,  C  U 1 013,781 

llall,  E.  A 235 

Hall,F 773 

Hall,  J.  V Oo0,757 

llall,  Luhrs  4  Co , 708,  773 

Hall's  Safe  4  Loik  Co 770 

Ilallidic,  A.  S 

183,  410,  425,  436,  COS,  757,  703 

Halsey,  F.  A 465 

HaUteU  House 753 

llaUted,  J.  L 696 

Hamburger,  S.  D.  4  Co 706 

Hauiilton  4  Cu 775 

Hamilton,  G.  M 759 

Hamilton,  .Tuhn  line 770 

Hamilton,  I'atrlek 736 

Hamilton,  \V.  U.  4  Co 754 

Hammond,  .Mr 260,367 

Hampton.  Clias.  W 764 


m 


llaiiiiilon.  J.  l",  &  Co 7M 

lUuiiiUiu  IIou.;u 751 

lUnciKkt  Wililit 730,  T3t 

Ilai.ly,  L.  N  &  Co 023,  702 

lUliforil  Ho;cl 78-J 

IlailU  U.  (1 2J0 

Ilallly,  IlLorsi'  T.  »  Co 78J 

llauly  u  HtMW...^ IGi,  7^ 

Ilaniia.  V  O 733 

Ilaiina,  J,  &  IV  N 763,  7il 

llaiina.  J.  V.  W 40O 

IIii:iB<.'ii.  M.  S  A 7C3 

IlaiiHuii,  Acttcntun  &  Co 774.  783 

Ilaiithom,  J.  (1  i  C.) 381,  757,  71 

]Iaj>,'u<«l  i  C.i 78J 

IIai>^oo.l,  llUDiu&Co 381 

]l.inu:;thy,  Ak'oston  343 

IlaraS2tliy,  A.  P 2i: 

JlaroH/tliy,  An>a'l  247 

llanu.aliy,  Arpml  &  Co 250,  700.  7Sfi 

Ila.biii  Hut  Hulpluir  HiirlUit'S 7SU 

Harlfora 3'J7 

llardii'.  UliiOrlcli  &  Co 7S« 

Hard  wart-.  dL'aluni  In 7C8 

llanly  Powder  Co 


IIar.1 


.341 


Hardin^-.  Unlnii  &  Prior 4H  78J 

llarkur.  W.  4  Sou 24.) 

Ilurkuusa  &  Co 7M 

Harlow,  J.  &  Co COO,  758 

llaniio:i.  Bauiuul  II 774 

IIa.-ndi!ii.  W  P 183 

Harucjs 491) 

llanioaj  Mmiufacturcri 501 

liari'Ois  Production GOO 

Harper.  Jatnen 750 

Harper,  I£t.-y:iold«  &  Co 210 

Ilarjici,  Tho« 271,  537 

Uari)cr,W.S  730 

Harris,  Ilroa 7C1,  73^ 

Harris,  E.  T 730 

Harris,  J.  &  Co 78u 

Harris^  Rhine 751 

Harris,  TIios 270 

Harris,  Wm 560 

Harrison  &  Dickson 

720.  756.775,780,787 

lUrxiion,  C.  H 230 

Harrison,  William  O 770 

llamiann  Bros 750 

Harrold,  Jolin  J.-,  k  Co 754 

Harroltl.  John 733 

Hart.  Jackson 787 

Hart  &  Goodman 341 

Hart  &  Sons 787 

Harto,  O.  P 707,733 

U:irtung.  F 245 

Hasey  &  Lancoater. 765.  780 

na.ito  i  ICirk 770 

ila.ikell.  C,  L 001.  76J 

HaiikcU.  D.  n .■.18:. 

lI:Lskcl.  PhincAS 703 

Haskell  &  Jluojzo 771 

Haslani,  A 053 

Hasterlicll,  8 701 

Hastings,  C.  C.  tCk) 701 

Ilostuigs,  a.  C 24S 


INDtX. 

Hatcli.  Dr  P.  W 73 

lUuli  &  llarclay 73J 

ILithaway.  C  W MJ 

llatnian  &  N'ornianiljD 733 

Hatlcrotli  &  lluu 704 

Hat* 433.  700 

I  laii.^iiuin  Pros 610.  7ol 

Haiuer,  S   f.  »  Co 731 

Haven,  C.  D 150 

Haven.  J,  P 112 

Hawaiian  Commercial  Co 

2C6,W8,M0,  MO 

Hawaiian  Tratlle 744 

Hawaiian  Haiptr  Viold Ml 

Ilawe.^,  Alexamlcr  a 770 

Hawes.  I) 158.  770 

llawkes,  C.  K 768 

Hawkins,  F.lijali 770 

Hawkins,  ,1  .11 767 

Hawks.  N.  c  610 

Hawley.  c  A.  k  Co 703,  770.  7S« 

Hawlej.  .has.  U 757  753 

Haul  ,,  C  J.  t  Co 70S 

Hawley,  David  Jf 783 

Hawley,  M.  C.  &  Co. ..  .300,  763,  768,  783 

Hayes,  D.  K 603 

Hayes,  l  ieo.  k  Co 763 

Haynes  k  Lowe 271 

Hayward.  A 632.  780 

Haywanls  Hotel 7.S'J 

llaiardiKarl 031.782 

Head,  C.  1'  4  Co 775 

Heuld's  Airieultural  Works. . . .  '675.  753 

Haildsburg 412 

Healdsliurn'.  lialik  of 754 

Healdsbnrii  llrowery 750 

Healy.  Geo 781 

Healy.  Wm 030.  702 

Hearst,  Geo 'V)l 

Heatlioni.  W 400,  51     ' 

llelK;r.  Wm 703 

H.-cht,  M 707 

Hecht  llros.  &  Co 210,  511,  757,  772 

Hi-cht,  Martin  &  Co 211 

lIe.lonliimjh.  W.  A.  4  Co 620 

He<lses  &  DillenUiril 053 

Heenlink  k  Co 783 

Hefti.  lialthamr 733 

Hellbron  Urns 753 

Hcllraaii,  J.  n 710 

Heluebers,  1) 772 

Heinenian,  11.  M 401 

Heiiiscli,  H 210 

lleintzeu,  Cliarlcfl 7M 

Heinzenuui  k  EUls 704 

Ileiseh,  Geo fJM,  702 

Held  Bros.  &  Co 704,  765,  770 

Heller,  M.  k  Uro.  ..200,  764,  765,  776,  787 

llellman.  I.  W 135 

Heilman  Bros,  i  Co 760,  769,  770 

Hellman.  Hass  &  Co 210,  763 

Ueliman  k  Lehman 733 

lleinmth.  Wm 701 

Heinnie  ^  Long 613 

Heniilipvay,  John 756 

Hclidur».)li.  MP 618,  769 

Heady,  J  210,  698.  774,  776,  780  783 


803 


Heney.  W.  J,  ftCo 70fl 

IKrikiil'o 750 

Ilunni-s,  Christ  k  Co 753,736 

ll.-nsl  r  4  Pri'.'Uricla 7511 

Iluritscli,  H 2:5 

Hentrieh,  Ia'wIs 731 

Hureidcs  Powder  Works 733 

Herils,  AliuiKlaut 234 

llerniosillo 46 

Ilirr,  Dr  200 

IIiTrera.  P.  &  Co 77.1 

llerriek.  l:.  .M 774 

llerrlns  Family 363 

Herrini-.  I! 006,766 

Hernnanu  k  Co 774 

Ilerntn  k  Parmr ...787 

Hertz,  Herman 772 

Hertz,  L.  4  J 768 

Hert/eg  4  Co 470 

Herzbers.  Martin 705 

lliss.  C  736 

lleiter4  May 211,  001:706 

Hevneinoim,  H 700,783 

llLyuemann,  H.  4  Co 

210,759,765,707,687 

H.ynemunn,  Pick  4  Co 440 

lleywuiMl  llros,  4  Co 7C0,  766 

lleyi.ood  4  Hendlcy 763 

Huywooil.  W.  11 630 

Hibbard.  O.  L.  4  Co 

211,512,  613,767,758 

llibemla  Savings  Uauk 135,  758 

Ili.Uok.  D.  E.  4 Hon 636 

Uickj.  U.  4  Co 051,  737 

Hides 488 

Hiigins  4  Collins 774 

Highland  8pr;n.js  House 783 

Hood  lilver  Hotel 789 

Hiidburg  llros 763 

llilJreth,  Tlioraas 270,  751 

Uddreth,  A.  P 774 

Hill,  P.  A 076 

Um,  J.  P 018,  759 

Hiilebrandt  4  Co 765,  774 

Uillinrd,  E.  M.  4  Co 708 

Himes,  Geo.  U 733 

Hirsch,  D.  S 770 

Hirschfeld,  D 702 

Hirscfamun,  Adolph .*. . .  .771 

Hilton.  Weston  4  Co 498 

Hinckley.  D.  II 662 

Hinckley.  E 757 

Hinckley,  Spiers  4  Hayes 767,  764 

nines  4  Peters 405 

Hinklo,  Philip 081 

Hinsdale,  Geo.  8.  4  Co 774 

Hiuton,  W.  M.4  Co 646,782 

Hiuz  4  Landt 776 

Hirabfeld,  D 506 

IlitUU.  T.  U.,  Codes  of 047 

lUtlell,  John  S 736 

Ui3Cson,  Justl  4  Co 765,  787 

Holiart,  Wood  4  Co 761,  753 

Hobbs,  Pomcroy  4  Co 758 

Hobhs,  WaU4Cu 600 

Uoehstadter  4  Bros 787 

Uodge,  Davis  4  Co 211,  761 


8o4 


INDEX. 


m.: 


ni«lji!.  Jolinii.  &  Co 7J7 

IIoil,«).i,  J.  II 7M 

Iloi  llcr,  J.«,  ph "87 

ll.Kl.tt.bui,  Wlu.  &  Co "73 

ItoIviiftCu 713,  7C3,77J 

llolT  trui  Uruj 773 

U..«;iMn  i  1'" 705,  7711,  787 

lloff  jchimlcUT.  W (M 

ll.>j:m  tl'o 023,  703 

lli>.<»ii.  lluwiurcl 090,  783 

IIulio  Halmoii  Co 788 

lloUt,  Will MO 

UolliriHik,  MurriU  &  Utctnon 

Wi.  iM,  758,  708,  770.  7*1  785 

lIollircKiko  lloiuu 789 

U.iKniiib.  W,  A.  iUo 707 

HuKIlju,  Julill  11 7t3 

lIuUloii,  J.  L 023 

lIoWcii.  8.  K  4i« 

lluIdmliC  Will lOO 

llaljur,  .Martin MB,  7C7 

llu'.Jis,  Jubii  II 773 

IIi.lli'ulHick.  J.  K Hi 

IWlUtur SU 

U.'lli-i -T,  l^iiik (if 711 

Uulli.vur,  .1.  11 'JO 

IIull:..tLT,  O.  J 730 

UoUbitur.  Town  at 60 

UolliJt.jr,  WW 51,  06,  »5,  230,  257 

IlMhiiiii.  ,1 001 

ll.iliitiii.  Huutoa  It  Uo 7,V) 

llubn;  s,  U  T.  4  Co 531,  772 

Holt  IlKM 014  759,774 

lloll,C.  11 M'J 

Ilolt,  Warrt-n 7'i3 

Iloiiii;  .Mutuul  Im.  (.'o IH  152.  770 

llonitf  &  llanicb 7li5 

UiKytl'd  Canal 34 

HtwiK T.  I'.  A  i  Co 774 

Doopur.  C  .V.  i  O.  W 001,  7,'i8 

HooiKir,  F.  r  iJ.  A 774 

llooiKT,  W.  II.  JtCo 773 

H(.I.  •  Irciu  Worku 771 

Ilollkill.^  i-  llrownt-U 770 

llopkliw.  I.',  T 142.  159 

llupkim  &  Hughes 177 

Ilupkliu,  Mark 168,  170,177,173 

IIopkluaiMillur 177 

Hopkiift,  WuL  T 7M 

lIopi>er.  S.  K .'>11> 

Hol» CM 

Honi(!loy  Uoiuc 791 

Homos 271 

Ilorau  I'ovfiTS 709 

Unrstmun.  John 723.  701,  781 

Ili.rtiiultnru 231 

Hurtou  IIoiiso 7tiO 

Hoa.- 620,709 

Hosiciy 44S 

Hotalind.  A,  P.  i  Co.  ..210.  227.  313.  773 

Hot  Days 05 

Hotels 769 

Hottlil.lMonto 7K) 

Hotel,  l':anioiiil 790 

Hot  Hprinipi  Hotel 790 

Houshlou.  J.  F 163 

Houghton,  W.  A.  4  O.  8 757.  784 


Iloiwo  nulliUna CU 

ll.iustnn,  W  .1.  &  Co.. .719,  782,  781,  763 
llovcy  ;;.  Humphrey 7.'»1 


Uo 


.  J  .1. 


Uowf,  ,1.  C 341 

llowalcl,  Chaa.  W 51,  360,  2<i7 

llnwnnl.  (Ito   II IIJ 

Ilowiirtl  Ilouso 789,  T91 

Ilowi. ,(.  Co O&l) 

lloHuU  Ji  I.urriai,'a 731 

llowtll  i  Til».iu 719 

HowoJillall 785 

lIowi*.  (loo  &  Co sn,  <m 

llowi's,  ,lalHi2. 203.783 

Iloyt,  J.  U 237 

Uubbcrt.  W.  K. 7.V! 

lluiliUeston.  Ilu]h 702 

IIu.l«on.  II.  S 072,  7ia 

Hudson's  llay  Co 

331,332,338,339,340,  700 

Ilut'ter  Ilroa.  k  Co 7'.5,  75,1.  781.  78 ; 

Hufschiultlt,  FrxHliirick 700 

Uughus,  (ii'orgo 711,  765 

Uujlus,  II.  4i;o 761 

IliUlhes.  Thus.  E  &  Sons 97 

Humbert,  August 12  > 

Ilumbolilt  Itoy 30,  39J 

IlumboliU  llrewery 750 

liunibolJt  ('ounty  Bonk 731 

ilumbolilt  House 789 

Hume.  1 1.  W 382.  758,  759.  783.  783 

Hume.  Joseph 382,  783 

Hunii-,  11.  U 369.  392,  759.  778 

Hume,  Win 382,  788 

lIuniMlly.  llelatlvo 71 

Hunt.  i;.H).  1' 7.'>9 

llunt&  Iliinkitu 605,  702 

Hunt,  Jonathan.  Hon  4  Co 770 

Iluutur  4  Kh;n:klL-tonl 529,  75<) 

llunthij{t«i.n.  C    I> I68v  177,  179,  179 

Iluntingtim,  F  A 770.  783 

llnntiugtori.  Hopkins  Bt  Co 

177,  209.  7lH.  70it.  774.  770 

llnntingtoii  Lumber  Co 774 

Hnrlbunl  Canning  Co 739 

Hiuleriil.ulilianlt 559,  701 

Huasiy,  H.  I'.  &  Co 769,  783 

Ilussoni  Ilolado 763 

Ilutclilnson,  C.  U 157 

Ilutehinson,  Ilcnry  L 225 

Hutc-hinsou,  Kuhl  i  Co 333 

Hutcliinson,  Kohl,  Phillippeus  4  Co. 

706,709.783 

nut/:Iiinaon  4  MaDD 156,  770 

Uutton,  Mr 593 

Hyams  Bros 701 

Hydraulic  Cement 320,  529 

Hydraulic  Klerators 433 

Hydraulic  l-Insineorini; 403 

Hydraulic  Jllnlnij 291,  292 

Hydraulic  Pipe 291,  416,  417 

llj  land.  Joseph  B  780 

Ilymanllros 210,763 

IIyman.M.  4Co 701 

Ice 807 

Ice  Co.  Cal.  and  Nov 563 


III!  Co  .  ( (akUuiil 609 

IcuCo.,  IV-oplus' 569 

ku('o.,  Huiumit 511} 

l.-j  Co..  Stockton 563 

loCo.,  V  mdO.  II 539 

I.Uho 40 

Ikon.  Fnnlurlck 703 

IU,.lohii<l 1307,  703,  784 

luiporiul  Fire  InsunuicuC. 142,  158 

Iminiit  atlon  Associatlounf  Cal. 218,  730 

Imperial  Mine 741 

Imperial  Firu  Ins.  Co.  of  London... 200 

Importers 203 

Importations 207 

IraiHirtoil  tiooils 34 

1  miNirtem  ou  Commission 709 

Increase  nf  ManilfactuPDS 740 

IndiaiialKjIia  Clinir  MtjCo.CO?.  760,  700 

liidastrii.l  Art 413 

Iuillb.triat  Iron  Works 771 

liiKii  .Mi:s<Ulg 773 

Ink.T.U 315 

Ii,^ 727,  770 

luman.  Win.  M 707 

Innus,  .1  L 494,733 

liimranco 113 

lusitralic.)  Agents 770 

Insuraiicu  llusim-ss  in  1881 147 

InHUranou  Coui|>anies 770 

Insurance  llatt^s 146 

ItiKuraneu  (.'ominnies,  flrst 142 

Iiuuranco  Losses 146 

Insurance,  Uush  into 145 

Intuniatloual  IloUd   789,  790,  791 

Inventions 415 

l;ivcnii:sH  Cauiiiui;  Co 788 

Iritlalo,  A.  S.  4  Co 703 

Inm 652,  770 

Iron  llef;inuings  058 

Iron,  4.'[dlfoniian 511 

Iron  Fuundrioit 639 

Trim  .Manufactures 033 

Iron,  Oregon 311 

Iron  Safes  770 

Iron  Biiips 628 

Iron,  Smelting 310 

Ironworks 653,  770 

Iron,  Washington 313 

Irwin,  O 754 

Irvine,  K.  4  Co 775 

Irving.  It.  SCO 719.784 

Irvine,  Win.  II 700 

Irrigatiou '. 603 

Israel.  Luco 775 

laraelsky  4  Morris 705 

I vaucovicb,  J.  4  Co 70S 

Ivera,  U 164 

Jackson,  Byron,  Inventions  of 

432.070,077,073 

.locEson  4  Tniman 

075,  070,  077,  753;  70i  771 

Jackson.  Jlyera  4  Co :)82,  788 

Jackson,  J 090 

Jackson 30 

Jackson,  J.  O Tit 

Jackson.  John 785 


INDEX. 


80s 


Jiiilcion,  It   W 771 

Jackiunvaiu  lIuUl 73 1 

Jscobwo,  J.  W 7M 

JiWoby&  Kjuton Itll,  77U 

Ju'.'oIm  Urutbfn 2U 

Jitcoittt,  M.  ii  Hon 7lJl,  7C!i 

Jaool.li,  Jiillui 770 

Jttcolty,  I^mU lia,  770 

Jamt-i,  J.  4  J 7J0 

Jsuiiu.  rariwrACa 341,  7f>'J 

JaniM,  P.  W 773 

Janucn,  K.  ft  Oo 773 

Japjiixj  Art  KxlUbiUua 33) 

Japutininif CDl 

Juiljuu,  I''.  A.  &  Co  773 

Jfllrti',  W.  J 719 

Ji'ltunun  City  MilU xa,  yd,  7G.J 

Jiilfruy,  William 7711,770 

Ji-:inliis>,  Thoiuaa 210.  7liii,  iSl 

Junnti)/H,  D.  A 703 

Juiiniuiiii  k  .HtiUman ...WO 

JiToiiiy  A  Co 571,  78^ 

J':ravy  Farm 2Jl 

Juucu,  I* 571 

Jowulry 771 

Jcffolry  IkiXf « fiOl 

J.-wutt,  JarrU. 753 

J(ilj.«>n  &  Hterotl Ml 

JulMon,  Btorett  i  Paintur 041 

Jab  I'rlulinj OIU 

Jolin,  William 701 

JnhnaoQ,  J.  C  &  Co 

210,  501,  5)2.7C'.I,  Vi 

Joluuoii,  Ueeao  &  Winau» 77j 

Johaton,  L.  A 775 

Jo*.,ti3on  ti.  Huj^ilun 7.VI 

Johnson,  11.  F.  &  Co 7.'0 

Jolinson,  J.  O 753 

Julinson  i  Blue dli,  73.) 

Joluiaou,  Antliouy 701 

Juliuson.  (iuto 002 

Johuiiua  Difltlllcry 2.")3 

Johusuu,  Pros.  A 310 

Jonfa  S:  Co 210,  703,  782.  731 

JouM,  K.  II.  &  Co 704,  703,  707,  770 

Jones,  Orin&Co 757.  7.'i8 

J.)ne:i,  T.  C 731,  750 

Jonor,  D.  n.  4Co. 5Jl 

Jones,  W 753 

Jo;k-s  &  Anderson 7S3 

Jones,  J.  F.  &  Co 505,  703 

Jones,  T.  U  754 

Jou.s  &  Itrandenattiia 003 

Jonliin,  Mrs.  J    C 403,  785 

Jory  Urothors 511.  757.  738 

JoHefb.  Nathan  A  Co 7S0 

Joaelyn  i  Park 087 

JooBt^  Herman 703 

Joost  Bros ^03 

Josl  &  AiUer 773 

Joyoo,  M.  li  i  Co .773 

Journal  of  Commerce,  Portland — 735 

Journal  oJ  Commerce,  S.  F 207,  736 

Judson  &  Shepherd VOG 

Judson  Horse  Nail  Co 075 

Judson,  Egbert 313,721 

Judjon  Powdor  Co. 782 


Juliieii,  J.  4Co 771 

Jun^lilut,  Au^iuikf'o Oil.  737 

Juittiee  Mine 741,  743 

.luru'iin.  C.  li  gon SOi,  707 

JutoIUits 470,772 

Kabn  Ilroi 700 

Kalin  llrul.  *  Co 763.  787 

Kahn,  J01 143,613 

Kahn,  M  iL 771 

Kahn  Itros 737 

Kalluuk.  MorilJ 701 

Kane,  (*'Ix-ary  &  Cti 773 

Kaufman,  llecbt  &  Aliea 737 

KtanoUros. 705,787,737 

Keifer,  Chaa. T^'f 

Kelley,  .Martlu 70.') 

Kellosj,  J.  O 311 

KeUogg,  Dr 41 

KeUogu  Hotel 780 

K.llet  i  Murray SJ3 

Keller,  liovland 243 

Keller,  Wni  iCo Ml 

Kelly,  Ku^no 1.^ 

Kelly,  a  n 533 

Kell),  J.  It.  4  Co 7dO 

Kelly  Si  Egan 773 

Kelly  4  GllclirUl 773 

KeUy,  .1  K&Co 523 

K'^lly  U  Voung 701 

ICentllold,  John  *  Oo 6»«.  774,  7S3 

Kenny,  O  I, 048 

Kearney,  Charles  M (i83 

Koariiy,  M.  T 24"> 

Kissler,  J.  &  F 534,773 

Kenny,  John 773 

Kennedy,  P.  B 707 

K.ntu -k  MIno 740.  743 

Keosh,  John 703 

KerU  4  Sjileu 700 

Kerth  A:  Ni"olaua 750 

Keni  Canal 403,400 

Kern  Valky,  Dank  of 734 

Kerr,  David. 733 

Kestler,  Martin 013,733 

Kewen's  Estate 215 

Key   P.  M,  (Sen 253 

Keyes,  O.  N 73J 

Keyston  Brothers 502,  503,  73J 

KihnSFucha 000 

Kimball  Carrlago  Co 0"3 

Kimball  4  Lawrence 703 

Kimljall,  J.  l^ 472 

Kimt«rly,  Itoy  8 433 

KIni',  Clarence 743 

Kings  Hotel 78.1 

ICinit,  E.  T.  4  Co 637,  7iiO 

King,  Morso  4  Co 240,  7KI,  733 

Kinney,  M.  J 3a; 

Kinney  Cannery 332 

Kirby4Co 434,785 

Kirk,  U.  C.  4Co 701 

Kitschbraun,  Son  4  Co 703 

Kitchen  Vogotables 230 

Kittle,  N.O 710 

KitUe4Co 753,700,783 

KitUebergor&Dold 773 


Kittredi-,  K.  II.  *  Co 703 

Kiltretlgo,  Jonatliau 072,  OiM.  770 

Kifell,  J,»me» .733 

Kleos,  John  .4  Co 73} 

Klumui,  Charlus /Oil 

Kline,  UiiUi  4  Co XO,  703 

Kline  4  C-  i 709 

Klopiwr,  rrwlnrlrk 771 

Klo|Mt<Kk.  C,  4  Co 7CI.  78} 

K'mttinuan  Bros 310,  703 

Klum.  C.  K 301,  7;» 

Knabe  Pianos 013 

Knube.  Wm.  4  Co. 013 

Knapp,  Uurrell  4  Co 311,  733 

Kuaner,  Luronz 733 

Kunuch,  J , 773 

Knewing.  P.  4Cc' 783 

Knight.  U.  E 4lt 

KnltllociiU 413 

Knoni,  Alliert  F 0)3,  700 

Knowlaiid,  Joseph 774 

Kuowlcj,  U.  B.  4  Son 5J0,  774 

Kuowles,  J.  U 703,783 

Kuovlton,  J.  J 727 

Knoj,  C.  C 537,  70J 

K.ius.  John  D 433,  io7 

K.jch,  J.  II 781 

Kochler  4  Ititler. 6J6.  607.  771 

Ko<:hler,  A 731 

KohUr,  Charles 24S 

Kohler  4  Frohllng 210,  215,  778,  731 

1  Kohler  4  Chaso 731 

Kuhlb.rg.  M.  i",  4  Co 7ilO,  7S5 


700 

733 

...001,  ;5S 

...338,700,703,787 
731,  ,37 


Koncke,  A.  k  Co 

Kolipcl,  J.  C.  ti  Uro.. 

Korbol,  F.  4  Uro 

Kojhland  Bros. . . . 
KoaUand,  H.  4  Co 

Ko.tminBky  &  Bros 70O 

Koster,  Henry 772,  7iO 

Kosler,  J.  D 553 

Kowalskl  4  Co 773 

Kronen  4  Coist 706 

Kreig,  Anton 403 

KrcuzbeTger,  L 703 

Kro/h,  F.  W.  &  Co 7u 3,  730 

Kro:i,  II.  F 4114,733 

Krug,  (Charles 213 

Kjumb,  Louis 756 

i  ICruie  4  Euler 210,  708,  70J,  733 

I  Kiihl,  U.  0 443 

I  Kullman,  Salz  4  Co 731,  754  773 

KuUman,  Waener  4  Co 404,  772.  733 

Kunintz,  M 505.  707 

Knuze,  Otto  K 736 

Kuroaiwo,  Tbo Otl 

Kutner  4  Cioldsteln 701 

Labor 9.1.  103,113 

Laborers  Aiisoeiatious 103 

Lachmau  4  Jocobl 315,  773,  730 

LacUman,  S.  4  Co 7C0,  736 

Laclunan  4  Stemfels 337.  706 

La  Couilanco  Inauranco  Co 156 

Ladd  4  Bush 754 

LadO,  Charles  D 072,703 

Ltdd,  Cl«a  B.,  InTsntlons  ot.433,  429,  09] 


So6 


Ladd  &  Tilton 135,  754 

Lr-dil.  \V.  S 141 

Licremaiis,  I'riiuk COO,  7U') 

Jjh  ronci-ro  Marin  j  Ina.  Co UC 

Lafajvtto  Krcwery TOO 

Laiaiaw  k  Co 200.  219,  G83,  Sai.  7C3 

LaitUaw,  J.  A 335 

LaiiUaw,  James  &  Co 737 

Laiijneau,  Abel 5C5 

I-iiinl.  D.  W G96,  G97,  771 

Laira,  Mr 204 

Lake,  Dank  of 754 

Luke,  ncnry 727,  757 

laku  &  Warrcu 750 

Lambert  &  lirison 708 

Lambert,  UUalia 787 

LamlHM-t  &  (Jryeue 723,  753 

Xanipa 772 

Lands,  llritish  Columbia 07 

Lauds,  Central  Taeillc  U.  U 91,  1-2 

Lands,  Public 81 

Lund  Tura 31:8 

Land,  tirant  Policy 173 

LiiU    Bloiiciioly 80 

Landd,  Nortliern  Pacitlc  U.  It U3 

Luids,  Cn;Lon  Imiirovcmtnt  Co —  '.4 

Land3,  Soutliern  Pacific 1*2,  9J 

Lands,  Washiiigtun 95 

Lands,  Western  Oregon 04 

Lander,  L 245 

Landers  &  Co 770 

Laudc.'s,  Patrick 703 

Landtra,  William  J 770 

Landdbcrgcr,  L  it  Co 250 

Lane,  Jules 097 

Lane  lu  B 705 

Lane,  W'ta.  lu 700 

Lang  i;  Co 773,  780 

Lan;;e,  J.  C.  It 755,  730 

Lanjcn  &■  Co 7."G 

Liui^eubcry  Bros 753 

Laniienbcrgcr,  A 215 

Lan^iham  Ilonac 790 

liUn^Iey  i;  Co 70 

Laiisley.  U.  O 737 

Lant'ley  ic  Miclmelfl 209,  704 

Laualey'8  directory 752 

Lani,rulu-,  11.  C 007 

Lankerbliim.  J.  ti  Co 210 

Lautli,  Phil 750 

Liv  I'urouse 321 

LaPo;tv,  Bank  of 754 

Larat,  .Vrsene 7C3 

Lardner  &  Leo 450,  787 

Larycat  Fonyboat 155 

Largest  Hotel 51 

Largo  Vineyards 24-* 

Larkina  &  Co 759 

Lasiir,  L.  &  Co 705 

LassweU,  D 080 

Laata 020 

Latham,  M.  S 135,  4'J7 

Latlintrn  Ilot'i 789 

Lathrop  Hotel 78J 

Laton,  Charles  A 155,  770 

Laubenheim,  P 775 

Laventhal,  B 776 


INDEX. 


Laventhal,  Koaalla 701 

Lawrence  &  Barlow 771 

Lawrence  &  Co 77^! 

Lar.'ton,  G.  T 710 

l-awto'j,  O.  &  Co 210,  701,  703,  772 

Lanton,  Frank 702 

Lazartl  Fn^res 244,  441.  754 

Leaching 304 

Lead 310 

Leading  Business  Houses 753 

Leailttorks 688 

Learj-  A.J 757 

Leather 485,  772 

Leather  Go.>ds 772 

Leather  Products 485 

Lebeubaum  it  Goldberg 7r>3 

Lo  Count  Bros 210.  753,  7M 

Lu  Coutc,  Prof.  J 03 

L^derer,  Geo.  M.  &  Co 707 

Lee,  John 737 

Lee,  John  &  Co 691,  002,  700 

Leo  &  Delong 53-1,  775 

Letjo,  J.  P 331 

Lc  Fxauc,  Chas 245 

Legallet,  Dominitiue 787 

Leidiya  Hotel 791 

Lcinunweber,  B.  k  Co 495,  513 

Lemke,  John 701 

Lc^noino,  Gambert&  Co 341 

Lommc,  C 245 

Ljndruin,  BumB&  Co 763 

Lennio  Fiah  Co 323 

Lennon,  John  A 708 

Lenomiand  Bros 774,  786 

Lenscott,  J 500 

Lent,  W.  n 709 

Lt^Bccr  Bros 758 

Lester,  J  W 019 

Levcron  -,  William  M 753 

Lovi,  H.  &  Co 703 

Levinshon  k  aieyerstcin 765,  787 

Levinsky  Bros 756 

Lcviaon  Bros 771,  780 

Levy,  A  &Co 705 

Levj'  it  Co 210 

Le\7,  D.  i  Co 773 

Ljvy,  Diamant  &  Co 758 

Levy,  F 775 

L,vy,  Isaac .227 

Levy,  Jolm  &  Co .770 

Levy,  Jules 764 

L'jvy,  M 787 

Levy,  M.  ec  Co 765,706,787 

Levy,  Michael  ... 773 

Levy,  M.  &  Son 787 

Levy,  8.  &  Co 765 

Lovy,8.  W 775 

Liek  HouBo 700 

Lick,  Ja« 630 

Lick  Observatory 25 

Lick  Paper  Co 636.  780 

',  Liddle  &  Kacding 072,  703 

LlebosBros.  &  Co 703,760.701,785 

LielR'B.  H.  &  Co 337,  766 

Liedosdorfl.  W.  A 628 

Liokor.  Fredericks 761 

Letnenweber,  C.  H 141,  78S 


Lcwelling,  Henderson 237 

L-JWeliJnj,  John 237,  213 

Lew  &  Ilannta 761 

Lewi.4,  A.  &  Co 773 

Lewis,  A.  H 097 

Ljwij,  Henry  L 7G3 

Lewis,  Henry  M 771 

Lcwift.  H 773 

Lewis  House 791 

Lowia,  Jackson 771 

Lewis,  Joseph 785 

Lewis,  W.  iV  Co 702.  700.  762,  783 

Liesendeld,  Philip 757,  Oil 

Li^'gctt  k  Mcyirs Tobacco  Co 785 

Lighthall  A.  II 753 

LilienthalAi  Co 227,  773 

Lille,  Philip 7*1 

Lime 534.  773 

Lime,  San  Jose  Co 535 

Lime  Co.,  H  .u  Tuan 535 

Lime  Co.,  Tocoua 53^  713 

Lindeman.  C.  11 771 

Lindenbaum.  1 758 

Liudloy  &  Co 763 

Liuforth,  Kdwartl  W 222 

Liufortli.  James 223 

Lintorth,  Uico  ii  Co 223 

Liuuell,  n  ILk.  Co.... 232,  753,  768,  709 

LiUBced  Oil 713 

Lion,  L 787 

Lion  Fire  Insurance  Co 157 

Lipman,  H 705 

Lipman,  8.  &  Co 763,737 

Liimian  &  Cu 787 

Lii)pitt,  Luuk  &  Co 310.  516,  517.  707 

Lipaher,  George 756,  780 

Liquors 773 

Liaiauaky 321 

Lisscndjii,  G.  &  Co 753 

Lis^emleu,  G 075 

Lister,  D.  &  Co 004 

Little  &  Lawsou 763 

LittleUeUl.  Allison  &  Co 341,  705 

Liverpool  Insurance  Co 143 

LivUigatoa  i;  Co 227.  773 

Loal/.u,  Wencealao 709 

Lobo  &  aaUn^jjr 765 

Lobsters 328 

Lochbaum,  Aujust  H. 601,  733.  771 

Lnchii»n  Bros 535 

Locke  k  Lavenson 753 

Lockhiirtfii  Porter 763,  786 

Locks *. 073 

Locomotive  Kngineers 108 

Loowo  Bros 773 

Loeweuberg  Bros 775 

LoewenhajTi,  Ilcnry 765 

Logan.  W.  O 771 

Lodging  Machine 425 

Lohman  &  Coghill 209.  700 

Lohnmn&  CoghlU 708.  783 

I^hae.  J.  F 710 

Lolor.  C.  P 733 

LomiKiu 96 

London  Assurance  Corporation 153 

London  Bank,  of  Utah 754 

London  Prov.  Marine  Int.  Co 156 


■^7 


London  &  San  Francisco  Bank. .135,  754 

Long,  S,  II 781 

Lonkcy.  O 419,  421 

Looke  &  Sloulton 758 

Loomi3,  Georgu 736 

Lovcjoy,  Mrs.  A.  L 753 

Lord  k  Williams 770 

Lo3  Augpltia 23,  29,  7J0 

Lo3  Angi'lcs  Coffee  Mills 7G2 

Ij03  Angeles  Cou  jty  Bank 754 

Lo3  Angoles  Expreaa 735 

Ij03  Angeles  IleraM 735 

Loa  Angeles  Water  Co 411 

Los  Angulcs  Woolen  Mill 786 

Los  Oatos  Fruit  Pkg.  Co 753 

Lotfc,  C.  F M3 

Louaoo,  R  B 703 

Lougb,  Jamrs 773 

Low,  C.  Adolpho  A  Co 

547,  762.  763,  773,  730.  7b3,  785 

I^w,  F.  P ny.  543 

Low  k  Chartrey JCA 

Lowe,  David  W 7G3 

Lowo,  Geo.  A 75;j 

Lowcnberg,  J 0(17 

Lowentlul,  Livingston  i  Co 7d3 

Lower  California 4j 

Lubricator,  Lightfoed 431 

Lucas  &  Co 53 

Lucas,  Turner  &  Co 127 

I'lico,  1 634 

LuiUisinger,  J.  B.  &  Son 603,  7fio 

Luckol,  J.  O 784 

Lnckhardt,  C.  A.  &  Co 770 

Lucy,  0.  It  &  Co 7&1 

Luders,  A 717,  730 

Ludlow,  Fltzlmgh G4 

Ludluin.  Antliony 363 

LugscUu,  Jay 214 

Luhrinaim  &  Co 7511 

Lumliennens'  Union 100 

Lumbering 67;) 

Lumber  Manufacturers 774 

Limd,  Henry 7G7.  7(>9,  784 

Luudy,  Thomofi 761,  707,  771 

Liming,  N &47.  710 

Luak,  A  &  Co 240,  760,  705 

Lusk,  J.,  Canning  Co ^41,  753 

Luther  k  Schroeder 77.*) 

lutke 321 

Lux.  Charles 268 

Lynch,  Peter 75 

Li-ndo  ft  Ilaugh 34i  353,  762,  7^3 

Lyon,  S.  M 7,^4 

Lyon  b  Barnes 71)5 

Lyons,  E.  0 578,773.780 

Macaroni 553.  774 

Macdonald,  D.  A.  fc  Co 598,  7G3 

Mac*lonaUl  k  Uawea 158 

Macdonongli,  Joseph 770 

Maco's  Hotel 71H) 

Machhto  Shops WO 

Machinery 774 

Mock,  J.  J.  &O0 203,  7G4 

Mack,  8.  L 754 

Mackenzie  k  GUberson 769,  784 


Xtackay  &  Co 477 

Mackcn,  J ii% 

Mackey.  J.  W 300 

Macondray  &  Co 760,  770,  783,  735 

Gladden,  Jeromo 03 

Maddox.  a 527.  7S2 

Miulacn,  C.  A  k  Co 541 

Magcc  k  Moore 77.3 

Ma^ill,  ^Vrthur  E 770 

Maidfitodt.  D 75G 

Main,  Charles 143,  501 

Main  St.  Iron  Works 771 

Main  k  Winchester. 2 10, 501, 503. 70'.).  772 

JIakiu,  IlobertG 733 

Molatesta,  L 773,  780 

MaUrkoy,  D.  J.  &  Co 210 

Maldonado 302 

Malloii,  J 526 

Slallou.  J.  i  J.  B 763 

Mallon,  Patrick 750 

Malt 574,  774 

ATalt  Liquors 572 

ManoHse,  Em'l 41iS 

Mandulbauui.  Francis 773 

Man^-els.  M.  &  C 210,  71^.  7S2 

Alanhattan  Firo  Ins.  Co 153 

Mann,  Alexander 7i*l 

Manning  k  Berry 775 

Alansion  House 791 

I^Ianufacturcrs 22 

Mora.  J.  A ItiO 

Marble 632,  774 

Murcou,  Prof.  J 317,310 

Marcus,  Geo.  &  Co 769,  770 

Marcus,  Isaiah 70t) 

Mardcr,  Lufla&Co. 640.  7S6 

Maru  Island 24 

Marine  Fishorios 352 

Marine  Iron  Works 771 

Maritime  Marino  Ins.  Co 206 

Murks,  Isaac 467,  780 

Marks,  L.  D 759 

Marks,  M 407,  780 

Marks,  Mannheim 763 

Markri,  S.  &  Co 775 

Mark  Wist  Sprhigs 790 

Marah.  L.  S.  P 760 

Marschutz  k  CantrelL GG5 

Murehatt,  John 771 

Marshall  &  Jonoa 771 

Marshall,  O 433 

Marsicano,  P 671,  765,  733 

Martelt  J 694 

Martin,  D.  H.  &  Co 501.  736 

Martin.  E,  4  Co 220,  773 

Martin,  Feusler  k  Stc'fTani '.782 

Martin,  H.  S 530 

Martin.  J.  W 135 

Martinez 24 

Martinez,  Bank  of 754 

Martinez  Pitg.  Co 783 

Murwodel,  U.  F 774,  776 

Murye,  G.  T.  &  Son 754 

MuryaviUo 27 

Maryavillu  Foundry 771 

Mar>'sville  Ravings  Bank 754 

MarysviUo  Woolen  Milla 44i  766 


Ma-toii,  Wm 152 

Muj'ou'ii  Brewery 756 

Mason  k  Co 763 

Mahsey,  Atkins 7()2.  780 

MasHun,  FrcR-s 50*J,  703 

Masters,  I],  J 753 

Mastic  Bros 503 

.Maatic,  S.  L.  k  Co 771.  7^3 

Matehert 711.  775 

.Matrrial,  Labor  ami 103 

Matlieniatical  Instnuncnts 033 

Mathewtf,  H.  A 773 

aiatliora  &  Co 401,  761 

Mathieu  k  Maisun 771 

MattJtu  &  Moore 773 

Matt.'snn,  E.  E 417 

.Mattjaou  &  Williaiuson   . .  .675,  753,  771 

Mattidlath  Mfg.  Co 51.  624,  755 

Man,  AlWrt  &  Co 209.  763 

Marx  k  Jorgeuscn 210,  773 

May,  Joseph 227 

Mayer.  Duwaou  &  Co 704,  705,  767 

Mayer  k  Frlcdlaudur 775 

Mayer.  J 678,014,  780 

Maylield,  A 703 

Maylleld,  W.  J 566.  703 

Mayri.sch  Broa  k  Co... 702,  760,  761,  735 

Mazatlan 43 

McAfee  ii  Co 057 

Mc.Vrtlmr,  J.  M 774 

McAuliffu  k  Ganl 763 

:\Iu(;ubu 470 

McCarthy  Bros 763,  767 

McCarthy.  J 026 

McCarthy,  James 734 

McCkllaud,  J.  J.  &  Co 773 

McClare,  E.  L 754 

McCoUani.  T.  W,  &  Co 344,  703 

McCouc;,  Hubert 757,  76i  775 

McCowiell.  H 003 

McCounell,  T.  W 763 

McCormick  &  Co 754 

AtcLorinick  k  Delanoy 637,  783 

McComiick.  F.  11 636 

McCorinlck,  W.  M 407,  780 

JlcCormlck,  W.  L 221 

McCrakeu,  J 210 

McCracken.  J.  &  Co 535.  7''< 

MeCrear>-,  C.  kCo 500,  765 

McCreery's  Building 2-0,  680 

McCoy,  Wm 573 

McCue,  J 618 

McDonald,  A 443 

McDonald,  Joseph 75J 

McDonald,  Wm 158 

McDonald,  U.  H 135 

McDon-jJd  &  Schwabachor 775 

MeDougal,  P 245 

McDnnugb,  James 763 

McDowell  ill  Gould 473 

McFarland  k  French .775 

McGinnls,  Thomas 001,  709 

Mctjlnne,  Wm 574 

McHenry.  H.  &  Co 763.  783 

Mclntyro,  John  B 757 

McKay  A  Co 591,  774 

McKay  k  Brown 768,  783 


i  '^'i*t  I 


808 


McRiy  &  Chlsholm «3.  «4,  735 

U.-lvay,  Tho3 -m 

McKc.-,  (ic-o.  U.  /t  Co 783 

McICc:incy,  L,  M.  &  Co 737,  7  J3 

McKt^reher  !i  Thompson 7j7 

McKuiic,  II 5;0,  757 

McLuuc.  C.  E ISG 

HcLaiic,  Louis 140,  ISC 

RIcL.-iiue,  T>.ii]chlin 7.'VI 

McL'jllan,  Frank 733 

McLoniian,  D 441,477 

BU-Lenii.in,  Frank  P 4J0,  7d7 

SIjLorhtau  Uro3 772 

MoM,iIjou  Uoiiso 7i'.) 

McNair,  D 398 

McNJIy  Si  Itaitkins 035,  760 

MoNoar.n.  W 

203,  204,  203,  754,  707,  770,  783 

MoMillan,  Donald 733,  786 

Mcrhee,  N 778 

McUucr,  D.  0 113 

McWillianis,  IL  II 055,  771 

M.arlo,  GiK).  W.  S  Co 703,  70.">,  708 

JlL'.acham  A:  llacon 77-4 

Moadow  Valley  Mino 743 

Bleat  Cooling 5J8 

Meit  Packing 537,  5,';9 

ML-at  Packing,  S.  S  P.  Co 540 

MGl)ins  &  Co 703 

Meilau,  J.  k  V 700 

Slo.lauw,  T.  J.  II.  !i  Son 773 

BIcchanics,  Imported 116 

Blijchaniea'  Inanraaco  Co 101 

Mjclianics'  Iron  Works 771 

Meehanica'  Mills 7iJ3 

MeL'k.  Wni 237 

Moeler,  ,1  (I.  Si  Co 7S3 

Melian,  Tlioina.i  II 73.1 

]Meig3,  George  A 774 

Jl^iggs,  II 5W 

Moinockc,  Chaa.  &  Co.  .700,  760,  773,  783 

SI.l,  (iinirge 770,  783 

Jli'iclior,  J.  A 770 

Melczer,  Win.  &  Co 780 

Mv.'lhom,  A 750 

Miillcr,  O.  4  Sons 530,  531 

Moncarini,  D , 532 

SlL'Udell,  G.  II 303 

Mcndelson  IJros 733 

Mond(K:ino,  IJank  of 7M 

Mendocino  Lumber  Co 774 

Menlo  Park 20 

Mcrccvl 27 

Merced,  IJank  of 753 

Merced  Savings  IJank 7.>4 

Mcrchandiae,  Imported 775 

Merchandiaiug 207 

Mcrcliants'  Mutual  Ins,  Co 144 

Blerccr.  M.  A 702 

Blerguirc,  John  L 7iJ8 

MelWi,  .1.  C.  i  Co , , .  ,703,  703,  733 

Mcrriil,  r 478 

Merrill,  8 (m 

Merrill,  Dr.  H 143,  143,  ICO 

Merifteli,  D. 705 

Morton,  Moffltt  Jt  Co 701 

Morry.  FaoU  &  Co I>38,  640,  769,  782 


INDEX. 

Moston,  ,1.  J C50,  767 

Metals,  Dealers  in 770 

Motallic  Signs 032 

."\Ietallurgic.al  Works 770 

JIeti;orolo;;y,  Comparative G2 

Meteorological  Regions CJ 

Metliodist  Hook  Dei)08ilory 7.'i7 

.Metiakatlah  CaTining  Co .7£8 

Metropolitan  Iron  Works 771 

Metropoliton  Hotel 790 

Metzgcr,  D 731 

Jletzger,  L 780 

MetEler,  D 7.'jO 

MoUler,  C.  J.  I! 753 

Meu.s8dorffcr,  C.  11 70'J 

Meussdorffer,  J.  C.  &  Son 709 

Jle.vico 45 

Mexican  Silver 30j 

M'.yer,  /uiron 701 

^I  yer  llros.  &  Co 700 

JLyer,  C.  II.  &  IJro 76) 

Meyer,  Daniel 735 

Meyer  k  DalKlstein 701 

Mey.r,  Eugene 210 

y.eycr,  Engeno  &  Co 787 

Jlcyer,  E.  &  Co 775 

Meyer,  Em 773 

Meyer,  George 761 

Meyer,  ailinan&  Co 758 

Meyor  Tloneo 701 

.■Meyer,  .1.  G.  11 01 1,  612,  757 

Meyer,  T  Lemmcn 763 

Meyers,  L.  A ...775 

.Meyers,  C.  II 7S2 

Meyerink  S  Meyer. 705 

Mcyerstein  &  Co 775 

Meycrstein  &  L-iwenbcrg 700 

Michalitsciiko  Bros,  i  Co 700,  785 

Mich.ls,  FHedlandjrft  CU..765,  706,  707 
Michelson,  Ilrown  &  Co. . ,  .540,  739,  783 

Middloton  4  Co 769,  782 

Midon,  F 762 

M'crson,  Jewell  &  Co 775 

Milco,  G.  N 2S7 

Mili-Btreot  Foundry 77! 

Millers  Co 737 

.Miller,  E.  IL,  Jr 177 

Miller,  Henry 200 

Miiler,  J.  &Co 627,782 

Miller,  J.  D 705 

Miller,  J.  P 330,340 

Miller,  Ixjuis,  Jr 771 

Miller,  W.  V 618,739 

MiUer&Lui 268,  lOl  759 

Miller  4  Illehard 042.  704.  770 

Millinery  Goods 770 

Milling  System 533 

.Miliionaires,  Residences  of 25 

.Mills,  D.  0.128, 137, 138, 201,  547,  Ql,  032 

Mills,  Edgar 135 

Milton  Gravel  Mino 713 

Mino  Improvements 300 

Mine  Maungemcut 393 

iline  Timbering 432 

Mining 280 

Mining  Asscasmeutfi 299 

Miuln(  Dltchei 408 


Mining  Machinery 65fi 

Mining  Stock) 130 

Mining  Sjpiilies,  DeaLrs  in 770 

Mining  Tables .7^3 

Mini:ig  Works,  Ua«lerg:ouud 239 

Mirrors,  etc 525 

Miiision  Soap  t  Candle  Works.  .700,  764 

Mission  Woolen  Mills 441,  78G  ■ 

Missimla  N'ational  llonk 75o. 

-Miasouri  Fur  Co 333 

-Mistre,  Simon 090,  703 

Jtitchell.  .1.  E .;78 

Mixer,  Geo.  II 756 

Moileato 27 

Moilesto  Bank 755 

Moffat  .<;  Co 123 

.■^loltat,  K.&n 739 

Molir  i  Ivi-oger 759 

.Mohrig,  C.  F 772 

Molson  &  Sons 750,  703 

M'.no  Coimty  Pank. 7i»^ 

Monroe,  A.  U  Sou 773 

Montague,  W.  W.  &  Co 

209,  000.  758,  700,  708,  770,  7S4,  783 

Montana 41 

.Alontanya,  .lames  Do  La 

200,232,030,   76,734,735 

Montealegre,  J.  0 564,  763,  709,  735 

Montealegre  &  Co 702,  709 

.Uonterey 30,337,  73S 

Moody,  Z.  P 773 

Moody  &  Farriah 737 

Jlooilyville  Sawmill 206,  219,  ."^91 

Moon,  Seully  &  Co 773 

Moore,  Mr .£94 

Moorc^  A.  D 703,  774,  733 

.Moor.:,  D.  P 47i  COO 

Moore,  C.  4  M.  C 753 

Moore,  E 75J 

M.iore,  Dr.  U.  A 135 

Moore,  I.  C 702,  785 

5Ioore,  Joseph 4  4,  433,  519,  661 

Moore,  L.  P 785 

•Moore,  Allen  4  Co 754 

Moore,  Ilunt  4  Co 773 

Moore  4  Wiiklu 703 

Moose 341 

.More,  Sanmel  4  Co 773 

-Morcy,  IL  S 771 

.Morey  4  Moraseo O'JO 

Morgan  4  Co 163,  S64 

Morgan,  1).  I) 755 

.Morgan  4  Eaatman ' 575 

Morgentlmu,  Max 721 

Jlonis,  11.  4  Co 773 

Morris  X  Evans 775 

Morris  House 791 

.Morris  4  Kennedy 753 

.Morris,  P.  T  634,775 

Morrison,  Geo.  II 774 

.^lorrison,  Hutchinsou  4  Co 760 

.Morrison,  .L  J 763,  774 

.Morrow  4  Strung 088,  7M 

MorBe  FruitCanuing  Co 759 

Morton,  Chas 3flO 

Molt,  Jr.  E.  D 156 

Moultpu.  E,  8.  ft  Co ?(» 


Mount  Diablu 24 

Muuntaiii  House "fio 

Muiuitaiii  Lftku  Water  Co 40J 

Wowry,  U.  (J.  &  Co 341 

Moynihan  &  Aitkou 757 

MucUasu 727 

Muccko,  Victor  it,  Co 

7tJ0.  767,  7G9,  770,  78J 

Muelli  &  Co 5G0 

Muhra,  jViitouio 753 

Muiler,  (;eo SS'J 

Muller  &  Koenig 78J 

Mimscll,  Jumea  Jr 77o 

Munlock,  C.  A.  k  Co 782 

fllunlock.  W.  C.  &  Co 775 

Mnipliy,  B.  D 135 

Murpliy  i.  Councrs 705 

Muri>)iy.  Grant  k  Co 

209,  705.766.7(17,  787 

Murphy  &  Horn 758 

Muser  lire* 704,  707 

Mm^to  liros 534.  775 

MuaUi,  1* 7G8 

iVIu^val  Ureliard  Co 2J0 

aiuyli-iilyu,  E.  J 430,  431,  750 

Myers.  C.  H 527 

Mcyem,  L.  A 534 

JVlyrick,  Folflom 78'J 

Nabor,  Alfa  4  lirmiv, 773 

Naclimau,  Adolph 573 

NaUcau.  U 244,  543 

Naylee,  II.  M 124,  186,  253 

Nupa,  Uank  ot 755 

Nupa  City 412 

Aapa  Hotel 790 

JS'apa  Valley 25 

Naracovicli,  C 755 

Na«h,  H.  D.  &Co 675,753 

Nobs  Kiver  rislilug  Co 7S3 

Nant,  Urtienzwuig  k  Co 

097,771.  772 

Xuthati.  B.  i  Co 210,  701,  7C3.  772 

Nathan.  M 755,  775 

Nathan,  I'ulrenuau  &  Co 701 

National  Kxchanuo 7i>0 

National  Flour  Mills 7f't5 

National  Gold  Banks 754,  755 

National  Iron  Wor"^* 771 

Naunton.  Geo 783 

Navarro. .5.'5 

Navlet,  V 020 

Navy  Hoap  Co 78 1 

NoBt  Cattle 258 

Nockttcs 4C0 

Netf  i  Co 775 

N(Mhliua&Fox 750 

Nelson,  C.  X 001,  769 

Nclfton  k  Co 787 

Nelson,  H 591 

Neahitt  &  Co 550,  7«'-3 

Kosbitt,  J.  k  Bro 755 

Nesniith.  J.  W 044 

Ntuumiin,  /Ul>ert 77:i 

NouB'atlter  Bn« 

209.  456,  456,  458^  761,  766,  769 

NeuTol.  P.  N 733 

loa 


INDEX. 

Novmla 37 

Nevailii,  Bank  of 755 

Neva-U  City 30 

Nevada  Ilouao 7S9,  7J1 

N'tva;la  Luml)cr  Co 774 

Xevllio  A  Co 753,  754,  769,  780,  73.J 

New  Taconia  Iron  Works 771 

Newliauer  &  Co 713.  775 

Nowburg,  Hawthorne  &  Co 210,  753 

Newbura  k  Uathbun 775 

Ncwburyer.  Iteisa  &  Co 787 

Newcastle  Fruit  Association 75J 

Newell  k  Bro 784 

New  tnyland  Soap  Works 784 

Newhall,  Sonsi  Co 709 

New  Hampshiro  Ins.  Co 154 

NewkLrk.  K.  P 705 

Newman,  A.  k  Co 759 

Newman  Bros 731 

Newman,  C 432,  525 

Newman,  Jainea G95 

Nev.nnark,  II 210 

Newmark,  II.  &  Co 763 

Newraark,  J.  P.  i  Co 706,  787 

New  Orleans  Ins.  Co 150 

Newspapers 643 

NiiWton,  Bros,  k  Co 

209,  768,  769,  783,  785 

Now  WoBtminster 42 

Noylan,  James 774 

New  York  k  S.  F.  Collar  Co 7G2 

New  Zeahiiid  Ins.  Co 206 

Nithols,  A.  O.  &  Co 769,  772,  7£0 

Nichols  &  Co 758,  7S7 

Nichols,  W.  &  P 755 

Nicholson,  F.  II.  &  Co 708 

Nicholson,  S.  H 704 

Nickel,  J  L.  &  Co 769 

Nickclsburg,  A.  k  Bro 775 

Nickerson.  B 591 

Nickerson  &  Co 591,  774 

Nights,  Cool 06 

Nimpkisli  Cannery 783 

Nniiel 703 

Noble,  I'atrlck 683 

Noel  k  Felt 773 

Nocll,  R 200 

Noian.  D.  &  Bros 511 

Nolan.  F.  D.  &  Co 758 

Nolan  P.  F.  &  Co 753 

Noroross&Co 110,  459,  764 

Norjrove,  John 780 

Norris,  Win 143 

North  Beach  Brewery 750 

Nortli  Bloomlleld 743 

Northern  Assumiico  Co IM 

Nortliem  Belle  Mine 743 

Northern  Pacillc  U.  U 93,  179,605 

Nortli  Pacific  Mutual  Life  Ass'n . . .  .770 
North  Pacitio  Trading  &  Pkg.  Co.. ..788 

Nortlinip,  K.  J.  k  Co 753 

Northwestern  Hotel 752.  783 

Northwcfitem  Itailway  Co.,  Wi8....1W 

Northwest  l-'ur  Co 333 

NorthwL-st  Trading  Co. 337,  350,  357.  360 

Norton,  A.  W 498 

Norton  k  Madson 62i  762 


809 


Xorton  &  Mulcaby 763 

Notalilo  Bankers 135 

Nott«  V43 

N'  iiga.  L't,  rhartua 7C0 

Novelty  Iron  Worka 771 

Nunan,  Matthew 750 

Xiittfiis.  Calvin  liSoa 770 

Xut  Trees 235 

Xyo.  A.  F.  (t  Co C89,  707 

Oakes'  Hotel 789 

Oaklanil 23,  736 

<  laklanrl  Uas  5tfg.  Co 7M 

Oakland  Jtauk  of  livings. 755 

Oaklaiiil  Brewery 756 

Oaklanil  JliU 7C5 

Oakland  Ciaa  Co 733 

Uaklanil  llariior 300 

Oakland  Homo  lua.  Co 155,  770 

Oakland  Iron  Works 771 

Oakland  Times 735 

Oakland  Water -110 

(Jakum 731 

Oatmeal  551 

OlHjrfelder  Bros,  i  Co 773, 

O'Urien,  Jolm 703' 

O'Urieu,  John  II 773 

O'Urlcn,  J.  J.  &Co 707,787 

OlJrieu,  iM 506 

O'Brien,  Maurice 703 

O'Brien,  P.  J.  &  Sons 750 

Ocean  Canning  Co 783 

Ocean  Steamers I'JO 

Occidental  Si  Oriental  8.  8,  Co iOi 

Oceidcnti'l  Hotel 789,  700,  731 

Occidental  Iron  Works 771 

Occidental  Luml)er  Mills 774 

Occidental  Sawmill 501,  7V4 

Occident  Hotel 78.1,  7;:0 

Occident  i  Orient  Pkjf.  Co 738 

Occident  Pka-  Co 733 

O'Connor,  J.  B.  &  Co 781 

O'Connor,  Moflatt  &  Co 707,  767 

Odell,M.  M 759 

Odelli  Wright 70S 

Odenstein  &  Co 701 

O'Donnuil,  C 773 

O'Donnell,  W 703 

OkIo  House 780 

Ohlandt,  N.  &  Co 780 

Ohnicn,  Wni.  H 704 

Oil  Cloth,  Dealers  in 780 

oil  Clothing. .   466 

Oils,  Dealers  lu,  etc 780 

I  >jal  Valley 29 

O'Kano,  John 210.  501,  709 

O.  K.  Brush  Factory 756 

Olceso  &  <  laribaldi 775 

Olive,  etc 236 

Olsscn  &  Benner 080 

Olsson  k  Beuuorscheld 7C3 

Olympia 36 

Olynipla  Standard 736 

Ulym|)la  Trausciipt 736 

O'Mearu,  J 641 

O'XciUBroB 783 

Onestl  /i  Conner 765 


!i 


ml.. 

4v,r\ 


n 


8io 

oaMioo 

Oiililr  Ulno 

0;i:i3a!l2lia  r  i;  D  o 703, 

Opp^uliolmtT,  Iv,\n 7Gj, 

Ora  i[;o 

Otanjj  Hotel 

0."cliariliat.s 

0.-iloavit;ln  f;  Co 

Orj:;oa 31. 

Oregon  IimniGration  Board 01. 

Oruio.iCoot  :ilfs.  Co 

O.-i'-on  t  Cal.  n.  n 

l)rti-on  Si  Ciil.  U.  n,  Co 

Or2:;on  City 

Oix'^oa  City  nrcwory 

Crjgoa  c;ty  Woi«l  Mfg.  Co 

Orcso-.  City  Woolen  .MiUa 453, 

Orcgnn  riirnltiuv  Mfg.  C( 211, 

Orccoii  Olovo  Factory 

Oro~on:a:i  

Orogoniaa  railway  Co 

Orccrou  Improvement  Co...3'J7,  3C8, 

Oregon  Irou  Co 

Orejon  Leather  Mfg.  Co...  4'Jj,  77i 

OrrgoaPlcj.  Co 

Oraj'oii,  Prosperity  of 

Orei:ou  l^.  ^  N.  Co 

M,  ISO,  133,  201,  203,  5Sj,  GC: 

Oregon  U.  f;  N.  Co.'s  VcBStls 201 

Orejoa  Savings  t:iuk 141 

Oroj-o.i  litaiiilard  Soap  Co 713 

Oregon  Utat  J  Directory 7o7 

Oregon  ntjarn  Daliery 7uJ 

Or.'C^a  utcain  Nav.  Co 133 

Orcjon  ij'.o:k  ^  Datchcriug  Co 753 

Orocon  Tan:ierlo3 4.13 

Ox:;on'ii  Trxlo 215 

Orc::on  L^  Transcontinental  Co 183 

Ore:;on  L  \.'a£hington  Mtg.  &  Savs. 

I;li 7.M 

Oregon  Woolon  MUIb 443 


Or; 


.013,733 


Ori.jnt  I:iDtiranco  Co 101 

Onaaby  Ilotua 703 

OrovlUo  27 

Oaliomo,  D.  IX  iCo 211 

0.-!torlo!i,  Conrad 701 

OoiilllvaD,  C.  D 131 

OttJro,  <  l3 300 

Oullahan,  D.  J 773 

Oulton,  (Juo 077 

Ov.rland  Tolegraiih  Co . .  130 

Owen,  C.  51 033 

Owen,  i:.  n 033 

Olreu  J.  J 783 

Owen  rtt;x:r  Co 038,  700 

Ow^nn,  Dcujamiu  W 7S7 

■  Owens,  John  D 782 

Oya.on  302 

I'a^mt;  Agricultural  Worki 753 

i'aililjCank 134,  135,  136,753 

rac.fls  CrlUg.!  Co 7.-7 

Paclila  Cinninj  Co 7^3 

I'ajiii J  Cement  Co 52.) 

I'acllle  Chain  "NVorka 073  700 

Puollli!  Slope,  Ana  of 18, 1'J 


INDEX. 

racitlc  Coast  Directory 737 

Paclflo  Coast  0:i  Co 317,  313,  750 

Pacific  Coast  Packing  Co 70  j 

racfflo  Coast  Population 13 

Pa-ilic  Cod!*t  Posii^-ssions. 13 

Pucilic  Coast  Steamship  Co.201,  205;  2i.O 

i'acilVj  Congress  Springs 731 

Pacilic  Corilage  i;o 4S3,  703 

I'nrin,;  Diatilliug  i.  KcHning  Co.570,  7."J 

Paclflo  <;lovo  Worka 513,  707 

Pacitio  Horn.  Pharmacy 704 

PaciUe  Hotel 730,  731 

Pacific  llouso 730 

PaciUc  Ink  Factory 770 

Paciiic  Insurance  Co 144,  IH 

PaciUc  Iron  Work!! 063,771 

Paclflo  Jewelry  Co 701,  773 

Pa,-;rie  Juto  Mfg  Co 470,  480,  772 

Pacific  Kerosene  Works 780 

Pacilic  Lif.'  Insurance  Co 770 

Paeille  Mail  SUaiuslilp  Co 200,  21,5 

Pacific  Manufacturing  Co 702,  780 

PaciO.  Metal  Works 771 

Pacific  Mutual  Lifo  Ins.  Co 13.'i 

Piciflo  t  ccan  IIuuso 731 

Paclflo  0.1  Works 713 

Pacilic  Poeltry  Co 274 

Pacilic  I'rcs',  .'^rinting  Co 732 

Pacilic  naiiror  il  Agitation 102 

i'aclflo  Rol'nig  Mill  Co 082.  737 

Paclfle  Saw  Mfg.  Co. .  .003,  COO,  705,  733 

Pacific  Soila  Co 071,  '87 

PaciUc  Spring  i  Mattress  Co.. .  .463,  753 

Pacific  Stove  &  Iron  Works 781 

Paclfle  Straw  Works 781 

Pocille  TyiK)  Foimilry 764,  773 

Pacific  Vnion  Packing  Co 783 

Packing  .Meat 5C3 

Page,  II  K 735 

i'aga  &  jVllcn 703 

Pago  Eacon  &  Co 123;  127.  130 

Page.  Wheaton  &  Co 773 

Paige,  Calvin 143 

Paige,  8.  U 770 

Paine  ISms 703 

Painter,.!.  I) Oil 

Painter.  T.  P 041 

I'ainter  &  Co 

610,  641.  043,  753,  764,  770,  786 

Paints ; 713,  780 

Pajaro  Ilotol 700 

I'aklco  Hotel 61,  433,  673,  790,  731 

Palisado 33 

Palmer,  J.  C 245 

Palmer,  Cook  &  Co 123 

I'almor,  Henry  Si  Co 773,  780 

Palmer.  H.  A  755 

Palmer  iilley 642,  786 

Palnitag,  C 750 

Palo  Alto  Farm 272 

Panama  liallroad  Co 103 

Panic  of  1377 131 

PalKir 635,  780 

1'alK.T  Hags Ii33 

i'aiRT  lk>xcB .633 

Paper  t.'oUars 638 

Paper  Co..  Uraluun 637 


Paper  Co..  Lick. 639 

I'apcr  Co.,  Owen 633 

PajK'r  Hangings 750 

I'aperMill,  Lick 630 

Paper  Mill,  Pioneer. 637 

Parait?o  .Springs  Hotel .730 

Parasols,  etc 465,  7;"0 

Parke  i  Lacy 210,774 

Parker.  II.  O 325,223 

Parker  House 783 

Parker,  11.  I).  4  Co 703 

Parker,  (j.  H 1.10 

Pork  House 701 

Parkhurst  VS.  W 768 

Parks,  it  F 767 

Parks,  W.  H 444 

Parrott.  ,Iohn 137,217,  735 

Parrott,  Louis  11 218 

Parrott,  Tiburcio 217 

Parrott  k  Co. .  203,  217,  762,  707,  769,  733 

Parsons,  M.  W 789 

Panion.s,  T.  .1 550 

Particelll  i  lacchcri 707 

Pa-sadcna. 29;  93 

Pascal,  Dubcdat  &  Co 773 

Pascou  llouso 783 

Paiod-j  Iloljes  Hotel 790 

IVifiuale,  U 4C0,  735 

Pastene,  ^Vntonio 7C3 

PatLk,  A 727,757 

Patent  Brick  Co 753 

i'a'.tie.  J.  0 339 

Patrick,  A.  1! 493,785 

Patterson,  James 063 

Pattiuiion  Process 304 

PattriUgo,  U.  K 774 

Paul,  A.  U 429 

Puil,  John  .li.  ic  Son 566,763 

Pavement 535 

i'alton,  J.  A 314,  734 

Puxton  &  Co 755 

Paxton  L  Curtis 753 

Payne  Ilros 757,  700 

Pajot,  Ipham  &  Co 210,  737,  784 

I'oaco,  J 686 

Peako  &  Fiske 784 

Peanuts.  288 

Pearl  Oyst.  r 363 

IVarajii  Bros 763 

Peek.  J.  M 2!3 

Pick  k.  Calmann .717,  780 

i'ecuniar}  Wrecks 53 

PeeL  J.  L _ 421 

Pclousc.  E 611 

Pcndergast.  James 063 

Pendergiist,  Thos 663 

Penilergnsl,  Smith  &  Co 704 

Pemlray  &  Co 713,  781 

People's  Hotel 791 

People's  Havings  Bank 755 

People's  Ins.  Co 150 

Peipillhuj  &  Hales 739 

Pcrazzo,  O .761 

Perch 320 

Pen:lval,  8.  W 239 

Perey.P 690 

Perfumery 710,780 


INDEX. 


8ll 


P  rim,  \V.  D 753 

Perkins  lIoliBu 731 

Ptrkina,  (!.  C 202,203 

Perkins,  J.  U 405,  7i5 

Perkins,  \V.  SI.  i  J.  M 453,  7S1 

Perry,  P 7C3 

P.  rry,  Woodnrorth  &  Co. . .  .210,  398,  7S1 

P  rry-TowuBcml  Jlrs.  II 7C3 

Pestnor  i  UlUoViranUt 773 

PeUiluma 412 

Pctaluma  Creek 391 

Petulumu  Savings  llauk 733 

Petersen,  C.  A.  &  Cu 719,  7»1 

I'etorson,  S.  D 733 

Peterson,  T.  W 750 

Peterson,  W.  F 529,  606,  702 

Peterson,  W.J 7&1 

Petne,  O.  O 701 

Petroleum 310 

I'etroleuni  Barrel 025 

Petroleum  Co.,  Ban  Francisco 317 

Pets,.n,  F 782 

Pottiuall,  Peter 7C1 

Peyton,  B 710 

Pfair,G CU 

Pfeilfer,  P 750 

Picnlncr  &  Co 783 

Pllstcr,  J.  J 703 

I'lielps  MfB.  Co 751,  7C0 

Pllilpsi. Miller 733,771 

Pliila  ielidiia  Brewery 750 

I'hilip,  Speycr  &  Co 700,  770 

PliiUlp,  Ilesthal  S  Co 518,  707,  772 

Pliiilil)3,  J.  S.  t  Co 7:7 

Piioinix  Brewery 75C 

PiKenix  Iron  Works 771 

I'iucnix  Oil  Works 7£0 

Photogronha 750 

PliotoffTaplia  of  Motion 430 

ri.inoa 013,760 

Picks 7S1 

Plcklea 500 

Pico  House 790 

Pico,  I'io CO 

Picturo  Fi-amea 009,  761 

Pieilmoat  Springs  Hotel 7iX) 

Pierce,  Janiea  1' 1^5 

Piorco,  E.  U.  &Co 783 

Pierce,  W.  8 731 

Piijeona,  Willi 341 

Pikoi  YOUU3 018,  700 

Pillar  liock  Pkg.  Co 7S3 

Plliowa 409,  761 

I'inra  County  Bank 734,  755 

Pino  &  Ilougbton 153 

Pine  Lunilicr  jVsa'n 774 

Pioneer  &  Alia  Fiour  Milla 703 

Pioneer  Carpet  Beating  Co 473 

I'ioneer  ln»n  Works »771 

Pioneer  Paper  Miil 783 

Pioneer  Soap  Factory 710,  731 

Pioneer  Woolen  MilU 440,  443,  787 

,   I'Iper,  Jerome  B 736 

Pipes 703 

Piscicultiu-o 323 

Pitman,  E,  D 483 

Pilt,  Wm.  O.  C.  t  Co 703 


Pittocit,  ILL C37 

Pitts,  S.J 703 

Placers,  Califomian 290,  221 

Piacer.H,  Cariljoo 2^4 

Placers,  Cassiar 2^ 

Fiaccrs,  ^lexican 194 

Placervillo 30 

Plarervilie  k  Ilmnboldt  Tel.  Co 189 

Plagemann,  H.  &  Co 761,  765 

Planing -MiiU 698,781 

Planters' Hotel 789 

Plcater  Decorations 5o2 

Plaaler  Mills 533 

I'iaster  of  Paris 531 

Plaster  Statuary •'132 

Plate,  A.  F 072 

Plate,  A  J.  &  Co 459,  071,  072,  703 

Plate,  H.  A C72 

Piatcra 304 

I'iatshck  i  Harris 730,  737 

Plattner 430 

Playter,  F..W 221 

Plaza  Hotel 711 

Plum,  C.  M.  &  Co. .210,  403,  475,  603,  700 

PlumiiEliia 005 

Plnmijing 088 

Plinnmer  Br>s 571,  733 

Polilmann,  tiuatavo  P 772 

Point  licyes 205,  306 

Political  Denunciation 170 

Pollak,  Amolil-&  Co 700 

Pollard,  Thomas 771 

Poly,  Hcllbrou  &  Co 759 

Pomona 29 

Pouy  F.xpress 187 

Poi)0,iV.  J 1-3 

Popj&  Talbot 693,774 

Poppe,  Charles  L 7C1 

Portal,  J.  1>.  J 243 

Port  Blakciy  Mill  Co 503,  774 

Port  Costa 24,204 

Port  Diacovory  Mills 592,  774 

Porter,  David 773 

I'o  tor,  (leorge  K 512 

Porter,  Slossiogcr  St  Co.506,  Oil,  612,  733 

Portland 92,399 

Portland  Board  of  Tnulo. 141,  380 

Portland  Boilei-  Works 773 

Portland  Candy  Factory 663 

Portland  .Savinga  Can'.; 765 

Port  Madison  Mills 774 

Port  Mooily *i 

Port  Orfonl 3;" 

Port  Orford  Color  Co 771 

Post-Intelligencer 73d 

Potrcro  Dialillins  Co 577 

Piftrero  Distillery  i  Eoflncry 

671,763,787 

Potter,  Edwanl  E 770 

Potter,  Jacobs  &  Eaatnn 161 

Pottery 620,781 

Poultry 274 

.  Powder 707,782 

Powder  Co.,  Giant 703 

Powtler  Co.,  Granite 703 

Ponder  Co.,  Safety 709 

Powder  Cj.,  Safety  Nitro 700 


Powder  Co.,  Thunder 

Powder  Co.,  Vigorit 

Powder  Co.,  Vulcan 

Powder  Works,  California. . 
Powell,  Bricc 


,709 
.709 
.709 
.703 
.729 


Powell,  Thomaa 433 

Powers  &  Henderson 773 

Prag,  .Martin 753 

Pienlisa  Hotel 790 

Prescott,  11.  W 314,001 

Preacott  Insurance  Co 153 

I'reacr)tt  k  San  bom 598,  763 

Prescott,  Bcott  &  Co 

443,001,006,757,764 

Prescott's  Steam  Feed 597 

Preston,  A.  W 736 

Preston  £t  McKinnon 77-4 

Presses,  Eml.ossing 631 

Pretoriona,  Trowbridge  &  Leinmer. . 

666,757,758 

Provost,  L 273 

Price,  Michael 669,703 

Priridle  &  Meader 700 

Priugle,  tiilbert 753 

I*rinters 783 

Printing  Inks 0-12 

Prior,  J.  K 089,  707 

Proctor  House 739 

Prosperity,  Mcasurt)  of 123 

Providence  Washington  Ins.  Co K8 

Provisions 530.  732 

Provo  Mi'g.  Co '.l? 

Provo  Woolen  Mill 787 

Provost,  Daniel  It 773 

Prussian  National  Ins.  Co 159 

Paget  Mill  Co 093 

Puget  Sound 34 

Puget  Sound  '^'anning  &  Pkg.  Co — 733 

Puget  Sound  Commercial  Co 590 

Puget  Sound  Iron  Co 313 

Puget  Sound  Lumber  Co 774 

Pumps 037 

Putnam  &  Co 753 

Putnam  House 789 

Quail 341 

Queen  iVssuranco  Co 158 

Queen  Cliarlotto  Group 41 

Quicksilver 314 

Quinn,  Jam'.:S 783 

Quinn,  Tlmmoa 600,  709 

rabbits 341 

r.adius,  Ludwlg 753,  773 

r.ahsslioplF,  C 093 

Kailroada 102,  I0« 

Baiiroad  House 789 

railroad  Workshops 065 

Railway  and  Navigation  Boats 197 

Bains 69,70 

llaisch,  Charles 70O 

i^aisina  253 

Ualston,  H.  SJ 753 

lialston,  W.  C 

127,  128,  129,  133,  404,  441,  003,  073 

Kamello,  A.  &  Co 708 

Barole 287 


mim 


■H" 


8l2 


INDEX. 


VJ 


rMiDdr.LJ.  B 3r. 

n.ja-.l.nhtCo 771 

Iii:iL-i,  rniy.ua  t  Co G63,  ";7,  TH 

H-dI^  ChsTlca  K 757 

ranjonr,  lairfuktCo 783 

It.inanro,  12,  L 531,  753,  7c2 

E»J1>,  J.  tM 791 

lla£t,  Joha 7^ 

Kaani,Il  ': 7G7 

EiTtn-a,  Chinmklll  t  Co 560,  771 

nay,  W.  K.  i  Co. 7»1 

Uajacr.J.A 530 

liariiondtnrMlne 741,7^3 

UzyrDonil  h  V.'iUhire 770 

ne*,;£tock,  Endrcs  k(-o 773 

EocfjT,  W.  tt  tSon ■17D 

Ital  Una 27 

EolU:UI  Uotcl 70O 

Ktil  CnMl  It;,  tv 2U,  7C»,  7S3,  783 

n£:/lJli  r.  B 331 

naidinjan. 75. 79,92,323 

Ealilais  IIolcl 700 

CuUfld &  IrrUia. 775 

Eidi.ir.on  4  Co 154.  SOO,  7C1,  780 

naStoiton,  J.  II 311 

CcilTood CO! 

l:cilTro«l  Citj 20,412 

Htdffoul  Lurotjcr  Co 774 

Ikdtroou  Lu.'Tibcr  Mills 591 

l^jdvoc4  Maaufactiirurs'  Aw'n 774 

Veeil-itipis 341 

I>eJ.n 731 

EeodnIIotel 7S0 

Bt-Jin.  B.  tCo. 775 

Eeoc,  Michael 14! 

DcciIJl 459 

I2e:;23c}jar:rcT,  3 773 

Uc'xly^ziAain  Proccao. 430 

EtJllV. MHUl,  730,  755 

Eeia'.t»,C.  A.  it  Co 572,  7S4 

Cciliiiart  B.  Z;  Co. 775 

Belukr  U  Fuclu 732 

Bdatitc  iSracc 7-7 

Beliaa^o  Zlariua  Ita.  Co CuG 

ltcm:UarJ  triik  Co 750 

Kcxoiil^nl  Lroa 52J 

Eo=±j.-ton,  A.  I>  ft  Co 780 

llcnnie.  6ir  Jobn CCI 

Ilcno 37 

I^oo  titrat'^  Ba:ik 755 

Itoltoa,  Ilutoca  t  Co. 503,  J71 

JStnUchiiT,  r C07 

Bcnz.  Jbbn 773,  ;&j 

Beaounca  of  Arizona 730 

llcsourco  cf  CjUifornia 730 

I^CTcTcIIoajc 783,  7W 

EcT^okli,  John 700,  701 

HcTiuAa,  L.n:u 733 

lu.7lio!4j  L  Hlx 753 

t;i.]r7>alcli,  Tlios in,  78J 

tU:zi.  I  i"nx-«ia 30) 

I^-j,  Hirrtr  W. ta  673.  753,  704 

Eia:.  V/.  A. 223 

IUdi,Oti> 153 

nA.ljar.iS 3;4 

Uictuuuil,  O.  F.  *  Co 209,704 


nichanb  &  IIutUou. 7l'fl,  708,  773 

ni-jbrjil.ifc  .Show 224,  70) 

lUchanlcm,  W.  A 4)9 

KIcbardson,  W.  (1 037 

Kicbcr,  r.  K 759 

r.khmona  Drill  Co 738,  7C0 

nichmoiiil,  C.  0  S  Co 131 

Ikichmond,  L.  G.  &  Bou 732 

Kiclitcr,  AituliOi 772 

KichtbofL-ii,  Itorou .413 

!:i(lcuut&  HiDitll 557 

I!ia:;cii,  J.  N 014 

Iiid;TOway  nro.4 705 

Kidloy,  A.  E.  4Co 7C0 

Ulet'cr,  P.  i  Co 704 

niuac  Bmllitirs 701 

ninaldo,  T 701 

Ulo  Virgin  Mfj.  Co 447,  443 

Ulo  Vir^'lu  Woolen  lUU 7S7 

Uijidoa  Iron  Work» 

.iM,  MS,  033,  657,  COO,  006,  757, 764,  771 

KiU-Uo,  J.  1! 703 

lathut,  IM' 2uj 

l;ivcT  Fish 363 

liiver  Improvcmunts 387 

Hirer's  lukt  Canuiag  Co 783 

Uivcrsido 05 

lUvcraidc  lioiiso 70U 

llivursidu  Press. ..7m 

lllvcrs,  Vurious. 401 

IJoacli,  J 093 

i.obb,  J.  A..  Inrcutiou3of..41C,  420,  427 

Lobb's  Uauj  Kd^er 413 

Kobcrts,  tit;oryo  F 702 

Hobcrts,  Jauiua  B 770 

I'obcrts  Hotel 7:j] 

rujbbinoii,  Alfred CO,  330 

i^oliinsoii,  C.  A 502 

Uobinsun,  J.  A 3G7 

liock  l:ay  ,Saw  .MUl 594,  774 

Kock  tioal 32j 

Ilockwoud,  A.  P 325 

Uocliy  Mountain  Fur  Co 3;rj 

Itodo'cm,  Mt-yer  j:  Co 

203,  767,  709,  770l  733 

Uoohuck,  Tliomoa  G 737 

ItocTiick,-,  Otto 639,  753 

UoL-tl),  I  Icury  C 705 

liojcrs  iiros  k  Co 703 

r,oad(j  Ilro3 753 

IlolUns  Mills CSJ 

Itomaucu  of  tho  I'rcscut CtJ 

ICoot,  NcUeou  ^Co C05,  7*1 

Koot  ti  Handcrson 210,  708,  782 

ItoHCoo  iiCo 703 

r.oae,  L.  J 210,  238,  237,  253,  271 

liosu,  MeAlpiuo  &  Co .493 

Uosucrans,  C  F 709 

iimecrans,  W.  S 340 

Iloscman  L  Butler .787 

no.«.'Ulaum  i  Cci 704.  705,  707,  737 

Koscabaum,  1,  H.  i  Co.7U3,  700,  761,  783 

iioseuberj.  (icorje 769 

lUiSebur,{  I'uuudiy 771 

rio.^udali;,  A.  C.  U  Co 705 

lloaeuer  Bros 575,  756,  774 


noacnfcl.l,  II  i  Co 785 

I'.oaenfol.l.  Jobn IM,  205,  767,  783 

iiosLjishine,  M.  fc  IJrt) 700,  7S5 

Uosenstock,  H.  W,  &  Co 511,  753 

lioijcntlial.  \.  S.  &  Co 737 

r.osentbal,  B 783 

Kosentllal  Bros 775 

Kosentbal  &  Feeler 511 

Kosentbal  i  Fruhnian 760,  701 

Kiisenthal,  G 775 

r.ossoter  /;  Kinlth 77J 

llo.iaitcr,  .lames 753 

Ko^;s  Ilouao 790 

notary  FllniiWO GC3 

Hotter  &  BiscbofI 762 

Hotb  &  Co 773 

Kotbcubnsh,  D 756 

Kothrook,  Dr 39 

Kothachild  &  Ehronpfort 560,  703 

Kottanzi,  O 773 

Il'tnuds  It  Aluuwoi-th 791 

Itountrco  &  Mc<;lur.i. .  .209,  763,  7S2,  785 

Uowu.  n.  r 773 

Rowlaml.  J.  i  Co 177 

Hoy,  Andrew 574 

r.oyal  City  Planlns  Mills 593 

lioyal  Soap  Co 719,  7M 

lioycr,  Ilennan 521,  757,  709 

Iloylaucc.  Jo.scph 759 

r.ubbtr  Goods 522,  782 

r.udolph.  O.  4  Co 013,  761 

RULxl,  J.  C 773 

Uufflno,  L.  J.  &  Co 533,  775 

Ruhl  Brothers 760;  769 

Ilunipf  4  Dnukel 756 

Iin3l)y  £:  Mery 771 

i;u.!3,  .losoiih 51,  204,  530 

r.m\.  j.  t  Co..  774 

Uiiai  House 751,  790 

BusaeU.  Wells  &  Co 093 

I£U53CU.  W.  U 187 

ilusjian-Amcrlcan  Co 333,  .'i39 

Uusjian  Uiver  Land  k  Lumbor  Co. .  .774 

Bowf,  Win 701 

r.yan  k  Duff OJl 

Kyau.  JolinO 529,  756 

Saliatio,  .V  E.  k  Co.210,  760,  763,  773,  733 

.Sabatie,  P.  O.  &Co 773 

Holivts  i  CutU 618,  760 

tiabin,  Ferdinand 701 

iiabrichi,  F 315 

iiichs.  Heller  &  Co 209,  787 

Saehs,  Stmsaburser  &  Co! .  .765,  770,  787 

Sacramento 28 

.Sacramento  Bank 753 

tSacrameuto  Bubery 763 

.Sacmmcnto  Fou  dry 771 

iiacraineuto  Ilooord-Union 735 

.Sacramento  liiver 393 

Haerumento  Ulvi  r  Pk,i.  Co 739 

Hacmmento  Hahnon  385 

Hacmmento  Havin;^  Bailk 755 

Sacramento  Tannery 783 

Kat^rameuto  Valley 2f 

Uocramento  Water 411 


Kt...--^ 


?85 
C7,  783 
.700,  7S3 
|.511,  7i3 
787 

785 

773 

511 

760,  7Cl 
....775 
....773 
....733 
....790 
.  .  CC3 
....703 
....773 
...7M 

39 

OeH  703 
773 

....7;u 

7»2,  785 
..773 
..177 
..574 
..533 
710,  781 
737,  709 
..73J 
I,  7S3 
013,  781 
3 

533,775 
700,  700 
.7X 
.771 
2gJ,  03« 
....774 
731,730 


813 


Bacramento  Wood  Co 393 

Bacr.viiciito  WooU-r.  MDU ^43,  737 

S.viai-ry 4W 

fiaaier,  Clias.  &  Co 775 

G.vaieri;  Co 7C3.  733 

Baf,'J 07X770 

Saf -ty  Xitro  Powder  Co 700,  7S2 

Safety  rowdcr  Co. 703,  782 

Baironl,  Hudson  &  Co 735 

Bilge,  A.  A.  &  Co 775 

8;iilln3  VesBela C03 

Bailfl 481.731 

Sr.lamon,  J.  i  Co 7C1 

Balera 32 

Balcm  Flourins  Mills 206,  557,  765 

Sabm  Imn  Woika CG2.  771 

Halinau 30 

Kulinaa  City  Uaiik 755 

Salmon 311,  363,  375,  335 

Salmon  Canning' 377,  433 

Halmon  Ilatcbtiis 325 

Bait  5G9.  733 

Salt  Co. ,  Unlou  Pacific 783 

Salt  Lako  City 40 

Bamm,  Jacob 550 

Saiiim  i  Parsons 7C3 

Sanmcla.  David 767 

Sail  Brnjardino 23 

San  Clas 40 

San  Diojo 29.  413,  7:0 

San  Dioso  Bay 391 

San  Die^o  Concjntration  Co 789 

San  Fernando  20 

San  Francisco 21 

San  Francisco  Bankers ,.  48 

San  Francisco,  Ii  .y  of 22 

San  Frauciaco  Box  Factory 753 

San  l-'ranciaco  Brid^jo  Co 757 

San  Franciaco  Bruali  Factory 750 

San  Franciaco  Caudio  Co 700 

San  Francisco  Chemical  Works 7C1 

Ban  Francisco  Conlag.'  Co.  .481,  482,  433 

San  Francisco  C^onUgu  Mfy 7C3 

San  Franciaco  Furnitm j  Factory.  ■  "00 

Han  Francisco  Uaa  Liglit  Co 733 

Ban  Francisco  Harbor 383 

San  Francisco  Tnriuranco  Co 144 

San  Francisco  Imn  Works 771 

San  Francisco  Mining  l^rcss. 730 

San  Francisco  News  Co 734 

San  Fran,  i;  Pac  Sugar  Ucfluery. . .  .78-t 

Han  Fran.  Pkg.  &  Provision  Co 783 

8au  I>anci8Co  liiiral  PrcM ''30 

San  Francisco  Savinga  Union. .  .135,  755 

San  Francisco  Stock  Brcwci-y 750 

San  Francisco  Stock  &.  Tct.  Co 393 

San  Francisco  Summers 04 

San  Francisco  Tanneriea 493 

San  Francisco  Tool  Co 785 

San  Fmnciaco  Typo  Foundry 701 

San  Francisco  Water  Supply 409 

San  Cialiricl 23 

Ban  Joaquin  Canal 404 

San  Joaiiuin  River 393 

San  Joaquin  VrJley 27 

Ban  Joaquin  Valley,  Bank  of* 765 


S;ui  Joso 25,  730 

."ian  Joso  Airicultural  Works 75  > 

3:in  Joso,  Bank  of 75"' 

Ban  Ju3o  Fimndry 771 

Gan  Jn.-iQ  I^uit  Vkj.  Co 753 

Sail  Joso  Fumituro  Mfs.  Co 7G5 

San  Jo30  Limo  Co 773 

Han  Josa  Mercury.. 7J0 

i'lai  Juso  Vkj.  I'o 2!1 

f^au  Jtmn  ilobo  k  Glovo  Co 513 

San  Joso  Savings  Bank 755 

Sr.a  Jo3L'  Woolen  MiUs 442.  787 

San  Juan  Lima  Co 772 

SauLu>dO:ii3po 30,  412 

San  Luis  <Jbi3[K>,  Bank  of 755 

San  Luis  Obispo  Roadstead 397 

San  Mateo 23 

San  Mateo  Hotel 791 

San  Rafael 21,  412 

Sanborn.  A.  L...... 530 

Sanborn,  N 530 

Sanborn's  Sous,  Geo.  n C31 

fianboni.  Vail  it  Co 610,  753,  731 

Sanders  is  Co 703 

Sanders  t  Lawson   090 

Sanderson  k  r>ro 7G2 

Sandcreon  i-^;  Horn 760,761,  781 

Sansovain,  Don  Pedro  . .  - 2t3 

Santa  Ana. 23 

Santa  Ana  Hotel 791 

Santa  Ana  Uiver 29 

Santa  Barliara 23 

Santa  Barbara  Channel 397 

Santa  Barbara  County  Bank 775 

Santa  Clara 25 

Sjnta  Clara  Brewery 750 

Santa  Clara  County  Bank 755 

Santa  Clara  MachinoShop 771 

Santa  Clara  Oil  Co 37 

Santa  Cni3 30,  337,  733 

Saufci  Craz  Barings  Bank 755 

Santa  Crtiz  County,  Bank  of 755 

Santii  Inez  Muuntaina 23 

Santa  Monica  Hotel 731 

Santa  Rosa 25,  412 

Santa  Rosa,  Bank  of 75^5 

Santa  Rosa  Brewery 755 

Santa  P^sa  Hotel 791 

Santa  Rosa  Woolen  aiills 444,  7S7 

Saroni,  Louis  &  Co 6t>>,  702 

Sathor&Co 735 

Sauluier,  John  &.  Co 773 

Saunders.  Henry 230.  335 

Savast-,  Henry 77:3 

Savage  Mine 302,  739,  743 

Savage  k  Suns 663,  761 

Savings  Bank  of  Santa  Rosa 755 

.Havings  k  Loan  Banks 123,  130 

Savintr-i  k  I>oan  Society 755 

Sawmill,  Ilaitlugs" 530 

Sawmill  Inventions 416. 425.  420 

S.iwmilla 535.  783 

SawB 003,  783 

Sawyer,  B.  P.  &  Co 

496,407,498.772,785,787 

Sawyer,  F.  A 403 


Saxe,  Dr 4.U 

'.'>.ix  ',  Peter 200 

S  i\ton,  Sr.iltb  ^;  Co "3 

;^a7ivard,  V/.  P :,>\ 

ii  lar^wro  kCj 7 13 

Sralmaninl,  Carlo 733 

Scammon,  Capt 351 

S^aramon,  II 755 

S:andinavian  Pkg.  Co 788 

Sebafer  i  Co 701 

S-'haoffyr  J.  N.  &  Co 783,  733 

S-'hammcr,  Reynolds  k  Co 759 

ScharUhi,  J.  P.  t  Co 773 

S':heelino,  Nathan 759 

Schctll-r,  W 215 

8L*lie:ilvci,  P 753 

.Mclicpplcr,  William.  772 

Sdierr,  Bach  k  Sax 575,  773 

SjhL-nrer  k  Coyne 758 

S  jliie^or.  C.  II 773 

;30hiUyr,  U 701 

S--hillin.7,  .V.  &  Co 503,763 

Schlabjr,',  F.  i  C 731 

Schk'3aiuj:;r  k  Borgraaa 703 

Schmot.rer,  Henr* 701 

Schmidt,  Frank 701 

Schmidt,  N 730 

SchmiUi  k  Mendcs  758 

SchmitA  William .763 

Sciimob^  William 093 

Scluicidcr  k  Wachter 750 

Schn;;ider.  W.  H 768 

Schober  k  Sefrin 757,  769 

Sclioenfeld,  Jacob 753 

Schocntcld,  Jona.s 700,  701,  785 

Schoenemau,  Frederick 763 

Schoenstoin,  F.  B 613,  730 

SchoeuHtem.  F.  F 614,  780 

Schroder.  Albi-ccht  &  Co 536.  763 

Sclux)der,  H.  k  Co 760.  773 

ScUroth.  C.  &Co 557,  705 

Shuck.  O.  kCo 753,733 

SL-henman  k  Botefulu- .  .210,  773 

S.'hulto  k  Geitner 753 

Schultz,  Louis 577 

Sthult2  k  Von  Cargcn 773 

Schultz.  Wm.  A 773 

Si:hulz  k  Fischer 093,  097,  773 

ScliuJzo,  P 333 

Schumakor  Bros 753 

Seh'istcr.  F 750 

Schussler,  H 416.  413,  419,  543,  513 

Schusiler,  John 783 

Schuyler's  Hotel 719 

Sehwab  k  Ando  son 783 

Seliwabacher  P.ros.  &  Co 230.  775,  777 

Sohwabacher,  Luuis 757 

Schwartz,  M 775 

Schwartz,  William 761 

Schweitzer  k  Bro 755 

Schweitzer,  J.  &  Co 753 

Schweitzer.  Sachs  &  Co-203,  765,  70G,  770 

Schweitzer  W.  k  Co 701 

Schv.-eitzer,  Jacob 007 

Schwerin,  K 701 

ScolluUl,  D.  C. 317 


il 


mi 

'Hi 


,i  {. 


h   i 


i 

M 


I 


; 


814 


B,-otLM.';Tovl3 C73,  "CD,  7S1 

BcooITy.  P.  .'.I "7 

8.o:,c!ilt;r  U  Gihbd 77i) 

E.-otdlV.-,  J.  U Ml 

Brotl.  II.  T Ml 

B.olt..J.  .M 313 

Bcof,  Ir.injM 031 

Boott,  O.  M.  &  Co 7C3 

Bt.-i)ttisli  Union  lus.  Co 153 

Bcovak',  Ivea 4»,  CCJ 

HcrlvtncT,  A. IGJ 

Bjiil  Uock  Tobacco  Co 7S-> 

Bjal.s,  II 2n 

Boani3trcsae3 , 10.1 

B.\-uililo  IIouso 78.1 

ScasidJ  riij.  Co 783 

Soattlo 3:. 

B;:attb  Co;-.l 303 

Boa  View  IIouso 783 

Security  S.v.-inffj  Buuk 7C3 

Bcl-lcy,  JosopU 4J7,  757 

Bei.bj,  Cba3.  V 7C2 

Butids 23^ 

Scclcy  i  DiclifonI 75J 

Seol.'y,  L.  li 770 

Sctlli;,  K.  i  Co 210,  223,  773 

Soi-ars,  Uriali 703 

BciU.'rlich'a  Sous 733 

Bciilel,  FnyJcrick  E 73i 

BoidI,  J.  iCo 703 

Boi:;lor  Spriuja  llotd 783 

SfU.T,  Paul 033 

Bellty,  Prtnti.^ 033 

Sclby  Sracltins  and  Lead  Co. . .  .083,  7j3 

Bully,  TI103.  II.  tCo 

COS,  303,  757,703.  770 

8ai3,  M 753 

Solij  &  N'cwinaun 770 

Seller  Eros 75  ^ 

Seri:it,  fiiun  &  Co 702 

Senaonot,  Gcorje 763 

Scssioll3.  K.  C 135 

Setli  Tboniaa  Clock  Co 701 

Bettlera,  Chances  for 87,  83 

Seyer.iuco,  IJ  O COO 

Bcrcrouce,  II.  W 770,  733 

Bewer  Pipe  Association 527 

Sowins  Girls 110 

Beymour,  S.  II 751 

Seymour,  Saliin  &  Co 211,  753 

Seymour,  Samuel 7S3 

Seymour.  W.  11 703 

SIiab.;r,  John  A 703 

Bhld 327 

Sliocflcr,  J.  W.  &Co 700,  701 

Slmfter  k  Lord 775 

SliaOeld,  Charles  L 703 

Bliafter  Droi 200 

Sbafter,  James  M 230 

bhaflcr,  O.  L 200 

Siiaftcr,  P.  J 200 

Shainwulil,  II.  L 7*3 

t'bauuon,  II 753 

Shark 353 

Shani,  V-'m.  T 781 

Shaltuck  &  FIctcbcr 220,  043,  770 


S'law,  IL  C 073,753 

Shaw  ,';  ICmia CCA,  771 

.'ihea,  IJo.Miuem::  £:  MclCoo 773 

S'.i.a.vr,  FrciL'rick  i; 737 

aheeljy.  lUibcrt 203,  707,  733 


S'.iOi'li. 


Sh.cp,  Wild 341 

lih.flluW,  (!.  P 003 

Shcpard,  ,L  E 730 

Shopman.  Wm.  E 707 

.■^hepiianl,  Jaycox  li  Co 775 

Shcriilan,  I!.  S.  &  J.  C 703 

Shenutt:i,  Chiy  &  Co 013,  7S1 

Bhennau,  \V.  T 127 

Sherwood,  W.  J 771 

rtlieycr,  M.  i  Dro 705,  700,  78; 

Sliielib,  A 411 

SlilniUer.  O 003.  700 

ShiudlcriiCo 211 

Ship  Euildcra 783 

Sh:p-huildin3 627,  023 

Shiii  Joiners'  Association 103 

Shippee,  L.  U 135 

Shlltplnjf 135 

Sh:l)pi:ij  Mercliants 781 

Ship  TImlior C31 

Shipwriifbts'  Asaociatiou 103 

Ship  Yanls 0J2 

Shirek  &  Tonner 75'j 

Shires,  Wm 518,  707 

Shirt-mukins H' 

Shirts 4J7 

Shoj  Finding-.! 0C7 

Slioo  i  Lea'*ier  Ina.  Co iCl 

Shoo  Machineij* 503 

Shoj  Operatives 533 

Shoes 535 

SIioo  Stock 510 

Shooljurt  ti  Uoalo 737 

Shorlj  &  Witscn 215 

filiort,  11 0*31 

Shotljolt,  llionias 233 

.Slirailer,  A.  J 753 

(jhreve,  Geo.  C.  i  Co. .  .030,  037,  771,  772 

Slirevo  Jc  Wolf 703 

Shrimin,  etc 30.i 

ShropshU-o  Sheep 257 

SlmlakSon 701 

Shuilz  &  Viet 750 

Shiullefl,  W.  T.  fc  Co 7  A  775 

SiliHon,  Church  it  Co 200,  D53 

Sideman,  Abo 701 

Kiduman.  Laehm.in  &  Co 701,  735 

Sides 302 

Siebe  liros.  &  Pla^uinann 773 

Siebo  k  Il.icbllna 0.53 

Siibeuliuuer,  L.  i  Co 700,  701.  735 

Sie^'cl,  Simon 701 

Sierm  lilanea 33 

Sierra  riumu  Co 51,  534,  583 

Sierni  Luuilicr  Co  530,  774 

Sierra  Ma.U-j  Villa 7M 

Sierra  Nevada 30 

•Sierra  N'ovada  Mino 7i0 

.Sierra  Nevada  Wood  &  Lumber  Co.  .774 
SlkcB,  E.  &Co 761 


Skajj'a  Hotel 731 

mil; 473,734 

ollkwormi 27.'i 

Hllllman,  V.W.UCn 773 

Sllverlwn;,  Simon  733 

SIIv.rGntc 2!,  21 

■Silver  Iron  Worlu 7.'1 

Silverma-i,  David 773 

Silver  Mining 235 

Silver  Production 235 

Silver  Smeltln  J 303 

Simmou3 1.  ?iu:c< >n 572,  781 

Simmonii,  Kone  .*";  Co 703 

Hlmou  U.  Ereslauer 453,  737 

•Simon,  M.  ii  Son 770 

Simon,  v.,  SonJit  Cook 709 

Simondl,  A.  .S 755 

Simons  Eros.  &  Co 771,  773 

uiaionton,  T.  I) 733 

.■SimiiBon,  A.  M.  &  Ero 534,  771,  78J 

.Simiwon  Eros 01,2,  033,  7oJ 

ijimpson  U  ri:>kcr 431,  733 

.Siml«on.  II,  V/ 731,  750 

Siniiwon,  ,S;r  G C21 

Sims,  Jolm  U 770 

Kinaloa 48 

Sinclair,  C.  11 707 

Sinsheimcr,  Mitscs 734 

Sinsheinie.-,  Simon 703 

Sisson.  Wallace  S  Co 333,  770.  733 

Skalfe,  Alired 70O 

Skidesate  Oil  Co 300,  ISO 

Slatca.  UmiUng 520 

Slavcn.  It.  1! 704 

Slessiniier,  S 511 

Sliiauo,  W.  &  J 2iO,  733.  783 

Slope.  Area  of 17,  13 

SIoss,  Louis  &  Co 

333,  433,  703,  773,  735,  737 

SlulcoPiiio 417 

Small,  Isaac  II 704,  733 

Smith,  A.  D 133,770 

Smith,  A.  M £27 

Smith  Ext)",  ii  Watson 771 

Smith,  C.  L 514 

Smitli,  Ciias.  W.  Jr 030,  703 

Smith,  F 634,  7.W 

Smith,  Fnuncls  &  Co IZ'S 

Smith.  lUrsth  i  Co 333,  733 

Smith,  James  C 774 

Smith,  J.  E 514 

.'■mith,  James  R 783 

Suiltli.  Caltt.  Jed : 333 

Smith,  J.  McB 300 

Smith,  L.  F 531 

Smith.  L.G.K 785 

Smith  i  Lilly 500,  703 

Smith's,  L.  Sons 513,  014 

Smith,  Lucy  i  Co. 734 

Smith,  P.  &J 750 

Smith,  8 085,  580 

Smith  &  Starrutt 703 

Smith,  Wm.  I) 75 

Hinith,  Woo3ruiI  t  Euuor 770 

Sueath,  Aniol.l  4  Co 263 

Sueatb,  Eoardiuau  &  Co 263 


INDEX. 


8|: 


Snaath,  a  O. .  .51,  ICO,  201,  232,  203,  753 

Bnlpo Ml 

buijica  a  Kliiacrtily 701 

Knoiv ;;  (.'o 753,  770 

Blow, II.  K sai 

Hnuw.  Iliirvcy  W 770 

Know  ii  rcltU 770 

Hiiydur  U.  Ituichliu^ OOu,  70G 

HiKJl> 717,  7*1 

Huuli  lU>ut 170 

HoJii 722 

83il.i  lUy  ilipt.l HJ 

Hixla  Wulcr 571,  78-1 

Sxucrnll,  W.  T 733 

Bomiour,  II ; 703 

8um:>a,  P.  0 572,  7S-1 

Soil  IJros 705 

Sjniiichncn,  C'lma 757 

Somita^  &  Co 703 

8o:H>uia  County,  Hank  of 7i'5 

Bouoma  Democrat 733 

Bonomu  LumlxT  Co 77 1 

Sonoma  Valley 23 

Sonoma  Vulloy  Bank 753 

Bonora 30,  40 

Bonom  Kallroail  Co 1£2 

Sorbin,  J  E 773 

Borcusun  &  reteraon 7>'>0 

Sotoyomj  Hotel 7S3 

Boulo,  K 075,  753,  7C0 

Bourccsof  Information 7,.5 

Bouthor,  (!.  N 505,  707 

Bouthem  California 24  2H 

Bouthora  (;al.  Pk™.  C.-> 753 

Bouthora  Hotel 790 

BoutlK-m  I'acillc  Hotel 783 

Boutb.rn  Pacific  11.  U.  Co. . .  .82,  93.  309 

Sontli  H.  F.  Ilrmvery 730 

South  S.  P.  Pkif,  &  Pro.  ji  Co 7t'2 

SiHkfTonl  Packing  Co 241,  759,  783 

Bpaui»h-Anicrican  lUiilroaiU 182 

Sparkling  California 243 

Bliarks,  Itiaac 331 

Bimulilins  i  Co 473 

BliaulJins,  (!.  &  Co 046,  7.i2 

Bpauliling.  J.  J 471 

BlKiuhlin;,  X.  W 424,063 

Spaulding'ii  .Saw-Tooth 410 

Biwnce,  A.  8.  &  Co 761,  7«S,  771.  780 

Bpence,  llroa.  ii  Co 785 

Spencer  &  Armstrong 708 

Silencer,  !•'.  W.  &  Co 781 

Bpcrry,  A  &  H.  W 557,705 

Bpico  (iriiiiling 503 

Bpient,  ,Tiis 003 

Bpiko,  llio  Last lia 

Spink.  S.  P.  i«ou» 707 

Klillval.i,  C.  K 556,  561),  774 

SiMkiin  Pttlls 37 

Spratt,  Josepll..300,  664,  IMO,  OM,  737,  758 
Bpri'ckelii.  Claus...*. ....M7,  643,  MJ,  5a) 

Bpreckel-,  John  D 548,  549 

Bpreckeli,  John  D.  i  Bro 770,  783 

Sprins,  ICarly 63 

Springer,  ,Tuson  &  Co 703,  774 

Springfield  Ins.  Co 101 

tipring  Co.,  The  Botta 784 


Hprin;;,  Menzo 731,  753 

:)pr:nj,  T.  W 7i7 

f^piiOeil,  AlattreM 7^1 

.Sprin:;a 073,  7s7 

H;iriiig  Valley  Watjr  Co.... 217,  41)3,  413 

iipriauce,  .Stanley  i  Co 773 

.Spuhn,  C 333 

a.piirn'la 341 

.Sre.Hovieh,  L.  (i.  &  Co 759,  705 

Hroufo  Si  .McCmm 773 

Stacy,  M.  V.  U 230 

Stager  Brothers 534,  775 

Stahl,  J.  II 730 

Standard  .Mine 742 

Standard  Oil  Co 317 

li^andanl  Pocking  Co 243,  302 

Standard  Shirt  Paetory JU 

Standard  .Soap  Co 729,  781 

Standard  iSoap  Worka 78 1 

Standard  Sugar  Co 542 

Stauilard  Sugar  Mfg.  Co 784 

Stanford  Brt>a 174 

Stanford,  Leiand 

..51,  153,  103,  173.  174.  2H,  215,  272,  431 

Stanley,  Mrs,  Mary 780 

Stanton,  II.  C ;70 

Staples,  D.  J 150,  152 

,'3tarl)h*d&  C;oldBt<tno 595,  774 

Starch 719,784 

Starke's  UotcL 7.0 

Starr,  A.  D 537 

Starr,  A.  W 557 

Starr  i  Co 233,  556,  537,  765,  783 

Starr,  O.  U.  &  Co 763 

Starr  U  Klathison. 316 

Statu  Bank  of  Piocho 735 

Stato  House 7:^ 

Btato  Investment  Imi.  Co 154,  770 

SUto  Medical  Society 73 

Stationers 7*4 

Statistics  of  Coast 18 

St.  Charles  Hotel 789,  790,  791 

St<>am  Navigation 195 

St.-anis  &  Smitli 782 

StcM:ker,  J 245 

.Stoele  Bros 51,  207 

St.-olo,  Elder  i  Co 711,  703,  765,  782 

Steele,  James  a 764 

Btccu,  K.  1 704,  774 

Steering  Apparatus 431 

Sleigcr,  A 527,782 

Stt;iger  &  Kerr 063 

Steiuer,  Kliiulior  k  Co 770 

Steinhagen,  P "GO,  773 

Steiuhart.  W.  J.  i  Co 209,  761,  700 

Stephens'  Concentrator  Cn 780 

Stephens,  J.  D 135 

Stelihenson,  (1.  A 731 

Stepp,  C.  fc  W 701 

Stcreotyphig Oil 

Sterett,  B.  F 016,  7S2 

Sterling.  Wm 300 

StenilK'rg,  Simon  &  Co 763 

Sterufeld,  Bros.  &  Co 772 

St«tefoldt  Fnmace 295,  410 

Stevevlores'  Union 105 

Stevens,  Baker  4  Co 770,  783 


Stevens,  Oeorge 773 

Stevens,  Levi 113 

Stevens  k  Wlleoj 7T0 

{itcvensou,  J.  D 1,0 

,Steveuriou  ti  Lonj'Will 736 

Stewart,  A  T.  Si  Co 441 

Stewart  k  Buckley 705 

Stewart  k  Co 708 

St.  George  Hotel 790 

.St.  Helena 25 

.Stniman,  Dr.  J.  D.  B 243 

Stlllman,  W.  A 433 

StUie  Hoiuc 791 

Still,  llolrert 700 

St.  .lames  Hotel ?9I 

St.  Xich.das  Hotel 791 

.Sto_-kton 27,736 

.Stockton  Agricultural  V/archouse. ,  .753 

Stockton,  Bank  of. 755 

Stockton,  i:.  A 787 

Stockton  I'unnturu  Manufactory 766 

Stockton  Independent 733 

Stockt  m  Iron  Works 771 

Stockton  Savings  and  Liian  Society. 755 

Stockton  Tanneries 194 

Stockton  Water  Co •Ill 

Stokes,  A.  L 94 

Stoke»,  D 439 

Stoll,  ,1.  T 501,  769 

Stone,  B.  L 771 

Stone,  L 326 

StonemtMi,  George 245 

Sto:;  •  Pavinrj  Co.,  Cal 530 

Stone,  11 210,  501  502,  769,  772 

Stone  Works,  The  Pazzola. 5J1 

Story,  C.  n,  &  Co 1.51 

Stoves 784,601 

Stove  Works 607 

Stoivell.  Jolis 753 

St.  Paul 44 

St.  Paul  Insurance  Co 156,  757,  7t'6 

Strahle,  J.  i  Co 611 

Straiglit.Z.  L 771 

Strasabcrgcr,  A.  k  Co 787 

Strossherger  Brothers 763 

Stratham  &  Cone 031,  763,  781 

Strauss,   IC 783 

Stniuss,  Kohliiitamm  &  Co 

201,  761,  763,  773 

,Straus.  Levi  &  Co 

209,  831,  766,  787 

Straus,  Levy 454,  761 

Straut,  Wm.  K 774 

StraW'liuming  I^nglno 432 

Straw  ( loods 784 

Straw  Hats 464 

Street  Kailroada 181 

Slrohridgc,  ,T.  A 772 

Slroliridje.  J.  H 253 

Strobridge's  Merinos 257 

Strocssei,  Otto 7C3 

Strong,  W.  li.  k  Co 770 

Stmts,  Julius 773 

Stuart,  Mrs.  A   H.  H 91,  733 

Studebakcr  Bros 788 

Stuhr,  August 784 

Stuiuckc.  Cbos 614 


;;~n!!ssmifw^mmm 


8i6 


INDKX. 


Sturgeon  3o?.  3Sr) 

b jliliiariilJ  lUiLitliij* 4J1 

Subtropical  Iiui>ort3 2^ 

BUo'ar 2i5,  MO 

Bujar  liJtl 'JUJ.  oa 

Sujur  luiiurtatiuns r>t^ 

Sujar  Mills &13 

Bui-ar  KjI'muilcs 610,  M7,  784 

Biwnun,  Bank  vt 70j 

Sui;m:i  rkj.  Co 7d(i 

Hiill.liur 3rj 

Kuuiuch 401 

(Sumner.  \V.  U.ic  <'o 773,  7S7 

Buiiiilemcutary  Material 737 

BusiK-ndurit mi 

Buttor  Cro.;k 30 

Butter's  Sawmill 6S!1 

Button.  Cliaa.  Jr.  &  Co....4G7,  760,  7S3 

Sutro,  AJoliih 413,  414 

Butro  &  Co 7iu 

Butro  Tunuel 413,  41 1 

Bwuin.  11.  A.  t  Co ilO,  701,  703,  772 

BuanliorK  i  West 363,  3il 

Bwan  Brtwcry 730 

fiwau'fl  Wood  Sliccr 410 

Sn'autun  Houso 7'.K) 

Bweas  -y,  J.  U  Hun 770 

Swi-ei»stake8  Plow  Co 070 

Sweet,  .S.  i  Ci 770 

Swenarton.  J.  A 449 

8«-ift,C.  11 13.-) 

Swift.  Jantes 7iiO 

Bwiue 274 

Swiss  Brewery 750 

Sylvester,  Jnlui 739 

Sylvester  k  Moyo 700 

Symonds  k  Lanureaux 770 

Pynil> 54t) 

Sy/,  Uarry  W 770 

Tabor,  Harkcr  &  Co 

209,218,703,782,783 

Taber,  I.  W 750 

Talicr. .lacol) S 218 

Taconm 8t> 

Tacoma  Li^ilucr 730 

Talt  &  Ilalu.iuo 433,  701 

Tallwtt,  W.O 143 

TalL-ott.  LiiuU 770 

Tullac  llov.so 789 

TallantS.('o 75j 

Taiualpais  Hotel 791 

Tam:dliais  Kldjc 23 

Tanna  j'O  rroductious 486 

i'aniialt.  T.  It »4 

Ta:.niug  Material 490 

Taiiker  &  Pridtiam 776 

Tatum  i  Ilowen 210,  704,  (74,  780 

TatLss's.  I/D"iB  i  Co 773 

lay,  Geo.  II.  t  Co 

209,  221,  CM,  758.  708,  770,  784,  78.'. 

Taylor,  11.  F 01 

Ta;lor,  C.  L.  &  Co 770,  7S3 

Taylor,  .John 750 

Taylor,  ,Iohn  &  Co 210,  703 

Taylor  k  .McDowell 788 

Taylor.  H.  P.  i  Co 037,  780 


Taylor.  Thos.  &  Co 773 

T.iylar,  W.  a 001 

Tea 2:0 

Ti  aiustcrs'  I'nion 107 

Te.iuo  Hotel 791 

Tcliatiia  t.'ounty,  Bank  of 735 

Tel-e  uph 18.1,  191 

Tcle:;raplilo  lustnunentA 093 

Tcleiilioue 190,  42J 

Telei-hone,  Paeiflc  Hell  Co 438 

TemiH-raturo,  Stamlurda  of 62 

Ten  lloach,  N.  i  Co 767,  770,  733 

Tenneut,  Tlios 05,  07,  09) 

Tenthorey,  J.  P.  &  Co 500,  774 

Torr.v,  K.  i  Co 303,  361 

Ten-ill,  C.  &  P.  II.  iiCo ......758 

Teseliemacher,  II.  F 143 

Teutonla  Ills.  Co 156 

Tevls,  Lloyd 133.  139,  170i  180,  Ud 

Tcilllii  Palirlos 431 

Tliaiu  llros 703 

Tlauulmuser  &  Co 770 

Tliauidiauser,  L.  &  Co V09 

Thatcher,  Geo.  &  Co. 773 

Tliuyer 02J 

Tliayer..!.  E 774 

Theoliold,  (ieo.  J.  &  Co 770,  783 

Thieliaut.  Chas 039.  753 

ThIelBuii  Flume 63.". 

Tliouiaa  Itros.. 700 

lUontu,  (leu'lO.  II 3-10 

Thomas,  P.  .1 785 

TIiouip.ton  llros 005 

Thomiw.u.  DellarttCo 211,  708 

Tiiomiaou.  I).  V 135 

Thompson,  G. 739 

Tliomiwon,  Geo.  C 572.  7S4 

Thompson.  G.  W 803 

Thompson.  Ira  I) 7li4 

Thomptk)n.  Lucius V71 

ThomiiBon.  I!.  11 328 

Thomi«on  &  Ilcaiil 770 

Thompson  &  Co 755 

Tlionipson  k  Evans 70. 

Throckmorton,  3.  It 325 

Thunder  I'owder  Co 703,  782 

Tilhey,  A.  S 760 

TIchenoi',  II.  I!.  &  Co...  143.  305,  774,  733 

Tickncr,  Bumliam  &Co 770 

Tillman.  F 6iS 

Tdlmun  &  B.'nrtel 209,  708,  762 

Tllton  i  Wortmau 712,  775 

TuuIht 31,  90,  233,  r.SO 

Timkc,  J.  II.  iUro 701 

Tiumiins,  C  &  Co 783 

Tlnsxy,  C.  G 773 

Tingue.  House  &  Co 612 

Tlnoco,  J.  St  S  Co 770 

Tinware 0s9 

Tltcomh,  A.  O.  &  Co 701,  771 

Titcomb  &  Co 783 

Titus.  L.  II :x 

Tobacco 23i  099 

Tol>aceo  CouiiUmptlon 001 

Tobacco  Manufacture 701 

Tobin,  Morris 760 

Tobiu,  R  J 135 


Tobln.  Hlmms  *('o 73 

Tobin.  Thomas  I^ 75<1 

To.!d,  H.  II 783 

Todd.  J,  C C-U 

Tomale.1.  Hank  of 755 

I'oml.atone 29 

Tombstone  Foumlry 771 

Touito  Powder  Co. 783 

Tontine  Powilcr  Co 703 

Topl'  /,  F.  I;  r„ 700.  77« 

Tiirre.",  Mai.ael 400 

Towlo  BriiB 774 

Towlc,  WW 774,  783 

T..»-ne,  A,  N 744 

Towiie  k  Bacon 012 

Townsenil,  Fred.  R 755 

Towneend,  W.  H 560,  703 

Toy,  Blekford  &  Co 711,  766 

Tr.Kle  with  Australia 214 

Tnwlers"  Insuraiieo  Co 101 

Tradesmen's  Insurance  Co 161 

Tranlug  Walls,  (laklaml 23 

Travelers'  Homo 791 

Trcabure 213 

TrcjoB,  .1.  ,4  Co 762,770 

Treuiont  Hotel 790 

Trenht.lm,  Howard 360 

Trespass  Ijiw 257 

Tribune  of  .'ialt  Lake  City  73S 

Triest  &  Co 209,  76D 

TrlDlihul 30 

Tripp,  O.  A 690,  703 

Trout 323,343 

Tnrckee 31 

Truckec  Lmnber  Company 753 

Truman.  I.  J 678 

Trunks,  etc 501 

Trusses,  etc 731 

Tniworthy.  Alouzo  J 760 

Tryon.  J.  rt 414 

Tul.lB.  A  L.  &  II 431 

Tul.bs'  Hotel 780 

Tucker.  .1  W.  «:  Co 773 

Tucker  k  Grant 774 

Tuekcy,  ^Ultcd 773 

Tucson 39 

Tunier,  Georuo  8 773 

Turner,  M 033 

Turner,  Beeton  &  Co 230,  776 

Tunier,  Kennedy  k  Hhaw 774 

Tunicr  &  Co 774 

Turner  k  l!un<llo 733 

TuriKintine,  etc  ...: 715 

Turkeys,  Wild 341 

Turtles 367 

Tustln.  W.  1 079,  769,  787 

Tuttlo  Bros 756 

Tuttle,  Michaels  &  Co 708 

Twitcliell,  C  C 790 

Tyler,  ».  II.  &  Son 787 

TylK'  Foundries .' 639 

TyiMigraphical  Union lOfl 

Lliiali,  lUnkof 753 

Iklah  City  Hotel 791 

L'lnatilla  House 791 

Uno,  Jacob. 731.  758 


78 
7M 
7M 
C'.l 
TM 
23 
771 
7S3 
703 
[M.  776 
400 
771 
74,  7«3 
74() 
W3 
754 
7C3 
II,  7li6 
..214 
.101 
.IGl 
.  23 
.7^1 
.213 
C2,  770 
.71)0 
.360 
.237 
.735 
03.  70D 
20 
'JO,  703 

i23,  :;&5 

...  31 
,...758 

. .  .078 

...501 

...731 
....70O 
....tl-t 
....■131 
....780 
....773 
...774 
...773 
...  39 
...773 
...033 

io,  7rs 

...774 
...774 
...753 
...715 
..  3« 
...3.57 
.9,  787 
..750 
..700 
..700 
..787 
..M3 
..100 


VndolUlll,  Jociib 7l!,j 

trtKltfrtakuiv  UorxU 780 

Vulon  ])  )X  F.ic'.ury 753 

I'uioii  Fiirulturu  Co    fiiKJ 

l.'Dioii  FurulLuru  Mfg.  Co OuO 

Tnlon  Hotel 789,  7'JO,  701 

Union  iM.  Co 166,  ICl.  770 

Vulon  Iron  WorkB 657,  771 

Union  Mf^'.  (V) 75y 

tin  Ion  Nafl.  Until  Bank 7.\r, 

IJniou  I'ociUc  R  It.  Co 101 

Union  ruclBo  Salt  Co 571 

Union  Packago  t'« 788 

Union  I'owilcr  Co 783 

TTnlon  Haringit  Bank 755 

ITnlon  >Soai)  Factory 781 

Unlfiuu  Ki'U'loro  Store 767 

Uultoil  Canlago  Co 193.  193 

Unltofl  8t;it<«  Browoiy. 750 

irnltcd  StatM  HoUil 789 

Uulttil  ^Vk■m•»  Boot  k  Shoo  Co 758 

I'pholntfjry 473,  475 

Uiiholdtory  Trimmings 403 

UrLath,  lenatB 773 

UrlKtn,  IIinjo 701 

Url,  Fdil 759 

Urraela*  UrlosUi 763,  770 

U.  8.  OoruCo 763 

t;.  S.  Hotel 790 

I'tali 39 

Utah,  Attractions  of 730 

UtahUoarJ  of  Trade 736 

Utah  Inclosed  Basin 37 

Utah  Silver 305 

Utah's  Trade 216 

Utuh  Woolen  Mills 447 

■Variety  Goods 786 

Varnish 715i  786 

Vache,  T 245 

'Valenslen,  Count 271 

Valento,  Loigi 660,  774 

ValeutlDO,  J.  J 187,  290,  295 

Valloio 739 

■N'alleio,  Bank  of ._ 755 

VaUejo,  M.  G .' 60 

Vallejo Savhigs k Com.  Bank..  13,'i,  175 

VaUojo  Water  Co 413 

Van,  M ,..245 

VanBever,  P 503 

Viui  Bergen,  John 143 

Van  Bergen,  N.  i  Co 773 

Van  Blarcom,  A.  L 787 

Vance,  John 686,697,774 

Vuuee  House 789 

Vancouver  Coal  k  Land  Co.> 205 

Vancouver  Island. 43 

VanderWlt,  .T.  M S38 

Vanderhuist,  Banbom  ft  Co 770 

VandersUco,  W.  K 696,  771,  772 

Vandusen,  A.  &Co 776 

VanLuaok,  h 729,7,16 

VanOrdeu,  W.  B 776 

Van  Scluiyvcr.  W.  J 210,773 

Van  VlockSCo 205,  206 

VanVloot,T S4S 

Van  Volkenborg  ft  Go 971.  Ita 

103 


INDEX, 

Van  Voorhles 7C9 

Van  VoorliieH,  A.  A 501 

Van  Wlul<lu.  I.  S.  &  Co 708,  77i; 

VanWjcke,  ri.  »L 71)7 

Vurii  t U'S  of  Grapes. 24 1 

VaniiKli 71'> 

Vi-alcli,  J  A T!l 

Veuard,  G 564,  702 

Ventura 29 

Ventura,  Bank  of 

Verdj'jr,  ,Moreau&C:o..704,  705,  707.  787 
Vertical  Stjctlon  of  the  Co.nRtock 

Lotlo 738 

Victor,  Mrs.  P.  F 730 

Victoria 43 

Victoria  ll<xit  Factory 496, 613 

Victoria  Coloni.H 73t) 

Victoria  Standard 730 

Vignler,  A 2281760,703 

Vignicr  tt  Slttunons. 773 

ViUard,  Uenry 141,  179,  180,  181,  307 

Villedieu,  Clmrles 773 

Vincent  House 789 

Vhieitar 560 

Vinegar  Factories 562 

Vhieyards,  Large 244 

Virginia  City 38,413 

Virgluia  City  Kntorprlso 730 

Virginia  House 791 

Virtue,  J.  W 7.55 

Visalia 29 

Visalia,  Bank  of 7.V) 

Visalia  House 791 

Vogte  &  Oallenberg 770 

Volnicr.  Joini  P,  &  Co 755 

Von  Uatton,  V 527,  7 

Vou  Bonn  ft  Heucko  Bros 70;),  783 

Von  Schmidt,  A.  W 431,0:3 

Voorhles,  A.  A 700 

Voorman,  Henry 577 

Vosbmg.  J.  H 755 

Vulcan  Powder  Co.., 709,782 

Wass,  Uenry 756 

Wachusett  Carriage  Co 788 

WaOhamsft  Elliott 

310,  331,  535,  600,  768,  784 

Wadsworth,  E.  H 755 

Wages 99,  103 

Wagner,  Charles  F 759 

Wagner,  F.  O.  ft  Bro 7.'>9 

Wagner,  F.  Jr 872 

Wagner,  KiUlman  ft  Saltz 4!>4 

Wagner  ft  Ford. 7C3 

Wagon  Roads 183 

Wagons 616,  780 

Waestaff,  T.  H 758 

Wahmulh,  H.  ftCo 756 

Waintmli,  H 784 

Walt  ft  Brown. 708 

W.ut,S.  M 447 

Waizman,  Mai 739,  7 'jS 

Wakeficid  Rattan  Co 626,  755,  766 

Wakeleo&Co 764 

WalJstoln,  Abraham 601,  758 

Waldt«ufel,A. 767,781 

Walker  Bros. 766w  773 


817 


Walker,  Cyrus 3U 

Wulkur  House 790,  791 

Widkcr,  John ....414 

Wttlkur,  William Oi'O 

WaUa  Walla 37 

WiiUa  Walla  Steam  Bakery 703 

W^iUace,  J.  J.  ft  Co 78* 

Walliwe,  Jodeph 753 

Walling,  A.  a 782 

Walter  Bros "..211,219,  7.W 

Walter.  D.  N.  ftK.  tCo 

210,  219,759,780 

Walter,  H.  N 219 

Walter,  J.  N 238 

Walter,  M.  ft  Co 773 

Walter,  ScUlUug  ft  Co 767 

Walton,  X.  C„Sr 768 

Wagener,  Honry 765 

Wangenheuu,  3tomIielm  ft  Co 

210,  763,  77a 

Ward.  Ttioman 729,  754 

Ward,  Wm.  ft  Co 773 

Warvlo,  M.  ftCo 773 

WanoBelt 7* 

Warner,  AS 473.608 

Wanier,  .1.  J 33X 

Wamerft  Silsljy 601 

Warner  ft  Co 788 

Warner,  F  M 383,788 

Warren,  J.  D 336,384,766 

Warren  Packing  Co 382 

Wamn  Powder  Co 788 

Warren,  H.  D  ft  Co 035 

Warren's  Fiu-  Seal  Fleet 338 

Washburn,  Alliort. 76  4 

Washington 3i  35,213 

Washington  Brewery 7.56 

Washtogton  Flour  Mills 765 

Washington  Immigration  Society.  ..736 

WashooPan 302,418 

Wasserman  ft  Co 783 

Watches 334,  225 

Watch  Cases 784 

Water-fowl 341 

Watcrhouse,  C 619 

Waterhouse,  H.  A 620 

Waterhouse  ft  Lester. 

618,  619,  769,  760,  nl 

Waterman  ft  Katz 776 

Waterman,  J.  ftCo 773 

Waterman,  M.  ft  Co 303,767 

Water  Meten 788 

Water  Pipes 418 

Water  Power  Canals 408 

Waters,  A.  W 495 

Watertown  FU'o  Ins.  Co 666 

Waterworks 403 

Watklns&Co 776 

Watkins,  W.  H 601,769 

WatwnftCo 770 

Watson,  La  Grange  ft  Gibson 755 

Watson,  Warren  M 761 

Watson,  Wm 549 

WatsonvlUo Z3 

Wateouvillo  Bank 755 

WatsonvlUo  MUl 696,774, 

Watt,Jolm 374783 


II 


i     : 


818 

Walt,  ItiiUrt 75S 

Wear.  Scut  t 750 

Wtatlicrtord  &  Co "64 

WciMiTHimnii  i  Co "70,  73-1 

Wt-clHi  L'o 733 

WocilS  KinawuU 680,753,757,738 

Week*  a 73'.' 

Wtticnor,  lleary 7M 

WciilUT,  Ufo.  W 683i  508,  771 

\i\H  llraa 773 

W^il.  llroa  i  Co 7W,  766,  787 

WeU &  MitliiU 766 

W^jil  S  WoodlLttf 765,  766,  767 

WciiilicrftT.  J.  O 215 

AVuilu-r,  Simoa 701 

Wulnhanl.  11 573 

Wulmann.  U 690,  783 

Wuinrtlcbi  IlarU'lJ 773 

Wilr,  W  U 605 

Wdcb,  Auarew 218 

Wal;h.A 6;tl 

Woloh,  Uhas.  k  Co 573,  781 

■Welch  4  Co 218,  sal.  770,  771,  781 

Welch,  James 601,700 

Weh-h,  M 781 

Welch.  U.  U 200 

Welch,  lilthet  i  Co 

206,  219,  381,  383,  591.  771 

WellcriiSoua 760 

WcUUnjtoii  Coal 309 

Wclhnau,  Peck  i  Co 

208.  218,700.768,  732,  785 

Wclb,  Charles  H 7jM 

WelhliCo 121 

Wella,  Fargo  4  Co 

11.  139.  110.  131.  185.  186,  187 

WcUj.  Fareo  &  Co.  s  Baiik 755 

Wompo  Bros 639,  738.  703 

Wentworth.  I.  M.  4Co 758.  772 

Weatworth.  J.  P.  11 730 

Wenal.  Hermann  J. .  .116.  427.  653.  701 
Weuzcl,  UothchiiaSIIadenreU.771.  773 

Wenzul,  W,  T ViS 

WordOT,  L.  II 215 

Wcrtbeimer.  L.  i  K 750,  761,  780 

Wcsko,  A 539 

Wc«soii,  .loseph  W. 771 

West  Coa«t  Furniture  Co 602.  606 

West  Coast  Packing  Co 7Sil 

Wuat  End  Distillery 577.  "63 

Wejtem  Hotel 790 

Western  IIouso 790 

WestOeld.  II 577 

WiBtFurTnullugCo 338 

West.  (Icorfo  i  Co 773 

West,  John 783 

Westhall,  J 169,170,731 

Wait,  .John 383.133,788 

Westminster 29.96 

Weateni  Tiro  A:  IMartnu  Ins.  Co 770 

Westei  u  Fur  i  Tradmg  Co 706 

Western  Insurance  Co 155 

Western  Iron  Works 771 

Western  Straw  Works. 784 

Western  Union  TeL  Co 190,  191 

WesthaU.  J 169 

Weston.  Charlej  W 768 


INDEX. 

Wetberhoe.  Henry 771 

WutliurliyS  Tliomos ~fS 

We)  1.  Jonas 771.  773 

Wliaites,  Win.  X 727 

Whale  Fialiery J16-3J1 

Wheat  and  Flour  Kiports 212 

Wheat.  Oreuon 283 

Whejt.  ProUts 230 

*/hoat.  Volunteer 281 

WheatoQ,  OouUttJe  &  Iladlejr 171 

Wlieaton  4  Lubrs 783 

Wheeler,  J.  II 733 

Wheeler,  Z 42'J 

Wlielan  4  Tracy. 757 

Whips 502,  780 

White,  llamard 753 

WhitoUros 759,  771 

Wliite,  Cha» 632,  733 

<Vhite,C.  a 731,  750 

Wldtc,  Cooley  4  Cutts 709 

White,  Geo.  W 602 

White,  OoUlsmitb  &  Oo 210 

White,  IsaacK 700,  761 

WlUte,  J.  M 313 

White  Ijlbnr  Oainine 113 

Wuto,  L.  F, 771 

White  &  Lisaak. f'M 

Wliito  Pino  County,  Dank  of 755 

Wliiteft  Tenny. 605,  771 

Wliiteflsh 327 

Whitt^lnw.  T.  P.  H 771 

Whitney.  O.  O.  4  Oo 005.  600 

Wliitnoy.  J.  U.  *  Co 781 

Wiltuey  4  Marshall 776 

Whitney,  Sumner  4  Co 757 

Wliitney  &  Wel3ater 787 

Wlilttier.  Fuller  4  Co.  711,  715,  703,  780 

Whittler.  Dr.  J  I) 708 

Whitton  4  Towno 616 

Wlohman  4  Lutzen ?71 

Wicker  Uro.s ",3  , 

Wicks.  J 1%  ;« i 

Wicks,  M.  J ■Jl.'!  j 

Wieihuann  4  Uromoda. 56^>.  VC  | 

Wi'Oand  Bros 76.'    783  ' 

Weiland.  J -I' 

Wier4Cate8 7'>o 

Wierson,  Jewell  4  Co 7.'xj 

Wiyhtman  k  Hampton 769 

Wigmore.  J (71 

Wilcox.  Felter  4  Co 773 

Wilcox.  W.  W 518,  707 

Wilde.  Peter  4  Co 705 

Wiilielml.  II.  *  f:o 773 

Wilhoit  Springs  Hotel 789 

WiikinB4Co 770,  78t 

Wilkes,  Coramodoro 34,  593 

Wilkins  House 791 

Willamotto  Iron  Works  665,  771 

WiUamette  Sawmill .W.  771 

Willamette  Steam  -Mills  4  Mfg.  Co.. .597 

Willamette  Woolen  Mill 115,  787 

Willey,  C.  J 620 

WiUcy,  O.  F.  4Co. 

210,  601,  020,  759,  769,  786 

WU14Flnk 669,  703,  761 

WUliami.  A.  P 227 


Williams.  nianchanl4  Co «M 

Wi  lllams  Ilrus 778 

Willlami.  C  L.  4  Co 770 

Willl.imi.  I)imoTid4  Oo 

...203,  206,  701.  770.  773.  780i  783,  7M 

Williams  Hotel 791 

Williams  IIouso 780 

Williams,  James  4  Co - .  .788 

Williamson.  Wni. 506 

Willow  ware 628,  784 

Willows  Urewery 736 

Wilmording  4  Co 773 

Wilmington  Harbor 395 

WIlHon.  II.  II 67« 

Wilson  4  llro 764 

Wilson,  E  J 53S 

Wilson,  IL  114  Son 768 

Wilson  Hotel 791 

Wilson. , John 383.  31» 

Wilson,  J.  Y.  4  Co 540,  759,  78» 

Wilson  4  Shorb 23« 

Wilson,  Thomas  4  Co 787 

Wilson,  Wm.  4  J 513 

WIncbell.  (1 8181  767 

WlnchestOT.  E.  II 501 

Winchester  llepeating  Arms  Co. 768 

WIn.l  .Mills 679.  783 

nindt,  Morris 493,785 

Wimlsor  Canning  Co 230,  385,  738 

Win.lsor  Hotel 7'Jl 

Wines 247.  748,786 

WIngato.  K.  4Co 778 

Winkelman.  Heniy 784 

Wlun.  M.  I, 566 

Winalow,  Mary  Pratt 1.12 

Wlnterbimi  4  Co 643 

Winterbnm.  Joseph  4  Co.  .616.  7M.  78J 

Winters.  Tlieo 371 

Wi.:'ers.  Warm 66 

Wire  Ropeway 425 

Wire  Works 667,78(1 

SiusUll,  C.  II 788 

V\     0,  Goldfish  4  Co 495,785 

V.  .m;,J.  n 155 

(Vithington  4  Bagloy 71^ 

Wlthrow  4  Pendleton 758 

Wocmer,  D 631.  763 

Wolf,  A  765 

Wolf,  John 731 

Wolf.M 701 

Wolfen.  Mai4  Co 763 

Wolff.  Joseph 771 

Wolff  4  Lozo 694.  771.  772.  786 

Wolff  4  lihelnhold 700.  770 

W.ilffsolra.  N-.  W 707 

Wolfskin.  J^W 938 

Wolfskin,  William 237.  331 

Wollpert.  Chas. 007 

WollcrsBros 773 

Wolves 311 

W00.1 579 

Woo<l,  Henry  B 769 

Woo<l,  W.  C 481,733 

Woodbury,  Geo.  E 758 

Woodenwaro 624,  787 

Woodland 27 

Woodland,  Bank  of 75 


INDEX. 


819 


Wiioil  S  Turner ?60 

W.)o,lrufl  ti.  Van  Eppn 730,  750 

WoiiOs,  J.H 7M 

Woo.1,1,  P.  N.  &ro m 

WoMlwttTtl,  O.  IL&Co 7i>l 

W.wawarcl,  W.  A.  t  Co MO,  782 

WoLl-worklua WO 

Woodwortli,  S.  P 7.W 

Womlworth,  SchcU  4  i.'u 781 

W.K)l 251,434,787 

■WdoiruUing 496 

Wixil  Scouring 457 

Woolen  Ooocla 434,  435.  437,  439,  780 

Woolen  Mouufocturo 433 

■Woolen  MllU 430 

Woolen  MlllK,  Oolilon  Gate 113 

Woolen  MII1.1,  riouoer 113 

Woolen  Mill,  Hlocktou 444  787 

Woonaockct  Rubber  Company 783 

Woostc-r,  HubhcU  &  Co 703,  783 

Wordcn,  W.  II 715,  723,  753,  780 

Workman  4  Co Ml 

Workman,  E.  U. 7C9 

Worknun,  W.  H 24S 


Wortli'a  Founilry 771 

Wreile,  William 701 

Wrl:ibt,  Oeorjo  &  Bon 770 

Wrlgbt,  Q.  W 123 

Wright.  J 071 

Wright,  W.II 701 

Wucherer  O.  i  Co 703 

Wuicho,  Froaertck 773 

WimKh,M.fc  Co 771 

Valo 42 

Yale,  0.0 503 

Yaauina  Bay 400 

Yates  &  Co 753.703,  772,730 

Yeast  Powder 571,787 

Yellow  Jacket  Mine 741,  742,  743 

Yerrington,  Bliss  &  Co 

420,  535,  680,  774 

Ygual&Co 700,733 

Yolo  noiur  Milhl .703 

Yolo  Hotel 791 

York,  Ebcn 781 

Yoaemlte  HoteL 791 

Yo«>mll«  Home 7M 


Youns.  Albert  B 701 

Yoiinj.  lirlsham Ml,  C30 

Youn5,  .J 557 

Young,  Wm 534,  7?^ 

Younger,  O 2C0 

Yuunt,  George 331 

Yreka 31 

Yuba  City 27 

Yukon 41 

Zacharias,  L.  &  Co 771 

Zailik,  A.4C0 703 

ZanUros 730,750,  787 

Zech,  Jacob 013,  7fil 

Zeckendorf  S  Co 770 

Z  it(uchJ,E 223 

Zeyn,  JohnP  213 

Zimmerman,  F 773 

Zimmerman,  Strouso  &  Co 753 

Zino  Oraameat  Factory 

453,703 

Zion's  Co-Op.  FlaU  Co 323,  323 

Zlon'a  Co-Op.  Institution 210 

Zlon'B  Savings  Bank 755 

Zwelc  Hoimann 679^774 


